The IUCN Species Survival Commission

1994 IUCN Red List of

Threatened
Animals
Compiled by the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
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1994 IUCN Red List of

Threatened
Animals

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IUCN — The World Conservation Union
JUCN — The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a
diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770
members in all, spread across 123 countries.
As aunion, IUCN exists to serve its members — to represent their views on the world stage
and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve
their goals. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers
in project teams and action groups. Acentral secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme
and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world’s biological
diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a
range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation
Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it
supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an
expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing
countries.

IUCN — The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to
achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting improvement in the
quality of life for people all over the world.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) is a joint venture between the three
partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor, Caring for the
Earth: \UCN — The World Conservation Union, UNEP — United Nations Environment
Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its
mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of
information on the world’s biological diversity.
WCMC has developed a global overview database that includes threatened plant and
animal species, habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, protected areas of the world,
and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing on this database,
WCNC provides an information service to the conservation and development communities,
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commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and
reports based on analyses of its data. It is also actively involved in building the capabilities of
other institutions, particularly in developing countries, for promoting and planning their own
biological resources.
1994 IUCN Red List of

Threatened
Animals
Compiled by the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Cambridge, UK

in association with the

IUCN Species Survival Commission
and
BirdLife International

Edited by
Brian Groombridge
Guest Essay by
Georgina Mace
and
Foreword by
George Rabb

IUCN — The World Conservation Union

1993
 of the
The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation
material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or
,
WCMC conceming the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundarie s.

1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals was made possible by the generous support of:
BirdLife International
Chicago Zoological Society
DEJA, Inc.
National Wildlife Federation
Svenska Naturskyddsféreningen (Swedish Society for the Conservation
of Nature)
NYZS The Wildlife Conservation Society
People’s Trust for Endangered Species
Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund (Sultanate of Oman)
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
World Wide Fund for Nature

Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK

IUCN
The World Conservation Union WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

Copyright: (1993) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural

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 CONTENTS

FOREWORD vii

INTRODUCTION

Purpose
Structure of the 1994 Red List
Sources of status information and opinion
The extent of status assessment
Sources of taxonomic information
Taxonomy and conservation
Threatened animals: commentary
Acknowledgements
References

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Notes on the lists and tables XXIV

IUCN threatened species categories Xxix

TABLES

Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category XXXI

Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group

Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category

Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category

Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994

Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group

GUEST ESSAY

The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories xl viii

THE 1994 IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED ANIMALS

List 1: Threatened species

List 2: Extinct species

List 3: Threatened genera (etc)

List 4: Threatened and extinct subspecies

List 5: Commercially Threatened

INDEX
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

http://www.archive.org/details/1994iucnredlisto94groo
 FOREWORD

Periodically, the Red List forces us to take stock of where we are in our knowledge of the conservation
status of species. Our knowledge has changed in expression through the years, as TUCN’s small book The
Road to Extinction', published in 1987 testifies. For some while, members of IUCN’s Species Survival
Commission have been considering the redefinition of the categories of threatened status of species in order
to make them more realistic measures. The essay by Georgina Mace that follows is an up-to-date report
on this process. We anticipate that the next Red List will reflect the adoption of new and redefined
categories by IUCN. In the meantime we look to cooperation from all parties as systematic re-examination
of the status of taxonomic groups and surveys of regional and national biotas proceed. To inform
conservation actions we will need ever better specification of the population and distributional status of
species the world over from people in touch with the real situations of these species.

In closing her essay, Dr Mace calls attention to other dimensions, both biological and human, that should
be taken into account as we determine the best responses to the threats of extinction. One need is to link
a quantitative grid of population and distribution criteria such as outlined in her essay to an assessment of
the relative importance of a species. The evolutionary and ecological values of a species should be
factored into our prioritization of conservation action. Weighting and decision making systems such as that
developed by Williams, Vane-Wright, and Humphries, lend themselves to this purpose.” The integration
of such systems will, however, require cooperation by systematists and ecologists with conservation
biologists to a degree not previously envisaged.

Given that we can foresee a three-dimensional assessment of conservation status from a biological
standpoint, it remains to factor in the human dimensions. From simple human population impact
relationships on a species or its ecosystem to complexities of consumptive and non-consumptive uses of
species, we need conservationists to foster collaboration by demographers, economists, and sociologists.
The human domain in which issues of extinction generally will be settled is political, at local, national, and
international levels. There a balance has to be struck among ethical, financial, socioeconomic, and
biological considerations. We need the most cogent information to bring to the decisions in this realm,
and we need it organized to best effect. To these ends, the conservation community must encourage the
rapid development of systems for not only better categorizing the conservation status of species, but also
for determining logical priorities for conservation action more comprehensively than we have in the past.

In signing off this foreword, it is a pleasure to acknowledge and commend the diligence of WCMC staff,
in particular Dr Brian Groombridge, in compiling this new Red List. They have made it a much more
informative catalogue than previous editions, incorporating tabular formats developed for Global
Biodiversity (WCMC, 1992)’, and have extended themselves in trying to minimize nomenclatorial
confusions and choose appropriate taxonomies. I commend it to all concerned with the status of faunas
worldwide, for the List makes obvious that all of us should be concerned by its magnitude and meaning
for the existence of our fellow creatures.

George B. Rabb
Chairman, Species Survival Commission
IUCN - The World Conservation Union

’ Fitter, R., and Fitter, M. (Eds.). 1987. The Road to Extinction. IUCN, Gland.

? Williams, P.H., Vane-Wright, R.I., and Humphries, C.J. (in press). Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In, J.
LaSalle and I.D. Gauld, (Eds.). Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall,
London.

vii
 INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE

The JUCN Red List of Threatened Animals includes lists of those species and subspecies known or
suspected to be threatened with extinction, and those known or believed to have become extinct in the wild.
The Red List complements the IUCN and IUCN/ICBP Red Data Books and the IUCN-SSC Action Plans,
which contain more detailed information; it is published periodically, usually at two-year intervals.

The Red List is compiled and maintained for IUCN by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(WCMC) with the advice of the IUCN-SSC Specialist Groups and the assistance, with regard to birds, of
BirdLife International (formerly ICBP).

The present edition differs greatly from its predecessors. The contents have been rearranged, the size and
layout have been redesigned to make the book easier to use, and more distribution information is given,
usually including a full list of range states. We have endeavoured to update or correct information on
nomenclature and distribution, to change categories as appropriate, and to add species that have been
recognised as globally threatened since the last edition (a few species previously listed but now not
considered threatened have been removed). For the first time in the Red List a more complete list of
species known or believed to have become extinct in the wild since around 1600 AD is provided.

STRUCTURE OF THE 1994 RED LIST

The lists are arranged taxonomically. For each threatened species, the scientific name, IUCN status category
and countries of occurrence are given (for widespread and strictly marine species a general description of
the range is provided instead of a list of countries). For many species common names are indicated, usually
in English but sometimes in other languages.

Previous editions of the Red List contained a single list. In order to improve clarity in the present edition
we have divided the material as follows:

List 1: THREATENED SPECIES, comprising the central catalogue of threatened species, including species
suspected to be threatened (category K);

List 2: EXTINCT SPECIES, including those species categorised by IUCN as Ex or Ex? together with other
species that have become extinct since around 1600 AD but have not previously been categorised in the
Red List;

List 3: THREATENED GENERA (etc), comprising entries for genera and other higher taxa used in
previous editions that were not resolved to species level;

List 4: THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES, including all threatened subspecies whatever their
category and extinct subspecies;

List 5: COMMERCIALLY THREATENED species.

The reader is referred to the Explanatory Notes below for further discussion of the content
of these lists,
and of the tables derived from them.

Our intention in making this rearrangement has been to provide the most sound
basis possible for the next
edition of the Red List, inwhich use of the new IUCN system of categorisa
tion is envisaged. At the time
of writing (late 1993) this is nearing its final formulation (see the Guest Essay
for further discussion).

Viii
SOURCES OF STATUS INFORMATION AND OPINION

The threatened species lists are based on information provided by numerous scientists and naturalists
working in the field. The core of the present Red List consists of species known or suspected to be
threatened, as identified over many years during production by IUCN, WCMC and BirdLife International
of earlier Red Data Books and Red Lists. In this revised edition of the Red List we have incorporated
information from two main sources:

¢ the IUCN-SSC taxonomic and regional Specialist Groups;

* national Red Data Books or equivalent listings.

The Specialist Groups were notified of this revision process in February 1993 and the majority of groups
responded, either with recommendations for no change, or with extensive new listings and re-
categorisations. Compilation was completed in early October 1993.

We have added many threatened species from national Red Data Books available to us whenever we were
able to determine that the species in question is endemic to that country, or virtually endemic, and so by
definition globally threatened at the species level. Most such additions have been among the reptiles,
amphibians or fishes; few invertebrates have been added from these sources because it has rarely been
possible in the time available to determine which are single country endemics. No subspecies have been
entered from national sources.

BirdLife International have, as in previous editions, been responsible for the basic list of bird species
considered threatened, and for their categorisation. We have in a few cases modified the nomenclature of
genera and species to accord with Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). A new global assessment and listing
of threatened birds is in an advanced stage of preparation by Birdlife International, and rather than attempt
a partial and provisional revision of the bird section of this present Red List, which would soon be outdated
by the new bird list, it has jointly been decided to retain substantially the same species treated in Birds to
Watch (the 1988 ICBP world list of threatened birds). These species were subsequently given an IUCN
category in the 1990 IUCN Red List. This 1990 publication, revised to take account of Threatened Birds
of the Americas (Collar et al., 1992), has provided the basis for the present list. We have therefore not
added any threatened and endemic bird species from national sources, or changed any categories, even in
the many instances where this would have been possible. There are a few minor differences between the
present list and Birds to Watch in addition to those consequent upon publication of Threatened Birds of
the Americas (see Explanatory Notes: List 1).

The national Red Data Books and other national sources from which species have been extracted are listed
in the References below. We have reviewed a large number of such sources but not all; several that have
been reviewed contain no species that we were able to identify as nationally endemic; these sources are
not listed. Most national Red Data Books or similar works have used IUCN status categories and, where
this is so, we have entered the same category. Where other systems have been used, we have used the
equivalent IUCN category where the category given was defined unambiguously; otherwise, we have used
the *Insufficiently Known’ (K) category, unless sufficient background documentation was provided to allow
us to assign a category independently. We have not added species from national lists which provide no
category or documentation unless supporting information was available from another source.

The use of multiple sources of information entails the risk of taxonomic inconsistency; we have tried to
verify the nomenclature and distribution given in national sources, but it remains possible that a few species
may have been listed twice under different names, or taxa may have been listed at an inappropriate rank.

Our task during this revision has been primarily to gather and collate information, and to produce the
listings. We have not attempted a comprehensive review of the existing list beyond revisions suggested by

ix
 the Specialist
Specialist Groups, nor have we been responsible for critically reviewing proposals from
in national Red Data Books (other than the general conditions noted above).
Groups, or the listings given
This kind of thorough review will of necessity be undertaken when the new revised IUCN status categories
come into use.

We have unilaterally added a few species which were not proposed by a Specialist Group or were not
derived from a national Red Data Book. An example is the recently-described Vu Quang bovid Pseudoryx
nghetinhensis (Vu Van Dung et al., 1993), which, in view of its very small estimated population size and
very restricted known range, we have listed as Endangered.

In a very few cases we have unilaterally changed existing or proposed category designations, or removed
species previously listed, where the existing criteria for a particular category, or for listing at all, were
beyond dispute not satisfied. This has usually been on the basis of new evidence or opinion. In the absence
of such evidence, we have left categories unchanged even where they might not withstand challenge. In
one or two marginal cases, rather than risk removing a species prematurely, we have revised the existing
category to indicate a lesser degree of threat, or less certainty (to Insufficiently Known).

THE EXTENT OF STATUS ASSESSMENT

The Red List is a global catalogue of those species that have been assessed in some degree and which
meet, or are suspected to meet, the current criteria for threatened status. It is not comprehensive, because
not all species have been collected and described, and the conservation status of all described species has
not been evaluated.

The proportion of each phylum or class that has received such assessment differs greatly between groups.
Virtually all bird species have been subject to at least provisional assessment. Probably a little more than
half of mammal species have been considered, although a large number of insectivores, rodents and micro-
bats remain unassessed. Our best estimates suggest that around 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians,
probably less than 10% of fishes, and an insignificant proportion of invertebrate animals have been assessed
(although many species in certain invertebrate groups, such as dragonflies, butterflies and molluscs have
been considered). Informal estimates of the proportion of species assessed, and the proportion threatened,
in vertebrate higher taxa are shown graphically in Figure 1.

It has not consistently been past practice in compiling Red Data Books or Red Lists to attempt to include
each and every species that could be assigned to the categories Insufficiently Known or Rare. Such species
will require attention in future if the goal is to increase the number of higher taxa that have been
thoroughly assessed. One very large subset of these species is comprised of those known only from their
type locality (in many instances, the type material was collected many decades ago). For example, of the
4,014 nominal species of amphibian listed in Frost (1985), around 700 are reportedly known only from the
type locality. Each one of these is at least Insufficiently Known or Rare, on present information, and should
be categorised as Indeterminate (ie. possibly Endangered) if habitat change has been extensive in the
vicinity of the type locality. There will be no exact equivalent of the current Rare category in the proposed
new Category system, and type locality only’ species are likely to be classed as Insufficiently Known until
better data are available (this does not denote threatened status in the new system).

SOURCES OF TAXONOMIC INFORMATION

The conflicting interests of promoting stability, following the latest or best systematic opinion, and the
preferences of particular SSC Specialist Groups, have resulted in some compromises.

The following paragraphs note the main taxonomic sources used. We have whenever possible used recent
global checklists of species for both nomenclature and sequence of taxa. There is a good deal of merit in
following the practice of the world list of amphibians edited by Frost (1985), where orders, families,
genera
 Mammals Birds Reptiles

[ | Not assessed

Assessed and
threatened

Assessed and
not threatened

Amphibians Fishes

Figure 1. Pie charts to show the approximate percentage of species in major vertebrate groups that have been assessed for threatened
status, together with the proportion of those assessed that are considered threatened or not threatened.

and species are all listed alphabetically. We did not adopt this for the present revision because many users
are very familiar with the traditional and supposed evolutionary sequence in mammals and birds.
Familiarity also caused us to adopt the conservative higher taxonomy of Morony, Bock and Farrand (1975)
rather that the somewhat radical system of Sibley and Monroe (1990), although we have followed the latter
source at the species level. Throughout the Red List, familiar synonyms (and sometimes other
nomenclatural comments) are given in parentheses.

Mammals
The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Wilson and
Reeder (1993). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Species nomenclature generally also
follows this source, except when a Specialist Group has expressed a very strong preference for another
system, or has used nomenclature different from Wilson and Reeder and we have been unable to resolve
consequent ambiguities about the population content of species and their distribution. Principal departures
from Wilson and Reeder, relatively few in number, are found in the primates and bovids.

Birds
Nomenclature for genera and species follows Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). The names and sequence
of orders and families, and the species content of families follows the more familiar system of Morony,
Bock and Farrand (1975).

Reptiles
Turtles and tortoises generally follow Iverson (1992). The chief exception is Chelonia agassizit; recent
work on mitochondrial DNA (K. Bjorndal, in litt.) has shown treatment at species rank separate from

xi
Chelonia mydas, which many conservationists had adopted, to be inappropriate. Crocodilians follow King
and Burke (1992). Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been
employed for other groups of reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species checklist for lizards,
amphisbaenians or snakes.

Amphibians
Nomenclature and sequence consistently follow Frost (1985).

Fishes
The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Eschmeyer
(1990). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Names in common use, including by Specialist
Groups or in national sources, have been employed at the species level: there is as yet no published
standard world species checklist for fishes. We have changed some family names given in contributions
from the SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group in order to conform with the taxonomy of Eschmeyer. In
particular, the Australasian Rainbowfish are given subfamily rank by Eschmeyer (Atherinidae:
Melanotaeniinae) but family rank (Melanotaenidae) by local ichthyologists. Similarly, we have followed
Eschmeyer in treating the Pseudomugilidae of Australasian sources, and the Austroglanidae used by
Southern African sources, as subfamilies of Atherinidae and Bagridae, respectively.

Invertebrates
Parker (1982) has in general been followed for nomenclature at family level and above. Molluscs, which
follow Vaughan (1989) for genera and above, are the primary exception. In one or two cases a contributor
has recommended against use of a name in Parker (1982); for example, in view of current shifts in
systematic opinion no family name is given for the terrestrial nemertean worms. A variety of sources,
mostly listed in the references below, or cited therein, have been used for insects and other invertebrate
groups.

TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION

The interaction of taxonomy and conservation raises many issues, including the problem of identifying the
units of conservation concern, and the divergence between the need for stability of nomenclature and the
pursuit of systematic excellence.

In general, a threatened species tends to be given higher priority than a threatened subspecies, largely on
the assumption (founded on the biological species concept) that a more distinct element of biodiversity is
at risk. It is entirely legitimate, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds, for the species to be the basic
currency in global conservation action and biodiversity assessment. We have deliberately focused attention
on threatened species in this Red List. Nevertheless, some difficulties must be recognised. Firstly, although
the species is conceptually a real and fundamental unit in the biological hierarchy, there is no universal and
operational definition of what constitutes ’a species’. The properties deemed sufficient to justify full species
Status vary among taxonomists working on the same group of animals. They also of necessity vary between
groups (because they possess different features that can be identified as taxonomic characters), so that a
species in a family of large mammals is not the precise equivalent of a species in a family of beetles. A
second difficulty is that there is an opportunity for taxonomy to take on a strategic element, and for more
populations to be recognised as species than might otherwise be the case.

These factors give rise to the basic truism that the delineation of species boundaries and the taxonomic
rank
of populations will have a fundamental impact on the conduct and efficiency of conservation
actions.
Similarly, they ensure that for the foreseeable future there will be a large margin of error associated
with
Statistical treatment of biodiversity measures and listings of threatened and extinct species.
This should be
recalled when considering the various tabulations provided in this book.

Conservationists, particularly those involved in conservation legislation and

control of illegal trade, require

xii
stability of nomenclature to help avoid 320
misunderstandings, both unintentional and 300
otherwise. This need underlies the Ezz] New species descriptions
280
widespread move toward use of ‘standard EZ Net gain or loss of species
taxonomy’ by CITES (Convention on 260 owing to other taxonomic changes
International Trade in Endangered Species 240
of Wild Fauna and Flora). One risk of this 220
approach is that it become difficult to take 200
account quickly enough of new systematic 8
evidence and opinion. Taxonomists 9 180
generate nomenclature and classifications a 160
based on current systematic philosophy, © 440
hypotheses, and research tools, which 8 120
ensures a degree of instability. Comparison E
of the first and second editions of the 2 100
familiar Mammal Species of the World is 80
of interest (the former volume was adopted 60
by CITES as the standard taxonomy of 40
mammals).
20
A total of 4,170 species were listed in the 0
first edition of Mammal Species of the -20
World (Honacki et al., 1982) and 4,629 in
the second (Wilson and Reeder, 1993); a
net increase of 459 species. Only in the oe
South American marsupial Orders Ry
Didelphimorphia (63 instead of 76), & &
Paucituberculata (five instead of seven) and
in Hyracoidea (six instead of seven) are
there fewer species listed in 1993 than in Figure 2. Changing concepts of species richness in mammals: 459 more
1982. The size of the net increase is species are recognised in the second (1993) edition of Mammals of the
‘pen ae : that | World than in the first (1982). Graph to show both (a) the number of new
SUE SHV Gr AE ae un species descriptions and (b) net gain or loss of species largely or entirely
are a relatively well known group, but because of changes in the taxonomic rank of populations. Note that
perhaps the most interesting point is that taxonomic splitting has had greater effect on the overall increase in species
new species descriptions, of which 172 are number than new species descriptions. Based on data in Wilson and Reeder
recorded, comprise the lesser proportion of (1993); graph does not show Orders with trivial or no change.

this total. The remaining 287 species of the

total added in the second edition must be the result of taxonomic splitting (or largely so, if there is
difference in the extent to which extinct species are listed, or some similar factor). Some of these changes
are portrayed graphically in Figure 2. This very marked trend may be correlated with the fact that the
second edition explicitly takes a far less consensual approach than the first, and so reflects closely the
views of a relatively small number of mammalogists. The Orders Rodentia, Primates and Artiodactyla have
increased most in species content, with in each case around 75% resulting from taxonomic splitting (and
many of these primates appear in this Red List). Primates, with an additional 52 species, have undergone
by far the largest percentage increase of any mammal Order (except for Notoryctemorphia, erected for
Notoryctes which now has two species instead of one).

Clearly, changes in opinion on species boundaries such that populations formerly given subspecies rank
(or perhaps not recognised as formal taxa) come to be treated as full species, have had a major impact on
our world view of mammalian diversity and will in turn have repercussions for the users of this taxonomy,
including the conservation community.

Some level of taxonomic change is both inevitable and desirable, if new methods and new studies are to

xiii
be pursued, but taxonomists sometimes appear oblivious to the needs of users of taxonomies. As just one
example, sources in Wilson and Reeder (1993) note that the dormouse genus Glis Brisson 1762 is invalid
and the earliest valid replacement is Myoxus Gray 1821. Adoption of this name, not used for decades,
requires changing the family name from Gliridae to Myoxidae, and denies mammalogists Glis glis, a name
both familiar and euphonious. The pragmatic taxonomist would not have agonised over the validity or
otherwise of eighteenth century names, but kept his own counsel, or petitioned the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the familiar name under Article 79 of the Code.

The case of the second Sphenodon (Tuatara), discussed by Daugherty et a/ (1990) exemplifies some
practical consequences of changes in taxonomic rank of populations. This genus is of exceptional
zoological interest as the only survivor of the Order Rhychocephalia, otherwise known by a wide diversity
of fossil forms mainly of Triassic age. Since 1904 all extant Tuatara populations had been recognised as
comprising the single species Sphenodon punctatus, restricted to offshore islands of New Zealand, although
in neglected nineteenth century literature one additional extant species and one recently extinct were
recognised. Recent analysis of allozymes and morphology reported by Daugherty ef a/ demonstrated that
the form originally described at species level but traditionally put in the synonymy of S. punctatus is
indeed sufficiently distinct to require full species status as Sphenodon guntheri. The practical consequences
are that while the Tuatara was perceived as monotypic, the ‘species’ appeared relatively abundant, although
localised and at risk. Some 25% of island populations are known have become extinct during the past
century, and S. guntheri could very easily have disappeared with little or no notice being taken. Now
guntheri is recognised as the second Tuatara species it immediately takes on a very high priority for
conservation, particularly because it is restricted to 1.7 ha of scrub on North Brother Island, its single world
locality.

Given the general goal of maintaining biological diversity, it is in theory desirable to identify and promote
the wise management of all genetically distinct populations; the existing scheme of biological taxonomy
seems not in practice the best tool for identifying and cataloguing such populations, and was surely never
intended to be. While a subspecific name can often serve as a useful label, and may reflect substantial
genetic differences between geographically isolated populations on islands or mountain tops, where there
is no correlated geographic isolation it may be a poor indicator of the magnitude of intraspecific genetic
differentiation. Subspecific taxa seem too often based on small samples, arbitrary division of clinal
variation, and superficial characters of pelage colour, squamation and suchlike (discussed for reptiles by
Thorpe, 1980, 1984), to be universally a useful surrogate for assessment of the extent of geographic
isolation and use of more direct markers of genetic differentiation.

THREATENED ANIMALS: COMMENTARY

Statistical data derived from the 1994 Red List are presented in Tables 1-6. Some preliminary remarks on
these are provided below; the intention is to note some features of interest while further analysis of these
and related data is pending.

The tables include threatened full species only, together with the extinct full species treated in Table 6.
Subspecies and commercially threatened (CT) species are excluded. The species assigned to genera in
List 3 have usually also been taken into account, but this has not been possible in all cases.

It is vital to keep in mind that these data are shaped by many factors. Some groups of species have been
assessed more completely than others; some countries have carried out national assessments and produced
national Red Data Books. These species and these countries will be represented in the lists more fully or
more accurately than others. Further, there is significant variation in the way status categories have been
interpreted and applied, and uncertainty over species boundaries and the taxonomic level of populations.
However, although these data are not globally comprehensive, and have some margin of error arising
from
misclassification of entities into taxa or status categories, they are the best and most complete
set of data
available.

xiv
 140

120

100

Oa ee
. oe Co F ee
all
40

Reptiles Amphibians

30

20

10

species
threatened
of
Number
oe VF eKCiEr Ss
ychot¥oe
SP <e

800

Invertebrates

600

400

200

é j eA be
Eg S & S|
eeea SS osre3x ee
& ‘om
ge <<
Figure 3. Bar graphs to show the 12 countries with the highest number of threatened species in each major taxonomic group. Note
that this includes species suspected to be threatened (K) as well as those known to be threatened (E, V, R and I). The asterisk * in
the mammal graph denotes three countries with an equal score (Argentina, Laos, Thailand).

XV
Table 1 summarises the number of species in each threat category for each Order of animals in the Red
List.

Virtually all animals are invertebrates, and most threatened animals are invertebrates, but the total number
of invertebrates listed as threatened (2,754) is a scarcely perceptible proportion of the estimated global
species richness of invertebrates. This last has been estimated conservatively at around ten million species,
of which perhaps one-tenth have been described (Hammond, in WCMC, 1992).

This relatively very low representation of invertebrates seems probably to be more a reflection of the low
level of information on the range and status of such animals, than an indication of a generally low risk of
extinction, but this must be properly assessed on a group by group basis. Almost all the invertebrate species
listed are molluscs or insects, in about equal proportion. Around half the insects are beetles, nearly half
are butterflies and moths, most of the remainder are damsel- and dragonflies. Many of these animals can
be monitored in the field without insuperable difficulty; molluscs because of the hard shells of most
species, and the insects because many are relatively conspicuous diurnal winged forms.

Among the vertebrates, fishes and birds have similar numbers of species listed as threatened (977 and 971
respectively); these totals comprise about 4% of fish species but 10% of birds. This disparity is certainly
due to a difference in the extent to which these two groups have been assessed. Many more fishes appear
in this edition of the Red List than previously because more ichthyofaunas have been evaluated. One clear
lesson to have emerged from this compilation is that wherever surveys are made, more fishes are found
to be threatened, usually by introduced non-native fish species or habitat modification.

A total of 741 mammal species are considered threatened; this represents almost 16% of the 4,629 species
now recognised. This is the highest proportion of the total species content for any of the higher taxa
considered.

Mammals and birds have a similar number of Endangered category species, 177 and 188 respectively,
representing 3.8% and 1.9% of all the species in each group. Reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates
have 47, 32, 158 and 582 Endangered species, representing 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.6% and at the very most 0.05%
of species in each group.

Two very small mammal Orders have all extant species listed as threatened: the two elephants and four
sirenians. Most Perissodactyla, 12 of 18 species, are threatened. In terms of number alone, seven Orders
have more than 50 threatened species listed. These are, in descending sequence: Rodentia 118, Primates
113, Carnivora 99, Artiodactyla 81, Cetacea 77, Insectivora 73 and Chiroptera 72. If Insufficiently Known
taxa are excluded, there are five Orders with more than 50 species listed: Primates 105, Rodentia 87,
Artiodactyla 75, Chiroptera 64 and Carnivora 63. It is interesting to note that the top three Orders are also
those that have undergone most taxonomic splitting (Figure 2). If the five values are calculated as a
percentage of described species in each Order, the sequence is: Primates 45%, Artiodactyla 34%, Carnivora
23%, Chiroptera 6.9% and Rodentia 4.3%. Primates, with 43, have by far the highest number of
Endangered species among mammal Orders; Artiodactyla are second with 31, about twice as many as any
of the remaining Orders. It remains to be seen whether continuing conservation assessment of other
mammal groups, which generate less popular concern, will shift the balance of these figures, or whether
they are an accurate measure of relative extinction risk.

Tables 2 and 3 give country-based data on threatened animals. Figure 3 shows countries with the highest
number of threatened (E, V, R, I) and possibly-threatened (K) species combined in each higher taxonomic
group. It is difficult objectively to disentangle the factors that contribute to these rankings. Certainly the
extent to which countries have carried out national faunal surveys and conservation assessments is a major
determinant, as is the extent to which IUCN-SSC Specialist Groups have been active. Species richness, land
area and the magnitude of faunal depletion are other key factors.

XVi
Indonesia, Brazil, China and India are among the five countries with the most threatened mammals and
birds. They are all also large, ecologically diverse and species-rich countries, and hold a large number of
species in the better-assessed groups. Australia, USA and South Africa also figure prominently in Figure
3; these are similarly large and species-rich, and their faunas have been subject to detailed study and
assessment. However, while the relationships involved are complex, there is no reason to suspect that the
ranking of countries in this compilation is not a reasonable working indication of the overall geopolitical
location of species at risk of extinction.

Table 5 summarises the number of species in each major taxonomic group listed as threatened in the 1990
and 1994 Red Lists. All groups except birds have many more species listed in 1994 than in 1990:
approximately 1500 more species overall are listed in the present edition. This can not be interpreted
directly as an overall increase in the risk of extinction. Among reptiles, amphibians, fishes and
invertebrates, virtually all the increase can be attributed either to recent assessment of groups not or
incompletely evaluated before, or to the inclusion in this edition of species from national Red Data Books
and lists. Much the same appears true for mammals. For example, many more cetaceans and bats are listed
following publication, respectively, of a Red Data Book and an Action Plan for these groups (Klinowska,
1991; Mickleburgh e¢ al., 1992). In several instances, and virtually only among mammals, species
previously evaluated and not considered threatened have been moved to one of the threatened status
categories; this may reflect the collection of new data, a deterioration in status, or inconsistency in the
application of categories. Only the total for birds is lower in 1994 than in 1990. This reduction is mainly
because a number of birds are no longer considered threatened sensu IUCN following reassessment during
preparation of the Threatened Birds of the Americas Red Data Book (Collar et al., 1992); changes to the
taxonomic rank of a few populations have reduced the total of those listed at species level.

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates

ee Island species Others

Figure 4. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species restricted to islands as opposed to ‘others’ - those occurring
on continents or continents plus islands. Madagascar, Japan (main group), Borneo, Sumatra and Java have not been counted as islands
for the purposes of this estimation.

Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates

Terrestrial FA Aquatic: freshwater aes] Aquatic: marine

Figure 5. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species present in terrestrial or aquatic habitats. Aquatic species
include cetaceans and a few other mammals, waterbirds, seabirds, sea turtles and water snakes, most amphibians, invertebrates with
an aquatic stage in the life cycle, and of course all fishes. The aquatic species are divided into freshwater and marine.
A high, but not the greater, proportion of threatened species are restricted to islands; see Figure 4 (islands,
for the purposes of this very broad overview, exclude Madagascar, Borneo, Japan, Sumatra but include
most others). A high proportion of threatened species are aquatic; see Figure 5. These comprise both fully
aquatic forms and those, including most of the amphibians and many invertebrates, with an obligatory
aquatic stage in the life cycle. Few of the aquatic forms listed are marine species; cetaceans comprise the
majority of these.

There is good reason to believe that historical records of extinctions since around 1600 AD are heavily
biased geographically and taxonomically. The data that are available indicate that around 75% of recorded
extinctions in this period have occurred on islands; almost all bird and mollusc extinctions have been
recorded on islands. Very few species extinctions have been recorded in continental tropical forest habitats,
where mass extinction events have been predicted to be underway. The patchy and similarly biased time-
series data that can be assembled indicate that island extinctions in this period began some 200 years earlier
than continental extinctions, and that rates in both areas have increased rapidly from around the middle of
the last century to the middle of the present century. Extended discussion of extinct species and rates of
extinction is provided in WCMC (1992: chapter 16).

XViii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assistance of many people has been essential during the compilation of this document. We thank in
particular the many SSC Specialist Group chairpersons and other members, and the many other field
scientists who have provided data and opinions for this revision, usually adding to an already heavy
workload. We hope not to have overlooked anyone in the list below, and trust that those who have made
especially valuable contributions will not object to our alphabetical sequence. Particular thanks are due to
Georgina Mace for agreeing to prepare the Guest Essay for this edition, an essay that will ensure that a
wide audience gains insight into the new status categories and the considerations that went into their
revision. The successful execution of this project was dependent on the timely liaison carried out by Simon
Stuart (Head, Species Survival Programme), for which we are also grateful.

D. Agosti, R. Albuquerque de Matos, G.R. Allen, R. Alonso, C. Andrews, G. Archibald, J.M. Ayres, G.
Bauer, C. Bibby, K. Bjorndal, A. Bogan, P. Bouchet, J. Bratton, M. Brooks, W.C. Brown, A.A. Burbidge,
E. Cameron, R. Cameron, J.A. Campbell, R.R. Campbell, H. Campos, R. Chung, D. Clarke, H.G. Cogger,
A.F. Coimbra-Filho, N. Collar, K. Corbett, D. Corke, J. Cortes, R. Cowie, A.J. Crivelli, R. Crombie, I. Das,
M. Day, S. Dowell, R. East, S.K. Eltringham, F. Encarnacion, A.A. Eudey, S.F. Ferrari, C. FitzGibbon, G.
Fonseca, G. Foster, P. Foster-Turley, P.J. Garson, A. Gascoigne, R. Gerald, J. Gerlach, J.R. Ginsberg, A.R.
Glatston, J. van Goethem, V. Goryachev, M. Green, O. Griffiths, S. Hedges, H. Hoeck, S. Hochwald, P.
Horwitz, A.M. Hutson, M. Ibanez, P. Jackson, A. Jeffs, M.D. Jenkins, M.W. Klemens, V. Kessner, Mohd
Khan bin Momin Khan, R.T. Klocek, Kunio Kikuchi, T.B. Larsen, M. Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, H. Marsh,
S. Matola, D.E. McAllister, R. McDowall, S.L. Mendes, S.P. Mickleburgh, G. Mills, R.A. Mittermeier, J.
Moore, N.W. Moore, T.R. New, M. Nicoll, J.F. Oates, J. O@kland, K.A. @kland, W.L.R. Oliver, MLE.
Oliveira, T.J. O’Shea, C. Padua, C. Peres, I.V. Pinto, W. Ponder, V.I. Prikhodko, Z. Pucek, A.I. Queiroz,
P.J.H. Reijnders, J. Robinson, J.P. Ross, B. Roth, J. Ruetschi, H. Ruhberg, A.B. Rylands, M.J. Samways,
I.B. Santos, A. Savage, P. Schembri, M. Seddon, D. Shackleton, M. Shea, G. Sherley, P.S. Skelton, S.
Slack-Smith, A.T. Smith, B.D. Smith, B.J. Smith, M. Speight, J. Stanisic, J. Steffek, H. Stephenson, C.
Stevanovitch, M.L.J. Stiassny, R. Sukumar, S. Tonge, H. Walden, T. Waller, S.M. Wells, @. Wiig, J.E.
Williams, R. Wirth, D. Woodruff, Kazuhiro Yamase, Chen Yiyu, D. Zevin.

WCMC Credits

Research and compilation: Neil Cox, Brian Groombridge, Tim Inskipp, Martin Jenkins, Chris Magin, Helen
Smith. Data processing and camera-ready preparation by Helen Corrigan. Data entry and word-processing
by Esther Byford, Lorraine Collins, Helen Corrigan and Julie Reay. Graphics by Helen Smith. Andrea Cole,
Mary Cordiner, Daniella Pitts and Lindsay Simpson provided varied assistance. Project development by
Tim Johnson, assisted by Crawford Allan.

The database from which this list is produced is constantly being updated, with changes arising as new
studies are undertaken or as groups not previously assessed are examined. It is inevitable in a publication
of this nature that readers will find entries that require correction or updating. We would be most grateful
if any relevant information could be sent to the address below.

Requests for sub-sets of data (geopolitical or taxonomic) for educational or conservation applications may
be directed to Information Services at the address below.

Brian Groombridge, PhD

Species Unit
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road Telephone: +44 223 277314
Cambridge CB3 ODL Fax: +44 223 277136
United Kingdom e-mail: redlist@wemce.org.uk

xix
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Anon. 1991. Draft Red List of Threatened Animals of Turkey. Prime Ministry Undersecretariat for
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XX
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XXii
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' the Action Plans listed include only published documents not used in the 1990 Red List; it excludes the
draft Cat Action Plan, used in provisional form for the present Red List, and excludes those used in draft
form for the 1990 Red List which have since been published.

> this is not a bibliography of country Red Data Books; it only includes sources from which single-country
endemic species have been extracted for the 1994 IUCN Red List.

3 excluding those cited in the 1990 Red List and not consulted for this revision.

Xxiii
 EXPLANATORY NOTES

NOTES ON THE LISTS AND TABLES

Each entry includes: a single letter (E, V, I, K) or two (Ex, Ex?, CT) indicating the IUCN status category,
the scientific name, and geopolitical distribution. Many entries also include a common name. Some marine
species have a general distribution rather than a list of countries. The following annotated examples should
aid interpretation of the taxon entries.

E! Eulemur mongoz
(Lemur mongoz)*
Mongoose Lemur*
Comoros’: Mwali®, Nzwani; Madagascar’

I Pterodroma hasitata
Black-capped Petrel
Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. ** Caribbean and western
North Atlantic

R Syrmaticus reevsii
Reeve’s Pheasant
China
[Czechoslovakia’]'°

' TUCN status category

> Scientific name.
* Alternative scientific name (synonym).
* Common name (usually English).
° First country of occurrence.
° Island (or other area) within first country.
’ Second country of occurrence (countries separated by semi-colon).
* Within birds only, an asterisk separates breeding range (left) from non-breeding range (right); vagrant
records are excluded.
” Recent political events are reflected as accurately as possible but there are some entries for the former
Czechoslovakia and USSR that have not been resolved in terms of new boundaries, and many entries for
the former Yugoslavia retain the name of the old federation.
'© Square brackets indicate introduced populations; populations that have been reintroduced within their
former range are denoted by appropriate text.

List 1. Threatened species

This list includes those populations recognised at the species level by the taxonomic sources used that have
been assessed and assigned to one of the current (non-revised) IUCN status categories. These categories
are named and defined below.

Only species regarded as globally threatened are included. This has the regrettable but unavoidable
consequence that no attention is drawn to purely local or national problems. For example, there
is great
concern in India about the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura: the population, restricted
to the
southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, has been estimated at only 300 animals. However,
the species
also occurs in Sri Lanka, where it widespread at a variety of altitudes and in different
habitats, and is not

Xxiv
listed as threatened in the country (Wijesinghe er a/., 1989). Because it is not globally threatened it is not
listed in the present Red List. This is just one example among very many.

All species have been assigned to a single category except those from Threatened Birds of the Americas
(Collar =t al, 1992) that were given a dual category in that book (the reader is referred to the introduction
of that volume for discussion). Very many species are given a mixed R/K category in the provisional draft
of the Action Plan for Australian Reptiles made available to us, but given a policy of not using mixed
categories and a recommendation not to include all potential K species from the draft, we have omitted
them from this list.

Confusion and possible inconsistency exists over the position of “Insufficiently Known’ (K) taxa. Some
texts include this category with others which collectively denote threatened status, other texts exclude it
from that group. Insufficiently Known species are commonly regarded as threatened species even though
while insufficient data are available to make a firm determination they remain only suspected of being
threatened, and so by definition have not actually been identified as threatened species. We feel it would
have been very useful clearly to distinguish such taxa from species known to be threatened, but have
retained °K’ species in the main listing, largely in deference to common usage, which tends to class ’K’
species with those more certainly threatened (R, I, V and E categories). As noted above, Insufficiently
Known species are in the draft new category system explicitly not to be understood as threatened species.

The few °T’ designations given in past editions, indicating that different populations of the species in
question had been assigned different status categories, have all been modified by us to reflect a provisional
category for the species as a whole.

As noted above, it has jointly been decided by the SSC and BirdLife International that the bird listing will
remain substantially the same as in the 1990 Red List (which gave categories to species listed in Birds to
Watch (Collar and Andrew, 1988). The list has been revised to take account of Threatened Birds of the
Americas (Collar et al. 1992), which entailed the removal of many species and the addition of others. There
are a few other differences between the present list and the 1990 Red List. One bird species (Dasyornis
brachypterus) inadvertently omitted from the 1990 list has been included, with the status category given
in The Action Plan for Australian Birds (Garnett, 1992). In two cases, populations previously treated as
subspecies of species themselves categorised as ’Rare’ (R) (Phalacrocorax carunculatus, Polyplectron
malacense) have been elevated to species rank in Sibley and Monroe (1992) and are here provisionally
listed as ’R’. Similarly, a few taxa formerly treated at species level are given subspecific rank in Sibley
and Monroe, and this is followed herein. This has had two effects on the present lists. Where other
conspecifics were previously listed in the 1990 Red List there is now an appropriate revised entry in the
main threatened species list (eg. Gallinula nesiotis, for the Tristan da Cunha form nesiotis, regarded as
extinct, plus the Gough Island form comeri, previously listed as Rare). Where conspecifics were not listed
previously there is now an entry in the subspecies list (eg. Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea for the probably
extinct Jamaica Petrel, treated as E/Ex at species level P. caribbaea in Collar et al. 1992).

List 2. Extinct and probably extinct species

This list includes species that have been assigned to the IUCN status category Extinct (Ex) in previous
editions of the Red List and in Red Data Books. This category includes species that have not definitely
been located in the wild during the past 50 years. Many species have not been seen within this period, but
nor have they been looked for, and there has been no attempt to list all such species here. A subset of this
category (Ex?) includes species that have been seen within the past 50 years but are believed with near
certainty to be extinct. Similar species that are only possibly extinct should according to the current
definitions be listed as Endangered.

We have also included here species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600 AD or
thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status
category. To distinguish these they remain without a category in the list. For many of these latter species
(and some of those with a category) the date shown in parentheses indicates variously the last collection,
the last observation in the wild, or the time of extinction.

There are 23 bird taxa which have been given the joint category "E/Ex’ by BirdLife International. Those
that are treated at species level by Sibley and Monroe (1990) (not the Magdalena Tinamou or Jamaica
Petrel [see notes to List 1 above]) are listed in the main threatened species list even though at least seven
of the 21 species are almost certainly extinct. None is included in the Extinct species list. The full species
are counted as Endangered in the tables.

In almost all cases there is no positive evidence of extinction, only an accumulation of negative evidence,
several species once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and doubtless others will be in future.
On the other hand, there are good grounds for believing that many species have become extinct unnoticed
and sometimes undescribed. Note that changes in species level taxonomy have a significant effect on this
list; a few extinct populations formerly treated as full species are now treated as conspecific with extant
populations, and so do not appear below (the reverse is also possible).

List 3. Entries for genera and other higher taxa

This list includes entries for genera or higher taxa, entire or in part, that appeared in the 1990 Red List or
earlier publications and that have not been resolved to the single species level. Some previous group entries
have been so resolved and now appear in the main threatened species list. The category assigned to the
Lake Victoria cichlid fishes has been changed from Endangered (E) to Indeterminate (I) in the absence of
adequately detailed species-specific population data for the lake as a whole (Indeterminate is an inclusive
category covering inadequately known taxa that may have recently become extinct, or which are seriously
declining or which may simply be Rare; see status category definitions below). There is no doubt that a
very marked decline in cichlid abundance has occurred in Lake Victoria (Witte et al., 1992) linked to the
introduction of a large predator (Nile Perch Lates sp.) and probably to over-fishing, but it is not possible
to determine which individual species are actually Endangered. Where possible, the relevant number of
species within the groups listed here are included in the tabulations.

List 4. Threatened and extinct subspecies

Previous editions of the Red List mixed full species and subspecies in a single list. This led to some minor
confusion. Threatened populations at subspecies rank are by most standards (and all else being equal) of
lesser priority than threatened species, assuming reasonable taxonomic consistency between taxa being
compared. It is also evident that subspecies descriptions are not infrequently based on minor superficial
features; in several cases subspecies names in common use have been demonstrated to accord only poorly
with genetic differentiation assessed by biochemical and other tools. These several considerations have led
us to list subspecies separately from species.

In the subspecies list we have made no attempt to add
contributors. We have tried to ensure that, if appropriate, an
all described subspecies have been proposed as threatened.
previously listed, and while some nomenclature has been
inconsistencies are likely to remain.
subspecies other than those suggested by
entry exists in the full species list whenever
The list therefore consists largely of taxa
revised, some outdated names and other

Subspecies have been excluded from all tables.

List 5. Commercially Threatened species

This contains species categorised as Commercially Threatened (CT). These species should not be regarded
as threatened with extinction in the same sense that those in the main species list categorised as

XXVi
Endangered, Vulnerable, Indeterminate or Rare are believed to be. The CT category means that the species
were considered to be threatened as a sustainable commercial resource; pending further evaluation of the
full implications of listing such species we have thought it advisable to distinguish them clearly from other
listed species. All species (with the exception of the Pigtail Macaque, proposed in 1993 for listing as V
or CT) were previously listed as Commercially Threatened in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and
have not been critically evaluated since. We have not attempted to update nomenclature or resolve marine
distribution at country level.

Commercially Threatened species have been excluded from all tables.

Distribution information

Distribution is generally given in terms of country names; it is geopolitical not purely geographic. Unless
geographically very remote from each other, islands and other territories are included with the parent
country; the Hawaiian Islands have been recorded separately. Many distribution entries include within-
country information. This is usually when a species occurs on a few islands of an island state; occasionally
when otherwise restricted, a mountain or river system is named.

Although we have given general distribution information for all marine species, including cetaceans, we
have not given country distribution records for cetaceans other than the freshwater and estuarine or coastal
species with a relatively restricted range. In most other cases, country records for cetaceans reflect the
distribution of research or whaling activity more fully than the presumed world distribution of the species.
We have attempted to give complete country records for other marine animals. All country records are
included in the summary tabulations above.

Countries where a species is known to have become extinct in recent decades are not included. In several
cases, a country name is followed by the annotation: (ex?). This indicates a significant possibility that the
species is extinct in that country; this ancilliary information should not be confused with the IUCN status
category.

Geopolitical events during recent years have led to some inconsistency and possible errors. In the absence
at the time of writing of internationally recognised boundaries and names within the former Yugoslavia,
we have continued to use that name in the distribution information and in the country tabulations. Of the
component republics of the former federation of Yugoslavia, only Slovenia has been distinguished herein,
although there are likely to be some species occurring there for which only Yugoslavia appears in the
distribution section. For most species within the boundaries of the former USSR, we have been able to
determine with reasonable confidence which new state they are present in. Some unresolved USSR entries
remain in the invertebrate section. Similarly, there are a few entries for the former Czechoslovakia in cases
where we have been unable to determine whether a particular species occurs in the Czech Republic or
Slovakia, or both.

Notes on tables

All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have
been assigned to one of the standard IUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT)
set out in List 5 are excluded.

Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the
species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it
should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent
countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included
with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary
Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. The same applies to Madeira, the Azores, and several

XXVii
other islands. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry.

In the distribution entries in the lists below, unconfirmed occurrence of a species is indicated by "?" after
the relevant country. All such unconfirmed occurrences are counted in the tables.

Note that a few species, mainly cosmopolitan marine forms, have distribution indicated in a generalised
format, not country names; these are not included in the country-based tables (Tables 2 and 3). This applies
to most cetaceans, three elasmobranch fishes, and very few invertebrates. It also applies to a larger number
of species included in the genera recorded in List 3 (entries for genera and Lake Victoria cichlid fishes)
for which country-specific data are lacking. We have retained the figure of 250 haplochromine and 2
tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria cited in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest more
than 300 haplochromine species are present, of which around 200 may be critically threatened. All these
species (except in two genera for which we have no count of species number) are included in the
taxonomic summary tables (Tables 1, 4 and 5).

In all relevant tables we have treated the 21 E/Ex and the 78 V/R bird species given mixed categories as
categories E and V, respectively.

XXVili
IUCN THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES

EXTINCT (Ex)

Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years (criterion as used by the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).

N.B. On a few occasions, the category Ex? has been assigned; this denotes that it is virtually certain that
the taxon has recently become extinct.

ENDANGERED (E)

Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.

Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so
drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa
that may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years.

VULNERABLE (V)

Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered’ category in the near future if the causal factors
continue operating.

Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation,
extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been
seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured; and taxa with populations that are
still abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range.

N.B. In practice, Endangered’ and ’Vulnerable’ categories may include, temporarily, taxa whose
populations are beginning to recover as a result of remedial action, but whose recovery is insufficient to
justify their transfer to another category.

RARE (R)

Taxa with small world populations that are not at present ‘Endangered’ or ’Vulnerable’, but are at risk.

These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over
a more extensive range.

INDETERMINATE (I)

Taxa known to be ’Endangered’, Vulnerable’ or ’Rare’ but where there is not enough information to say
which of the three categories is appropriate.

INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K)

Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, because of lack
of information.

XXixX
THREATENED (T)

Threatened is a general term to denote species which are “Endangered’, ‘Vulnerable’, ‘Rare’,
Indeterminate’, or “Insufficiently Known’ and should not be confused with the use of the same term by
the U.S. Office of Endangered Species. In previous volumes it is has been used to identify taxa comprised
of several sub-taxa which have differing status categories.

COMMERCIALLY THREATENED (CT)

Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are threatened as a
sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their exploitation is regulated.

This category applies only to taxa whose populations are assumed to be relatively large.

N.B. In practice, this category has only been used for marine species of commercial importance that are
being overfished in several parts of their ranges.

XXX
Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category

E SUBTOTAL’

Class: MAMMALIA
ARTIODACTYLA
CARNIVORA Ww
— (oes =
CETACEA ROOD
Dw
CHIROPTERA =
DASYUROMORPHIA
DIPROTODONTIA pty
=
HYRACOIDEA
INSECTIVORA =e >
LAGOMORPHA
MACROSCELIDEA
MONOTREMATA
PERAMELEMORPHIA
PERISSODACTYLA
PRIMATES cnmwnoannan
Bow
PROBOSCIDEA
RODENTIA = w = w
SIRENIA
XENARTHRA noo 0
8
owmwo-O0
£OD0N0
wor
Conomoj00NH-2+?000-0N
OOoNOTDOO$"0CH$+$OTOFNWAOAW

Subtotal —NN 89 Dpo 208

Class: AVES
ANSERIFORMES
APODIFORMES
APTERYGIFORMES
CAPRIMULGIFORMES
CHARADRIIFORMES
CICONIIFORMES
COLUMBIFORMES oO
no
—s
ie)
a
=—
CORACIIFORMES
CUCULIFORMES
FALCONIFORMES BwaoaASBanoawnorwnnrve
MnO
DWUDADO-
GALLIFORMES
GRUIFORMES =kSCONWONNWANODW
et =oo =
PASSERIFORMES oOa = o 1] @=
NPANMWANWDAHROOW
PELECANIFORMES
PICIFORMES
PODICIPEDIFORMES
PROCELLARIIFORMES
PSITTACIFORMES
SPHENISCIFORMES
STRIGIFORMES
TINAMIFORMES
TROGONIFORMES =|=WNOOD
WOW
— ay
oy
Coes
poy
Gite
CILS
EN
es
OS
AG
SA
Ae

Subtotal 176 108

Class: REPTILIA
CROCODYLIA
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA
SAURIA
SERPENTES
TESTUDINES
Subtotal

Class: AMPHIBIA
ANURA 27 26 10 31
CAUDATA
Subtotal 32 32 14 36
Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued)

E v R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

Class: CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI
PETROMYZONTIFORMES 0 1 2 0 3 2 5
Subtotal 0 1 2 0 3 2 5

Class: ELASMOBRANCHII
ORECTOLOBIFORMES 0 0 0 1 1 2 3
Subtotal ) 0 0 1 1 3

Class: ACTINOPTERYGII
ACIPENSERIFORMES 3 5 0 9 0 9
ATHERINIFORMES 5 25 41 4 75 6 81
BELONIFORMES 5 6 3 0 14 0 14
CHARACIFORMES 1 5 0 0 6 0 6
CLUPEIFORMES 0 0 1 0 1 1 2
CYPRINIFORMES 44 64 66 17 191 3 196
CYPRINODONTIFORMES 34 24 12 10 80 3 83
GASTEROSTEIFORMES 2 2 0 0 4 0 4
OPHIDIIFORMES 2 0 0 1 3 0 3
OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES 0 0 2 0 i 2 4
PERCIFORMES 25 58 88 261 432 16 448
PERCOPSIFORMES 1 2 0 0 3 0 3
SALMONIFORMES 17 14 12 2 45 2 47
SCORPAENIFORMES 1 2 5 0 8 0 8
SILURIFORMES 16 16 13 6 51 5 56
SYNBRANCHIFORMES 2 0 0 0 2 1 3
SYNGNATHIFORMES 0 1 0 2 3 0 3
Subtotal 158 224 244 303 929 41 970

Class: SARCOPTERYGII
COELACANTHIFORMES 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Subtotal 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Class: ANTHOZOA
ACTINIARIA 1 1 0 0 2 0 2
GORGONACEA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Subtotal 1 1 0 0 2 1 3

Class: TURBELLARIA
TRICLADIDA 2 0 1 0 3 0 3
Subtotal 2 0 1 0 3 0 3

Class: ENOPLA
HOPLONEMERTEA 23 0 4 0 6 0 6
Subtotal 2 0) 4 ty) 6 0 6
Class: GASTROPODA
ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 0 12 5 1 18 0 18
BASOMMATOPHORA 5 2 0 20 27 0 27
MESOGASTROPODA 53 174 16 176 419 2 421
STYLOMMATOPHORA = 206 224 117 56 603 27 630
Subtotal 264 412 138 253 1067 29 1096

Class: BIVALVIA
UNIONOIDA 45 8 1 54 108 1 109
VENEROIDA 0 2 0 5 7 3 10
Subtotal 45 10 1 59 115 4 119

XXxli
Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued)

E ¥ R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

Class: POLYCHAETA
EUNICIDA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Class: HIRUDINEA
ARHYNCHOBDELLAE 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
Subtotal 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

Class: OLIGOCHAETA
HAPLOTAXIDA 4 145 1 0 148 0 148
Subtotal 2 145 1 0 148 0 148

Class: MEROSTOMATA
XIPHOSURA 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

Class: ARACHNIDA
ARANEAE 2 1 4 TA 14 1 15
OPILIONES 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA 1 ) 0 1 2 0
Subtotal 3 2 4 8 i7é 1 18

Class: CRUSTACEA
AMPHIPODA 1 0 0 49 50 0 50
ANASPIDACEA 0 1 0 2 3 2 5
ANOSTRACA 0 0 0 3 3 5 8
CALANOIDA 0 0 4) 0 3 0 3
CLADOCERA 0 0 4 0 4 0 4
DECAPODA 7 4 16 17 44 4 48
HARPACTICOIDA 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
ISOPODA 2 1 5 9 17 9 26
MYODOCOPINA 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
PODOCOPINA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
THORACICA 0 0 0 2 2 0 2
Subtotal 10 6 28 82 126 32 158

Class: INSECTA
ANOPLURA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
BLATTARIA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
COLEOPTERA 190 24 8 154 376 2 378
COLLEMBOLA 0 0 0 6 6 0 6
DERMAPTERA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
DIPTERA 3 0 0 15 18 0 18
EPHEMEROPTERA 0 0 1 13 14 0 14
GRYLLOBLATTARIA 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
HEMIPTERA 1 0 0 25 26 0 26
HOMOPTERA 0 3 0 18 21 0 21
HYMENOPTERA 11 5 0 70 86 3 89
LEPIDOPTERA 25 61 158 79 323 19 342
MANTODEA 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
MECOPTERA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
NEUROPTERA 0 0 0 Uf 7 0 7
ODONATA 15 17 46 50 128 10 138
ORTHOPTERA 3 8 26 35 72 0 72
PLECOPTERA 1 0 2 12 15 0 15
THYSANURA 0 0 10) 2 2 0 2
TRICHOPTERA 0 ce 0 49 49 0 49

XXxXill
 Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued)

= v A 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

ZORAPTERA 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
Subtotal 252 119 241 538 1150 34 1184

Class: ONYCHOPHORA
ONYCHOPHORA 1 7 4 0 12 0 12
Subtotal 1 7 4 0 12 0 12

Class: ECHINOIDEA
ECHINOIDA 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Subtotal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

TOTAL 1184 1488 1148 1546 5366 563 5929

' Subtotal includes species categorised E, V, R or |; these are known to be threatened species. Category K comprises those
suspected to be threatened.

This table does not include beetles of the genera /todacnus and Oodemas in List 3 from the Hawaiian Islands for which we do
have an estimate of species number.

We have used the figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria given in the 1990 Red List, although
recent estimates suggest >300 species are present of which some 200 may be critically threatened.

Classes are in the same taxonomic sequence as List 1; Order within Classes are in alphabetical sequence.

XXXiv
 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

AFRICA

Algeria
Angola =
Ascension
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon _
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Cote d’lvoire
Djibouti
Egypt _ a
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia =
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya’ =_ nm
Lesotho* =
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar is} =
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Morocco
Mozambique =
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Réunion ie)
to
—-
Saint Helena
Sao Tomé and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa? wo = = wlan
ENolo
TP
ololmi@rlonoid
Ss
enOENiolo
clo
mimloiw
eno
Gln
ofom
of
OME
0
a4=
ol
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania’ aWBROWNNNUINONDOHDWANANDAWUANNAOUD
WHO
+H
DHA
ROOUDONHWONDWNWAUNDH
ie) De)
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda’ -_ nm
Western Sahara
Zaire nN
Zambia
Zimbabwe —
aaoaowwao
UNO
HWWOHON=H
WONOTHWUONNNNWADNONOCW
S$ oooooocoeooc+om7008f
00
COoo0o0o0cOH-=00000
ooootoortoocooocooc
NaH
NONW=07°

XXXV
 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued)

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

ANTARCTICA

Falkland Islands 5 0 0 0 0 0
French Southern and Antarctic Territories 3 2 0 0 0 0

ASIA

Afghanistan 12 15 1 1 0 2
Armenia 2 8 2 0 0 16
Azerbaijan 3 12 1 0 0 15
Bahrain 3 2 ) 0 0 0
Bangladesh 24 24 18 0 0 0
Bhutan 24 12 1 0 0 4
British Indian Ocean Territory 0 0 2 0 0 2
Brunei 17 13 4 0 0 1
Cambodia 28 18 9 0 0 0
China 59 88 12 1 0 17
Cyprus 2 5 3 0 0 0
Georgia 4 10 6 1 0 18
Hong Kong 2 10 1 0 0 0
India 53 69 23 3 0 22
Indonesia 77 123 19 0 0 69
Iran 15 19 . 0 0 9
Iraq 8 14 0 0 0 6
Israel 11 10 4 0 0 5
Japan 20 30 10 1 0 70
Jordan 9 3 0 0 0 4
Kazakhstan 12 17 0 0 0 19
Korea D.P.R. 10 20 0 0 0 0
Korea Republic 9 20 0 0 0 0
Kuwait 5 3 2 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 6 7 0 0 0 3
Laos 33 23 5 0 0 0
Lebanon 5 4 1 0 0 3
Malaysia 32 36 1S 0 0 21
Maldives 0 1 2 0 0 2
Mongolia 10 15 0 0 0 6
Myanmar 29 40 18 0 0 9
Nepal 28 24 9 0 0 2
Oman 10 5 4 0 0 2
Pakistan 17 25 8 0 0 1
Papua New Guinea 38 22 8 0 0 26
Philippines 31 43 8 2 0 31
Qatar 3 2 2 0 0 0
Russia 23 42 3 0 0 40
Saudi Arabia 10 8 2 0 0 8
Singapore if 5 1 0 0 if
Sri Lanka 9 8 9 0 0 6
Syria 4 8 1 0 0 6
Taiwan 9 13 2 0 0 8
Tajikistan if 12 1 0 0 3
Thailand 33 38 21 4 0 9
Turkey 5 20 12 5 0 19
Turkmenistan 12 15 1 0 0 5
Ukraine 5 9 1 0 0 33
United Arab Emirates 4 3 2 0 0 0
Uzbekistan 9 14 1 0 0 3
Viet Nam 35 40 12 1 0 7
Yemen i/ 8 2 0 0 1
 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued)

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

former USSR

EUROPE

Albania _
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria =k
Czech Republic
former Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary oad
ky
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Matta
MokKiova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania kit
=
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain —
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
former Yugoslavia PNHNAWWWANUODWHANNAFHFRRHNNNOWHDASAANOWUN
ayHR fROOCOMoOONOCOOCOOCOOCOONOCO
mMooomoo-noococH-c0c0c00co
WwW
OOO eo
-~o-OWNTCOOCO$-CCCCCOCOC
WRRANOOWHDWWWHNAN
WWAUNAWNADONNAWOO oooooocococcoeceococo

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada =
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica _
a
Cuba a= =
Dominica
Dominican Republic =
El Salvador PROHNOOCOOCONOWHC00
+0
WH
ABNNNH
ANH
CON O-FROAONNOMOUNDBNAUY
oO
o-r-oo+-oo-o0o000cCC
coooooo0co0c0c0co0°
-momoowo/

XXXVii
 Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued)

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

Greenland 1 0 0 0 0
Grenada 1 4 0 0 0
Guadeloupe 0 7 0 0 0
Guatemala 5 9 0 0 5
Haiti 9 7 2 0 6
Honduras 3 v4 0 0 2
Jamaica 4 10 4 0 8
Martinique 2 5 0 0 0
Mexico w 28 20 3 0 42
Montserrat 0 5 0 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 1 6 0 0 0
Nicaragua 2 7 0 0 0
Panama = 6 7 0 0 2
Puerto Rico 6 9 3 0 2
Saint Kitts-Nevis 0 5 0 0 0
Saint Lucia 3 6 0 0 0
Saint Vincent 1 4 0 0 0
Trinidad and Tobago 2 5 0 0 1
Turks and Caicos Islands 3 4 0 0 (0)
USA nN 14 26 18 174 701
USA: Hawaiian Islands® 28 2 0 0 653
Virgin Islands of the United States M-0N
£8 2 4 0
oooonocoooHunm~H-000WOD0 0

OCEANIA

American Samoa 1 2 0 0 8
Australia oy 36 43 37 0 403
Christmas Island 3 2 0 0 0
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1 0 0 0 1
Cook Islands 5 2 0 0 1
Federated States of Micronesia 3 2 0 0 60
Fiji 5 6 1 0 6
French Polynesia 19 2 0 0 14
Guam 4 2 0 0 57
Kiribati 1 2 0 0 4
Line Islands 0 1 0 0 0
Marshall Islands 1 2 0 0 6
Nauru 1 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 5 4 0 0 10
New Zealand 24 18 3 0 46
Niue 0 1 0 0 0
Northern Marianas 3 2 0 0 17
Palau 2 3 0 0 62
Papau New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Pitcairn Islands 2 0 0 0 3
Solomon Islands 15 6 0 0 12
Tokelau 0 2 0 0 2
Tonga 2 3 0 0 5
Tuvalu 0 2 0 0 6
USA Pacific Islands 0 1 0 0 1
Vanuatu 2 3 0 0 6
Western Samoa 2 2 0
ON
MOCO
FB
OCOCOWO
TCO 0
mwhROCOCOMooWnNOuUF
4
SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina 37 8 5 ft) 2
Bolivia
22 5 1 0 2
Brazil 54 100 16 8 0 17
Chile 19 15 22 21 0 0
Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued)

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

Colombia 30 58 15 0 0 0
Ecuador 27 48 12 0 0 30
French Guiana 9 2 6 0 0 3
Guyana 1 2 78 0 0 1
Paraguay 12 26 5 0 0 0
Peru 38 65 9 1 0 4
Suriname 9 2 5 0 0 1
Uruguay 9 1 1 0 0 1
Venezuela 18 20 12 0 0 1

' The figure for fishes does not include 252 cichlids in Lake Victoria for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual
species. These species are included in Table 4. The total of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria is
given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 haplochromine species are present of which some 200 may be
critically threatened.
? The figure for invertebrates does not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex and Udeina in List 3 which occur in
Lesotho and South Africa but for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species.
3 The invertebrate total does not include species of the insect genera /todacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable
to determine the number of recognised species.

Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded. All the tables cover taxa of species rank only;
subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard IUCN-SSC status categories;
the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded.

Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results
in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland
countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary islands, which feature prominently in
the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain:
Canary Islands”, so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands
have a separate entry. All unconfirmed occurrences (indicated in the lists by "2" after the country name) are counted in the tables.

XXXIX
 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category

Ls ¥ R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

AFRICA

Algeria
Angola =
Ascension
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon Ls) — =
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros WOBOAN=|-NOWMADONHWO
Congo —@
Cote d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt =
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia _ —_
Gabon ones
—_
os ook
eek
Gambia PROOCOWNNWD—
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya’ t+#-SCSCO+HFRONTOONOH=]TC00BNOH00NW
Lesotho?
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar 20 OWN
DM
OWHR
WH
PWNWHOHNMNNOWHROCOWUNNAADHA
aN
> ROMANDADHRWHODOCARW
w
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius = WOH
ONUGOUMORAWDAWADNWOUNNO=
AHDAWU
Ne
Mayotte
Morocco -_
Mozambique
Namibia —_
wo ie}for)
Niger AMWMDWOA
NDA
Nigeria
Rwanda
Réunion er
es
Saint Helena
Sao Tomé and Principe nu-+-=-+O0
Senegal ok
Seychelles on “+$WONWDWONNWUMN=ANNNH
Sierra Leone 14 ANDAR
AW
=H
OHNNOUNBDMWH
Somalia
South Africa? nN wo2
wa
a2
42420
0N0NH
BNNHONHW0]02=
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania’ Ls)
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda’ no
== wo is}~“+
Western Sahara ynoantooSaw
Zaire nN
Zambia
Zimbabwe NNAF|HHRWONNOUMAUNWONDAAUNDND
ounw “~NOO+
=W
=O+

xl
 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued)

E v R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

ANTARCTICA

Falkland Islands 0 1 0 0 1 4 5
French South'n Antarctic Terri 1 0 0 2 3 5

ASIA

Afghanistan 4 13 i 0 24 7 31
Armenia 6 8 6 2 22 6 28
Azerbaijan 6 9 9 2 26 5 31
Bahrain 0 2 2 0 4 2 6
Bangladesh 11 22 9 13 55 11 66
Bhutan 10 11 8 4 33 8 41
British Indian Ocean Ter. 2 0 0 1 3 1 4
Brunei 5 10 7 4 26 11 37
Cambodia 15 19 8 6 48 13 61
China 34 49 46 33 162 32 194
Cyprus 2 5 3 0 10 0 10
Georgia 8 8 12 3 31 8 39
Hong Kong 1 5 4 1 11 2 13
India 26 49 45 28 148 24 172
Indonesia 38 80 120 78 316 38 354
Iran 7 18 11 3 39 13 52
Iraq 2 9 12 1 24 6 30
Israel 5 12 6 2 25 5 30
Japan 42 42 47 11 142 9 151
Jordan 3 8 3 1 15 1 16
Kazakhstan 10 18 10 3 41 8 49
Korea D.P.R. 5 13 4 4 26 4 30
Korea Republic 3 13 6 3 25 4 29
Kuwait 2 3 2 0 7 3 10
Kyrgyzstan 2 6 6 0 14 2 16
Laos 14 16 14 10 54 11 65
Lebanon 2 6 4 1 13 0 13
Malaysia 14 23 20 27 84 26 110
Maldives 2 0 1 1 4 1 5
Mongolia 5 15 i, ) 27 4 31
Myanmar 17 27 20 15 79 18 97
Nepal 16 20 6 12 54 9 63
Oman 3 Té 6 1 17 6 23
Pakistan 9 21 8 4 42 9 51
Papua New Guinea 14 40 60 17 131 1 142
Philippines 15 39 41 26 121 16 137
Qatar 2 1 1 0 4 3 Te
Russia 23 38 19 12 92 20 112
Saudi Arabia 2 if 5 6 20 8 28
Singapore 2 5 1 4 12 9 31
Sri Lanka 10 25 i 2 44 7 51
Syria 4 9g 5 1 19 0 19
Taiwan 6 14 3 4 27 6 33
Tajikistan 3 10 7 0 20 3 23
Thailand 20 24 24 18 86 32 118
Turkey 14 17 19 18 68 11 79
Turkmenistan 2 15 9 0 26 8 34
Ukraine 14 17 6 5 42 9 51
United Arab Emirates 2 3 2 0 if 2 9
Uzbekistan 3 13 7 0 23 4 27
Viet Nam 19 25 18 Uz/ 79 20 99
Yemen 3 4 3 3 13 2) 18

xli
Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued)

E v R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

former USSR

EUROPE

Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria o--O-0
Czech Republic
former Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France nO w
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece =
Hungary =

Iceland
Ireland
Italy -
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Matta
Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania =
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain Ww =
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
former Yugoslavia = awa
anntnoonwvotaanaa=
DHOonHowwmZnwn
WHER
OWHA
DONNER
NOMAROCHNODODLANTOHHMO
OR NOONDOMSONGTAHAAH

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas =
Barbados
Belize =
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada = nt _ MPOWNWAWOU
a
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba = ak:
=e or NNW
wow >HOY
ow
ONWNOWN
Dominica
Dominican Republic nD
El Salvador ERW
WH
OUMOANWONANNH
RONN
OK
OH-WANFH
WOH NOMOCCCW-00
OOP +00
Of
-@mMo-+-ONO
ono Nao-nonoowooncna
-~W
-WO

xlii
 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued)

E Vv SUBTOTAL’ TOTAL

Greenland 0
Grenada 4
Guadeloupe 3
Guatemala 4 =k
Haiti 3
Honduras 5
Jamaica 6
Martinique 6
Mexico 63 ~ w nN ie)
Montserrat 3
Netherlands Antilles 3
Nicaragua 4
Panama 6 =
Puerto Rico 8
Saint Kitts-Nevis 3
Saint Lucia 6
Saint Vincent 3
Trinidad and Tobago 6
Turks and Caicos Islands 3 W
=
F&F
NNONNAWAWH7H-WDHOWAN
-~ON-OCWNMHTOOCOROWCOMOCOCOCS
OH
RH
-=-O0COCf
NODNONHOO
USA 146 nknN = So 549 wo
USA: Hawaiian Islands’ 270
Virgin Islands of the US 4 NNO oOoN@® o8 OH
O-COH
UNWNODTONNWHKOOW

OCEANIA

American Samoa =
Australia 11 = fe>)=o a o4
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands
Fed. States of Micronesia
Fiji
French Polynesia —
Guam on
Kiribati
Line Islands
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Caledonia =A
New Zealand _ 94
Niue
Northern Marianas
Palau oO on
—
oan
Papau New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands
Solomon Islands —
= — wo
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
USA Pacific Islands
Vanuatu te
Western Samoa HOD
WNHHNNNAOCONUMHDARHANHWANDODWO]-
PoOoOonNhkOMOCOOHfROOCOMOCHROH$UONN
NRONNHHCOWNTDHOODONONHWOUNNODOC
ONODOSCONFHNHTDONODOTOOCOOCONHNWOO
HR
OWH-ODOWS
=00
HW
HN
HO
“"=NHNNHON

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina 10 64 22
Bolivia 8 44 14
Brazil 54 10 170 34 204
Chile 26 17 87 19 106

xliii
Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by siatus category (continued)

E v R i SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

Colombia 24 39 5 21 89 17 106
Ecuador 56 31 6 10 103 14 117
French Guiana 5 8 0 1 14 6 20
Guyana 6 9 0 1 16 6 22
Paraguay vA 23 1 3 34 ) 43
Peru 28 47 3 11 89 29 118
Suriname 5 i 0 1 13 4 17
Uruguay 1 7 0 6 14 8 22
Venezuela 15 23 0 3 41 10 51

‘The figures for Indeterminate category species in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda do not include 252 cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria
for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species. These species are included in Table 4. The figure of 250
haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria was given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300
species are present.
? The figures for Vulnerable category species in Lesotho and South Africa do not include 62 earthworms of the genera Microscolex
and Udeina in List 3 for which we have insufficient data on the range of individual species.
3 The invertebrate total does not include species of the insect genera /todacnus and Oodemus for which we have been unable
to determine the number of recognised species.

Widespread marine cetaceans lacking full country-specific range data are excluded.All the tables cover taxa of species rank only;
subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard |UCN-SSC status categories;
the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded.

Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical. units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results
in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland
countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in
the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain:
Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. Tristan da Cunha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands
have a separate entry. Unconfirmed occurrence of a species (indicated in the lists by "?” after the relevant country) are counted
in the tables.

Birdlife International have assigned mixed categories to many birds. There are 21 E/Ex and 78 V/R species included in the tables;
in Tables 2 and 3 E/Ex categories are counted as E and V/R as V.

xliv
 Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category

E ¥ R 1 SUBTOTAL’ K TOTAL

MAMMALS 177 199 89 68 533 208 741

BIRDS? 188 241 257 176 862 108 970
REPTILES 47 88 79 43 257 59 316
AMPHIBIANS 32 32 55 14 133 36 169
FISHES® 158 226 246 304 934 45 979
INVERTEBRATES‘ 582 702 422 941 2647 107 2754

TOTAL 1184 1488 1148 1546 5366 563 5929

' Subtotal includes species categorised E, V, R or |; these are known to be threatened species. Category K comprises those
suspected to be threatened.
? BirdLife International have given mixed categories to many birds. In Tables 2 and 3 the 21 E/Ex species are treated as E, and
78 V/R as V.
5 Includes 252 species of Lake Victoria cichlids in List 3 with category |. The figure of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid
fishes in Lake Victoria was given in the 1990 Red List, but recent estimates suggest >300 species are present.
* Includes 160 category E insects, 143 category V earthworms and 78 category | insects in List 3.

Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994

4990 1994

MAMMALS 535 741

BIRDS 1026 970
REPTILES 169 316
AMPHIBIANS 57 169
FISHES 713 979
INVERTEBRATES 1977 2754

TOTAL 4477 5929

The figures for 1990 (1990 Red List) and 1994 (this book) are not exactly comparable; 1990 figures exclude Ex species but
include Ex? and include 182 Commercially Threatened (CT) invertebrates, 1994 figures exclude all these.

xlv
Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

AFRICA

Algeria
Cape Verde
Kenya
Madagascar
Mauritius =

Mayotte
Réunion —
Saint Helena i)

Seychelles
South Africa
Tanzania
Togo = ooooooocoeo+-coo
oo-r-ooococococoeoco
ocoor-roonoqmoo=+-0
—s-=-NOO-cCc+-cCcC°o
oooj-o0co0o+NO000 CON]H0HOWUDM

ANTARCTICA

Falkland Islands

ASIA

China
India
Indonesia
Israel
Japan Le}
Myanmar
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Russia
Thailand
Viet Nam —“~-=-WOO0COONCTCCOCOSO 0
O00
Rf
oo
cooo
oooooooco+oco°o

EUROPE

Austria
Denmark
France
Germany
Iceland
Italy
Portugal —
Spain
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia oooo-+7-o-oc00
on=-oo+-00+-0
oono++_+8h0+-N0
ocoooooococco
ooooooococococo
oooooococo
ooooococ°eco
oooooococo=--oo0o=—
-OOW+-"ONN

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

Bahamas
Barbados
Canada
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica —-~-=-Mm7O0O0+-ONUWO--—
oooj/o+/o0O22N0—
-ooo-+-o0c0cecoeoso
ooooooocoocoeco
ocooooooocooonco
ooooooo0co

xlvi
 Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group (continued)

MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERTS

Martinique
Mexico ="
Puerto Rico
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent
USA =
USA: Hawaiian Islands =
Virgin Islands of the United States =Oon
40
== owunooono
-oO0cooo0dnoo-o0oo+-0
=O oonooo-o

OCEANIA

American Samoa
Australia =k
Christmas Island
Cook Islands oat)
Federated States of Micronesia
French Polynesia N
Guam
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Norfolk Island
Palau
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Western Samoa oo-+$-0+0=$C00O0N00
=AOnNo=Bwouwoonodo
co
coe
00
orooo+-oco0
ocoooooocoococooco°occeoso
ooooo+-o0cco°cde=
AK
SCOOCOOCOO

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands —==00 cooo coooo cooo o-00 oon

Unknown 0 — oO oO oO o

The figures include species listed as Ex and Ex? They also include species that are known or believed to have become extinct
since 1600AD or thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status
category.

xlvii
 GUEST ESSAY

The status of proposals to redefine the IUCN threatened species categories

Georgina M. Mace

Introduction
The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with
some modification, for almost 30 years (see Scott, Burton & Fitter 1987). Since their inception they have
become recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings,
not only those produced by IUCN. Their value is that they provide an easily comprehended method for
highlighting those species at risk of extinction, in order to focus attention on conservation measures
designed to protect them. Nowadays, with the increasing recognition that the resources available for
conservation are finite and limited, the categories have become applied more frequently to setting priorities
for conservation action. It is this change in emphasis that has provoked recent moves to redefine the
categories.

The application of threatened species categories

To play an effective role in conservation planning the categories need to have a number of characteristics.
They need to be equally applicable across broad taxonomic groups whose basic biology and life histories
differ in fundamental ways. They also need to be applicable to taxonomic levels below that of species, and
to regional or national subsets. Because the amount of information about species varies widely from almost
nothing (in the vast majority of cases) to full life history and distribution data (in a very few) the system
used for placing taxa into categories also needs to make best use of data that are available, but should not
preclude listing when information is sparse. Finally, and most importantly, the system should be based
around an evaluation of how likely the taxon in question is to go extinct.

In this context, the current system has some drawbacks. The definitions are merely stated in terms of "..
in danger of extinction... Without any reference to a time frame, or to the likelihood of extinction within
this time frame, the definition can be interpreted in different ways by different authorities. This can result
in the same species being classified quite differently, or in different taxa or different regional floras and
faunas being judged by quite different standards. If conservation action is to be based upon them,
threatened species categories will require an approach that is better validated. A more objective system that
can be challenged and judged against an accepted set of rules is needed.

A second drawback of the current system is that a number of different kinds of variables are embedded
in the definitions, which complicates their application to setting priorities. Thus while Endangered and
Vulnerable measure the likelihood of extinction, Rare is defined in terms of the kind of distribution a
species has. Species can be rare in a number of different ways: some have always had very restricted
distributions (eg. some endemic island forms), others have been reduced from a formerly wide range; some
are always found in small but scattered populations, others are widely distributed but limited to very
specific habitat types (see Rabinowitz et al. 1986). The relationship between these different forms of rarity
and extinction risk is not simple or well understood. /nsufficiently Known is a category that simply
describes the quality and quantity of information about a particular species and thus has no direct
relationship to the severity of threat. Other categories that appear in some publications also measure
different characteristics. For example, Commercially Threatened is a statement primarily about the cause
of the extinction risk.

Many other threatened species classification schemes exist, focusing on particular regional or taxonomic
groups, but most use definitions that are broadly similar in nature to the IUCN ones (Munton 1987).

The publication of Red Data Books and Lists has other implications. Diamond (1987), among others, has

xlviii
discussed how this immediately puts a limit on the number of taxa that are recognised as being under threat
of extinction because only described species can be listed, and once a list exists conservationists and survey
expeditions focus especially on those species. Little attention is paid to taxa that are not listed, either
because they have not been described or are not listed as threatened, and their plight worsens. In addition,
once a taxonomic or regional list is produced, there is an implicit message that all described taxa in that
group or region have been evaluated. This is often far from the case. Even among the vertebrates only a
proportion of all the described species have been evaluated by IUCN. The birds have been fully reviewed;
but only a proportion of other taxa have (see Introduction above and WCMC, 1992). Despite these
difficulties, threatened species categories are widely used and recognised, especially at an international
level. If the existing level of credibility given to them is to continue, they need to be more soundly based
and more consistently applied.

New Proposals
In 1990, the IUCN/SSC began a process to redefine the categories of threat used in Red Data Books. Russ
Lande and I (Mace and Lande, 1991) proposed a new basis for the categories where the definitions were
given explicitly and solely in terms of the estimated probability of extinction. The definitions we proposed
were for three threat categories which we named Critical, Endangered and Vulnerable, which had
decreasing probabilities of extinction over increasing time frames:

CRITICAL: 50% probability of extinction within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the

longer.

ENDANGERED: 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations, whichever is the

longer.

VULNERABLE: 10% probability of extinction in 100 years

We chose to vary both time scale and extinction probability for a variety of reasons. First, a shorter time
scale for the most threatened forms would focus attention on the immediacy of the problem and hopefully
stimulate appropriately prompt action. But such short time scales would not be appropriate for the less
threatened forms which might then seem to have very low extinction probabilities. The longest time scale
for the lowest level of threat was set at 100 years which seems to be generally agreed as about the longest
period for effective foresight and planning of human activities while a 5 or 10% chance of extinction
within this period is about the highest level that conservation biologists have recommended (eg. see
Shaffer, 1981).

We recognised that these definitions would be inadequate to classify species because there are no simple
rules to translate from basic ecological information to extinction risk. We therefore also suggested a set
of quantitative criteria which might be used operationally. The criteria that we proposed were based around
population size, population structure and sub-structure, and observed or projected rates of decline. Although
only a proposal, the Mace-Lande criteria (as they have become known) have been applied to a large
number of species over the last couple of years, mainly through the Conservation and Assessment
Management Plans (CAMPs) undertaken by the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group and various
taxon specialist groups of the SSC (Seal et al., 1993). This has provided invaluable material for assessing
the proposal. A number of positive and negative aspects have emerged. On the positive side it is clear that
with the informed input of specialists in the CAMP workshops, it is possible to classify the majority of
species using the quantitative criteria. In the latest summary tables compiled by CBSG, 3130 out of 3559
(88%) of vertebrates species were classified as Safe or in one of the three new threat categories (Seal er
al., 1993). With the comprehensive review procedure that is characteristic of CAMPs the proportion of
described species that are listed as threatened increases substantially from previous levels. Of the 3130
vertebrate taxa classified by CAMPs, 1345 (43%) are listed as threatened. This is much higher than the
levels previously seen in IUCN Red Lists. There are some factors that may in part explain this increase.
First, CAMPs have tended to focus on higher order taxa that contain many species which are of

xlix
conservation concern; a higher proportion of threatened forms might therefore be expected in this subset.
Second, by necessity, many CAMP classifications are made on the basis of very little information, and
group dynamics in workshop sessions are likely to lead to the more conservative estimates being accepted.
Thus there may be a tendency for over-listing in this context, especially in the lower risk categories.
Finally, CAMPs have routinely classified many sub-species which may, through restricted range and
number, be more threatened than are species. However, a systematic examination of the data suggests that
the increase is not simply an artefact of sub-species listing (Mace, in press).

Although widely used for vertebrates it soon became clear that there were difficulties in applying the Mace-
Lande criteria to other taxa. Some of the terminology used was especially inappropriate for plants and
invertebrates. With this background data available, the process for developing new categories continued
in 1992 and 1993.

IUCN proposed criteria

During the summer of 1992 a number of discussion papers were prepared presenting alternative methods
for classifying species according to severity of threat. Among these was an investigation of the potential
for using distribution and habitat data, and an alternative method based around management. These and
some other papers provided the framework for a workshop held in November 1992, at which about 30
people representing a wide diversity of interests met to discuss the different proposals. In general, the
technical workshop approved the general kinds of definitions that we had earlier proposed, but felt that
additional kinds of information needed to be incorporated in the criteria. In order to formulate criteria for
major taxonomic groups, four working groups were set up with responsibility for higher vertebrates, lower
vertebrates, plants and invertebrates. Using the background papers as a starting point, they developed
criteria appropriate for each major taxonomic grouping. At the end of the technical workshop there were
four sets of criteria, all based around the categories Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable and a new lower risk
category called Susceptible. The criteria drafted for plants included both population and distribution-based
criteria, those for lower vertebrates and invertebrates were based around the number and status of known
and suitable locations and populations, and the higher vertebrate criteria were largely population-based.

A drafting group was then formed to assimilate all these criteria into a single coherent proposal. The
drafting group included at least one person from each of the taxonomic working groups, and for practical
reasons most were based in the UK. The group produced an interim report in March 1993 which was
subsequently published in Species (Mace et al., 1992). This proposal was presented as a draft for discussion
and evaluation and is reproduced in summary form here for general information (see Figures 6 and 7).
Since its distribution a large number of comments have been received and a number of species have been
classified. As this Red List goes to press, the precise proposal is still under active development and
refinement. We expect that there will be some modifications to the criteria, to the notes for guidance and
to the definitions of terms used, all of which form an integral part of the proposal. The formulation
presented here should therefore be taken as a general description cnly, and should not be applied without
reference to the full document (Mace et a/., 1992); the final version of the system will be available in early
1994.

One of the more controversial aspects of the working group’s report was the decision to merge all the
criteria from the different taxonomic working groups into a single consolidated set. This decision is worth
explaining in detail. The reason that different criteria are needed for different major taxa is that there are
broad life history differences between them. Thus, for example, population size can rarely be measured for
a number of invertebrate groups, and even if it could be it may not provide a good predictor of extinction
risk, which for many invertebrate species is more likely to be a function of a limited habitat availability.
In general therefore, it is appropriate to have different criteria for different groups. However, there is not
a complete correspondence between major taxonomic grouping and life history. For example, some plants
and invertebrates have life histories more similar to higher vertebrates and some lower vertebrates have life
histories more characteristic of plants. With the taxonomically split criteria it seemed likely that those
species that were untypical for their group would be judged by inappropriate criteria. An alternative
strategy, to group the criteria by broad kinds of life history patterns, was felt to be unworkable because of
the difficulties of making judgements about which set of criteria to judge any particular species by. In fact,
on closer inspection, the criteria provided by each of the major taxon working groups could be seen to be
generally quite similar. With little substantial change it was found that it was possible to include almost
all of these criteria in a single list, and this seemed to be the most conservative solution to the problem.
Using this approach, a species has only to qualify under any one criterion to be listed, and the fact that
other criteria are not met, or even that they are wildly inappropriate, does not matter. For example, the fact
that the home range size of a single large carnivorous mammal may exceed the qualifying range area for
a threat category does not invalidate the range size criterion. The large carnivorous mammals are much
more appropriately judged by their population size and status, so that what matters in terms of validating
the criteria is whether any one is met, not whether all are appropriate.

Once the draft criteria were published, a period of about 6 months was available for comments to be
submitted from all interested parties, and for trial classifications to be made using the criteria. There are
still more comments coming in as this book goes to press but several major points have already emerged.

The IUCN review

One evident concern is over the extent to which the proposed system relies on the ability of the person
undertaking the evaluation to make appropriate estimations, inferences and projections about the status of
the taxon in question. The system is quantitative so that all taxa are judged against a common standard,
but we recognise that sufficient data of high quality rarely exist. Therefore it will be necessary to use
available information to make explicit judgements. For example, known or estimated areas for current
distributions along with characteristic population densities for similar species can be used to judge whether
or not the taxon is likely to have a population size falling below the numbers specified in the criteria A
or B for any category, and future decline rates calculated from estimated rates of habitat loss can be used
to see whether the taxon will qualify under D for any category. This kind of reasoning does not come
easily to many field biologists, but as the CAMP workshops have shown, it can be done for a majority of
species once the context and methodology is understood. It is however an essential component of the
system we have proposed, and it is clear that we need to give more guidance on how this should be done.
We are also concerned to ensure that explicit reasoning should always accompany classifications.

A second issue relates to the many species that are now substantially reduced in numbers from historical
levels, but which are now held relatively stable at moderate population sizes by continuing management.
Depending on their current status, these species will sometimes not be listed because the category is a
statement of current status and extinction risk, not a relative measure of current status compared to some
previous level. We are looking at ways of highlighting these species, while recognising that effective
management has limited the extent to which they are now threatened. Other systems will be needed to
highlight those species that particular management authorities believe should be in greater numbers or
distributed over wider areas.

A third issue concerns the general applicability of the range size values under criterion C which is now
under special study for different taxa as well as for aquatic species.

Conclusions
Some of the consequences and side-benefits that we expect to result from application of the proposed
system are as follows:

1. Because the new categories are based around explicit definitions, the reasons for listing will be
evident. Thus classifications will be accompanied by an indication of which criteria and sub-
criteria (Figure 7) were operative. This will enable judgements to be understood, and if necessary
challenged and refined.

2. With appropriate input, and informed use of estimation, inference and projection, it will be

li
 possible to classify the great majority of taxa into one of the new categories. The new set of
categories should be more applicable to conservation planning as they are more explicit about what
is being measured and what actions are therefore appropriate. Where there is really very little data,
taxa can be classified as /nsufficiently known. This is now not a threatened category but a separate
status assessment indicating those species for which additional information is needed. Another
category, again measuring a different status variable, is Not Evaluated. This is allocated to species
that have not been evaluated at all against the categories. With effective use of all these categories
it should be possible to arrive at useful and reliable data on many species, and summary data for
particular taxa and regions should give a better idea of the status of species generally.

3. On the basis of the validations carried out so far, the proportion of threatened species in major taxa
is likely to rise, although to what extent is not yet clear. The correspondence between species
classified as highly threatened under the proposed and existing systems is high, but there are
differences among the Vulnerable taxa. Some taxa previously listed as threatened will no longer
qualify and vice versa.

4. A major benefit will be that data on fundamental species biology (population size and structure,
geographical range area and decline rates) will become available. These data exist in a variety of
forms and locations for many species, but are rarely collated into a useful form. The application
of the new categories will result in these data being collected, stored and maintained over time,
thus enabling monitoring of the status of many species. This is a fundamental pre-requisite for
effective species conservation.

The new categories measure the severity of threat being faced by particular taxa. But this is only one aspect
of setting priorities. In practice, priority assessment needs to include an assessment of logistical, political
and financial factors, as well as incorporating other aspects of biodiversity. The taxonomic distinctiveness
of the species and the number of other species that will benefit from its protection are both important
biological components. There is a need to develop rational methods to incorporate all this information in
decision-making processes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Nigel Collar and Kevin Gaston made helpful comments on an earlier draft of this essay. Along with the
other members of the drafting group (Justin Cooke, Josh Ginsberg, Nigel Leader-Williams, Mike Maunder
and E.J. Milner-Gulland) they have provided a great deal towards the development of the proposals. The
process has been guided throughout by Simon Stuart. I am grateful to the Pew Scholars Program in
Conservation and the Environment for financial support.

Georgina M. Mace, PhD

Institute of Zoology
Zoological Society of London
Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.

GUEST ESSAY: REFERENCES

Diamond, J.M. 1987. Extant unless proven extinct? Or extinct unless proven extant? Conservati
on Biology,
\(1):77-79. ,
Mace, G.M. 1994. An investigation into methods for categorising the conservati
on status of species. In
Large scale ecology and conservation biology (in press).
Mace, G.M., Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K., Ginsberg, G., Leader-Wi
lliams, N., Maunder, M.,
Milner-Gulland, E.J. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing
species on the IUCN Red List.
Species, 19(Dec.):16-22.

lii
Mace, G.M., & Lande, R. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a re-evaluation of IUCN threatened
species categories. Conservation Biology, 5(2):148-157.
Munton, P. 1987. Concepts of threat to the survival of species used in Red Data Books and similar
compilations. In R. Fitter, & M. Fitter (Ed.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 71-111). IUCN, Gland.
Rabinowitz, D., Cairns, S., & Dillon, T. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the
British Isles. In M.E. Soule (Ed.), Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (pp.
182-204). Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, Mass.
Scott, P., Burton, J.A., & Fitter, R. 1987. Red Data Books: the historical background. In R. Fitter, & M.
Fitter (Eds.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 1-6). IUCN, Gland.
Seal, U.S., Ellis, S.A., Foose, T.J., & Byers, A.P. 1993. Conservation assessment and management plans
(CAMPs) and global captive action plans (GCAPs). 4(2):5-10.
Shaffer, M.L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31:131-134.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth’ sLiving Resources.
Chapman & Hall, London.

liii
Figure 6. NEW DRAFT DEFINITIONS FOR THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES

EXTINCT A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last
individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive
surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times,
throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys
should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life
form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in
cultivation, in captivity, or as a naturalised population (or populations)
outside the historical range.

CRITICAL A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of

extinction in the wild in the immediate future. A taxon is defined as
Critical by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7).

ENDANGERED A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high
probability of extinction in the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined
as Endangered by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7).

VULNERABLE A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing

a high probability of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future.
A taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E)
(see Figure 7).

SUSCEPTIBLE A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the categories
above, but is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less
than 100 km’, and/or it is found at few locations, which render it prone
to the effects of human activities.

SAFE/LOW RISK A taxon is Safe/Low Risk when it has been evaluated and found not to
qualify for any of the threatened categories above.

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 List 1

THREATENED SPECIES
 Mammals

Class MAMMALIA Vv Macrotis lagotis

Order MONOTREMATA Bilby
Australia
Family TACHYGLOSSIDAE
E Perameles bougainville
E Zaglossus bruijni Western Barred Bandicoot
Long-beaked Echidna Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Vv Perameles gunnii
Order DAS YUROMORPHIA Eastern Barred Bandicoot
Australia
Family MYRMECOBIIDAE
Family PERORYCTIDAE
E Myrmecobius fasciatus
Numbat R Echymipera clara
Australia Clara Bandicoot
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Family DASYURIDAE
K Echymipera echinista
E Dasycercus byrnei
Fly River Bandicoot
Kowari
Papua New Guinea
Australia
E Peroryctes broadbenti
V___CDassycercus cristicauda
Giant Bandicoot
Mulgara
Papua New Guinea
Australia
I Rhynchomeles prattorum
E Dasyurus geoffroii
Ceram Bandicoot
Chuditch
Indonesia: Ceram
Australia
E Parantechinus apicalis Order DIPROTODONTIA
(Antechinus apicalis) Family VOMBATIDAE
Dibbler
Australia E Lasiorhinus krefftit
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat
E Phascogale calura Australia
Red-tailed Phascogale
Australia Family PHALANGERIDAE
R Sminthopsis aitkeni V___s*Phatlanger lullulae
Kangaroo Island Dunnart Woodlark Island Cuscus
Australia Papua New Guinea: Woodlark Island

R Sminthopsis butleri Vv Phalanger matanim

Carpentarian Dunnart Telefomin Cuscus
Australia Papua New Guinea

E Sminthopsis douglasi Vv Phalanger rothschildi

Julia Creek Dunnart Obi Cuscus
Australia Indonesia: Pulau Obi Besar

Vv Sminthopsis psammophila R Phalanger vestitus

Sandhill Dunnart Stein’s Cuscus
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
R Spilocuscus kraemeri
Order PERAMELEMORPHIA
(may be a subspecies of S. maculatus)
Family PERAMELIDAE Manus Island Spotted Cuscus
Papua New Guinea: Manus Island
E Isoodon auratus
Golden Bandicoot R Spilocuscus papuensis
Australia Waigeo Spotted Cuscus
Indonesia: Irian Jaya (Waigeo Island)
 THREATENED SPECIES

V: Spilocuscus rufoniger Lagorchestes hirsutus

(Phalanger rufoniger) Mala
Black-spotted Cuscus Australia
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Lagostrophus fasciatus
Family POTOROIDAE Banded Hare-wallaby
Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island, Dirk
IE Bettongia lesueur
Hartog Island
Boodie
Australia: Bernier Island, Dorre Island, Barrow Macropus parma
Island Parma Wallaby
Australia
Bettongia penicillata [New Zealand: Kawau Island]
Woylie
Australia Onychogalea fraenata
Bridled Nailtail Wallaby
Bettongia tropica
Australia
(may be included in B. penicillata)
Northern Bettong Petrogale lateralis
Australia Black-footed Rock-wallaby
Australia
Potorous longipes
Long-footed Potoroo Petrogale penicillata
Australia Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby
Australia
Family MACROPODIDAE
Petrogale persephone
v Dendrolagus dorianus
Prosperine Rock-wallaby
Doria’s Tree-kangaroo
Australia
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Thylogale bruinii
Dendrolagus goodfellowi
Southern Bush Wallaby
Goodfellow’s Tree-kangaroo
Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Aru Islands; Papua New
Papua New Guinea
Guinea
Dendrolagus inustus
Thylogale calabyi
Grizzled Tree-kangaroo
Alpine Wallaby
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Dendrolagus matschiei
Family BURRAMYIDAE
Matschie’s Tree-kangaroo
Papua New Guinea 15) Burramys parvus
Mountain Pygmy-possum
Dendrolagus scottae
Australia
Scott’s Tree-kangaroo
Papua New Guinea Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE
Dendrolagus spadix K Pseudocheirus caroli
Lowland Tree-kangaroo Weyland Ringtail
Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Dendrolagus ursinus Pseudocheirus occidentalis
White-throated Tree-kangaroo (P. peregrinus occidentalis)
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Western Ringtail
Australia
Dorcopsis atrata
Black Dorcopsis Wallaby Pseudocheirus schlegeli
Papua New Guinea: Goodenough Island
Dorcopsulus macleayi Indonesia: Irian Jaya
(Dorcopsis macleayi)
Macleay’s Dorcopsis
Papua New Guinea
 Mammals

Family PETAURIDAE Order INSECTIVORA

v Dactylopsila megalura Family SOLENODONTIDAE
Great-tailed Troik
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Solenodon cubanus
Cuban Solenodon
E Dactylopsila tatei Cuba
Fergusson Island Striped Possum
Papua New Guinea: Fergusson Island E Solenodon paradoxus
Haitian Solenodon
1 Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Dominican Republic; Haiti
Leadbeater’s Possum
Australia Family TENRECIDAE
Vv Petaurus abidi K Geogale aurita
Northern Glider Large-eared Tenrec
Papua New Guinea Madagascar

E Petaurus gracilis I Limnogale mergulus

Mahogany Glider Aquatic Tenrec
Australia Madagascar
K Microgale brevicaudata
Order XENARTHRA
(includes M. occidentalis)
Family BRADYPODIDAE Short-tailed Shrew-tenrec
Madagascar
E Bradypus torquatus
Maned Sloth K Microgale gracilis
Brazil Gracile Shrew-tenrec
Madagascar
Family DASYPODIDAE
K Microgale longicaudata
K Chlamyphorus retusus
(includes M. majori)
(Burmeisteria retusa)
Lesser Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec
Greater Pichi Ciego
Madagascar
Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay
K Microgale parvula
K Chlamyphorus truncatus
Pygmy Shrew-tenrec
Lesser Pichi Ciego
Madagascar
Argentina
K Microgale pulla
Vv Priodontes maximus
(may be synonymous with M. parvula)
(P. giganteus)
Dusky Shrew-tenrec
Giant Armadillo
Madagascar
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; French
Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; K = Microgale thomasi
Venezuela Thomas’s Shrew-tenrec
Madagascar
E Tolypeutes tricinctus
Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo E Micropotamogale lamottei
Brazil Nimba Otter-shrew
Cote d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia
Family MYRMECOPHAGIDAE
I Micropotamogale ruwenzorii
Vv Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Ruwenzori Otter-shrew
(M. jubata)
Uganda; Zaire
Giant Anteater
Argentina; Belize (ex?); Bolivia; Brazil; Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE
Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador?; French
I Amblysomus gunningi
Guiana; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua;
Gunning’s Golden Mole
Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay;
South Africa
Venezuela
THREATENED SPECIES

I Amblysomus iris Family SORICIDAE

Zulu ee foie K Congosorex polli
South 4 (Myosorex polli)
I Amblysomus julianae Zaire
ia a e:pastas SES K Crocidura ansellorum
a = Zambia
R Calcochloris obtusirostris K Crociturn baileyi
(Chlorotalpa obtusirostris) Ethiopia
Yellow Golden Mole !
Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe K Crocidura congobelgica

R Chlorotalpa duthieae
Duthie’s Golden Mole K Crocidura crenata
South Africa Gabon
I Chlorotalpa sclateri K — Crocidura eisentrauti
Sclater’s Golden Mole Cameroon
oe K Crocidura glassi
I Chlorotalpa tytonis Ethiopia
ys ee= K Crocidura grassei
e Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon
I Chrysochloris visagiei K Crocitara Kivuana
Visagie’s Golden Mole Zaire
South Africa
R Chrysospalax trevelyani = Cees lannse
Giant Golden Mole Pyare Zate
South Africa K = Crocidura latona
. Zaire
Vv Chrysospalax villosus
Rough-haired Golden Mole K Crocidura longipes
South Africa Nigeria
I Cryptochloris wintoni K Crocidura lucina
De Winton’s Golden Mole Ethiopia
Ss K = Crocidura ludia
I Cryptochloris zyli (C. dolichura ludia)
Van Zyl’s Golden Mole Zaire
South Afri ra K Crocidura manengubae
R Eremitalpa granti Cameroon
Grant’s Golden Mole K Wenmaininag ce
Namibia: Afri uassiensis
unite, Somth, Africa Makwassie Musk Shrew
Family ERINACEIDAE South Africa; Zimbabwe
R__ Ateleric frontalis K ~~ Crocidura monax
(Erinaceus frontalis) Kenya; Tanzania; Zaire
South African Hedgehog
Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South . Crocidura nimbae
Africa; Zimbabwe Céte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia
VY —s Podogymnura truei R Cr ocidura orit
Mindanao Gymnure Orii’s Shrew
Philippines: Mindanao Japan: Sado
K —Crocidura phaeura
Ethiopia
 Mammals

Crocidura polia K Suncus remyi

(C. dolichura polia) Gabon Dwarf Shrew
Zaire Gabon

Crocidura raineyi K Sylvisorex howelli

T. :
(C. luna raineyi)
Kenya K Sylvisorex ollula
Crocidura selina Cameroon; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire
(C. luna selina) K Sylvisorex vulcanorum
Uganda Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Crocidura stenocephala Family TALPIDAE
(C. littoralis stenocephala)
Zaire Vv Desmana moschata
Russian Desman
Crocidura tansaniana
Belarus; Estonia; Kazakhstan; Latvia;
Tanzania Lithuania; Russia; Turkmenistan; Ukraine
Crocidura telfordi V___ Galemys pyrenaicus
Tanzania Pyrenean Desman
Crocidura thalia Andorra?; France; Portugal; Spain
Ethiopia R Mogera tokudae
Crocidura thomensis Sado Mole
(C. poensis thomensis) Japan: Sado
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Order CHIROPTERA
Crocidura usambarae
Family PTEROPODIDAE
Tanzania
E Acerodon jubatus
Crocidura wimmeri
Golden-capped Fruit Bat
Cameroon; Céte d'Ivoire; Gabon; Liberia
Philippines
Crocidura zimmermanni
I Aethalops alecto
Greece: Crete
Pygmy Fruit Bat
Sorex sadonis Brunei; Malaysia; Indonesia
Sado Shrew
Alionycteris paucidentata
Japan: Sado
Philippines: Mindanao
Myosorex eisentrauti
Aproteles bulmerae
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea
Bulmer’s Fruit Bat
Myosorex geata Papua New Guinea
Tanzania
Dobsonia minor
Myosorex longicaudatus Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Long-tailed Forest Shrew Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Sulawesi; Papua New
South Africa Guinea
Myosorex schalleri Dobsonia peronii
Zaire Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat
Indonesia
Paracrocidura graueri
Zaire Dyacopterus spadiceus
Dyak Fruit Bat
Paracrocidura maxima
Brunei; Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia;
Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao
Ruwenzorisorex suncoides
Epomophorus angolensis
(Sylvisorex suncoides)
Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat
Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Angola; Namibia
THREATENED SPECIES

Epomophorus grandis Plerotes anchietae

(Micropteropus grandis) d’Anchieta’s Fruit Bat
Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire; Zambia
Angola; Congo Pteralopex acrodonta
Epomops buettikoferi Fiji
Buettikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Pteralopex anceps
Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Nigeria; Sierra Leone Islands
Haplonycteris fischeri Pteralopex atrata
Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat Cusp-toothed Fruit Bat
Philippines Solomon Islands
Latidens salimalii Pteralopex pulchra
India Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal
Megaerops kusnotoi Pteropus anetianus
Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat
White Flying-fox
Indonesia: Java
Vanuatu
Micropteropus intermedius
Pteropus dasymallus
Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat Ryukyu Flying-fox
Angola; Zaire
Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan
Myonycteris brachycephala
Pteropus insularis
Sao Tomé Collared Fruit Bat
Chuuk Flying-fox
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk
Myonycteris relicta
Pteropus leucopterus
East African Collared Fruit Bat
Philippines
Kenya; Tanzania
Pteropus livingstonei
Neopteryx frosti
Comoro Black Flying-fox
Small-toothed Fruit Bat
Comoros: Mwali (Mohéli) and Nzwani
Indonesia: Sulawesi
(Anjouan)
Notopteris macdonaldii
Pteropus mahaganus
Long-tailed Fruit Bat
Lesser Flying-fox
Fiji; New Caledonia; Vanuatu
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Nyctimene aello Islands: Santa Isabel
Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat
Pteropus mariannus
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Marianas Flying-fox
Nyctimene cyclotis Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Japan:
Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Ryukyu Islands; Northern Mariana Islands;
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Palau
Nyctimene draconilla Pteropus molossinus
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Pohnpei Flying-fox
Nyctimene rabori Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk,
Pohnpei
Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit Bat
Philippines: Negros Pteropus niger
Otopteropus cartilagonodus Greater Mascarene Flying-fox
Mauritius
Philippines: Luzon
Pteropus ornatus
Paranyctimene raptor
Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat New Caledonia
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
 Mammals

E Pteropus phaeocephalus Family MEGADERMATIDAE

(probably a subspecies of P. insularis)
Vv Macroderma gigas
Mortlock Islands Flying-fox
Ghost Bat
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk
Australia
Vv Pteropus pselaphon Family RHINOLOPHIDAE
Japan: Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands),
Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands) R Hipposideros papua
Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed Bat
Vv Pteropus pumilus Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, northern Moluccas
Little Golden-mantled Flying-fox
Indonesia: Miangas; Philippines Vs Hipposideros ridleyi
Ridley’s Leaf-nosed Bat
E Pteropus rodricensis Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah;
Rodrigues Flying-fox Singapore
Mauritius: Rodrigues
K Rhinonicteris aurantia
Vv Pteropus samoensis
Orange Leaf-nosed Bat
Samoa Flying-fox
Australia
American Samoa; Fiji; Western Samoa
Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
R Pteropus speciosus
Indonesia: Laut Kecil, Masalembu Besar, K Leptonycteris curasoae
Philippines (includes L. yerbabuenae = L. sanborni)
Aruba; Colombia; Netherlands Antilles:
R Pteropus vetulus
Bonaire, Curacao; El Salvador, Guatemala;
New Caledonia Mexico; USA; Venezuela
E Pteropus voeltzkowi
Vv Leptonycteris nivalis
Pemba Flying-fox Big Long-nosed Bat
Tanzania: Pemba Guatemala; Mexico; USA
R Syconycteris hobbit
K Phyllonycteris aphylla
Moss-forest Blossom Bat
Jamaican Flower Bat
Papua New Guinea
Jamaica
Family CRASEONY CTERIDAE K __— Phyllonycteris poeyi
R Craseonycteris thonglongyai Cuban Flower Bat
Kitti’s Hog-nosed Bat Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti
Thailand
Family MYZOPODIDAE
Family EMBALLONURIDAE Vv Myzopoda aurita
E Coleura seychellensis Sucker-footed Bat
Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Madagascar
Seychelles
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE
K ~~ Emballonura furax K Glischropus javanus
Greater Sheath-tailed Bat
Javan Thick-thumbed Bat
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Indonesia: Java
K Emballonura raffrayana
Vs Myotis capaccinii
Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat
Long-fingered Bat
Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Kai Islands, Seram,
Algeria; Austria; Bulgaria; France; Greece;
Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands Iraq; Iran; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon;
Vv Emballonura semicaudata Malta; Morocco; Slovenia; Spain: including
American Samoa (ex?); Fiji; Guam; Northern Balearic Islands; Turkey; Uzbekistan;
Mariana Islands; Palau; Samoa (ex?); Vanuatu Yugoslavia
THREATENED SPECIES

Myotis dasycneme R Phaner furcifer

Pond Bat Fork-marked Lemur
Austria; Belarus; Belgium; China; Czech Madagascar
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Family LEMURIDAE
Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania;
Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Russia; E Eulemur coronatus
Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Eulemur mongoz coronatus;, often included in
Lemur)
Myotis grisescens Crowned Lemur
Grey Bat Madagascar
USA
Vv Eulemur macaco
Myotis myotis (Lemur macaco)
Greater Mouse-eared Bat Black Lemur
Albania; Austria; Azores; Belarus; Belgium;
Madagascar
Bulgaria; Cyprus; Czech Republic; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel; Italy; E Eulemur mongoz
Jordan; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; (Lemur mongoz)
Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Mongoose Lemur
Comoros: Mwali (Mohéli) and Nzwani
Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain;
Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; United (Anjouan); Madagascar
Kingdom (ex?); Yugoslavia Vv Eulemur rubriventer
(Lemur rubriventer)
Myotis sodalis
Red-bellied Lemur
Indiana Bat
Madagascar
USA
E Hapalemur aureus
Plecotus townsendii
Golden Bamboo Lemur
Townsend’s Big-eared Bat
Madagascar
Canada; Mexico; USA
E Hapalemur simus
Family MYSTACINIDAE
Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur
v Mystacina tuberculata Madagascar
New Zealand Lesser Short-tailed Bat
Vv Lemur catta
New Zealand
Ring-tailed Lemur
Family MOLOSSIDAE Madagascar
K Otomops formosus E Varecia variegata
Javan Mastiff Bat Ruffed Lemur
Indonesia: Java Madagascar
Otomops wroughtoni Family MEGALADAPIDAE
Wroughton’s Free-tailed Bat
Vv Lepilemur dorsalis
India
(L. mustelinus dorsalis)
Order PRIMATES Grey-backed Sportive Lemur
Madagascar
Family CHEIROGALEIDAE
R Lepilemur edwardsi
E Allocebus trichotis
(L. mustelinus edwardsi)
(Cheirogaleus trichotis)
Milne-Edwards’ Sportive Lemur
Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur
Madagascar
Madagascar
R Lepilemur leucopus
Microcebus coquereli
(L. mustelinus leucopus)
(Mirza coquereli)
White-footed Sportive Lemur
Coquerel’s Mouse-lemur
Madagascar
Madagascar
 Mammals

R Lepilemur microdon Family GALAGONIDAE

(L. mustelinus microdon)
VY Galago matschiei
Light-necked Sportive Lemur
(G. inustus, sometimes referred to Euoticus)
Madagascar
Eastern Needle-clawed Galago
R Lepilemur mustelinus Rwanda?; Uganda; Zaire
Greater Sportive Lemur
K Galagoides thomasi
Madagascar
(G. demidoff thomasi, often included in Galago)
R Lepilemur ruficaudatus Thomas’s Galago
(L. mustelinus ruficaudatus) Angola?; Cameroon; Kenya?; Malawi?;
Red-tailed Sportive Lemur Nigeria?; Tanzania?; Uganda; Zaire
Madagascar
Vv Galagoides zanzibaricus
Vv Lepilemur septentrionalis (G. senegalensis zanzibaricus, often included in
(L. mustelinus septentrionalis) Galago)
Northern Sportive Lemur Zanzibar Galago
Madagascar Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Somalia;
Tanzania: including Zanzibar; Zimbabwe
Family INDRIDAE
Vv Avahi laniger Family TARSIDAE
(Lichanotus laniger) I Tarsius dianae
Woolly Lemur Indonesia: Sulawesi
Madagascar
I Tarsius pumilus
E Indri indri (T. spectrum pumilus)
Indri Lesser Spectral Tarsier
Madagascar Indonesia: Sulawesi
E Propithecus diadema K Tarsius spectrum
Diademed Sifaka Spectral Tarsier
Madagascar Indonesia: Peleng, Sangir, Savu, Seleyar,
E Propithecus tattersalli Sulawesi
Golden-crowned Sifaka Family CALLITRICHIDAE
Madagascar
R Callimico goeldii
Vv Propithecus verreauxi Goeldi’s Marmoset
Verreaux’s Sifaka Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru
Madagascar
E Callithrix aurita
Family DAUBENTONIDAE (C. jacchus aurita)
E Daubentonia madagascariensis Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset
Aye-aye
Brazil
Madagascar V Callithrix chrysoleuca
Family LORIDAE (C. humeralifer chrysoleuca)
Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset
Vs Arctocebus calabarensis Brazil
Golden Potto
E Callithrix flaviceps
Angola; Cameroon; Central African Republic?;
(C. jacchus flaviceps)
Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria;
Zaire? Buffy-headed Marmoset
Brazil
Vv Nycticebus pygmaeus
Pygmy Loris Vv Callithrix geoffroyi
Cambodia?; China; Laos; Viet Nam (C. jacchus geoffroyi)
Geoffroy’s Tufted-ear Marmoset
Brazil

11
THREATENED SPECIES
Callithrix intermedia
(C. argentata intermedia,
intermedia)
Aripuana Marmoset
Brazil
Callithrix kuhli
(may be included in C. jacchus)
Wied’s Marmoset
Brazil
Callithrix nigriceps
(C. argentata nigriceps)
Black-headed Marmoset
Brazil
Leontopithecus caissara
(L. rosalia caissara, may
[rosalia] chrysopygus)
Black-faced Lion Tamarin
Brazil
Leontopithecus chrysomelas
(L. rosalia chrysomelas)
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin
Brazil
Leontopithecus chrysopygus
(L. rosalia chrysopygus)
Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin
Brazil
Leontopithecus rosalia
(L. rosalia rosalia)
Golden Lion Tamarin
Brazil
Saguinus leucopus
White-footed Tamarin
Colombia
Saguinus oedipus
Cotton-top Tamarin
Colombia
Saguinus tripartitus
Golden-mantled Saddle-back Tamarin
Ecuador, Peru
Family CEBIDAE
Vv Alouatta fusca
(A. guariba, includes A. beniensis)
Brown Howler
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil
Alouatta pigra
(A. villosa)
Guatemalan Howler
Belize; Guatemala; Mexico
Aotus brumbacki
C. humeralifer Brumback’s Night Monkey
Colombia
Aotus miconax
(A. trivirgatus miconax)
Andean Night Monkey
Peru
Ateles belzebuth
Long-haired Spider Monkey
Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela
Ateles fusciceps
Brown-headed Spider Monkey
Colombia; Ecuador; Panama
Ateles geoffroyi
be a form of L.
Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey
Belize; Colombia?; Costa Rica; El Salvador;
Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua;
Panama
Ateles paniscus
(includes A. chamek)
Black Spider Monkey
Bolivia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru;
Suriname
Brachyteles arachnoides
Muriqui
Brazil
Cacajao calvus
(includes C. rubicundus)
Bald Uakari
Brazil; Peru
Cacajao melanocephalus
Black Uakari
Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela
Callicebus oenanthe
Andean Titi Monkey
Peru
Callicebus olallae
Beni Titi Monkey
Bolivia
Callicebus personatus
Masked Titi
Brazil
Cebus kaapori
(C. apella kaapori)
Ka’apor Capuchin Monkey
Brazil
Chiropotes albinasus
White-nosed Bearded Saki
Brazil
12
 Mammals

Lagothrix flavicauda Cercopithecus sclateri

(L. hendeei) White-throated Guenon
Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey Nigeria
Ecuador?; Peru
Cercopithecus solatus
Lagothrix lagothricha Sun-tailed Guenon
Common Woolly Monkey Gabon
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Colobus polykomos
Pithecia aequatorialis Wester Black-and-white Colobus
Equatorial Saki Cote d'Ivoire; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea
Ecuador, Peru Bissau; Liberia; Senegal; Sierra Leone.
Saimiri oerstedii Colobus satanas
Central American Squirrel! Monkey Black Colobus
Costa Rica; Panama Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea:
including Bioko; Gabon
Saimiri vanzolinii
(S. boliviensis vanzolinii) Colobus vellerosus
Blackish Squirrel Monkey (Colobus polykomos vellerosus)
Brazil Geoffroy’s Black-and-white Colobus
Benin; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Togo
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE
Macaca arctoides
K Allenopithecus nigroviridis
Stump-tailed Macaque
(Cercopithecus nigroviridis)
Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; India; Laos;
Allen’s Swamp Monkey
Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam
Angola?; Congo; Zaire
Macaca cyclopis
Cercopithecus diana
(M. mulatta cyclopis)
(includes C. roloway)
Taiwan Macaque
Diana Guenon
Taiwan
Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra
Leone; Togo [Japan]
Macaca fuscata
Cercopithecus dryas
Japanese Macaque
(C. salongo)
Japan
Salongo Guenon
Zaire Macaca maura
(M. nigra maura)
Cercopithecus erythrogaster
Moor Macaque
Red-bellied Guenon
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Benin?; Nigeria; Togo
Macaca nigra
Cercopithecus erythrotis
Celebes Black Macaque
Russet-eared Guenon
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko
Macaca silenus
Cercopithecus hamlyni
Lion-tailed Macaque
Owl-faced Guenon
India
Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Macaca sylvanus
Cercopithecus lhoesti
Barbary Macaque
(includes C. thomasi)
Algeria; Morocco
L’Hoest’s Monkey
[Gibraltar]
Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Macaca thibetana
Cercopithecus preussi
Tibetan Macaque
(C. lhoesti preussi)
China
Preuss’s Guenon
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko

13
THREATENED SPECIES

Mandrillus leucophaeus E Trachypithecus francoisi

(Papio leucophaeus) (Presbytis francoisi, Semnopithecus francoist)
Drill Francois’ Leaf Monkey
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon?; China; Laos; Viet Nam
Nigeria
R Trachypithecus geei
Mandrillus sphinx (possibly a subspecies of T. pileatus, sometimes
(Papio sphinx) referred to Presbytis or Semnopithecus)
Mandrill Golden Leaf Monkey
Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Bhutan; India
Nasalis concolor I Trachypithecus johnii
(Simias concolor) (Presbytis johnii, Semnopithecus johnit)
Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey Nilgiri Leaf Monkey
Indonesia: Mentawai Islands India
Nasalis larvatus Family HYLOBATIDAE
Proboscis Monkey
E Hylobates concolor
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia:
(includes H. leucogenys)
Sabah, Sarawak
Black Gibbon
Presbytis comata Cambodia; China; Laos; Viet Nam
(P. aygula)
E Hylobates hoolock
Grizzled Leaf Monkey
Hoolock Gibbon
Indonesia: Java
Bangladesh; China; India; Laos?; Myanmar
Presbytis potenziani
E Hylobates klossii
Mentawai Leaf Monkey
Mentawai Gibbon
Indonesia: Mentawai Islands
Indonesia: Mentawai Islands
Procolobus verus
E Hylobates moloch
(Colobus verus)
(H. lar moloch)
Olive Colobus
Silvery Gibbon
Benin?; Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia;
Indonesia: Java
Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo?
E Hylobates pileatus
Pygathrix avunculus
(H. lar pileatus)
(Rhinopithecus avunculus)
Pileated Gibbon
Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey
Viet Nam Cambodia; Laos; Thailand
Family HOMINIDAE
Pygathrix brelichi
(P. roxellana brelichi, sometimes referred to V Gorilla gorilla
Rhinopithecus) Gorilla
Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey Angola; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central
China African Republic; Congo; Equatorial Guinea;
Pygathrix nemaeus Gabon; Nigeria; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Douc Monkey V_—sPan paniscus
Cambodia; China: Hainan; Laos; Viet Nam Dwarf Chimpanzee
Pygathrix roxellana Congo?; Zaire
(Rhinopithecus roxellana) Vv Pan troglodytes
Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Chimpanzee
China; India?: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur Angola; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African
Theropithecus gelada Republic; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial
Gelada Baboon Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?);
Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Tanzania:
Uganda; Zaire
[Reintroduced in Gambia]

14
 Mammals

E Pongo pygmaeus Dusicyon vetulus

Orang-utan (Pseudalopex vetulus)
Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Hoary Zorro
Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Brazil

Order CARNIVORA Fennecus zerda

(Vulpes zerda)
Family CANIDAE Fennec Fox
Vv Canis lupus Algeria; Burkina Faso?; Chad; Egypt; Israel;
Grey Wolf Kuwait; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger;
Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Oman; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara
Bangladesh (ex?); Belarus; Bhutan; Bulgaria;
Lycaon pictus
Canada; China; Czech Republic?; Estonia;
Wild Dog
Egypt; Finland; Greece; Greenland; India; Iran;
Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin (ex?); Botswana;
Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea
Burkina Faso; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon;
D-P.R; Korea Republic?; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan;
Central African Republic; Chad; Congo (ex?);
Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Mexico;
Cote d'Ivoire; Ethiopia; Gabon (ex?); Ghana
Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal;
(ex?); Guinea; Kenya; Malawi; Mali (ex?);
Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal;
Mauritania?; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger;
Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Slovakia;
Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone;
Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Syria; Tajikistan;
Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland;
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; USA;
Tanzania; Togo (ex?); Uganda (ex?); Zaire
Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen; Yugoslavia
(ex?); Zambia; Zimbabwe
E Canis rufus
Speothos venaticus
(C. niger)
Bush Dog
Red Wolf
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador;
USA
French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Paraguay;
E Canis simensis Peru; Suriname; Venezuela
Ethiopian Wolf
Urocyon littoralis
Ethiopia
(probably conspecific with U. cinereoargentatus)
Vv Chrysocyon brachyurus Island Grey Fox
Maned Wolf USA: islands offCalifornia
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Peru
Vulpes bengalensis
Vv Cuon alpinus Bengal Fox
Asiatic Wild Dog Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India;
Vulpes cana
Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Kazakhstan?; Korea
Blanford’s Fox
D-P.R?; Korea Republic?; Kyrgyzstan?; Laos;
Afghanistan; Iran; Israel; Oman; Pakistan;
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia;
Turkmenistan
Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Sri Lanka (ex?);
Tajikistan?; Thailand; Uzbekistan?; Viet Nam Vulpes corsac
Corsac Fox
V___sCDusicyon griseus
Afghanistan; China; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan;
(Pseudalopex griseus, includes D. fulvipes)
Mongolia; Russia; Turkmenistan
Grey Zorro, Argentine Grey Fox
Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; Peru Vulpes pallida
Pale Fox
K ~—_—Dusicyon microtis
Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Guinea;
(Atelocynus microtis)
Libya; Mali; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan
Small-eared Dog
Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru Vulpes rueppelli
Rueppell’s Fox
K ~~ Dusicyon sechurae
Afghanistan; Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Ethiopia;
(Pseudalopex sechurae)
Iraq; Iran; Libya; Morocco; Niger; Saudi
Sechuran Zorro
Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Yemen
Ecuador, Peru

15
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family FELIDAE Neofelis nebulosa

VV Acinonyx jubatus
Cheetah
Afghanistan (ex?); Algeria (ex?); Angola;
Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon;
Chad; Ethiopia; Iran; Jordan (ex?); Kenya;
Libya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco
(ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria;
Pakistan (ex?); Saudi Arabia (ex?); Senegal;
Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland;
Tanzania; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Western
Sahara (ex?); Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Clouded Leopard
Bangladesh (ex?); Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia?;
China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Sarawak; Myanmar; Nepal; Taiwan; Thailand;
Viet Nam
Oncifelis colocolo
(Felis colocolo)
Pampas Cat, Chilean Pampas Cat
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Ecuador;
Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay

Catopuma badia Oncifelis guigna

(Felis badia) (Felis guigna)
Bay Cat Kodkod, Chilean Cat
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Argentina; Chile
Sabah, Sarawak
Oreailurus jacobita
Catopuma temmincki (Felis jacobita)
(Felis temmincki) Andean Cat
Asiatic Golden Cat Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India;
Otocolobus manul
Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia:
(Felis manul)
Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal;
Pallas’s Cat
Thailand; Viet Nam
Afghanistan; Armenia; China; India; Iran;
Felis bieti Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan;
Chinese Desert Cat Russia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
China
Panthera figris
Felis margarita Tiger
Sand Cat Afghanistan (ex?); Bangladesh; Bhutan;
Algeria; Egypt; Iran; Israel; Jordan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java,
Kazakhstan; Morocco; Niger, Oman; Pakistan; Sumatra; Kazakhstan; Korea D.P.R (ex?);
Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Turkmenistan; Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular
Uzbekistan; Yemen Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Russia; Tajikistan;
Thailand; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam
Leopardus tigrinus
(Felis tigrina) Pardofelis marmorata
Little Spotted Cat (Felis marmorata)
Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Marbled Cat
Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Nicaragua?; Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Brunei; Cambodia;
Paraguay?; Peru?; Suriname; Venezuela China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Leopardus wiedii Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
(Felis wiedii) Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand;
Viet Nam
Margay
Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Prionailurus planiceps
Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador, French (Felis planiceps)
Guiana?; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Flat-headed Cat
Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Suriname; Uruguay; Venezuela Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Lynx pardinus Sarawak; Thailand
(L. lynx pardinus, sometimes included in Felis) Prionailurus rubiginosa
Spanish Lynx (Felis rubiginosa)
Portugal; Spain Rusty-spotted Cat
India; Sri Lanka

16
 Mammals

Prionailurus viverrinus Family MUSTELIDAE

(Felis viverrinus, F. viverrina)
K Aonyx cinerea
Fishing Cat
Oriental Small-clawed Otter
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India;
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia;
Indonesia: Bali, Java, Sumatra; Laos;
China; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan,
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Nepal;
Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet
Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines:
Nam
Palawan; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand;
Profelis aurata Viet Nam
(Felis aurata)
Gulo gulo
African Golden Cat
Wolverine
Angola; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon;
Canada; Estonia; Finland; Mongolia; Norway;
Central African Republic; Congo; Caéte
Russia; Sweden; USA
d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia;
Ghana; Guinea?; Kenya; Liberia; Niger?; Lutra felina
Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo?; (Lontra felina)
Uganda; Zaire Marine Otter
Argentina; Chile; Peru
Uncia uncia
(Panthera uncia) Lutra perspicillata
Snow Leopard Smooth-coated Otter
Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India;
Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Iraq;
Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Thailand;
Family HERPESTIDAE Viet Nam
K Bdeogale jacksoni
Lutra provocax
Jackson’s Mongoose
Southern River Otter
Kenya; Uganda
Argentina; Chile
Galidictis fasciata
Lutra sumatrana
Broad-striped Mongoose
Hairy-nosed Otter
Madagascar
Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka,
Galidictis grandidieri Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia:
(G. grandidiensis) Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak;
Giant-striped Mongoose Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam
Madagascar
Martes gwatkinsii
Liberiictis kuhni (M. flavigula gwatkinsii)
Liberian Mongoose Nilgiri Marten
Liberia; Cote d'Ivoire; Guinea India
Mungotictis decemlineata Melogale everetti
Narrow-striped Mongoose Kinabalu Ferret-badger
Madagascar Malaysia: Sabah
Salanoia concolor Mustela africana
Brown-tailed Mongoose Tropical Weasel
Madagascar Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador; Peru
Family HYAENIDAE Mustela felipei
Colombian Weasel
v Hyaena brunnea
Colombia; Ecuador
Brown Hyaena
Angola; Botswana; Mozambique; Namibia;
South Africa; Zimbabwe
 THREATENED SPECIES

Mustela lutreola E Monachus schauinslandii

European Mink Hawaiian Monk Seal
Belarus; Estonia; Finland (ex?); France; USA: Hawaiian Islands
Georgia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland (ex?);
Vv Phoca caspica
Romania; Russia; Spain
Caspian Seal
Mustela lutreolina (Caspian Sea)
Indonesian Mountain Weasel Azerbaijan; Iran; Kazakhstan; Russia;
Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Turkmenistan

Mustela nigripes Family PROCYONIDAE

Black-footed Ferret
K ___ Bassaricyon beddardi
[Reintroduced in USA]
Brazil?; Guyana; Venezuela?
Mustela strigidorsa
I Bassaricyon gabbii
Back-striped Weasel
Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua;
Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar,
Panama
Thailand; Viet Nam
I Bassaricyon lasius
Mydaus marchei
Costa Rica
Palawan Stink Badger
Philippines: Palawan, Calamian Islands I Bassaricyon pauli
Panama
Pteronura brasiliensis
Giant Otter Vv Bassariscus sumichrasti
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala;
French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Honduras?; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama
Suriname; Uruguay (ex?); Venezuela
I Nasua nelsoni
Family OTARIIDAE (N. narica nelsoni)

Vv Cozumel Island Coati

Arctocephalus philippii
Mexico: Cozumel Island
Juan Fernandez Fur Seal
Chile: Juan Fernandez Archipelago K Nasuella olivacea
Arctocephalus townsendi Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela
Guadalupe Fur Seal I Procyon insularis
Mexico; USA (P. lotor insularis)
Eumetopias jubatus Mexico: Tres Marias Is (Maria Madre, Maria
Steller’s Sea Lion Magdalena)
Canada; Japan?; Russia; USA I Procyon maynardi
(P. lotor maynardi)
Neophoca cinerea
Australian Sea Lion Bahamas: Nassau
Australia I Procyon minor
Phocarctos hookeri (P. lotor minor)
Hooker’s Sea Lion Guadeloupe
New Zealand: Aukland Islands K Procyon pygmaeus
Family PHOCIDAE (P. lotor pygmaeus)
Cozumel Island Raccoon
E Monachus monachus Mexico: Cozumel Island
Mediterranean Monk Seal
Albania; Algeria; Bulgaria; Cyprus (ex?): Family URSIDAE
Greece; Italy: Sardinia (ex?); Lebanon (ex?); E Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Portugal: Giant Panda
Madeira, Desertas Islands; Spain: Canary China
Islands (ex?), Chafarinas Islands; Syria (ex?);
Tunisia: La Galite (ex?); Turkey; Western V_ Ailurus fulgens
Sahara; Yugoslavia Lesser Panda
Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal

18
 Mammals

Helarctos malayanus Vv Fossa fossa

(Ursus malayanus) (F. fossana)
Sun Bear Malagasy Civet
Brunei; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Madagascar
Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia:
K Genetta abyssinica
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak;
Abyssinian Genet
Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam
Djibouti; Ethiopia; Somalia
Melursus ursinus
E Genetta cristata
(Ursus ursinus)
(G. servalina cristata)
Sloth Bear
Crested Genet
Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka
Cameroon; Nigeria
Selenarctos thibetanus
K — Genetta johnstoni
(Ursus thibetanus)
Johnston’s Genet
Asiatic Black Bear
Cote d'Ivoire; Liberia; Guinea
Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia;
China; India; Iran; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea R Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
Republic; Laos; Malaysia?: Peninsular Sulawesi Palm Civet
Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Indonesia: Sulawesi
Pakistan; Russia; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam
K Mungos gambianus
Tremarctos ornatus Gambian Mongoose
Spectacled Bear Cote d'Ivoire; Gambia; Ghana; Niger, Nigeria;
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo
Panama; Peru; Venezuela
Vv Paradoxurus jerdoni
Ursus maritimus Jerdon’s Palm Civet
(Thalarctos maritimus) India
Polar Bear
Canada; Greenland; Norway: Svalbard and Jan
Order CETACEA
Mayen Islands; Russia; USA Family BALAENIDAE
Family VIVERRIDAE Vv Balaena mysticetus
_ Chrotogale owstoni Bowhead Whale
Owston’s Palm Civet (Arctic Ocean, Beaufort, Barents and Chukchi
China; Laos; Viet Nam Seas; North Atlantic - arctic waters; North
Pacific - arctic waters, Japan, Okhotsk and
Cryptoprocta ferox Bering Seas)
Fossa
Madagascar Vv Eubalaena australis
(E. glacialis australis; sometimes included in
Cynogale bennettii Balaena)
(includes C. lowei) Southern Right Whale
Otter-civet (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere from ca
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; 20°S to 50°S)
Malaysia: Peninsular
Malaysia, Sabah,
Sarawak; Singapore?; Thailand; Viet Nam E Eubalaena glacialis
(Balaena glacialis)
Diplogale hosei Northern Right Whale
Hose’s Palm Civet (Northern temperate and sub-polar waters:
Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak North Atlantic from Florida to Greenland and
Eupleres goudotii from Spain to Svalbard; North Pacific from
(includes E. major) China Sea to Sea of Okhotsk and from
Falanouc California to Bering Sea, including Hawaiian
Madagascar Islands)

19
THREATENED SPECIES

Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Cephalorhynchus hectori

White-headed Dolphin, Hector’s Dolphin
K Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Coastal waters of New Zealand)
Minke Whale New Zealand
(Widespread in all oceans but rarer in the
tropics; extends into polar pack ice; recorded Delphinus delphis
from Baltic and Black Seas) (includes Delphinus tropicalis)
Common Dolphin
Balaenoptera borealis (Recorded from all warm temperate and
Sei Whale tropical waters, including the Mediterranean
(Widespread in most oceans and seas,
and Black Seas)
favouring temperate oceanic waters)
Feresa attenuata
Balaenoptera edeni
(F. occulta)
Bryde’s Whale
Pygmy Killer Whale
(Circum-equatorial in tropical and warm
(Recorded sporadically from warm temperate
temperate waters between ca 40°N and 40°S)
and tropical waters, including North and South
Balaenoptera musculus Atlantic, Indian Ocean and North Pacific)
Blue Whale
Globicephala macrorhynchus
(Occurs in all major oceans, especially cold
(G. sieboldii)
and temperate waters)
Short-finned Pilot Whale
Balaenoptera physalus (Warm temperate and tropical waters,
Fin Whale including Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans)
(Occurs in all major oceans, extending to pack
Globicephala melas
ice zones but rare in warmest waters at
(Globicephala melaena; includes G. edwardii)
latitudes less than about 20°)
Long-finned Pilot Whale
Megaptera novaeangliae (Occurs in two separate populations, the
Humpback Whale southern being circumpolar in cool temperate
(Found in all major oceans from Arctic to waters of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans
Antarctic, but absent from pack ice zones) north of the Antarctic Convergence; the North
Atlantic population extending from USA and
Family NEOBALAENIDAE
the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea.
K Caperea marginata Apparently absent from North Pacific)
Pygmy Right Whale
Grampus griseus
(Temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere
Risso’s Dolphin
between ca 31°S and 52°S)
(Worldwide distribution in tropical and warm
Family DELPHINIDAE temperate waters)
K Cephalorhynchus commersonii Lagenodelphis hosei
Commerson’s Dolphin Fraser’s Dolphin
(Coastal temperate waters off southern South (Circum-equatorial in oceanic tropical waters)
America and some South Atlantic and southern
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Indian Ocean islands)
Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French Atlantic White-sided Dolphin
Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen (Northern North Atlantic, including North and
Islands Baltic Seas; vagrants further south)

Cephalorhynchus eutropia Lagenorhynchus albirostris

Black Dolphin White-beaked Dolphin
(Cold, inshore waters of Chile, between 33°S (North Atlantic and western Arctic from the
and 55°S) USA and Spain to Svalbard, including the
Chile Baltic, Davis Strait and Barents Sea)
Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Lagenorhynchus australis
Heaviside’s Dolphin Peale’s Dolphin
(Cold, inshore waters of Benguela current, (Cold, coastal waters of southem South
South Atlantic) America)
Angola?; Namibia; South Africa Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands

20
 Mammals

Lagenorhynchus cruciger Sotalia fluviatilis

Hourglass Dolphin (includes S. brasiliensis, S. guianensis)
(Circumpolar in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, Tucuxi
recorded from high southern latitudes to the (All major rivers in the Amazon system,
edge of the pack ice) extending to Central America)
Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Peru; Suriname;
Pacific White-sided Dolphin
Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela
(Temperate waters of the North Pacific)
Sousa chinensis
Lagenorhynchus obscurus
(includes S. borneensis, S. lentiginosa, S.
(includes L. superciliosus)
plumbea)
Dusky Dolphin
Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin
(Temperate and cold temperate circumpolar
(Coastal and inshore waters of the Indian and
waters near land masses in the Southem
western Pacific Occean, including Red Sea and
Hemisphere)
Arabian Gulf to South-east Asia and south
Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French
China coast; occurs in estuaries and
Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen
occasionally lower reaches of rivers)
Islands; New Zealand: Campbell and Auckland
Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei;
Islands; Peru; South Africa
Cambodia; China; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia;
Lissodelphis borealis Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq;
Northern Right Whale Dolphin Israel; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar, Malaysia:
(Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Sarawak; Mozambique; Myanmar, Oman;
Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines;
Lissodelphis peronii
Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Somalia; South Africa;
Southern Right Whale Dolphin
Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand;
(Circumpolar in temperate waters of the
United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen
Southern Hemisphere, extending to 19°S off
Chile and to Indonesia) Sousa teuszii
Atlantic Hump-backed Dolphin
Orcaella brevirostris
(West coast of Africa, from Angola to
Irrawaddy Dolphin
Mauritania; enters rivers)
(Coastal waters from Bay of Bengal to
Angola?; Benin; Cameroon; Congo?; Céte
South-east Asia and Australia, including major
dIvoire; Equatorial Guinea?; Gabon?; Gambia;
rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy)
Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia;
Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia;
Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone;
India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Togo; Zaire?
Laos?; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar,
Papua New Guinea; Philippines?; Singapore?; Stenella attenuata
Thailand; Viet Nam Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
(Widespread in warm deep waters)
Orcinus orca
(includes O. glacialis) Stenella clymene
Killer Whale Helmet Dolphin, Clymene Dolphin
(Reported from all sea areas, especially in (Tropical and subtropical waters of North
cooler regions; extending well into the pack Atlantic)
ice zone)
Stenella coeruleoalba
Peponocephala electra (includes S. styx)
Melon-headed Whale Striped Dolphin
(Widespread scattered records from warm (Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm
temperate and tropical seas) temperate waters)
Pseudorca crassidens Stenella frontalis
False Killer Whale (S. plagiodon, S. attenuata frontalis)
(Widespread, mainly in warm waters but Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
strandings as far north as the Baltic) (Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate
Atlantic)

21
THREATENED SPECIES

Kuwait; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar,

Stenella longirostris Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar, Saudi
(includes S. microps, S. roseiventris) Arabia; Singapore?; South Africa?; Sri Lanka;
Long-snouted Dolphin, Spinner Dolphin Taiwan; Thailand; United Arab Emirates;
(Circum-equatorial in tropical and subtropical Viet Nam
waters, occasionally in warm temperate waters)
Phocoena phocoena
Steno bredanensis (includes P. vomerina)
Rough-toothed Dolphin Common Porpoise, Harbour Porpoise
(Widespread in tropical and warm temperate (Coastal waters of North Pacific, North
ocean areas, including Red, Caribbean, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, from Japan and
Mediterranean and North Seas) California to Chukchi Sea, and from Baffin
Tursiops truncatus Island to west Africa, including Baltic,
(includes T. aduncus, T. gilli, T. nuuanu) Mediterranean and Black Seas)
Bottlenose Dolphin Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde;
(Known from all temperate and tropical marine China?; Denmark; Faeroe Islands; Finland;
areas) France; Germany; Georgia; Greenland; Iceland;
Ireland; Japan; Korea DP.R.; Korea Republic;
Family MONODONTIDAE Mauritania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands;
Delphinapterus leucas Norway; Poland; Portugal: including Azores;
White Whale, Beluga Romania; Russia; Senegal; Spain; Sweden;
(Circumpolar in Arctic and sub-Arctic with Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom;
scattered records to France and Japan; often in USA
estuaries)
Phocoena sinus
Canada; Greenland; Norway: including
Vaquita
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA
(Northern half of Gulf of California)
(excludes vagrants)
Mexico
Monodon monoceros
Phocoena spinipinnis
Narwhal
Burmeister’s Porpoise
(Circumpolar and virtually confined to limits
(Coastal South America)
of Arctic pack ice; vagrants as far south as the
Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Peru; Uruguay
United Kingdom)
Canada; Greenland; Iceland; Norway: Phocoenoides dalli
including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Dall’s Porpoise
Russia; USA (North Pacific from Japan and Mexico to
(excludes vagrants) Bering Sea)
Canada; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic;
Family PHOCOENIDAE
Mexico; Russia; USA
Australophocaena dioptrica
Family PHYSETERIDAE
(Phocoena dioptrica)
Spectacled Porpoise K Kogia breviceps
(Coastal waters of southern South America and Pygmy Sperm Whale
Southern Ocean islands) (Recorded from nearly all temperate,
Argentina; Australia: Macquarie Island; Chile; subtropical and tropical waters)
Falkland Islands: including South Georgia; Kogia simus
French Southem and Antarctic Territories: Dwarf Sperm Whale
Kergeulen Islands; New Zealand: Auckland (Recorded from nearly all temperate,
Islands; Uruguay subtropical and tropical waters)
Neophocaena phocaenoides Physeter catodon
Finless Porpoise (P. macrocephalus)
(Coastal and freshwater Indo-Pacific from Sperm Whale
China and Japan to the Gulf of Arabia, (Found in all major oceans, from Arctic to
including South-East Asian archipelago) Antarctic, including semi land-locked seas
Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; such as Mediterranean)
China; Hong Kong?; India; Indonesia; Iran;
Iraq; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic;

22
 Mammals

Family PLATANISTIDAE Mesoplodon bidens

Vv Inia geoffrensis Sowerby’s Beaked Whale
Boto, Amazon River Dolphin (Cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic,
(Found in all major rivers of the Orinoco and mostly around British Isles)
Amazon systems)
Mesoplodon bowdoini
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Guyana?;
Splaytooth Beaked Whale, Andrews’ Beaked
Peru; Venezuela
Whale
E Lipotes vexillifer (Temperate South Pacific and southern Indian
Baiji, Yangtse River Dolphin Ocean)
(Only found in the Chiangjiang River of Mesoplodon carlhubbsi
China, may occasionally enter other rivers (M. bowdoini carlhubbsi)
during times of flood) Arch-beaked Whale, Hubbs’ Beaked Whale
China (Cold temperate North Pacific)
Vv Platanista gangetica Mesoplodon densirostris
Ganges River Dolphin Blainville’s Beaked Whale
(Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems) (Circum-equatorial; temperate and tropical
Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal waters)
E Platanista minor Mesoplodon europaeus
(P. indi, P. gangetica minor) Gervais’ Beaked Whale
Indus River Dolphin (North Atlantic, where population probably
(Indus River) concentrated in south-west)
Pakistan Mesoplodon ginkgodens
Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale
K — Pontoporia blainvillei
(Warm temperate and tropical Pacific and
La Plata River Dolphin
Indian Oceans)
(La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers and
coasts) Mesoplodon grayi
Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay Gray’s Beaked Whale
(Circumpolar in Souther Hemisphere, south
Family ZIPHIIDAE of 30°S, but mainly around New Zealand)
K Berardius arnuxit Mesoplodon hectori
Amoux’s Beaked Whale Hector’s Beaked Whale
(Cool temperate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic (Temperate latitudes of Southern Hemisphere
waters) and temperate eastern North Pacific)
K Berardius bairdii Mesoplodon layardii
Baird’s Beaked Whale Layard’s Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale
(Apparently confined to deep waters of North (Circumpolar distribution in Southern
Pacific) Hemisphere between ca 30°S and Antarctic
K = _-Hyperoodon ampullatus convergence)
(H. rostratus) Mesoplodon mirus
Northern Bottlenose Whale True’s Beaked Whale
(Deep waters of the northern North Atlantic) (North Atlantic and temperate waters in
K = Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Hemisphere)
Southern Bottlenose Whale Mesoplodon peruvianus
(Entire Southern Ocean north to ca 30°S) Lesser Beaked Whale
K Indopacetus pacificus (Eastern South Pacific and eastern North
(Mesoplodon pacificus) Pacific: cold temperate to tropical waters)
Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri
(Probable Indo-Pacific distribution, known Stejneger’s Beaked Whale
only from 2 skulls found on beaches in (Cold temperate waters of the North Pacific)
Australia and Somalia and a possible sighting
in the Seychelles)

23
THREATENED SPECIES

K Tasmacetus shepherdi Order PROBOSCIDEA

Shepherd’s Beaked Whale
(Cooler waters of the Southem Hemisphere
Family ELEPHANTIDAE
between 33°S and 50°S) E Elephas maximus
Indian Elephant
K Ziphius cavirostris
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia;
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale
China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
(Widespread in all major oceans, but rarely
Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah;
found in polar regions)
Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand;
Order SIRENIA Viet Nam

Family DUGONGIDAE Vv Loxodonta africana

African Elephant
Vv Dugong dugon Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso;
Dugong
Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad;
(Shallow tropical and subtropical coastal and
Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea;
inland waters of the Indian and western Pacific
Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya;
Oceans from east Africa and the Red Sea to
Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania;
Vanuatu)
Mozambique; Namibia; Niger, Nigeria;
Australia, Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?;
Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia;
Cambodia; China; Comoros?; Djibouti; Egypt;
South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda;
Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia: Yap;
Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Guam; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel;
Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Jordan; Kenya; Order PERISSODACTYLA
Kuwait; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular
Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Mauritius; Family EQUIDAE
Mozambique; Myanmar, New Caledonia; E Equus africanus
Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; (sometimes given the same name as the domestic
Philippines; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Solomon donkey or ass E. asinus)
Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; African Wild Ass
Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Ethiopia; Somalia
Arab Emirates; Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Yemen (Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree
Family TRICHECHIDAE occur elsewhere in northern Africa)

Vv Trichechus inunguis E Equus grevyi

Amazonian Manatee Grevy’s Zebra
(Major rivers of the Amazon drainage basin) Ethiopia; Kenya
Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Vv Equus hemionus
Vv Trichechus manatus Asian Wild Ass (Kulan, Khur, Onager,
Caribbean Manatee Dziggetai)
(Tropical and subtropical coastal waters and China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia;
rivers of the Caribbean and Atlantic regions of Turkmenistan
the Americas) [Reintroduced in: Israel; Uzbekistan]
Bahamas; Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa
Vs Equus zebra
Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; French
Mountain Zebra
Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras;
Angola; Namibia; South Africa
Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto
Rico; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Family TAPIRIDAE
Venezuela
Vv Tapirus bairdii
Vv Trichechus senegalensis Central American Tapir
African Manatee Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador;
(River systems of West Africa) Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico (ex?);
Angola; Benin (ex?); Cameroon; Chad; Congo; Nicaragua; Panama
Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon;
Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?;
Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria;
Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire

24
 Mammals

E Tapirus indicus E Sus cebifrons

Malayan Tapir (Sus barbatus cebifrons)
Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Visayan Warty Pig
Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Philippines: Cebu and Negros Islands
Viet Nam
E Sus salvanius
E Tapirus pinchaque Pygmy Hog
(T. roulini) Bhutan (ex?); India; Nepal (ex?)
Mountain Tapir
Vv Sus verrucosus
Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela
Javan Warty Pig
Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Indonesia: Bawean Island, Java
V Ceratotherium simum Family TAYASSUIDAE
White Rhinoceros
E Catagonus wagneri
South Africa; Zaire
Chacoan Peccary
[Reintroduced in: Botswana; Kenya; Namibia;
Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay
Swaziland; Zambia (ex?); Zimbabwe]
Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE
E Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
(Didermocerus sumatrensis) Vv Hexaprotodon liberiensis
Sumatran Rhinoceros (Choeropsis liberiensis)
Cambodia (ex?); India (ex?); Indonesia: Pygmy Hippopotamus
Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos (ex?); Malaysia: Cote dIvoire; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?;
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Liberia; Sierra Leone
Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam
Family CAMELIDAE
E Diceros bicornis
V Camelus bactrianus
Black Rhinoceros
(C. ferus)
Angola; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African
Wild Bactrian Camel
Republic (ex?); Chad (ex?); Congo (ex?);
China; Mongolia
Ethiopia (ex?); Kenya; Malawi (ex?);
Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria (ex?); Rwanda; Vv Vicugna vicugna
South Africa; Sudan (ex?); Swaziland; Vicuiia
Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru,
E Rhinoceros sondaicus Family MOSCHIDAE
Javan Rhinoceros
E Moschus moschiferus
Cambodia; Indonesia: Java; Laos; Myanmar
(M. sibiricus, includes M. anhueiensis)
(ex?); Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam
Siberian Musk Deer
E Rhinoceros unicornis China; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic;
Great Indian Rhinoceros Mongolia; Russia
Bhutan; India; Nepal
Family CERVIDAE
Order HYRACOIDEA E Axis calamianensis
Family PROCAVIIDAE (Axis porcinus calamianensis, sometimes
included in Cervus)
I Dendrohyrax validus Calamian Hog Deer
Eastern Tree Hyrax Philippines: Calamian Islands
Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island,
Zanzibar E_ Axis kuhlii
(Axis porcinus kuhli, sometimes included in
Order ARTIODACTYLA Cervus)
Family SUIDAE Kuhl’s Hog Deer, Bawean Deer
Indonesia: Bawean Island
Vv Babyrousa babyrussa
Babirusa Vv Blastocerus dichotomus
Indonesia: Buru, Sula Islands, Sulawesi, Marsh Deer
Togian Islands Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Peru

25
THREATENED SPECIES

Cervus albirostris K = Ozotoceros bezoarticus

Thorold’s Deer Pampas Deer
China Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay

Cervus alfredi I Pudu mephistophiles

(C. unicolor alfredi) Northern Pudu
Visayan Spotted Deer Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Philippines: Visayan Islands
K Pudu puda
Cervus duvauceli Southern Pudu
Swamp Deer Argentina; Chile
India; Nepal
Family BOVIDAE
Cervus eldii
E Addax nasomaculatus
Thamin
Addax
Cambodia; China (ex?); India; Laos;
Algeria (ex?); Chad; Egypt (ex?); Libya (ex?);
Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam
Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Sudan (ex?)
Cervus mariannus
Vv Ammodorcas clarkei
Philippine Brown Deer
Dibatag
Philippines
Ethiopia; Somalia
Dama mesopotamica
I Ammotragus lervia
(Dama dama mesopotamica, sometimes included
Aoudad
in Cervus)
Algeria; Chad; Libya; Mali; Mauritania (ex?);
Persian Fallow Deer
Morocco (ex?); Niger; Sudan; Tunisia (ex?)
Iran; Iraq (ex?)
[USA]
Elaphurus davidianus
V___ Antilope cervicapra
Pére David’s Deer
Blackbuck
[Captive populations only, reintroduction in
India, Nepal, Pakistan
progress in China]
[Argentina; USA]
Hippocamelus antisensis Vv Bison bonasus
North Andean Huemul (B. bison bonasus)
Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru European Bison
Hippocamelus bisulcus [Reintroduced in: Belarus; Lithuania; Moldova;
South Andean Huemul Poland; Romania; Russia; Ukraine]
Argentina; Chile V___sBos gaurus
Hydropotes inermis (alternatively given the same name as the
Chinese Water Deer domestic Gayal or Mithan B. frontalis)
China; Korea DPR; Korea Republic Gaur
[France; United Kingdom] Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India;
Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia;
Mazama chunyi
Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam
Chunyi
Bolivia; Peru Vv Bos javanicus
(B. banteng)
Muntiacus crinifrons Banteng
Black Muntjac
Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia?; Indonesia: Bali,
China
Java, Kalimantan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular
Muntiacus feae Malaysia (ex?), Sabah; Myanmar, Thailand;
Fea’s Muntjac Viet Nam
China; Myanmar, Thailand
E Bos mutus
Muntiacus gongshanensis (alternatively given the same name as the
Gongshan Muntjac domestic Yak B. grunniens)
China; Myanmar? Wild Yak
Afghanistan?; Bhutan?; China; India; Nepal

26
 Mammals

Bos sauveli Capricornis swinhoei

(Novibos sauveli) (Naemorhedus swinhoei)
Kouprey Formosan Serow
Cambodia; Laos; Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Taiwan

Bubalus arnee Cephalophus adersi

(alternatively given the same name as the Aders’ Duiker
domestic buffalo B. bubalus) Kenya; Tanzania: Zanzibar
Wild Water Buffalo
Cephalophus jentinki
Bhutan; India; Nepal; Thailand
Jentink’s Duiker
(Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree
Cote d'Ivoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone
occur in adjacent countries)
Cepahlophus ogilbyi
Bubalus depressicornis
Ogilby’s Duiker
(Anoa depressicornis)
Cameroon; Congo?; Cote d'Ivoire; Equatorial
Lowland Anoa
Guinea: Bioko; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea?;
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone
Bubalus mindorensis
Cephalophus spadix
(Anoa mindorensis)
Abbott’s Duiker
Tamaraw
Tanzania
Philippines: Mindoro
Cephalophus zebra
Bubalus quarlesi
Zebra Duiker
(Anoa quarlesi)
COte d'Ivoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone
Mountain Anoa
Indonesia: Sulawesi, Buton Connochaetes gnou
Black Wildebeest
Capra caucasica Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland
(C. ibex caucasica)
Kuban, West Caucasian Tur Damaliscus hunteri
Georgia; Russia Hirola
Kenya; Somalia
Capra cylindricornis
Daghestan Tur, East Caucasian Tur Dorcatragus megalotis
Azerbaijan?; Georgia; Russia Beira Antelope
Djibouti?; Ethiopia; Somalia
Capra falconeri
Markhor Gazella bennetti
Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Chinkara
Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Afghanistan?; India; Iran; Pakistan

Capra nubiana Gazella cuvieri

(C. ibex nubiana) Cuvier’s Gazelle
Nubian Ibex Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia
Egypt; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan; Oman; Saudi
Gazella dama
Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Dama Gazelle
Capra walia Algeria (ex?); Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali;
(C. ibex walia) Niger, Sudan
Walia Ibex Gazella dorcas
Ethiopia Dorcas Gazelle
Capricornis sumatraensis Algeria; Burkina Faso; Chad; Djibouti; Egypt;
(Naemorhedus sumatraensis) Eritrea; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan?; Libya; Mali;
Mainland Serow Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Nigeria; Saudi
Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Arabia?; Senegal; Somalia; Sudan; Tunisia;
Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia, Myanmar, Western Sahara
Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam

27
THREATENED SPECIES

Gazella gazella E Oryx leucoryx

Mountain Gazelle Arabian Oryx
Israel; Jordan; Lebanon?; Oman; Saudi Arabia; [Reintroduced in Oman]
Syria?; Yemen
K __-Procapra przewalskii
Gazella leptoceros Przewalski’s Gazelle
Slender-horned Gazelle China
Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Libya; Mali;
E Pseudois schaeferi
Mauritania?; Niger, Sudan; Tunisia; Western
(P. nayaur schaeferi)
Sahara?
Dwarf Blue Sheep
Gazella rufifrons China
Red-fronted Gazelle
E Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African
Vu Quang Ox
Republic; Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia?;
Laos?; Viet Nam
Ghana?; Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Nigeria;
Senegal; Sudan; Togo Vv Tetracerus quadricornis
Four-horned Antelope
Gazella soemmerringii India; Nepal
Soemmerring’s Gazelle
E Tragelaphus buxtoni
Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia;
Mountain Nyala
Sudan
Ethiopia
Gazella spekei
Vv Tragelaphus derbianus
Speke’s Gazelle
(Taurotragus derbianus)
Ethiopia; Somalia
Giant Eland
Hemitragus jemiahicus Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad?;
Himalayan Tahr Guinea?; Guinea Bissau; Mali?; Nigeria?;
China; India; Nepal Senegal; Sudan; Uganda?; Zaire
Hemitragus hylocrius Order RODENTIA
Nilgiri Tahr
India Family SCIURIDAE

Hemitragus jayakari E Cynomys mexicanus

Arabian Tahr Mexican Prairie Dog
Oman; United Arab Emirates?: Abu Dhabi Mexico

Kobus leche Vs Cynomys parvidens

Lechwe Utah Prairie Dog
Angola; Botswana; Namibia; Zaire; Zambia USA
[South Africa] K Epixerus ebii
Kobus megaceros Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone
Nile Lechwe Vv Funisciurus carruthersi
Ethiopia; Sudan Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel
Madoqua piacentinii Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire?
Silver Dikdik
Vv Marmota menzbieri
Somalia
Menzbier’s Marmot
Naemorhedus caudatus Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan;
Long-tailed Goral Uzbekistan
China; Korea DPR; Korea Republic; Laos;
E Marmota vancouverensis
Russia; Thailand
Vancouver Island Marmot
Oryx dammah Canada: Vancouver Island
(O. tao)
V Myosciurus pumilio
Scimitar-horned Oryx
African Pygmy Squirrel
Chad
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon;
Nigeria

28
 Paraxerus vexillarius Batomys granti
Tanzania Luzon Forest Rat
Philippines: Luzon
Pteromys momonga
Small Japanese Flying-squirrel Beamys hindei
Japan Lesser Hamster-rat
Kenya; Tanzania
Syntheosciurus brochus
Mountain Squirrel Beamys major
Costa Rica; Panama (B. hindei major)
Greater Hamster-rat
Family GEOMYIDAE Malawi; Tanzania; Zambia
I Zygogeomys trichopus
Chrotomys gonzalesi
Michoacan Pocket Gopher
Mt Isarog Striped Rat
Mexico
Philippines: Luzon
Family HETEROMYIDAE
Crateromys australis
R Dipodomys elator Dinagat Island Cloud Rat
Texas Kangaroo-rat Philippines: Dinagat Island
USA
Crateromys schadenbergi
Dipodomys gravipes Giant Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat
San Quintin Kangaroo Rat Philippines: Luzon
Mexico
Crateromys sp.
Dipodomys ingens Panay Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat
Giant Kangaroo Rat Philippines: Panay
USA
Delanymys brooksi
Dipodomys stephensi Delany’s Mouse
Stephens’ Kangaroo Rat Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
USA
Dendromus kahuziensis
Perognathus alticola Zaire
(Perognathus parvus alticola)
Dendroprionomys rousseloti
White-eared Pocket Mouse
Congo
USA
Diplothrix legatus
Family DIPODIDAE Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat
v Allactaga tetradactyla Japan: Nasei-shoto
Egypt; Libya
Eliurus minor
Family MURIDAE Madagascar
I Abrawayaomys ruschi Gerbillus acticola
Brazil Somalia
R Aethomys silindensis Gerbillus maghrebi
Selinda Veld Rat (Dipodillus maghrebi)
Mozambique?; Zimbabwe Morocco

Ammodillus imbellis Gerbillus mauritaniae

Ethiopia; Somalia Mauritania
Anonymomys mindorensis Gerbillus muriculus
Mindoro Climbing Rat (G. nanus muriculus)
Philippines: Mindoro Sudan
Archboldomys luzonensis Gerbillus nancillus
Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse Sudan
Philippines: Luzon
Gerbillus rosalinda
Sudan

29
THREATENED SPECIES

Gymnuromys roberti Microdillus peeli

Madagascar Somalia
Hylomyscus baeri Microtus breweri
Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana (M. pennsylvanicus breweri)
Beach Vole
Hylomyscus fumosus
USA: Muskeget Island
Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon
Muriculus imberbis
Hylomyscus parvus
Ethiopia
Cameroon; Congo; Gabon
Myomys ruppi
Hypogeomys antimena
(Praomys ruppi)
Madagascar
Ethiopia
Juscelinomys candango
Neotoma anthonyi
Brazil
Anthony’s Woodrat
Kunsia tomentosus Mexico: Todos Santos Island
Bolivia; Brazil
Neotoma bunkeri
Leggadina lakedownensis (N. lepida bunkeri)
Lakeland Downs Mouse Bunker’s Woodrat
Australia Mexico
Lemniscomys mittendorfi Neotoma martinensis
(L. striatus mittendorfi) San Martin Island Woodrat
Cameroon Mexico: San Martin Island
Leporillus conditor Notomys aquilo
Greater Stick-nest Rat (includes N. carpentarius)
Australia: Franklin Island Northern Hopping-mouse
Lophuromys cinereus Australia
Zaire Notomys fuscus
Lophuromys medicaudatus Dusky Hopping-mouse
Rwanda; Zaire Australia

Lophuromys melanonyx Pelomys hopkinsi

Ethiopia Kenya; Rwanda; Uganda

Lophuromys rahmi Pelomys isseli

Rwanda; Zaire Uganda: Bugala, Bunyama, Kome Islands
(Lake Victoria)
Macrotarsomys ingens
Madagascar Phaenomys ferrugineus
Brazil
Macruromys elegans
Western Small-toothed Rat Phaulomys andersoni
Indonesia: Irian Jaya (P. imaizumii, P. niigatae, sometimes referred to
Eothenomys or Clethrionomys)
Malacomys verschureni Wakayama Red-backed Vole
Zaire Japan: Honshu
Mastomys pernanus Phloeomys cumingi
Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania Southern Giant Slender-tailed Cloud Rat
Megadendromus nikolausi Philippines
Ethiopia Praomys hartwigi
Melomys albidens Cameroon; Nigeria
White-toothed Melomys Prionomys batesi
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Dollman’s Tree Mouse
Cameroon; Central African Republic

30
 Mammals

Pseudomys fumeus R Xenuromys barbatus

Smoky Mouse Rock-dwelling Rat
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Pseudomys occidentalis R Xeromys myoides
Western Mouse False Water-rat
Australia Australia
Pseudomys oralis R Zelotomys woosnami
Hastings River Mouse Botswana; Namibia; South Africa
Australia
E Zyzomys pedunculatus
Pseudomys pilligaensis Central Rock-rat
Pilliga Mouse Australia
Australia
Family ANOMALURIDAE
Pseudomys praeconis
K Zenkerella insignis
Shark Bay Mouse
Flightless Scaly-tailed Squirrel
Australia
Cameroon; Central African Republic;
Pseudomys shortridgei Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
Heath Rat
Family CTENODACTYLIDAE
Australia
K Felovia vae
Rattus giluwensis
Felou Gundi
Giluwe Rat
Mali; Mauritania; Senegal
Papua New Guinea
Rattus tawitawiensis
Family MYOXIDAE
Tawitawi Island Rat R Glirulus japonicus
Philippines: Tawitawi Island Japanese Dormouse
Japan
Reithrodontomys raviventris
Saltmarsh Harvest Mouse Family BATHYERGIDAE
USA
V _sCiBathyergus janetta
Rhagomys rufescens Namibia; South Africa
Brazil
K Cryptomys zechi
Rhynchomys isarogensis Ghana; Togo
Mt Isarog Shrew-rat
Family ERETHIZONTIDAE
Philippines: Luzon
Vv Chaetomys subspinosus
Solomys ponceleti
Thin-spined Porcupine
Poncelet’s Giant Rat
Brazil
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville
Steatomys jacksoni
Family CHINCHILLIDAE
Ghana; Nigeria I Chinchilla brevicaudata
Short-tailed Chinchilla
Thamnomys venustus
Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru (ex?)
Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
I Chinchilla lanigera
Tokudaia muenninki
Long-tailed Chinchilla
(T. osimensis muenninki)
Argentina?; Chile
Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa)
Family DINOMYIDAE
Tokudaia osimensis
Japan: Nansei-shoto (Amami-oshima) E Dinomys branickii
Pacarana
Wilfredomys oenax
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru;
Brazil; Uruguay
Venezuela
THREATENED SPECIES

Family OCTODONTIDAE R Plagiodontia aedium

(includes P. hylaeuwm)
Vv Octomys barrerae
Hispaniolan Hutia
(Tympanoctomys barrerae)
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Red Vizcacha Rat
Argentina Order LAGOMORPHA
Family CAPROMYIDAE Family OCHOTONIDAE
E Capromys angelcabrerai K Ochotona forresti
(Mesocapromys angelcabrerai) Forrest’s Pika
Cabrera’s Hutia Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar
Cuba: Cay Ana Maria
I Ochotona gaoligongensis
E Capromys auritus Gaoligong Pika
(Mesocapromys auritus) China
Large-eared Hutia
I Ochotona iliensis
Cuba: Cay Fragoso
Ili Pika
E Capromys garridoi China
(Mysateles garridoi)
Vv Ochotona koslowi
Garrido’s Hutia
Cuba: Canarreos Archipelago Kozlov’s Pika
China
I Capromys gundlachi
(Mysateles gundlachi) I Ochotona muliensis
Chapman’s Prehensile-tailed Hutia
Cuba: Isle de Juventud
R Capromys melanurus I Ochotona nubrica
(Mysateles melanurus) Nubra Pika
Bushy-tailed Hutia China, India, Nepal
Cuba Vv Ochotona pusilla
I Capromys meridionalis Steppe Pika, Little Pika
(Mysateles meridionalis) Russia
Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia I Ochotona thomasi
Cuba: Isle de Juventud Thomas’ Pika
E Capromys nanus China
(Mesocapromys nanus) Family LEPORIDAE
Dwarf Hutia
Cuba V___—Brachylagus idahoensis
Pygmy Rabbit
E Capromys sanfelipensis USA
(Mesocapromys sanfelipensis)
Little Earth Hutia E Bunolagus monticularis
Cuba Riverine Rabbit
South Africa
I Geocapromys brownii
(includes G. thoracatus, sometimes included in E Caprolagus hispidus
Capromys) Hispid Hare
Jamaican Hutia Bangladesh; India; Nepal
Jamaica I Lepus callotis
R Geocapromys ingrahami White-sided Jackrabbit
(Capromys ingrahami) Mexico, USA
Bahamian Hutia E Lepus flavigularis
Bahamas: Plana Keys Tehuantepec Jackrabbit
Mexico

32
 Mammals

Lepus hainanus E Sylvilagus graysoni

(L. pequensis hainanus) Tres Marias Rabbit
Hainan Hare Mexico: Tres Marias Islands
Se E Sylvilagus insonus
Lepus insularis Omilteme Rabbit
Black Jackrabbit Mexico
BEBE ED I Sylvilagus mansuetus
Lepus othus (Sylvilagus bachmani mansuetus)
(Lepus timidus othus) San Jose Brush Rabbit
Alaskan Hare Mexico
USA: Alaska
Order MACROSCELIDEA
Nesolagus netscheri :
Genser Rt Family MACROSCELIDIDAE
Indonesia: Sumatra V___-Rhynchocyon chrysopygus
Pentalagus furnessi Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew
Amami Rabbit Kenya
Japan R Rhynchocyon petersi
Romerolagus diazi Black-and-rufous Elephant-shrew
Volcano Rabbit Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island,
Mexico Zanzibar
Sylvilagus dicei
(S. brasiliensis dicei)
Dice’s Cottontail
Costa Rica; Panama

33
 udietee « vm wunaniod onl
;
Se a a ee
eyenreen bh. nl! caiall
Ceiiaiiee OC epallhs-: How oni,

Toes eit PMUONF HA ‘Gvelieed coq’ -

pee eeRagtan "Mnntes

‘ Weegee berail ~-- Saya
~~ & atin tage’ €
eas "Re ‘
aan Cie |
ralesahhSat wg)

(oh remand]
(= cuit: leene) r

Oubys Pan eeenca't p48 tte)mo

(tm hee sai! = a
Mean woilte
Reape Fis Litth Mts
| Bawats,
 Birds

Class AVES K Tachybaptus pelzelnii

Order APTERYGIFORMES Madagascar Grebe
Madagascar
Family APTERYGIDAE
E Tachybaptus rufolavatus
Vs Apteryx owenii Alaotra Grebe
Little Spotted Kiwi Madagascar
New Zealand
Order PROCELLARIFORMES
Order TINAMIFORMES
Family DIOMEDEIDAE
Family TINAMIDAE
E Diomedea albatrus
I Crypturellus kerriae Short-tailed Albatross
Choco Tinamou Japan: Izu Islands. * North Pacific inc. China;
Colombia; Panama USA: Hawaiian Islands; Russia; Taiwan
E/Ex Nothoprocta kalinowskii E Diomedea amsterdamensis
Kalinowski’s Tinamou Amsterdam Island Albatross
Peru French Southern and Antarctic Territories:
Vv Nothoprocta taczanowskii Amsterdam Island
Taczanowski’s Tinamou Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Peru
E Procellaria parkinsoni
I Nothura minor Black Petrel
Lesser Nothura New Zealand. * South Pacific north to Costa
Brazil Rica; Ecuador; Peru
I Taoniscus nanus Vv Procellaria westlandica
Dwarf Tinamou Westland Petrel
Argentina (ex?); Brazil New Zealand. * Australia
K Tinamus osgoodi E Pterodroma aterrima
Black Tinamou (Pseudobulweria aterrima)
Colombia; Peru Mascarene Petrel
Réunion
Order SPHENISCIFORMES
E Pterodroma axillaris
Family SPHENISCIDAE
Chatham Islands Petrel
VS Megadyptes antipodes New Zealand: Chatham Islands
Yellow-eyed Penguin
I Pterodroma becki
New Zealand: Auckland Islands, Campbell
(Pterodroma rostrata becki)
Island, South Island, Stewart Island
Beck’s Petrel
K Spheniscus demersus Papua New Guinea (ex?)?; Solomon Islands
Jackass Penguin (ex?)?
Namibia; South Africa. * Angola;
E Pterodroma cahow
Mozambique
Bermuda Petrel
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Bermuda

Family PODICIPEDIDAE R Pterodroma cookii

Cook’s Petrel
E/Ex Podiceps andinus
New Zealand. * seas off South America;
Colombian Grebe
Chile; Peru
Colombia
V___s~Pterodroma defilippiana
E Podiceps taczanowskii
Defilippe’s Petrel
Puna Grebe
Chile: Desventuradas Islands; Juan Fernandez
Peru
Islands

35
THREATENED SPECIES

Pterodroma feae K Oceanodroma tristrami

Cape Verde Petrel Tristram’s Storm-Petrel
Cape Verde; Portugal: Madeira. * Tropical and USA: Hawaiian Islands; Japan: Izu Islands,
subtropical Atlantic Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands)

Pterodroma hasitata Family PELECANOIDIDAE

Black-capped Petrel
V___sCPelecanoides garnotii
Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. * Caribbean
Peruvian Diving-Petrel
and western North Atlantic
Chile; Peru
Pterodroma madeira
Order PELECANIFORMES
Madeira Petrel
Portugal: Madeira Family PELECANIDAE
Pterodroma magentae Vv Pelecanus crispus
Magenta Petrel Dalmatian Pelican
New Zealand: Chatham Islands. * South Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria;
Pacific China; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia;
Romania; Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan;
Pterodroma macgillivrayi
(Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi) Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. *
MacGillivray’s Petrel Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Egypt; Hong Kong;
Fiji: Gau Island India; Iraq; Lebanon; Pakistan; Syria

Pterodroma phaeopygia I Pelecanus philippensis

(P. p. phaeopygia) Spot-billed Pelican
Galapagos Petrel India; Sri Lanka. * Bangladesh; Cambodia;
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands. * Chile; China; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Laos;
Colombia: Malpelo Island; Costa Rica; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar;
Ecuador, French Polynesia: Clipperton Island; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam
Mexico; Panama; Peru Family SULIDAE
Pterodroma pycrofti E Papasula abbotti
Pycroft’s Petrel (Sula abbotti)
New Zealand Abbott’s Booby
Pterodroma sandwichensis Christmas Island; Costa Rica?: Cocos
(P. phaeopygia sandwichensis) (Keeling) Islands. * Indonesia: Java
Hawaiian Petrel Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai?,
Lanai, Maui, Molokai). * French Polynesia?: R Phalacrocorax carunculatus
Marquesas Islands; Kiribati: Line Islands Rough-faced Shag
New Zealand: Cook Strait
Puffinus auricularis
Townsend’s Shearwater R Phalacrocorax chalconotus
Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Bronze Shag
(P. carunculatus chalconotus)
V/R Puffinus creatopus
New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island
Pink-footed Shearwater
Chile: Isla Mocha, Juan Fernandez Islands. * R Phalacrocorax harrisi
Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Costa Rica; Ecuador, (Nannopterum harrisi)
Peru; USA Flightless Cormorant
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Femandina,
Puffinus heinrothi Isabela
Heinroth’s Shearwater
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, New Britain R Phalacrocorax onslowi
(P. carunculatus onslowi)
Family HYDROBATIDAE
Chatham Islands Shag
E/Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla New Zealand: Chatham Islands
Guadalupe Storm-Petrel
Mexico: Guadalupe Island

36
 Birds

K Phalacrocorax pygmeus Family BALAENICIPITIDAE

(Halietor pygmeus)
K Balaeniceps rex
Pygmy Cormorant
Shoebill
Albania; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Greece;
Burundi?; Central African Republic; Ethiopia;
Hungary; Iran; Iraq; Italy; Kazakhstan;
Rwanda; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire;
Moldova; Romania; Russia; Tajikistan;
Zambia
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan;
Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Austria; Georgia; Family CICONIDAE
Israel
E Ciconia boyciana
Family FREGATIDAE Oriental Stork
China; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea
v Fregata andrewsi
Republic
Christmas Island Frigatebird
Christmas Island. * Indonesia: Bali, Java, I Ciconia stormi
Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Storm’s Stork
Sabah, Sarawak, Singapore; Thailand; Viet Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra?; Malaysia:
Nam Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand. * Brunei; Malaysia:
Peninsular Malaysia
R Fregata aquila
Ascension Frigatebird E Leptoptilos dubius
Ascension: Saint Helena. * tropical Atlantic Greater Adjutant
Cambodia (ex?); India; Laos (ex?); Myanmar
Order CICONIIFORMES (ex?); Viet Nam (ex?). * Nepal; Thailand
Family ARDEIDAE Vv Leptoptilos javanicus
K = Ardea humbloti Lesser Adjutant
Madagascar Heron Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China; India;
Comoros?; Madagascar. * Comoros; Mayotte Indonesia: Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
E Ardea insignis
Sarawak; Laos?; Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka;
(Ardea imperialis)
Thailand; Viet Nam. * Bhutan; Brunei;
White-bellied Heron
Singapore
Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Myanmar
Vv Mycteria cinerea
Vv Egretta eulophotes Milky Stork
Chinese Egret
Cambodia; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi;
China; Hong Kong?; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam
Republic. * Brunei; Japan; Malaysia:
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Philippines: Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Cebu, R Geronticus calvus
Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Bald Ibis
Russia; Singapore; Taiwan Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland
I Egretta vinaceigula E Geronticus eremita
Slaty Egret Waldrapp
Botswana; Namibia; Zambia? Morocco. * Ethiopia; Syria; Yemen
Vv Gorsachius goisagi E Nipponia nippon
Japanese Night-Heron Crested Ibis
Japan. * China; Philippines; Taiwan China
E Gorsachius magnificus
E Platalea minor
White-eared Night-Heron Black-faced Spoonbill
China: Hainan
China; Korea D.P.R. * Cambodia; China;
Hong Kong; Japan; Taiwan; Viet Nam

37
THREATENED SPECIES

Pseudibis davisoni Branta sandvicensis

White-shouldered Ibis Nene
Cambodia?; China; Indonesia: Kalimantan; USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui)
Laos?; Myanmar?; Viet Nam. * Malaysia:
Cairina scutulata
Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak
White-winged Duck
Pseudibis gigantea Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Indonesia:
Giant Ibis Sumatra; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam
Cambodia (ex?); Laos
Dendrocygna arborea
Order ANSERIFORMES West Indian Whistling-Duck
Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; British Virgin
Family ANATIDAE
Islands; Cayman Islands; Cuba; Dominican
K Aix galericulata Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Turks
Mandarin Duck and Caicos Islands; Virgin Islands of the
China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; United States
Russia. * Taiwan
Marmaronetta angustirostris
[Austria; Belgium; Netherlands; United Marbled Teal
Kingdom]
Afghanistan; Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan;
Anas aucklandica China?; Egypt?; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Israel;
Brown Teal Kazakhstan; Morocco; Pakistan?; Russia;
New Zealand Senegal; Spain; Tajikistan; Tunisia (ex?);
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Chad;
Anas bernieri
Egypt; India; Mali; Morocco; Pakistan; Turkey
Bemier’s Teal
Madagascar Mergus octosetaceus
Brazilian Merganser
Anas formosa
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
Baikal Teal
Russia. * China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Mergus squamatus
Republic Scaly-sided Merganser
China; Korea DP.R.; Russia
Anas wyvilliana
Hawaiian Duck Oxyura leucocephala
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) White-headed Duck
[Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Oahu] Afghanistan; Algeria; France: Corsica (ex?);
Anser erythropus Iran; Kazakhstan; Romania; Russia; Spain;
Lesser White-fronted Goose Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. *
Finland; Norway; Sweden; Russia. * Albania; Albania; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus; Egypt:
Bulgaria; China; Greece; Hungary; India; Iran; Greece; India; Iraq; Italy; Morocco; Pakistan;
Iraq; Japan; Latvia; Pakistan; Romania; Syria; Tajikistan
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia Stictonetta naevosa
Aythya baeri Freckled Duck
Baer’s Pochard Australia
China; Korea DP.R.?; Russia. * Bangladesh; Tadorna cristata
Hong Kong; India; Japan; Myanmar, Nepal; Crested Shelduck
Korea Republic; Thailand; Viet Nam China?; Korea D.P.R.?; Russia. * China?:
Aythya innotata Korea Republic
Madagascar Pochard Order FALCONIFORMES
Madagascar
Family CATHARTIDAE
Branta ruficollis
Red-breasted Goose E Gymnogyps californianus
Russia. * Bulgaria; Greece; Hungary; Iran; California Condor
Iraq; Kazakhstan; Romania: Turkey; [Reintroduced to USA]
Turkmenistan

38
 Birds

Family ACCIPITRIDAE Erythrotriorchis radiatus

(Accipiter radiatus)
R Accipiter brachyurus Red Goshawk
New Britain Sparrowhawk Australia
Papua New Guinea: New Britain
Eutriorchis astur
V/R_ Accipiter gundlachi Madagascar Serpent-Eagle
Gundlach’s Hawk Madagascar
Cuba
Gyps coprotheres
Accipiter imitator
Cape Griffon
Imitator Sparrowhawk
Botswana; Lesotho; Mozambique; Namibia;
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
South Africa. * Swaziland
Islands: Choiseul, Santa Isabel
Haliaeetus albicilla
Accipiter nanus
White-tailed Eagle
Small Sparrowhawk
Albania (ex?); Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan;
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Belarus; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia;
Aegypius monachus Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Germany;
Cinereous Vulture Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; Iran;
Afghanistan, Albania (ex?); Armenia; Israel; Japan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania;
Azerbaijan; Bulgaria?; China; Cyprus?; Moldova; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Poland;
Georgia; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Turkey;
Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Portugal; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Yugoslavia. *
Russia; Spain: including Balearic Islands: Afghanistan; France; Faeroe Islands; India;
Mallorca; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Israel; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic;
Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Nepal; Pakistan; Taiwan; Tajikistan; USA;
Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Egypt; Hong Kong; Uzbekistan
India; Italy; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; [Reintroduced to United Kingdom]
Morocco; Myanmar, Nepal; Oman; Saudi
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
Arabia; Thailand Pallas’s Sea-Eagle
Aquila adalberti Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan;
Adalbert’s Eagle Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Russia?;
Portugal; Spain Tajikistan; Uzbekistan. * Afghanistan
Aquila heliaca Haliaeetus pelagicus
Imperial Eagle Steller’s Sea-Eagle
Albania?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PR.?; Korea
Czechoslovakia; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Republic
Tran; Kazakhstan; Moldova; Romania; Russia;
Haliaeetus vociferoides
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan;
Madagascar Fish-Eagle
Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh;
Madagascar
Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India;
Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Crowned Eagle
United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay

Buteo galapagoensis Harpyopsis novaeguineae

Galapagos Hawk New Guinea Eagle
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea

Buteo ridgwayi Henicopernis infuscatus

Ridgway’s Hawk Black Honey-buzzard
Dominican Republic; Haiti Papua New Guinea: New Britain

Buteo solitarius V/R Leucopternis lacernulata

Hawaiian Hawk White-necked Hawk
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Brazil

39
THREATENED SPECIES

Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad;

Leucopternis occidentalis Congo; Céte dIvoire; Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt;
Grey-backed Hawk Ethiopia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau?; India; Iraq;
Ecuador, Peru Kenya; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Lesotho;
Milvus milvus Malawi; Maldives; Mali; Malta; Mauritania;
Red Kite Mozambique; Myanmar, Namibia; Nepal;
Algeria (ex?); Armenia?; Austria; Belarus; Niger; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Qatar;
Belgium; Cape Verde; Czechoslovakia; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone?; South Africa;
Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo?; Turkey; Uganda;
Hungary; Iran; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania; United Arab Emirates; Western Sahara?;
Luxembourg; Moldova; Morocco; Netherlands; Yemen; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain;
Falco punctatus
Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia (ex?); Ukraine;
Mauritius Kestrel
United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Austria;
Mauritius
Bulgaria; Gibraltar; Greece; Liechtenstein;
Turkey Micrastur buckleyi
Buckley’s Forest-Falcon
Pithecophaga jefferyi
Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador, Peru
Great Philippine Eagle
Philippines: Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar Micrastur plumbeus
Plumbeous Forest-Falcon
Spilornis elgini
Colombia; Ecuador
Andaman Serpent-Eagle
India: Andaman Islands Order GALLIFORMES
Spilornis kinabaluensis Family MEGAPODITIDAE
Mountain Serpent-Eagle
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: R Aepypodius bruijnii
Sabah, Sarawak Bruijn’s Brush-turkey
Indonesia: Waigeo Island
Spizaetus bartelsi
Javan Hawk-Eagle Leipoa ocellata
Indonesia: Java Malleefow1
Australia
Spizaetus nanus
Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle Macrocephalon maleo
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Maleo
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Indonesia: Lembeh, Sulawesi
Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand Megapodius bernsteinii
Family FALCONIDAE Sula Scrubfow!
Indonesia: Banggai (ex?), Sula
K Falco hypoleucos
Grey Falcon Megapodius laperouse
Australia Micronesian Scrubfowl
Northern Marianas; Palau
Falco naumanni
Lesser Kestrel Megapodius nicobariensis
Afghanistan; Albania?; Algeria; Armenia; Nicobar Scrubfowl
Austria; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; India: North Nicobar Islands
Czechoslovakia?; France; Georgia; Gibraltar; Megapodius pritchardii
Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq?; Israel; Italy; Niuafo’ou Scrubfowl
Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon?; Tonga: Niuafo’ou
Libya; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Poland?:
Portugal; Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Megapodius wallacei
Spain; Switzerland?; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Moluccan Scrubfowl
Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Indonesia: Ambon, Bacan, Buru, Halmahera,
Yugoslavia. * Angola; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Haruku, Misool, Seram, Ternate
Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso;
 Birds

Family CRACIDAE E Arborophila ardens

5 Hainan Partridge
E Crax alberti China
Blue-knobbed Curassow
Colombia R Arborophila cambodiana

R — Crax blumenbachii pre iorres eee

Red-billed Curassow .
Brazil R Arborophila charltonii
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge
I Crax globulosa Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular
Wattled Curassow Malaysia, Sabah; Thailand; Viet Nam
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru
I Arborophila davidi
E Mitu mitu Orange-necked Partridge
Alagoas Curassow
Brazil Viet Nam
> - R Arborophila gingica
V/R_ Oreophasis derbianus White-necklaced Partridge
Homed Guan
China
Guatemala; Mexico
E Arborophila rufipectus
E Pauxi pauxi
Sichuan Partridge
Helmeted Curassow
Colombia; Venezuela —_
tive : E Catreus wallichii
V/R_ Pauxi unicornis Cheer Phen
a ! ;
Horned Curassow
India; Nepal; Pakistan
Peru; Bolivia
Vv Crossoptilon crossoptilon
E Penelope albipennis White Fared ‘Pheasant
White-winged Guan
China
Peru
E Crossoptilon mantchuricum
V/R_ Penelope barbata een ePheacet
Bearded Guan China
Ecuador, Peru
E Dendrortyx barbatus
V/R_ Penelope ochrogaster
Bearded Wood-Partridge
Chestnut-bellied Guan
Mexico
Brazil
R Francolinus camerunensis
R Penelope perspicax
Cameroon Francolin
Cauca Guan Cameroon
Colombia
Vv Francolinus gularis
V/R_ Pipile jacutinga
Swamp Francolin
Black-fronted Piping-Guan
Bangladesh; India; Nepal
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
R Francolinus nahani
E Pipile pipile
ne Soe Nahan’s Francolin
Trinidad Piping-Guan sande Zain
Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad am e
: E Francolinus ochropectus
Spa CN ee 5 Ochre-breasted Francolin
fropavo congensis Djibouti
Congo Peafowl mM
Zaire I Francolinus swierstrai
E Agelastes meleagrides ee sErancont
White-breasted Guineafowl ee
Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana (ex?); Liberia; Sierra E Lophophorus lthuysii
Leone Chinese Monal
China

41
 THREATENED SPECIES

Lophophorus sclateri Polyplectron malacense

Sclater’s Monal Malayan Peacock-Pheasant
China; India; Myanmar Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar,
Thailand
Lophura bulweri
Bulwer’s Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: (P. malacense schleiermacheri)
Sabah, Sarawak Bornean Peacock-Pheasant
Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah,
Lophura diardi
Sarawak
Siamese Fireback
Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam Rheinardia ocellata
(includes R. nigrescens)
Lophura edwardsi
Crested Argus
Edwards’s Pheasant
Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet
Viet Nam
Nam
Lophura hatinhensis
Syrmaticus ellioti
Vietnamese Pheasant
Elliot’s Pheasant
Viet Nam
China
Lophura ignita
Crested Fireback Syrmaticus humiae
Hume’s Pheasant
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
China; India; Myanmar; Thailand
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand Syrmaticus mikado
Lophura imperialis Mikado Pheasant
Imperial Pheasant Taiwan
Laos?; Viet Nam Syrmaticus reevesii
Lophura inornata Reeves’s Pheasant
Salvadori’s Pheasant China
Indonesia: Sumatra [Czechoslovakia]

Lophura swinhoii Tetrao mlokosiewiczi

Swinhoe’s Pheasant Caucasian Grouse
Taiwan Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; Russia;
Turkey
V/R Odontophorus strophium
Gorgeted Wood-Quail Tragopan blythii
Colombia Blyth’s Tragopan
Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar
Pavo muticus
Green Peafowl Tragopan caboti
Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia; China; India: Cabot’s Tragopan
Indonesia: Java; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular China
Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Tragopan melanocephalus
Perdicula manipurensis Western Tragopan
Manipur Bush-Quail China; India; Nepal?; Pakistan
Bangladesh; India
Order GRUIFORMES
Polyplectron emphanum
Family MESITORNITHIDAE
Palawan Peacock-Pheasant
Philippines: Palawan K Mesitornis unicolor
Brown Roatelo
Polyplectron germaini
Madagascar
Germain’s Peacock-Pheasant
Laos?; Viet Nam Mesitornis variegata
White-breasted Roatelo
Madagascar

42
 Birds

R Monias benschi Family RALLIDAE

Monias
K Amaurornis olivieri
Madagascar
Sakalava Rail
Family TURNICIDAE Madagascar

I Turnix everetti I Aramidopsis plateni

Sumba Buttonquail Snoring Rail
Indonesia: Sumba Indonesia: Sulawesi

Turnix melanogaster R Aflantisia rogersi

Black-breasted Buttonquail Inaccessible Rail
Australia Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island

Turnix olivii R Coturnicops exquisitus

Buff-breasted Buttonquail Swinhoe’s Rail
Australia China; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea
Republic
Turnix worcesteri
Worcester’s Buttonquail I Coturnicops notatus
Philippines: Luzon Speckled Rail
Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Guyana;
Family PEDIONOMIDAE
Paraguay; Uruguay; Venezuela
K Pedionomus torquatus
R Crex crex
Plains-wanderer
Corn Crake
Australia
Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia?; Austria;
Family GRUIDAE Azerbaijan (ex?); Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria;
China; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia;
E Grus americana
Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece;
Whooping Crane
Hungary; Iran; Ireland; Italy; Kazakhstan;
Canada. * USA
Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstejn; Lithuania;
Grus carunculatus Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway;
(Bugeranus carunculatus) Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden;
Wattled Crane Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey?; Ukraine;
Angola; Botswana; Ethiopia; Malawi; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan;
Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Algeria; Azerbaijan; Botswana; Egypt;
Tanzania; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Ethiopia; Ghana; Iraq; Israel; Kenya; Malawi;
Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Mozambique;
Grus japonensis
Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal; Saudi Arabia;
Red-crowned Crane
South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania;
China; Japan; Russia; Mongolia. * Korea
Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uganda; United
D.P.R.; Korea Republic
Kingdom: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey);
Grus leucogeranus Uzbekistan; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Siberian Crane
I Cyanolimnas cerverai
China; Mongolia?; Russia. * Afghanistan;
Zapata Rail
India; Iran; Pakistan
Cuba
Grus monacha
K =‘ Fulica cornuta
Hooded Crane
Horned Coot
Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PR.; Korea
Argentina; Bolivia; Chile
Republic; Taiwan
I Gallinula nesiotis
Grus nigricollis
Tristan Moorhen
Black-necked Crane
Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island
China; India. * Bhutan; Myanmar, Viet Nam
I Gallinula silvestris
Grus vipio
San Cristobal Moorhen
White-naped Crane
Solomon Islands: San Cristobal
China; Mongolia; Russia. * Japan; Korea
D.P.R.; Korea Republic

43
 THREATENED SPECIES

I Gallirallus lafresnayanus E/Ex Rallus antarcticus

(Tricholimnas lafresnayanus) Austral Rail
New Caledonian Rail Argentina; Chile
New Caledonia (ex?) V/R_ Rallus semiplumbeus
Vv Gallirallus okinawae Bogota Rail
(Rallus okinawae) Colombia; Ecuador?
Okinawa Rail E Rallus wetmorei
Japan: Okinawa Plain-flanked Rail
Vv Gallirallus owstoni Venezuela
(Rallus owstoni)
I Sarothrura ayresi
Guam Rail White-winged Flufftail
Guam Ethiopia (ex?); South Africa
E Gallirallus sylvestris
I Sarothrura watersi
(Tricholimnas sylvestris)
Waters’s Flufftail
Lord Howe Rail
Madagascar
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Family HELIORNITHIDAE
I Gymnocrex rosenbergii
Bald-faced Rail Vs &Heliopais personata
Indonesia: Peleng, Sulawesi Masked Finfoot
Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Myanmar;
I Habroptila wallacii
Thailand?; Viet Nam. * Cambodia?; Indonesia:
Invisible Rail
Java, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia;
Indonesia: Halmahera
Thailand; Viet Nam
Vs Laterallus levraudi
Family RHYNOCHETIDAE
Rusty-flanked Crake
Venezuela E Rhynochetos jubatus
Kagu
E Laterallus tuerosi
New Caledonia
(L. jamaicensis tuerosi)
Junin Rail Family OTIDIDAE
Peru
Vv Ardeotis nigriceps
V/R_ Laterallus xenopterus Indian Bustard
Rufous-faced Crake India; Pakistan. * Pakistan?
Brazil; Paraguay
Vv Chlamydotis undulata
I Lewinia mirificus Houbara Bustard
(Dryolimnas mirificus, Rallus mirificus) Afghanistan?; Algeria; China; Egypt; Iran;
Brown-banded Rail Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan;
Philippines: Luzon Libya; Mauritania; Mongolia; Morocco; Oman;
E Nesoclopeus poecilopterus
Pakistan; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Spain: Canary
Bar-winged Rail Islands; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia;
Fiji: Viti Levu, Ovalau Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara;
Yemen. * Afghanistan; Bahrain; India; Kuwait;
E Porphyrio mantelli Qatar, United Arab Emirates
(Notornis mantelli)
Takahe
E _Eupodotis bengalensis
(Houbaropsis bengalensis)
New Zealand: South Island
Bengal Florican
R Porzana atra Bhutan?; Cambodia?; India; Nepal; Viet Nam
(Nesophylax ater)
E Eupodotis indica
Henderson Island Crake
(Sypheotides indica)
Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island
Lesser Florican
I Porzana spiloptera India; Nepal. * Bangladesh?; Nepal; Pakistan
Dot-winged Crake
Argentina; Uruguay
 Birds

R Otis tarda R Vanellus gregarius

Great Bustard (Chettusia gregaria)
Austria; China; Czechoslovakia; Germany; Sociable Lapwing
Hungary; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Kazakhstan; Russia. * Ethiopia; India; Iran;
Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Portugal: Iraq; Israel; Kyrgyzstan; Oman; Pakistan;
Romania; Russia; Spain; Syria?; Tajikistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Turkey;
Turkey; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen
Afghanistan?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Iraq;
I Vanellus macropterus
Syria; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia
Javanese Lapwing
R Tetrax tetrax Indonesia: Java (ex?)
Little Bustard
Family SCOLOPACIDAE
Albania?; Algeria; China; France; Iran; Iraq?;
Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Morocco; K Calidris paramelanotos
Portugal; Russia; Spain; Turkey; Ukraine; Cox’s Sandpiper
Uzbekistan. * Azerbaijan?; Egypt; Georgia; not known, possibly Russia
Israel; Libya; Pakistan; Romania; Tajikistan;
R Coenocorypha aucklandica
Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia
(includes C. pusilla)
Order CHARADRITFORMES Subantarctic Snipe
New Zealand: Antipodes Island, Auckland
Family RECUR VIROSTRIDAE
Islands, Chatham Islands, Snares Island
E Himantopus novaezelandiae
I Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Black Stilt Spoonbill Sandpiper
New Zealand: South Island. * New Zealand: Russia. * Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong;
North Island
India; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic;
Family GLAREOLIDAE Singapore

I Rhinoptilus bitorquatus I Gallinago nemoricola

(Cursorius bitorquatus) Wood Snipe
Jerdon’s Courser Bhutan; China; India; Nepal. * Pakistan
India
R Limnodromus semipalmatus
Family CHARADRIIDAE Asian Dowitcher
China; Mongolia; Russia. * Australia;
V/R_ Charadrius melodus
Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia; Hong Kong;
Piping Plover
India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Canada; USA. * Bahamas; Barbados; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Bermuda; British Virgin Islands; Cuba;
Sarawak; Myanmar, Philippines: Cebu, Luzon,
Dominican Republic; Haiti; Mexico; Puerto
Olango, Simunul; Singapore; Thailand; Viet
Rico; Virgin Islands of the United States Nam
E Charadrius novaeseelandiae
E/Ex Numenius borealis
(Thinornis novaeseelandiae)
Eskimo Curlew
Shore Plover
Canada; USA?: Alaska. * Brazil; French
New Zealand: Chatham Islands (Rangatira
Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Suriname
Island)
V/R Numenius tahitiensis
K Charadrius rubricollis
Bristle-thighed Curlew
Hooded Plover
USA: Alaska. * American Samoa; Fiji; French
Australia
Polynesia: Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu
R Charadrius sanctaehelenae Archipelago; Tonga; USA: Hawaiian Islands;
Saint Helena Plover Marshall Islands; Western Samoa
Saint Helena
K Numenius tenuirostris
R Charadrius thoracicus Slender-billed Curlew
Black-banded Plover Russia. * Greece; Hungary; Italy; Morocco;
Madagascar Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; Yugoslavia
 THREATENED SPECIES

Prosobonia cancellatus Sterna virgata

Tuamotu Sandpiper Kerguelen Tern
French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago French Southern and Antarctic Territories:
Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands; South
Scolopax celebensis
Africa: Prince Edward Island
Sulawesi Woodcock
Indonesia: Sulawesi Family ALCIDAE
Scolopax rochussenii Vv Synthliboramphus wumizusume
Moluccan Woodcock Japanese Murrelet
Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera?, Obi, Ternate? Japan: including Izu Islands. * Korea D.P.R.;
Korea Republic; Russia
Tringa guttifer
Nordmann’s Greenshank Order COLUMBIFORMES
Russia. * Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China;
Japan; Korea D.PR.; Korea Republic; Laos?; Family COLUMBIDAE
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; R Caloenas nicobarica
Philippines: Cebu, Luzon; Thailand Nicobar Pigeon
Family LARIDAE Cambodia; India: Andaman and Nicobar
Islands: South Sentinal; Indonesia; Malaysia:
Vv Chlidonias albostriatus Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak;
(Sterna albostriata) Myanmar, Palau; Papua New Guinea;
Black-fronted Tern Philippines; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Viet
New Zealand: South Island Nam
Larus atlanticus E/Ex Claravis godefrida
Olrog’s Gull Purple-winged Ground-Dove
Argentina. * Brazil; Uruguay Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
Larus audouinii Columba argentina
Audouin’s Gull Silvery Wood-Pigeon
Algeria; Cyprus; France: Corsica; Greece; Indonesia: Anamba Islands (ex?), Kalimantan
Italy: Sardinia: Morocco; Spain; Tunisia; (ex?), Karimata Islands (ex?), Lingga
Turkey. * Gibraltar; Libya; Western Sahara Archipelago (ex?), Mentawai Islands (ex?),
Larus leucophthalmus Natuna Islands (ex?), Riau Archipelago (ex?),
White-eyed Gull Simeulue (ex?), Sumatra
Egypt; Ethiopia; Saudi Arabia; Somalia: Columba bollii
Sudan; Yemen Bolle’s Pigeon
Larus relictus Spain: Canary Islands
Relict Gull
Columba caribaea
China; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * Korea Ring-tailed Pigeon
Republic
Jamaica
Larus saundersi
Columba elphinstonii
Saunders’s Gull
Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon
China. * Hong Kong; Japan; Korea D.P.R.?: India
Korea Republic?; Taiwan; Viet Nam
Columba inornata
Sterna balaenarum
Plain Pigeon
Damara Tern
Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica;
Angola?; Namibia; South Africa. * Angola;
Puerto Rico
Cameroon; Gabon; Ghana; Nigeria; Zaire?
Columba junoniae
Sterna bernsteini
Laurel Pigeon
Chinese Crested Tern
Spain: Canary Islands
China?
Columba mayeri
(Nesoenas mayeri)
Pink Pigeon
Mauritius
 Birds

Columba oenops Ducula whartoni

Peruvian Pigeon Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon
Peru Christmas Island

Columba oliviae Gallicolumba erythroptera

Somali Pigeon Polynesian Ground-Dove
Somalia French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago

Columba pallidiceps Gallicolumba hoedtii

Yellow-legged Pigeon Wetar Ground-Dove
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago; Indonesia: Timor, Wetar
Solomon Islands (ex?)
Gallicolumba keayi
Columba punicea Negros Bleeding-heart
Pale-capped Pigeon Philippines: Negros
China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet
Gallicolumba menagei
Nam Sulu Bleeding-heart
Columba thomensis Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Tawitawi
Maroon Pigeon
Gallicolumba platenae
Sao Tomé and Principe: So Tomé
Mindoro Bleeding-heart
Columba torringtoni Philippines: Mindoro
Ceylon Wood-Pigeon
Gallicolumba rubescens
Sri Lanka
Marquesan Ground-Dove
Columba trocaz French Polynesia: Hatutu, Fatuhuku
Trocaz Pigeon
Gallicolumba salamonis
Portugal: Madeira
Thick-billed Ground-Dove
Columbina cyanopis Solomon Islands: Malaita, San Cristobal
Blue-eyed Ground-Dove
Gallicolumba santaecrucis
Brazil
Santa Cruz Ground-Dove
Didunculus strigirostris Solomon Islands: Tinakula, Utupua; Vanuatu:
Tooth-billed Pigeon Espiritu Santo
Western Samoa: Savaii, Upolu
Goura cristata
Drepanoptila holosericea Western Crowned-Pigeon
Cloven-feathered Dove Indonesia: Batanta, Irian Jaya, Misool,
New Caledonia Salawati, Waigeo
Ducula aurorae Goura scheepmakeri
Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon Southern Crowned-Pigeon
French Polynesia: Tahiti, Makatea Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea

Ducula galeata Goura victoria

Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon Victoria Crowned-Pigeon
French Polynesia: Nukuhiva Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, Yapen; Papua New
Guinea
Ducula goliath
New Caledonian Imperial-Pigeon V/R Leptotila conoveri
New Caledonia Tolima Dove
Colombia
Ducula mindorensis
Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon Leptotila ochraceiventris
Philippines: Mindoro Ochre-bellied Dove
Ecuador, Peru
Ducula pickeringii
Grey Imperial-Pigeon Leptotila wellsi
Indonesia: Miangas, Talaud; Malaysia: Sabah; Grenada Dove
Philippines Grenada

47
 THREATENED SPECIES
Ptilinopus arcanus
Negros Fruit-Dove
Philippines: Negros
Ptilinopus dohertyi
Red-naped Fruit-Dove
Indonesia: Sumba
Ptilinopus granulifrons
Carunculated Fruit-Dove
Indonesia: Obi
Ptilinopus huttoni
Rapa Fruit-Dove
French Polynesia: Tubuai Islands (Rapa)
Ptilinopus roseicapilla
Marianas Fruit-Dove
Guam; Northern Marianas
Starnoenas cyanocephala
Blue-headed Quail-Dove
Cuba
Treron capellei
Large Green-Pigeon
Brunei; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Malaysia: Peninsular,
Myanmar, Thailand
Treron psittacea
Timor Green-Pigeon
Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor
Treron teysmannii
Sumba Green-Pigeon
Indonesia: Sumba
Zenaida graysoni
Socorro Dove
Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands
Order PSITTACIFORMES
Family LORIIDAE
I Charmosyna diadema
New Caledonian Lorikeet
New Caledonia (ex?)
Charmosyna toxopei
Blue-fronted Lorikeet
Indonesia: Buru
Eos cyanogenia
Black-winged Lory
Indonesia: Biak, Manim, Meos Num, Numfor
Eos histrio
Red-and-blue Lory
Indonesia: Miangas, Ruang, Sangihe, Siau,
Talaud
Eos reticulata
Blue-streaked Lory
Indonesia: Babar, Tanimbar
[Indonesia: Damar, Kai Islands]
Lorius domicella
Purple-naped Lory
Indonesia: Ambon, Seram
[Indonesia: Buru]
Vini kuhlii
Kuhl’s Lorikeet
French Polynesia: Rimitara, Tubuai?
(Kiribati: Kiritimati, Tabuaeran, Teraina]
Vini peruviana
Tahitian Lorikeet
Cook Islands: [Aitutaki]?; French Polynesia:
Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago
Vini stepheni
Stephen’s Lorikeet
Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island
Vini ultramarina
Ultramarine Lorikeet
French Polynesia: Nukuhiva, Uapou
Sabah, Sarawak;
[French Polynesia: Uahuka]
Family CACATUIDAE
E Cacatua alba
White Cockatoo
Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Obi, Ternate,
Tidore
Cacatua goffini
Tanimbar Cockatoo
Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands
[Indonesia: Kai Islands (Tual)]
Cacatua haematuropygia
Philippine Cockatoo
Philippines
Cacatua moluccensis
Salmon-crested Cockatoo
Indonesia: Haruku, Seram, Saparua
[Indonesia: Ambon; Singapore]
Cacatua sulphurea
Yellow-crested Cockatoo
Indonesia: Alor, Besar, Butung, Flores, Kalao,
Kalaotoa, Kayunadi, Komodo, Lombok, Madu,
Muna, Sulawesi, Sumbawa, Padar, Pantar,
Penida, Rinca, Salembu, Seman, Sumba,
Tanahjampea, Timor, Tukanbesi
[Hong Kong; Singapore]
48
 Birds

Family PSITTACIDAE Anodorhynchus leari

Indigo Macaw
R Agapornis nigrigenis Brazil
Black-cheeked Lovebird
Botswana; Namibia?; Zambia; Zimbabwe (ex?) Ara glaucogularis
(A. caninde misapplied)
Amazona arausiaca Blue-throated Macaw
Red-necked Parrot
Argentina?; Bolivia; Paraguay?
Dominica
Ara rubrogenys
Amazona barbadensis
Red-fronted Macaw
Yellow-shouldered Parrot
Bolivia
Aruba (ex?); Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire;
Venezuela Aratinga auricapilla
Golden-capped Parakeet
Amazona brasiliensis
Brazil
Red-tailed Parrot
Brazil Aratinga euops
Cuban Parakeet
Amazona guildingii
Cuba
Saint Vincent Parrot
Saint Vincent Aratinga guarouba
(Guaruba guarouba)
Amazona imperialis
Golden Parakeet
Imperial Parrot
Brazil
Dominica
V/R Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons
Amazona oratrix
Rufous-fronted Parakeet
Yellow-headed Parrot
Colombia
Belize; Guatemala?; Mexico
[Puerto Rico] Cyanopsitta spixii
Little Blue Macaw
VIR Amazona pretrei
Brazil
Red-spectacled Parrot
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay Cyanoramphus unicolor
Antipodes Parakeet
V/R Amazona rhodocorytha
New Zealand: Antipodes Islands
Red-browed Parrot
Brazil Forpus xanthops
Yellow-faced Parrotlet
Amazona versicolor
Peru
Saint Lucia Parrot
Saint Lucia V/R Hapalopsittaca amazonina
Rusty-faced Parrot
V/R Amazona vinacea
Colombia; Venezuela
Vinaceous Parrot
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Hapalopsittaca fuertesi
(H. amazonina fuertesi)
Amazona viridigenalis
Indigo-winged Parrot
Red-crowned Parrot
Colombia
Mexico
[Puerto Rico; USA] Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops
(H. amazonina pyrrhops)
Amazona vittata
Red-faced Parrot
Puerto Rican Parrot
Ecuador, Peru
Puerto Rico
V/R Leptosittaca branickii
E/Ex Anodorhynchus glaucus
Golden-plumed Parakeet
Glaucous Macaw
Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
Loriculus catamene
V/R Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
Sangihe Hanging-Parrot
Hyacinth Macaw
Indonesia: Sangihe
Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay

49
THREATENED SPECIES

Neophema chrysogaster V/R Pyrrhura calliptera

Orange-bellied Parrot Brown-breasted Parakeet
Australia: Tasmania. * Australia Colombia
Neophema splendida Pyrrhura cruentata
Scarlet-chested Parrot Blue-throated Parakeet
Australia Brazil
Ognorhynchus icterotis V/R Pyrrhura orcesi
Yellow-eared Parrot El Oro Parakeet
Colombia; Ecuador Ecuador
Pezoporus occidentalis Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
(Geopsittacus occidentalis) Thick-billed Parrot
Night Parrot Mexico
Australia (ex?) [USA]
Pezoporus wallicus Rhynchopsitta terrisi
Ground Parrot Maroon-fronted Parrot
Australia Mexico
Polytelis alexandrae Strigops habroptilus
Alexandra’s Parrot Kakapo
Australia New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island
Prioniturus luconensis V/R Touit melanonotus
Green Racquet-tail Brown-backed Parrotlet
Philippines: Luzon, Marinduque Brazil

Prioniturus mada Touit stictoptera

Buru Racquet-tail Spot-winged Parrotlet
Indonesia: Buru Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
Psephotus chrysopterygius V/R Touit surda
Golden-shouldered Parrot Golden-tailed Parrotlet
Australia Brazil
Psephotus dissimilis V/R Triclaria malachitacea
Hooded Parrot Blue-bellied Parrot
Australia Argentina; Brazil
Psephotus pulcherrimus Order CUCULIFORMES
Paradise Parrot
Australia (ex?) Family MUSOPHAGIDAE

Psittacula caniceps EB Tauraco bannermani

Nicobar Parakeet Bannerman’s Turaco
India: Nicobar Islands Cameroon

Psittacula echo Tauraco ruspolii

Mauritius Parakeet Ruspoli’s Turaco
Mauritius Ethiopia

Psittacula intermedia Family CUCULIDAE

Intermediate Parakeet K Carpococcyx radiceus
India?
Sunda Ground-Cuckoo
Psittaculirostris salvadorii Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra;
Salvadori’s Fig-Parrot Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Centropus chlororhynchus
Pyrrhura albipectus Green-billed Coucal
White-necked Parakeet Sri Lanka
Ecuador

50

Centropus nigrorufus
Sunda Coucal
Indonesia: Java, Sumatra?
Centropus rectunguis
Short-toed Coucal
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan,
Malaysia: Peninsular
Sarawak
Centropus steerii
Black-hooded Coucal
Philippines: Mindoro
Chrysococcyx rufomerus
Green-cheeked Bronze-Cuckoo
Indonesia: Damar, Romang
Hyetornis rufigularis
Rufous-breasted Cuckoo
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Neomorphus radiolosus
Banded Ground-Cuckoo
Colombia; Ecuador
Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus
Red-faced Malkoha
Sri Lanka
Order STRIGIFORMES
Family TYTONIDAE
I Phodilus prigoginei
Congo Bay-Owl
Burundi?; Zaire
Tyto aurantia
Bismarck Masked-Owl
Papua New Guinea: New Britain
Tyto inexspectata
Minahassa Masked-Owl
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Tyto nigrobrunnea
Taliabu Masked-Owl
Indonesia: Taliabu
Tyto sororcula
Lesser Masked-Owl
Indonesia: Buru, Tanimbar Islands
Tyto soumagnei
Madagascar Red Owl
Madagascar (ex?)
Family STRIGIDAE
I Athene blewitti
Forest Owlet
India (ex?)
Birds
Glaucidium albertinum
Albertine Owlet
Rwanda; Zaire
Ketupa blakistoni
(Bubo blakistoni)
Sumatra; Blakiston’s Fish-Owl
Malaysia, Sabah, China; Japan: Hokkaido; Russia
Otus angelinae
Javan Scops-Owl
Indonesia: Java
Otus hartlaubi
Sao Tomé Scops-Owl
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé, Principe?
Otus ireneae
Sokoke Scops-Owl
Kenya; Tanzania?
Otus mindorensis
Mindoro Scops-Ow!
Philippines: Mindoro
Otus pauliani
Comoro Scops-Owl
Comoros: Grand Comoro
Otus sagittatus
White-fronted Scops-Owl
Indonesia: Sumatra?; Malaysia: Peninsular
Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand
Scotopelia ussheri
Rufous Fishing-Owl
Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra
Leone
Xenoglaux loweryi
Long-whiskered Owlet
Peru
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES
Family PODARGIDAE
K Batrachostomus harterti
Dulit Frogmouth
Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE
E Caprimulgus candicans
White-winged Nightjar
Brazil; Paraguay?
Caprimulgus centralasicus
Vaurie’s Nightjar
China
Caprimulgus maculosus
Cayenne Nightjar
French Guiana
51
 THREATENED SPECIES

R Caprimulgus noctitherus E Acestrura bombus

Puerto Rican Nightjar Little Woodstar
Puerto Rico Ecuador, Peru

I Caprimulgus pulchellus I Aglaeactis aliciae

Salvadori’s Nightjar Purple-backed Sunbeam
Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Peru
K Eleothreptus anomalus Vv Amazilia boucardi
Sickle-winged Nightjar Mangrove Hummingbird
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Costa Rica
I Eurostopodus diabolicus Vs Amazilia castaneiventris
Satanic Eared-Nightjar Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird
Indonesia: Sulawesi Colombia
E/Ex Siphonorhis americanus Vv Amazilia distans
Jamaican Poorwill Tachira Emerald
Jamaica Venezuela
Order APODIFORMES E Amazilia luciae
’ Honduran Emerald
Family APODIDAE Hoidinas

z Apus acuticauda V/R_ Campylopterus ensipennis

Saia a Sa White-tailed Sabrewing
Trinidad and Tobago: Tobago; Venezuela
R_— Collocalia elaphra V/R_ Coeligena prunellei
Seychelles Swiftlet Black Inca
Seychelles
Colombia

OS Ge osie)
Eae
arcade Sg a
T urquoise- a
throated
ise-thr Puffleg
Colombia;
olombia, Ecuad
Ecuador
French Polynesia: Tahiti
R Eriocnemis mirabilis
R Collocalia sawtelli , Colourful Puffleg
(Aerodramus sawtelli) Galnmibin
Atiu Swiftlet
Cook Islands: Atiu E Eriocnemis nigrivestis
Black-
I Cypseloides lemosi oa Buttes
White-chested Swift
Colombia; Ecuador? K — Eulidia yarrellii
hil
I Hydrochous gigas beae a
Waterfall Swift ‘
Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan?, Sumatra: V_—- Eupherusa cyanophrys
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Blue-capped Hummingbird
Sarawak? Mexico
I Schoutedenapus schoutedeni VY Eupherusa poliocerca
Schouteden’s Swift White-tailed Hummingbird
Zaire Mexico
Family TROCHILIDAE V/R_ Haplophaedia lugens
E Acestrura berlepschi Hovey Punks
Pemiecildas Weerstar Colombia; Ecuador
Ecuador K _—-Heliangelus regalis
Royal Sunangel
Peru

52
 Birds

V/R Hylonympha macrocerca Order CORACIIFORMES

Scissor-tailed Hummingbird
Venezuela
Family ALCEDINIDAE
I Actenoides bougainvillei
I Lepidopyga lilliae
(Halcyon bougainvillei)
Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird
Moustached Kingfisher
Colombia
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Vv Loddigesia mirabilis Islands: Guadalcanal (ex?)
Marvelous Spatuletail
Actenoides hombroni
Perm
(Halcyon hombroni)
E Lophornis brachylopha Blue-capped Kingfisher
Short-crested Coquette Philippines: Mindanao
Mexico
Alcedo hercules
R Metallura baroni Blyth’s Kingfisher
Violet-throated Metaltail Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India;
Ecuador Myanmar; Nepal?; Viet Nam
R Metallura odomae Tanysiptera riedelii
Neblina Metaltail Biak Paradise-Kingfisher
Peru Indonesia
I Popelairia letitiae Todirhamphus australasia
Coppery Thorntail (Halcyon australasia)
Bolivia? Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher
Indonesia: Lombok, Sumba, Timor, Wetar and
V/R_ Ramphodon dohrnii
small islands east to Tanimbar
(Glaucis dohrnii)
Hook-billed Hermit Todirhamphus gambieri
Brazil (Halcyon gambieri)
Vv Selasphorus ardens
Tuamotu Kingfisher
Glow-throated Hummingbird French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago (Niau)
Panama Todirhamphus godeffroyi
V/R_ Sephanoides fernandensis (Halcyon godeffroyi)
Juan Fernandez Firecrown Marquesan Kingfisher
Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Hivaoa,
Tahuata)
Vv Taphrolesbia griseiventris
Grey-bellied Comet Todirhamphus ruficollaris
(Halcyon ruficollaris, H. mangaia)
Peru
Mangaia Kingfisher
I Thalurania ridgwayi Cook Islands: Mangaia
Mexican Woodnymph
Mexico Family MOMOTIDAE
K Electron carinatum
Order TROGONIFORMES
Keel-billed Motmot
Family TROGONIDAE Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras;
Mexico; Nicaragua
I Euptilotis neoxenus
Eared Trogon Family BRACHYPTERACIIDAE
Mexico; USA
R Atelornis crossleyi
Rufous-headed Ground-Roller
Madagascar

53
 THREATENED SPECIES

R Brachypteracias leptosomus Family CAPITONIDAE

Short-legged Ground-Roller
Vv Capito hypoleucus
Madagascar ie z ae
White-mantled Barbet
R Brachypteracias squamigera Colombia
Scaly Ground-Roller R — Megalaima javensis
a Black-banded Barbet
R Uratelornis chimaera Indonesia: Java

ee ee I Pogoniulus makawai
Meee White-chested Tinkerbird
Family BUCEROTIDAE Zambia

R_ Aceros corrugatus Family INDICATORIDAE

Wrinkled Hornbill
K Melignomon eisentrauti
Brunei; Indonesia: Batu Islands, Kalimantan,
Yellow-footed Honeyguide
Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
Sabah, Sarawak, Thailand Cameroon; Céte d’Ivoire?; Ghana; Guinea?;
Liberia
ar AECOAVETERE NS
(Rhyticeros everetti)
Family RAMPHASTIDAE
Sumba Hornbill K Aulacorhynchus huallagae
Indonesia: Sumba Yellow-browed Toucanet
Peru
R Aceros narcondami
Narcondam Hornbill Family PICIDAE
ESiesacomdam E/Ex Campephilus imperialis
R Aceros nipalensis Imperial Woodpecker
Rufous-necked Hornbill Mexico
Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; E/Ex Campephilus principalis
a med wswrses
Myanmar, Nepal (ex?); Thailand; Viet Nam Tvory-billed! Woadipeckeh
I Aceros subruficollis Cuba; USA
Plain-pouched Hornbill
India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Myanmar; Thailand d Colaptes fernandinae
Femandina’s Flicker
R Anthracoceros montani Cuba
Sulu Hornbill
Philippines: Jolo, Tawitawi VR Dryocopus galeatus
Helmeted Woodpecker
I Buceros vigil Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
Riingpias aiss
Helmeted Hom
Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan,
EB Pleodes borealis
Sumatra; ae oes
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah,
Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand I Picus rabieri
Order PICIFORMES oo
Family GALBULIDAE E Sapheopipo noguchii
K — Galbula pastazae Okinawa Woodpecker
Coppery-chested Jacamar Japan: Okinawa
Brazil?; Colombia; Ecuador
Order PASSERIFORMES
E Jacamaralcyon tridactyla
fee teed Tacariar Family EURYLAIMIDAE
Brazil R Pseudocalyptomena graueri
Grauer’s Broadbill
Uganda; Zaire

54
 Birds

Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE I Synallaxis courseni

Apurimac Spinetail
V_ Xiphocolaptes falcirostris
Peru
(includes X. franciscanus)
Moustached Woodcreeper V/R_ Synallaxis infuscata
Brazil Pinto’s Spinetail
Brazil
Family FURNARIIDAE
Vv Synallaxis kollari
K = Aphrastura masafuerae
Hoary-throated Spinetail
Mas Afuera Rayadito
Brazil
Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands
E Synallaxis tithys
K___Asthenes anthoides
Blackish-headed Spinetail
Austral Canastero
Ecuador, Peru
Argentina; Chile
Vv Synallaxis zimmeri
I Asthenes berlepschi
Russet-bellied Spinetail
Berlepsch’s Canastero
Peru
Bolivia
V/R_ Thripophaga berlepschi
I Asthenes luizae
Russet-mantled Softtail
Cip6é Canastero
Peru
Brazil
Vv Thripophaga cherriei
E Automolus ruficollis
Orinoco Softtail
Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner
Venezuela
Ecuador, Peru
V/R_ Thripophaga macroura
Vv Cinclodes palliatus
Striated Softtail
White-bellied Cinclodes
Brazil
Peru
Family FORMICARIIDAE
I Hylocryptus erythrocephalus
(Automolus erythrocephalus) V/R_ Biatas nigropectus
Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner White-bearded Antshrike
Ecuador, Peru Argentina; Brazil
E Leptasthenura xenothorax Vv Cercomacra carbonaria
White-browed Tit-Spinetail Rio Branco Antbird
Peru Brazil

K Megaxenops parnaguae E Clytoctantes alixii

Great Xenops Recurve-billed Bushbird
Brazil Colombia; Venezuela
E Philydor novaesi I Clytoctantes atrogularis
Alagoas Foliage-gleaner Rondonia Bushbird
Brazil Brazil
V/R_ Premnoplex tatei V/R_ Dysithamnus occidentalis
(Margarornis tatei) Bicolored Antvireo
White-throated Barbtail Colombia; Ecuador
Venezuela
V/R_ Dysithamnus plumbeus
E Simoxenops Striatus (Thamnomanes plumbeus)
Bolivian Recurvebill Plumbeous Antvireo
Bolivia Brazil

K Synallaxis cherriei Vv Formicarius rufifrons

Chestnut-throated Spinetail Rufous-fronted Antthrush
Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Peru

55
 THREATENED SPECIES

Formicivora erythronotos Pithys castanea

Black-hooded Antwren White-masked Antbird
Brazil Peru

Formicivora theringi Pyriglena atra

Narrow-billed Antwren Fringe-backed Fire-eye
Brazil Brazil
Formicivora littoralis Rhopornis ardesiaca
Restinga Antwren Slender Antbird
Brazil Brazil
E/Ex Grallaria alleni Terenura sharpei
Moustached Antpitta Yellow-rumped Antwren
Colombia Bolivia; Peru
Grallaria chthonia Terenura sicki
Tachira Antpitta Alagoas Antwren
Venezuela Brazil
Grallaria gigantea Xenornis setifrons
Giant Antpitta Speckled Antshrike
Colombia; Ecuador Colombia; Panama
E/Ex Grallaria milleri Family RHINOCRYPTIDAE
Brown-banded Antpitta
Colombia I Merulaxis stresemanni
Stresemann’s Bristlefront
Grallaria rufocinerea Brazil
Bicolored Antpitta
Colombia Scytalopus novacapitalis
Brasilia Tapaculo
V/R Grallaricula cucullata Brazil
Hooded Antpitta
Colombia; Venezuela Scytalopus psychopompus
Chestnut-sided Tapaculo
Herpsilochmus parkeri Brazil
Ash-throated Antwren
Peru Family COTINGIDAE

Herpsilochmus pectoralis E/Ex Calyptura cristata

Pectoral Antwren Kinglet Calyptura
Brazil Brazil

Myrmeciza griseiceps Carpodectes antoniae

Grey-headed Antbird Yellow-billed Cotinga
Ecuador, Peru Costa Rica; Panama

V/R Myrmeciza ruficauda V/R Carpornis melanocephalus

Scalloped Antbird Black-headed Berryeater
Brazil Brazil

Myrmotherula fluminensis V/R Cephalopterus glabricollis

Rio de Janeiro Antwren Bare-necked Umbrellabird
Brazil Costa Rica; Panama
V/R Myrmotherula grisea Cotinga maculata
Ashy Antwren Banded Cotinga
Bolivia Brazil

Myrmotherula snowi V/R Todopleura pipra

Alagoas Antwren Buff-throated Purpletuft
Brazil Brazil
 Birds

V/R_ Lipaugus lanioides Hemitriccus furcatus

Cinnamon-vented Piha
Brazil
E Pachyramphus spodiurus
Slaty Becard
Ecuador, Peru
R Tijuca condita
Grey-winged Cotinga
Brazil
R Xipholena atropurpurea
White-winged Cotinga
Brazil
K Zaratornis stresemanni
(Ampelion stresemanni)
White-cheeked Cotinga
Peru
Family PIPRIDAE
I Pipra vilasboasi
Golden-crowned Manakin
Brazil
VR Piprites pileatus
Black-capped Piprites
Argentina; Brazil
Family TYRANNIDAE
V/R_ Agriornis andicola
(A. albicauda)
White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant
Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Ecuador; Peru
Vv Alectrurus risora
(Yetapa risora)
Strange-tailed Tyrant
Argentina; Brazil (ex?); Paraguay;
(ex?)
E Anairetes alpinus
Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant
Bolivia; Peru
E Attila torridus
Ochraceous Attila
Colombia; Ecuador; Peru
V/R_ Lathrotriccus griseipectus
(Empidonax griseipectus)
Grey-breasted Flycatcher
Ecuador, Peru
I Euscarthmus rufomarginatus
Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant
Bolivia; Brazil; Suriname
Vv Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus
Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant
Peru
(Ceratotriccus furcatus)
Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant
Brazil
Hemitriccus kaempferi
(Idioptilon kaempferi)
Kaempfer’s Tody-Tyrant
Brazil
V/R Hemitriccus mirandae
Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant
Brazil
Phylloscartes ceciliae
Alagoas Tyrannulet
Brazil
Phylloscartes lanyoni
Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant
Colombia
V/R Phylloscartes paulistus
Sao Paulo Tyrannulet
Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay
Phylloscartes roquettei
Minas Gerais Tyrannulet
Brazil
V/R Platyrinchus leucoryphus
Russet-winged Spadebill
Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay
V/R Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus
Dinelli’s Doradito
Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay
Todirostrum senex
Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher
Brazil
Uruguay
Tyrannus cubensis
Giant Kingbird
Cuba; Turks and Caicos Islands
Family PHYTOTOMIDAE
E Phytotoma raimondii
Peruvian Plantcutter
Peru
Family PITTIDAE
I Pitta anerythra
Black-faced Pitta
Papua New Guinea: Bougainville (ex?);
Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel (ex?)
Pitta elliotii
Bar-bellied Pitta
Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam

57
 THREATENED SPECIES
E Pitta gurneyi
Gumey’s Pitta
Myanmar (ex?); Thailand
I Pitta kochi
Whiskered Pitta
Philippines: Luzon
R Pitta nympha
Fairy Pitta
China; Japan; Korea Republic: Cheju Do and
nearby islands; Taiwan.
Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak; Viet Nam
E Pitta schneideri
Schneider’s Pitta
Indonesia: Sumatra
R Pitta steerii
Azure-breasted Pitta
Philippines: Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar
I Pitta superba
Superb Pitta
Papua New Guinea: Manus
Family XENICIDAE
E_ Xenicus longipes
Bush Wren
New Zealand (ex?)
Family PHILEPITTIDAE
I Neodrepanis hypoxanthus
Yellow bellied Asity
Madagascar
Family ATRICHORNITHIDAE
E Atrichornis clamosus
Noisy Scrub-bird
Australia
R Atrichornis rufescens
Rufous Scrub-bird
Australia
Family ALAUDIDAE
I Spizocorys fringillaris
Botha’s Lark
South Africa
E Alauda razae
Raso Lark
Cape Verde: Raso Island
I Heteromirafra archeri
Archer’s Lark
Somalia
I Heteromirafra ruddi
Rudd’s Lark
Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland
Heteromirafra sidamoensis
Sidamo Lark
Ethiopia
Mirafra ashi
Ash’s Lark
Somalia
Mirafra degodiensis
Degodi Lark
Ethiopia
* Indonesia:
Family HIRUNDINIDAE
R Hirundo megaensis
White-tailed Swallow
Ethiopia
Hirundo perdita
Red Sea Swallow
Sudan?
Pseudochelidon sirintarae
White-eyed River-Martin
Thailand
Family MOTACILLIDAE
K Anthus chloris
Yellow-breasted Pipit
Lesotho; South Africa
Anthus nattereri
Ochre-breasted Pipit
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay
Anthus sokokensis
Sokoke Pipit
Kenya; Tanzania (ex?)
Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE
Vv Campephaga lobata
Ghana Cuckooshrike
Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone
Coracina coerulescens
Blackish Cuckooshrike
Philippines: Luzon
Coracina sula
Sula Cicadabird
Indonesia: Sula Islands
Coracina newtoni
Réunion Cuckooshrike
Réunion
Coracina ostenta
White-winged Cuckooshrike
Philippines: Guimaras, Negros, Panay
Coracina schistacea
Slaty Cuckooshrike
Indonesia: Banggai, Peleng, Sula
58
 Birds

v Coracina typica I Prionops gabela

Mauritius Cuckooshrike Angola Helmetshrike
Mauritius Angola

Family PYCNONOTIDAE I Telophorus kupeensis

(Malaconotus kupeensis)
Vv Chlorocichla prigoginet
Serle’s Bushshrike
Prigogine’s Greenbul
Cameroon
Zaire
Family VANGIDAE
Criniger olivaceus
Yellow-bearded Bulbul R Xenopirostris damii
Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Van Dam’s Vanga
Senegal; Sierra Leone Madagascar

Ixos siquijorensis R Xenopirostris polleni

(Hypsipetes siquijorensis) Pollen’s Vanga
Streak-breasted Bulbul Madagascar
Philippines: Romblon, Siquijor, Tablas
Family CINCLIDAE
Phyllastrephus apperti
K Cinclus schulzi
Appert’s Greenbul
Rufous-throated Dipper
Madagascar
Argentina; Bolivia
Phyllastrephus cinereiceps
Family TROGLODYTIDAE
Grey-crowned Greenbul
Madagascar V/R_ Hylorchilus sumichrasti
(Catherpes sumichrasti)
Phyllastrephus leucolepis
Slender-billed Wren
Liberian Greenbul
Mexico
Liberia
R Cistothorus apolinari
Phyllastrephus tenebrosus
Apolinar’s Wren
Dusky Greenbul
Colombia
Madagascar
V/R_ Ferminia cerverai
Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii
Zapata Wren
Blue-wattled Bulbul
Cuba
Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra
I Thryothorus nicefori
Family LANIDAE Niceforo’s Wren
K Laniarius liberatus Colombia
Bulo Burti Boubou
Family MIMIDAE
Somalia
E Mimodes graysoni
Lanius newtoni
Socorro Mockingbird
Newton’s Fiscal Shrike
Mexico: Socorro
Sao Tomé and Principe: S40 Tomé (ex?)
E Nesomimus trifasciatus
Malaconotus alius
Charles Mockingbird
Uluguru Bushshrike
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Champion,
Tanzania
Gardner
Malaconotus monteiri
E Ramphocinclus brachyurus
Monteiro’s Bushshrike
White-breasted Thrasher
Angola; Cameroon (ex?); Kenya
Martinique; Saint Lucia
Malaconotus gladiator
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Green-breasted Bushshrike
Cameroon; Nigeria? V___sAcrocephalus familiaris
(includes A. kingi)
Millerbird
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa)

59
 THREATENED SPECIES

K ___ Acrocephalus paludicola R Arcanator orostruthus

Aquatic Warbler (Modulatrix orostruthus)
Austria; Belarus; Germany; Hungary; Latvia; Dapple-throat
Lithuania; Moldova; Poland; Russia; Ukraine. Mozambique; Tanzania
* France; Iran; Italy; Latvia; Mali; Morocco; K Batis minima
Netherlands; Portugal; Senegal; Spain;
Verreaux’s Batis
Switzerland; United Kingdom Cameroon; Gabon
E Acrocephalus rehsei E Bebrornis rodericanus
Nauru Reed-Warbler pet Ce
(Acrocephalus rodericanus)
Bit Rodriguesz Brush-Warbler
R_ Acrocephalus sorghophilus Mauritius: Rodrigues
Streaked Reed-Warbler
R Bebrornis sechellensis
China. * Philippines (Acrocephalus sechellensis)
V___Alcippe variegaticeps Seychelles Brush-Warbler
Gold-fronted Fulvetta Seychelles: Cousin
mare I Brachypteryx hyperythra
E Alethe choloensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing
Cholo Alethe China; India
a oe K Bradypterus grandis
Amaurocichla bocagii Ja River Scrub-Warbler
Bocage’s Longbill Cameroon; Gabon
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé Vitara ersaed
K ~~ Amytornis barbatus Grauer’s Scrub-Warbler
Grey Grasswren Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire
Australia R Bradypterus major
K = Amytornis dorotheae Long-billed Bush-Warbler
Carpentarian Grasswren China; India; Pakistan
Australia . .
K Chaetornis striatus
Amytornis goyderi Bristled Grassbird
Eyrean Grasswren Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan
Australia
us R Chloropeta gracilirostris
K = Amytornis textilis Thin-billed Flycatcher-Warbler
Thick-billed Grasswren Burundi; Kenya; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire;
Australia Zambia
R Apalis argentea Vv Chrysomma altirostre
Kungwe Apalis (Moupinia altirostris)
Burundi; Rwanda; Tanzania; Zaire Jerdon’s Babbler
roe ences India; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Pakistan
White-winged Apalis I Cisticola haesitatus
Kenya (ex?); Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania Island Cisticola
R Apalis kaboboensis Yemen: Socotra
Kabobo Apalis K Cisticola restrictus
Zaire Tana River Cisticola
K _ Apalis karamojae Kenya; Somalia?
Karamoja Apalis R Clytorhynchus hamlini
Tanzania; Uganda Rennell Shrikebill
K__ Aphelocephala pectoralis Solomon Islands: Rennell
Chestnut-breasted Whiteface
Australia

Cochoa azurea
Javan Cochoa
Indonesia: Java
Cochoa beccarii
Sumatran Cochoa
Indonesia: Sumatra
Copsychus cebuensis
Black Shama
Philippines: Cebu
Copsychus sechellarum
Seychelles Magpie-Robin
Seychelles: Aride, Fregate
Cossypha heinrichi
White-headed Robin-Chat
Angola; Zaire
Crocias langbianis
Grey-crowned Crocias
Viet Nam
Crossleyia xanthophrys
Yellow-browed Oxylabes
Madagascar
Cyornis herioti
Blue-breasted Flycatcher
Philippines: Catanduanes, Luzon
Cyornis ruckii
Rueck’s Blue-Flycatcher
Indonesia: Sumatra
Peninsular Malaysia
Cyornis sanfordi
Matinan Flycatcher
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Dasyornis brachypterus
Easter Bristlebird
Australia
Dasyornis longirostris
Western Bristlebird
Australia
Eremomela turneri
Turner’s Eremomela
Kenya; Uganda; Zaire
Ficedula bonthaina
Lompobattang Flycatcher
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Ficedula harterti
Sumba Flycatcher
Indonesia: Sumba
Ficedula henrici
Damar Flycatcher
Indonesia: Damar
Birds
Ficedula timorensis
Black-banded Flycatcher
Indonesia: Timor
Garrulax bieti
White-speckled Laughingthrush
China
Garrulax cinereifrons
Ashy-headed Laughingthrush
Sri Lanka
Garrulax milleti
Black-hooded Laughingthrush
Viet Nam
Garrulax sukatschewi
Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush
China
Garrulax yersini
Collared Laughingthrush
Viet Nam
Humblotia flavirostris
Humblot’s Flycatcher
Comoros: Grand Comoro
Hypothymis coelestis
Celestial Monarch
Philippines: Basilan, Dinagat, Luzon,
Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Sibuyan
Hypothymis helenae
(ex?); Malaysia?: Short-crested Monarch
Philippines: Dinagat, Luzon, Mindanao, North
Camiguin, Polillo Islands, Samar
Jabouilleia danjoui
Shori-tailed Scimitar-Babbler
Viet Nam
Kupeornis gilberti
(Lioptilus gilberti)
White-throated Mountain-Babbler
Cameroon; Nigeria
Liocichla omeiensis
Omei Shan Liocichla
China
Luscinia obscura
(Erithacus obscurus)
Black-throated Blue Robin
China
Luscinia ruficeps
(Erithacus ruficeps)
Rufous-headed Robin
China
61
THREATENED SPECIES

Macrosphenus pulitzeri Myiagra atra

Pulitzer’s Longbill Biak Flycatcher
Angola Indonesia: Biak, Numfor
Malacocincla perspicillata Myiagra freycineti
(Trichastoma perspicillatum) Guam Flycatcher
Black-browed Babbler Guam
Indonesia: Kalimantan
Myiophonus blighi
Malacocincla vanderbilti Ceylon Whistling-Thrush
(Trichastoma vanderbilti) Sri Lanka
Vanderbilt’s Babbler
Napothera rabori
Indonesia: Sumatra
Rabor’s Wren-Babbler
Malurus coronatus Philippines: Luzon
Purple-crowned Fairy-wren
Nesillas aldabrana
Australia
Aldabra Bush-warbler
Megalurus albolimbatus Seychelles: Aldabra (ex?)
Marsh Grassbird
Newtonia fanovanae
China; Japan; Mongolia?
Red-tailed Newtonia
Megalurus pryeri Madagascar
Marsh Grassbird, Japanese Marsh Warbler
China; Japan; Mongolia?
Orthotomus moreaui
(Apalis moreaui)
Melaenornis annamarulae Long-billed Tailorbird
West African Black-Flycatcher Mozambique; Tanzania
Céte dIvoire; Liberia
Pachycephala meyeri
Metabolus rugensis Vogelkop Whistler
Chuuk Monarch Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk
Pachycephala rufogularis
Monarcha boanensis Red-lored Whistler
Black-chinned Monarch Australia
Indonesia: Boano
Paradoxornis davidianus
Monarcha brehmii Short-tailed Parrotbill
Biak Monarch China; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam.
Indonesia: Biak
Paradoxornis flavirostris
Monarcha everetti Black-breasted Parrotbill
White-tipped Monarch Bangladesh; India; Myanmar, Nepal (ex?)
Indonesia: Tanahjampea
Paradoxornis przewalskii
Muscicapa lendu Rusty-throated Parrotbill
Chapin’s Alseonax China
Kenya; Uganda; Zaire
Paradoxornis ruficeps
Myadestes lanaiensis Rufous-headed Parrotbill
Olomao Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Laos;
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Myanmar; Viet Nam
Myadestes myadestinus Paradoxornis zappeyi
Kamao Grey-hooded Parrotbill
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) China
Myadestes palmeri Pellorneum palustre
Puaiohi Marsh Babbler
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Bangladesh; India

62
 Birds

Petroica traversi Rhinomyias albigularis

Chatham Robin White-throated Jungle-Flycatcher
[Reintroduced to Mangere and Rangatira, Philippines: Guimaras, Negros
Chatham Islands, New Zealand] Rhinomyias brunneata
Phylloscopus amoenus Brown-chested Jungle-Flycatcher
Sombre Leaf-Warbler China; India: Nicobar Islands. * Malaysia?:
Solomon Islands: Kulambangra Peninsular Malaysia; Thailand
Picathartes gymnocephalus Rhinomyias colonus
White-necked Rockfowl Henna-tailed Jungle-Flycatcher
Céte d’Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Indonesia: Mangole, Peleng, Sanana, Sulawesi
Leone Rhipidura malaitae
Picathartes oreas Malaita Fantail
Grey-necked Rockfowl Solomon Islands: Malaita (ex?)
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko,
Rhyacornis bicolor
continental?; Gabon; Nigeria Luzon Water-Redstart
Platysteira laticincta Philippines: Luzon
Banded Wattle-eye Saxicola dacotiae
Cameroon Canary Islands Chat
Pomarea dimidiata Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura,
Rarotonga Monarch Alegranza?, Montafia Clara?)
Cook Islands: Rarotonga
Saxicola gutturalis
Pomarea iphis White-bellied Bushchat
Iphis Monarch Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor
French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Uahuka) Saxicola insignis
Pomarea mendozae White-throated Bushchat
Marquesan Monarch Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * China?;
French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Tahuata India; Nepal
(ex?), Nukuhiva (ex?), Mohotani, Uapoa,
Saxicola macrorhyncha
Hivaoa) White-browed Bushchat
Pomarea nigra India; Pakistan
Tahiti Monarch Scepomycter winifredae
French Polynesia: Tahiti (Bathmocercus winifredae)
Pomarea whitneyi Mrs Moreau’s Warbler
Fatuhiva Monarch Tanzania
French Polynesia: Fatuhiva Sheppardia gabela
Prinia burnesii (Erithacus gabela)
Rufous-vented Prinia Gabela Akalat
India; Pakistan Angola

Prinia fluviatilis Sheppardia gunningi

River Prinia (Erithacus gunningi)
Cameroon; Chad; Mali; Senegal East Coast Akalat
Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania
Pseudocossyphus bensoni
(Monticola bensoni) Sheppardia lowei
Benson’s Rock-Thrush (Dryocichloides lowei)
Madagascar Iringa Akalat
Tanzania
Psophodes nigrogularis
Western Whipbird Sheppardia montana
Australia (Dryocichloides montanus)
Usambara Akalat
Tanzania

63
 THREATENED SPECIES

Spelaeornis badeigularis K Turdus haplochrous

Rusty-throated Wren-Babbler Unicolored Thrush
India Bolivia
K Spelaeornis caudatus K Turdus menachensis
Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Yemen Thrush
Bhutan; India; Nepal Saudi Arabia; Yemen

R Spelaeornis longicaudatus R Turdus swalesi

Tawny-breasted Wren-Babbler La Selle Thrush
India Dominican Republic; Haiti
R Sphenocichla humei R Zoothera everetti
Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Everett’s Thrush
China; India; Myanmar Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak
Vs Stachyris grammiceps R Zoothera guttata
White-breasted Babbler Spotted Ground-Thrush
Indonesia: Java Malawi; Mozambique?; South Africa; Sudan;
R___ Stachyris herberti Zaire. *Kenya; Tanzania
Sooty Babbler I Zoothera kibalensis
Laos (Turdus kibalensis)
Kibale Ground-Thrush
Vs Stachyris nigrorum
Negros Striped-Babbler Uganda
Philippines: Negros, Panay R_— Zoothera machiki
Fawn-breasted Thrush
: Stachyris oglei Indonesia: Larat, Yamdena
Snowy-throated Babbler
India R Zoothera major
R Stachyris rodolphei Tae = re
Deignan’s Babbler as mas
Thailand R Zoothera oberlaenderi
V Stachyris speciosa (Turdus oberlaenderi)
Flame-templed Babbler Oberlaender’s Ground-Thrush
Philippines: Negros, Panay Uganda; Zaire

R Swynnertonia swynnertoni R Zoothera peronii

Swynnerton’s Robin Orange-banded Thrush
Mozambique; Tanzania; Zimbabwe Indonesia: Babar, Damar, Romang, Timor,
Wetar
R Terpsiphone corvina 5
Seychelles Paradise-Flycatcher - -oothens ser is
Seychelles:
eychelles Felicite?, LaDigue,Digue, Praslin
cite?, La Pras y-backed Tantei
lane ‘Thms
Tri t
richastoma woodidi Family\ PARIDAE
(Leonardina wood)
Bagobo Babbler Vv Parus holsti
Philippines: Mindanao Yellow Tit
E Trichocichla rufa Taiwan
Long-legged Thicketbird Vs Parus nuchalis
Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu White-naped Tit
V Turdoides hindei ae
Hinde’s Pied-Babbler Family SITTIDAE
Kenya
R Sitta formosa
K Turdus feae Beautiful Nuthatch
Grey-sided Thrush China; India; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand: Viet
China. * India; Myanmar, Thailand Nam
 Birds

Sitta ledanti Nectarinia rockefelleri

Algerian Nuthatch Rockefeller’s Sunbird
Algeria Zaire
Sitta magna Nectarinia rufipennis
Giant Nuthatch Rufous-winged Sunbird
China; Myanmar, Thailand Tanzania

Sitta solangiae Nectarinia thomensis

Yellow-billed Nuthatch (Dreptes thomensis)
China; Viet Nam Sao Tomé Sunbird
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Sitta victoriae
White-browed Nuthatch Family ZOSTEROPIDAE
Myanmar
R Heleia muelleri
Sitta yunnanensis Spot-breasted White-eye
Yunnan Nuthatch Indonesia: Timor
China
Madanga ruficoilis
Family RHABDORNITHIDAE Rufous-throated White-eye
Indonesia: Buru
R Rhabdornis grandis
Long-billed Rhabdomis Rukia longirostra
Philippines: Luzon Long-billed White-eye
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Family DICAEIDAE
Rukia ruki
R Dicaeum everetti
Truk White-eye
Brown-backed Flowerpecker
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk (Tol
Indonesia: Kalimantan, Natuna Islands, Riau
Island, Polle?, Onei?, Pata?)
Archipelago; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
Sabah, Sarawak Speirops brunneus
Fernando Po Speirops
Dicaeum quadricolor
Equatorial Guinea: Bioko
Four-coloured Flowerpecker
Philippines: Cebu Speirops leucophoeus
Principe Speirops
Pardalotus quadragintus
Sao Tomé and Principe: Principe
Forty-spotted Pardalote
Australia: Tasmania Woodfordia lacertosa
Sanford’s White-eye
Family NECTARINIIDAE
Solomon Islands: Ndeni Island
v Aethopyga duyvenbodei
Zosterops albogularis
Elegant Sunbird
White-chested White-eye
Indonesia: Sangihe, Siau
Norfolk Island
Anthreptes pallidigaster
Zosterops anomalus
Amani Sunbird
Lemon-throated White-eye
Kenya; Tanzania
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Anthreptes rubritorques
Zosterops chloronothos
Banded Sunbird
Mauritius Olive White-eye
Tanzania
Mauritius
Nectarinia buettikoferi
Zosterops flavus
Apricot-breasted Sunbird
Javan White-eye
Indonesia: Sumba
Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan; Malaysia:
Nectarinia prigoginei Sarawak
Prigogine’s Double-collared Sunbird
Zosterops kuehni
Zaire
Ambon Yellow White-eye
Indonesia: Ambon, Seram?

65
 THREATENED SPECIES

Zosterops luteirostris Philemon fuscicapillus

Splendid White-eye Dusky Friarbird
Solomon Islands: Gizo, Ranongga Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai

Zosterops meeki Xanthomyza phrygia

White-throated White-eye Regent Honeyeater
Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island Australia
Zosterops modestus Family EMBERIZIDAE
Seychelles Grey White-eye
I Altlapetes flaviceps
Seychelles: Mahé
Olive-headed Brush-Finch
Zosterops mouroniensis Colombia
Comoro White-eye
E/Ex Altlapetes pallidiceps
Comoros: Grand Comoro
Pale-headed Brush-Finch
Zosterops sanctaecrucis Ecuador
Santa Cruz White-eye, Nendo White-eye
Bangsia aureocincta
Solomon Islands: Nendo
(Buthraupis aureocincta)
Zosterops uropygialis Gold-ringed Tanager
Golden-bellied White-eye Colombia
Indonesia: Kai Islands
VR Bangsia melanochlamys
Family MELIPHAGIDAE (Buthraupis melanochlamys)
Vv Apalopteron familiare Black-and-gold Tanager
Bonin Honeyeater Colombia
Japan: Haha-jima and possibly offshore islands Buthraupis aureodorsalis
Lichmera notabilis (Bangsia aureodorsalis)
Black-chested Honeyeater Golden-backed Mountain-Tanager
Indonesia: Wetar Peru

Melidectes princeps V/R Buthraupis wetmorei

Long-bearded Melidectes Masked Mountain-Tanager
Papua New Guinea Colombia; Ecuador; Peru

Meliphaga vicina V/R Calyptophilus frugivorus

Tagula Honeyeater Chat Tanager
Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island Dominican Republic; Haiti

Moho bishopi Camarhynchus heliobates

Bishop’s Oo Mangrove Finch
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Fermandina,
Isabela
Moho braccatus
Kauai Oo V/R Chlorochrysa nitidissima
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Multicolored Tanager
Colombia
Myzomela kuehni
Crimson-hooded Myzomela Chlorospingus flavovirens
Indonesia: Wetar (ex?) Yellow-green Bush-Tanager
Colombia; Ecuador
Notiomystis cincta
Stitchbird E/Ex Conothraupis mesoleuca
New Zealand: Little Barrier Island Cone-billed Tanager
Brazil
Philemon brassi
Brass’s Friarbird Dacnis berlepschi
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Scarlet-breasted Dacnis
Colombia; Ecuador
 Birds

V/R Dacnis nigripes Poospiza garleppi

Black-legged Dacnis Cochabamba Mountain-Finch
Brazil Bolivia

Diglossa venezuelensis Poospiza rubecula

Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch
Venezuela Peru

Emberiza sulphurata V/R Pseudodacnis hartlaubi

Yellow Bunting (Dacnis hartlaubi)
Japan. * China; Hong Kong; Korea D.P.R.; Turquoise Dacnis-Tanager
Korea Republic; Philippines; Taiwan Colombia

Gubernatrix cristata Rowettia goughensis

Yellow Cardinal Gough Finch
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay (ex?); Uruguay Saint Helena: Gough Island

V/R Hemispingus goeringi VR Saltator rufiventris

Slaty-backed Hemispingus Rufous-bellied Saltator
Venezuela Argentina; Bolivia

Incaspiza ortizi VIR Sporophila falcirostris

Grey-winged Inca-Finch Temminck’s Seedeater
Peru Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay

Junco insularis VIR Sporophila frontalis

(J. hyemalis insularis) Buffy-fronted Seedeater
Guadalupe Junco Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay
Mexico: Guadalupe Island Sporophila hypochroma
E/Ex Nemosia rourei Grey-and-chestnut Seedeater
Cherry-throated Tanager Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay
Brazil
E/Ex Sporophila insulata
Nesospiza acunhae Tumaco Seedeater
Nightingale Finch Colombia: Tumaco Island
Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island, Nightingale
E/Ex Sporophila melanops
Island, Middle Island, Stoltenhoff Island, Hooded Seedeater
Tristan da Cunha Brazil
Nesospiza wilkinsi Sporophila nigrorufa
Wilkins’s Finch Black-and-tawny Seedeater
Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible
Bolivia; Brazil
Island, Nightingale Island
Sporophila palustris
V/R Oreothraupis arremonops Marsh Seedeater
Tanager Finch Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay
Colombia; Ecuador
Sporophila zelichi
V/R Poospiza alticola Narosky’s Seedeater
Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch Argentina
Peru
V/R Tangara cabanisi
V/R Poospiza baeri Azure-rumped Tanager
Tucuman Mountain-Finch Guatemala; Mexico
Argentina
V/R Tangara fastuosa
Poospiza cinerea Seven-colored Tanager
Cinereous Warbling-Finch Brazil
Brazil
Tangara meyerdeschauenseei
Green-capped Tanager
Peru

67
 THREATENED SPECIES

VIR Tangara peruviana Family DREPANIDIDAE

Black-backed Tanager
E Hemignathus lucidus
Brazil
Nukupuu
Tangara phillipsi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai (ex?),
Sira Tanager Maui)
Peru
Hemignathus wilsoni
V/R Torreornis inexpectata (H. munroi)
Zapata Sparrow Akiapolaau
Cuba USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron Hemignathus obscurus
Orange-throated Tanager Akialoa
Ecuador, Peru USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Xenospingus concolor Loxioides bailleui
Slender-billed Finch Palila
Chile; Peru USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
VIR Xenospiza baileyi Loxops coccineus
(Ammodramus baileyi) Akepa
Sierra Madre Sparrow USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai, Maui,
Mexico Molokai)
Family PARULIDAE Melamprosops phaeosoma
I Poo-uli
Basileuterus griseiceps
Grey-headed Warbler USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Venezuela Oreomystis bairdi
Conirostrum tamaragense Kauai Creeper
Tamarugo Conebill USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Chile; Peru Palmeria dolei
VIR Dendroica chrysoparia Akohekohe
Golden-cheeked Warbler USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
USA. * Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Paroreomyza maculata
Nicaragua Oahu Creeper
Dendroica kirtlandii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Kirtland’s Warbler Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Canada?; USA. * Bahamas; Turks and Caicos Maui Parrotbill
Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Geothlypis speciosa Psittirostra psittacea
Black-polled Yellowthroat Ou
Mexico USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai)
E/Ex Leucopeza semperi Telespiza cantans
Semper’s Warbler Laysan Finch
Saint Lucia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan)
Myioborus pariae [USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hermes Reef, Pearl)]
Yellow-faced Redstart Telespiza ultima
Venezuela Nihoa Finch
E/Ex Vermivora bachmanii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa)
Bachman’s Warbler [USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate
USA. * Cuba? Shoals)]

V/R Xenoligea montana

White-winged Warbler
Dominican Republic; Haiti
 Birds

Family VIREONIDAE V/R Carduelis yarrellii

Yellow-faced Siskin
E Vireo atricapillus
Brazil; Venezuela
Black-capped Vireo
Mexico; USA Fringilla teydea
Teydefinch
I Vireo caribaeus
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife, Gran Canaria)
Saint Andrew Vireo
Colombia: San Andrés Island Neospiza concolor
Sao Tomé Canary
Family ICTERIDAE
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé (ex?)
Vv Agelaius flavus
Serinus ankoberensis
(Xanthopsar flavus)
Ankober Serin
Saffron-cowled Blackbird
Ethiopia
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay
Serinus flavigula
E Agelaius xanthomus
Yellow-throated Seedeater
Yellow-shouldered Blackbird
Ethiopia
Puerto Rico
Family ESTRILDIDAE
K Cacicus koepckeae
Selva Cacique R Amandava formosa
Peru (Estrilda formosa)
Green Avadavat
E Curaeus forbesi
India
Forbes’s Blackbird
Brazil Chloebia gouldiae
Gouldian Finch
I Gymnostinops cassini
Australia
(Psarocolius cassini)
Chestnut-mantled Oropendola Erythrura coloria
Colombia Red-eared Parrotfinch
Philippines: Mindanao
I Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
Red-bellied Grackle Erythrura kleinschmidti
Colombia Pink-billed Parrotfinch
Fiji: Viti Levu
E Icterus bonana
Martinique Oriole Erythrura viridifacies
Martinique Green-faced Parrotfinch
Philippines: Luzon
I Sturnella militaris
(S. defilippii) Estrilda nigriloris
Pampas Meadowlark Black-faced Waxbill
Argentina; Brazil?; Uruguay. * Brazil?; Zaire
Uruguay
Estrilda poliopareia
Family FRINGILLIDAE Fawn-breasted Waxbill
Nigeria
E Carduelis cucullata
Red Siskin Family PLOCEIDAE
Colombia; Venezuela
E Foudia flavicans
[Puerto Rico]
Yellow Fody
R Carduelis johannis Mauritius: Rodrigues
(Acanthis johannis)
Foudia rubra
Warsangli Linnet
Mauritius Fody
Somalia
Mauritius
Vv Carduelis siemiradzkii
Foudia sechellarum
Saffron Siskin
Seychelles Fody
Ecuador, Peru?
Seychelles: Cousin, Cousine, Fregate

69
 THREATENED SPECIES

Malimbus ballmanni Basilornis galeatus

Ballmann’s Malimbe Helmeted Myna
Céte d’Ivoire?; Liberia; Sierra Leone Indonesia: Banggai Islands, Sula Islands
Malimbus flavipes Cinnyricinclus femoralis
(Ploceus flavipes) Abbott’s Starling
Yellow-legged Malimbe Kenya; Tanzania
Zaire
Leucopsar rothschildi
Malimbus ibadanensis Bali Myna
Ibadan Malimbe Indonesia: Bali
Nigeria
Streptocitta albertinae
Ploceus aureonucha Bare-eyed Myna
Golden-naped Weaver Indonesia: Sula Islands
Zaire
Family ORIOLIDAE
Ploceus bannermani
R Oriolus isabellae
Bannerman’s Weaver
Isabela Oriole
Cameroon; Nigeria?
Philippines: Mindanao, Luzon
Ploceus batesi
Oriolus mellianus
Bates’s Weaver
Silver Oriole
Cameroon
China. * Thailand
Ploceus golandi
Family DICRURIDAE
Clarke’s Weaver
Kenya R Dicrurus fuscipennis
Comoro Drongo
Ploceus megarhynchus
Comoros: Grand Comoro
Yellow Weaver
India Dicrurus waldenii
Mayotte Drongo
Ploceus nicolli
Mayotte
Usambara Weaver
Tanzania Family CALLAEIDAE
Ploceus nigrimentum E Callaeas cinerea
Black-chinned Weaver Kokako
Angola; Congo? New Zealand
Ploceus ruweti Philesturnus carunculatus
Ruwet’s Masked-Weaver (Creadion carunculatus)
Zaire Saddleback
Ploceus subpersonatus New Zealand
Loango Weaver Family PTILONORHYNCHIDAE
Angola; Gabon; Zaire
K = Amblyornis flavifrons
Ploceus victoriae Golden-fronted Bowerbird
Victoria Masked-Weaver Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Uganda
R Sericulus bakeri
Family STURNIDAE Fire-maned Bowerbird
E Aplonis cinerascens Papua New Guinea
Rarotonga Starling Family PARADISAEIDAE
Cook Islands: Rarotonga
Vs Astrapia mayeri
Aplonis santovestris Ribbon-tailed Astrapia
Mountain Starling Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu: Espirito Santo

70
 Birds

Epimachus fastuosus Corvus unicolor

Black Sicklebill Banggai Crow
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Banggai

Paradigalla carunculata Crypsirina cucullata

Long-tailed Paradigalla Hooded Treepie
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Myanmar

Paradisaea decora Cyanolyca mirabilis

Goldie’s Bird-of-paradise White-throated Jay
Papua New Guinea: Fergusson, Normanby Mexico

Parotia wahnesi Cyanolyca nana

Wahnes’s Parotia Dwarf Jay
Papua New Guinea Mexico

Family CORVIDAE Perisoreus internigrans

Sichuan Jay
R Corvus florensis China
Flores Crow
Indonesia: Flores Urocissa ornata
Ceylon Magpie
Corvus hawaiiensis
Sri Lanka
Hawaiian Crow
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Zavattariornis stresemanni
Stresemann’s Bush-Crow
Corvus kubaryi
Ethiopia
Mariana Crow
Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota

71
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Class REPTILIA
Order TESTUDINES
Family KINOSTERNIDAE
R Kinosternon angustipons
Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle
Costa Rica; Nicaragua; Panama
Kinosternon creaseri
Creaser’s Mud Turtle
Mexico: Yucatan Peninsula
Kinosternon depressum
(Sternotherus depressus, Sternotherus
depressus)
Flattened Musk Turtle
USA: Black Warrior River system
Kinosternon dunni
Dunn’s Mud Turtle
Colombia
Kinosternon oaxacae
Oaxaca Mud Turtle
Mexico
Family DERMATEMYDIDAE
v Dermatemys mawii
Central American River Turtle
Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico
Family CHELYDRIDAE
Vv Macroclemys temminckii
Alligator Snapping Turtle
USA
Family EMYDIDAE
K Annamemys annamensis
Annam Leaf Turtle
Viet Nam
Batagur baska
Batagur
Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Indonesia:
Sumatra; Malaysia; Myanmar, Singapore?;
Thailand; Viet Nam?
Callagur borneoensis
Painted Terrapin
Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan,
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
Thailand
Clemmys muhlenbergii
Bog Turtle
USA
Reptiles
Cuora galbinifrons
(Cistoclemmys galbinifrons, includes Cuora
hainanensis)
Indochinese Box Turtle
China: Hainan Island; Viet Nam
Cuora yunnanensis
(Cyclemys yunnanensis)
Yunnan Box Turtle
China: Yunnan
Geoclemys hamiltonii
(Damonia hamiltonii)
minor Black Pond Turtle
Bangladesh; India; Nepal?; Pakistan
Geoemyda silvatica
(Heosemys silvatica)
Cochin Forest Cane Turtle
India
Graptemys barbouri
Barbour’s Map Turtle
USA: Apalachicola-Chipola River system
Graptemys caglei
Cagle’s Map Turtle
USA: Guadelupe-San Antonio River system
Graptemys flavimaculata
Yellow-blotched Map Turtle
USA: Pascagoula River system
Graptemys oculifera
Ringed Map Turtle
USA: Pearl River system
Heosemys depressa
Arakan Forest Turtle
Myanmar: Arakan hills
Heosemys leytensis
Leyte Pond Turtle
Philippines: Leyte, Palawan
Heosemys spinosa
(Geoemyda spinosa)
Spiny Turtle
Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular
Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar?;
Thailand
Sumatra; Kachuga kachuga
Sarawak; Red-crowned Roofed Turtle
Bangladesh; India; Nepal
Kachuga sylhetensis
Assam Roofed Turtle
Bangladesh; India: Assam
73
 THREATENED SPECIES

Kachuga trivittata Geochelone radiata

Burmese Roofed Turtle Radiated Tortoise
Myanmar Madagascar
[Mauritius; Réunion]
Melanochelys tricarinata
(Geoemyda or Nicoria tricarinata) Geochelone yniphora
Three-keeled Land Tortoise Madagascar Tortoise
Bangladesh; India; Nepal? Madagascar: near Baly Bay

Morenia ocellata Gopherus agassizii

Burmese Eyed Turtle (Gopherus polyphemus agassizii, Scaptochelys or
Myanmar Xerobates agassizit)
Desert Tortoise
Orlitia borneensis
Mexico; USA
Malaysian Giant Turtle
Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: I Gopherus berlandieri
Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak (Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri, Scaptochelys
or Xerobates berlandieri)
Pseudemys alabamensis
Texas Tortoise
Alabama Red-bellied Turtle
Mexico; USA
USA: Mobile Bay area
Gopherus flavomarginatus
Rhinoclemmys rubida
Bolson Tortoise
Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle
Mexico
Mexico
Gopherus polyphemus
Terrapene coahuila
Gopher Tortoise
Aquatic Box Turtle
USA
Mexico: Cuatro Cienegas basin
Homopus bergeri
Terrapene nelsoni
Berger’s Cape Tortoise
Spotted Box Turtle
Mexico
Namibia
Indotestudo elongata
Trachemys decorata
(Geochelone elongata)
(Trachemys stejnegeri decorata)
Hispaniolan Slider Elongated Tortoise
Dominican Republic; Haiti Bangladesh; Cambodia; China: Guangxi; India;
Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Thailand;
Family TESTUDINIDAE Viet Nam
Vv Geochelone chilensis Indotestudo forstenii
(Chelonoides chilensis, includes Geochelone (includes Geochelone travancorica and
donosobarrosi, Geochelone petersi) Geochelone forstenii)
Argentine Tortoise Travancore Tortoise
Argentina; Paraguay India; Indonesia: Halmahera, Sulawesi
Geochelone elephantopus Malacochersus tornieri
(G. nigra) Pancake Tortoise
Galapagos Giant Tortoise Kenya; Tanzania
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Manouria emys
Geochelone gigantea (Geochelone emys, includes Testudo nutapundi)
(Aldabrachelys elephantina, Dipsochelys Asian Giant Tortoise
elephantina) Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China?; India;
Aldabra Giant Tortoise Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos?;
Seychelles: Aldabra Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?,
[several introduced populations in region] Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam?
Geochelone platynota
Burmese Starred Tortoise
Myanmar

74
 Reptiles

K Manouria impressa EB Chelonia mydas

(Geochelone impressa) (includes C. agassizii)
Impressed Tortoise Green Turtle
Cambodia?; China?: Hainan; Laos?; Malaysia: (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and
Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet subtropical seas [Atlantic, Caribbean, Indian,
Nam Mediterranean, Pacific]; wandering individuals
recorded in temperate waters. Most numerous
Vv Psammobates geometricus
in Australia and Indonesia, large nesting
(Testudo geometrica)
populations also in Costa Rica and at several
Geometric Tortoise
sites around the Indian Ocean.)
South Africa
American Samoa; Angola; Anguilla; Antigua
I Pyxis arachnoides and Barbuda; Ascension; Australia; Bahamas?;
Spider Tortoise Bangladesh; Belize; Benin?; Brazil; British
Madagascar Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands;
Cambodia?; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; Chile?;
I Pyxis planicauda
China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo?; Cook
(Acinixys planicauda, Testudo planicauda)
Islands; Costa Rica; Céte d’Ivoire?; Cuba
Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise
Cyprus; Djibouti?; Dominica; Dominican
Madagascar: Andranomena forest
Republic; Ecuador, Egypt; El Salvador;
Vv Testudo hermanni Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated
Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy; States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Guiana;
Romania; Spain: Balearic Islands; Turkey; French Polynesia; Gabon?; Ecuador: Galapagos
Yugoslavia Islands; Ghana?; Grenada; Guadeloupe?;
[Malta; Spain: mainland] Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?;
Guyana; Haiti; Honduras?; India; Indonesia;
Vv Testudo kleinmanni
Iran; Israel (ex?); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya;
Egyptian Tortoise
Kiribati; Kuwait; Liberia?; Line Islands: north;
Egypt; Israel; Libya
Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
R Testudo marginata Sabah, Sarawak; Maldives; Marshall Islands;
Marginated Tortoise Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius: Saint
Albania; Greece Brandon; Mayotte; Mexico; Montserrat?;
[Italy] Mozambique; Myanmar; Netherlands Antilles;
New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Nigeria?; Niue;
Family CHELONIIDAE
Norther Marianas; Oman; Pakistan; Palau;
Vv Caretta caretta Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines;
Loggerhead Puerto Rico; Qatar?; Réunion: Europa,
(Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical, Glorieuses, Juan de Nova, Tromelin; Sao
subtropical and temperate seas [Atlantic, Tomé and Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal:
Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Pacific]. Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands;
Wandering individuals recorded in temperate Somalia; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint
and arctic waters.) Lucia; Saint Vincent; Sudan?; Suriname;
Angola?; Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Thailand; Togo?; Tokelau;
Belize; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Cape Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Turkey; Turks
Verde?; Cayman Islands; Colombia; Costa and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; United Arab
Rica; Cuba; Cyprus; Dominican Republic; Emirates; USA: including Hawaiian Islands;
Egypt; Greece; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Virgin Islands of the United States; Vanuatu;
Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; India?; Indonesia; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Western Sahara?;
Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Libya; Western Samoa?; Yemen; Zaire?
Madagascar, Mexico; Montserrat; Morocco;
Mozambique; Myanmar?; Namibia; New
Caledonia; Nicaragua; Oman; Panama; Papua
New Guinea?; Paracel Islands; Philippines;
Puerto Rico; Senegal; South Africa; Sri Lanka;
Saint Lucia; Turkey; Turks and Caicos Islands;
USA; Venezuela

75
 THREATENED SPECIES

E Eretmochelys imbricata E Lepidochelys olivacea

Hawksbill Turtle Olive Ridley
(Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and
subtropical seas [Atlantic, Caribbean, Indian, subtropical seas [Atlantic, Indian, Pacific].
Pacific]. Wandering individuals occasionally Major mass nesting occurs in India, Costa Rica
recorded in temperate waters.) and Mexico.)
American Samoa; Anguilla; Antigua and Angola; Australia; Bangladesh; Brazil; Costa
Barbuda; Aruba; Australia; Bahamas; Rica; El Salvador, French Guiana; Guatemala;
Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Brazil; British Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Kenya;
Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia,
Cambodia; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; China?; Sarawak; Mexico; Mozambique; Myanmar,
Colombia; Comoros; Cook Islands; Costa Nicaragua; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua
Rica; Céte d’Ivoire?; Cuba; Djibouti?; New Guinea; Peru; Senegal; South Africa; Sri
Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Lanka; Suriname; Tanzania; Thailand; Trinidad
Egypt; El Salvador?; Equatorial Guinea: and Tobago; Venezuela
Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated States of
v Natator depressus
Micronesia; Fiji; French Guiana; French
Flatback
Polynesia?; Gabon?; Ghana?; Grenada;
(Nests in Australia; recorded at sea in
Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?;
Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)
Guinea-Bissau?; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras;
Australia; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
India; Indonesia; Iran; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya;
Kiribati?; Kuwait?; Madagascar, Malaysia: Family DERMOCHELYIDAE
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak;
E Dermochelys coriacea
Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique;
Leatherback
Mauritania?; Mayotte; Mexico; Montserrat;
Mozambique; Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and
subtropical seas [Atlantic, Indian, Pacific].
New Caledonia?; Nicaragua; Nigeria?;
Northern Marianas?; Oman; Palau; Panama; Notable nesting in Mexico, Irian Jaya,
Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Malaysia and French Guiana. Foraging
Qatar, Réunion: Iles Glorieuses; S40 Tomé and populations regularly occur in cool temperate
waters.)
Principe?; Saudi Arabia; Senegal?; Seychelles;
Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sri Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda;
Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Australia; Brazil; British Virgin Islands;
Vincent; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Colombia?; Costa Rica; Céte d’Ivoire; Cuba;
Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga?; Trinidad and Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El
Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu?; Salvador, Fiji; French Guiana; Ghana;
United Arab Enmirates?; USA: including Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guyana;
Hawaiian Islands; US Pacific Islands?; Virgin Honduras; India; Indonesia; Israel (ex?);
Islands of the United States; Vanuatu;
Liberia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia;
Venezuela; Viet Nam?; Western Sahara?; Martinique; Mexico; Montserrat; Mozambique;
Western Samoa; Yemen Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; Nicaragua;
Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru?; Puerto
E Lepidochelys kempii Rico; Senegal; Solomon Islands; South Africa;
Kemp’s Ridley Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia;
(Virtually all nesting occurs at Rancho Nuevo Saint Vincent; Suriname; Thailand; Togo;
on the Gulf coast of Mexico [Tamaulipas Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Virgin Islands of
State]. Single or sparse nesting elsewhere in the United States; Venezuela?; Zaire
Mexico, Colombia and USA. At sea, most
frequently recorded in the Gulf of Mexico, Family CARETTOCHELYIDAE
also regular in Atlantic waters, particularly K Carettochelys insculpta
along the coast of North America, and very Pig-nosed Turtle
occasionally in the Mediterranean.) Australia; Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New
(USA: attempts are being made to establish a Guinea
nesting colony at Padre Island].
Mexico; USA

76
 Reptiles

Family TRIONYCHIDAE Vv Emydura signata

Bellinger River Emydura
R___ Aspideretes nigricans
Australia
(Trionyx nigricans)
Black Soft-shell Turtle I Phrynops dahli
Bangladesh: Nasirabad near Chittagong Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle
Colombia: Sincelejo
Family PELOMEDUSIDAE
I Phrynops hogei
I Erymnochelys madagascariensis
(Podocnemis madagascariensis, Hoge’s Sideneck Turtle
Dumerilia
Brazil
madagascariensis)
Madagascar Sideneck Turtle K _~Phrynops rufipes
Madagascar Red-footed Sideneck Turtle
Brazil; Colombia; Peru?
K Pelusios seychellensis
Seychelles Mud Turtle K _~Phrynops zuliae
Seychelles (Batrachemys zuliae)
Zulia Toad-headed Turtle
K Podocnemis erythrocephala
Venezuela
(Podocnemis cayennensis)
Red-headed Sideneck E Pseudemydura umbrina
Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela Western Swamp Turtle
Australia: near Perth
E Podocnemis expansa
South American River Turtle V Rheodytes leukops
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Guyana; Fitzroy Turtle
Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela Australia
I Podocnemis lewyana Order CROCODYLIA
Magdalena River Turtle
Colombia: Rio Magdalena basin Family ALLIGATORIDAE

K Podocnemis sextuberculata E Alligator sinensis

Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle Chinese Alligator
Brazil; Colombia; Peru China: Yangtze River system

Vs Podocnemis unifilis Vs Melanosuchus niger

Yellow-headed Sideneck Black Caiman
Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French
Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Venezuela

Family CHELIDAE Family CROCODYLIDAE

K _— Acanthochelys macrocephala Vv Crocodylus acutus
(Platemys macrocephala) American Crocodile
Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Belize?; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba;
Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay Dominican Republic; Ecuador, El Salvador;
Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Mexico;
R Acanthochelys pallidipectoris Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; USA: Florida;
(Platemys pallidipectoris) Venezuela
Chaco Sideneck Turtle
Argentina; Bolivia?; Paraguay Vv Crocodylus cataphractus
African Slender-snouted Crocodile
K Acanthochelys spixii Angola: Cabinda; Benin; Burkina Faso;
(Platemys spixii) Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad;
Spix’s Sideneck Turtle Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial Guinea;
Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay Gabon; Gambia (ex?); Ghana; Guinea;
Vv Elseya sp. Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali;
Namoi River Elseya Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal (ex?); Sierra
Australia Leone; Tanzania; Togo; Zaire; Zambia

77
 THREATENED SPECIES

Crocodylus intermedius Christinus guentheri

Orinoco Crocodile Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island
Colombia; Venezuela
Goniosaurus kuroiwae
Crocodylus mindorensis (Eublepharis kuroiwae)
Mindoro or Philippines Crocodile Kuroiwa’s Ground Gecko
Philippines Japan: Nansei-shoto
Crocodylus palustris Heteropholis rudis
Mugger Rough Gecko
Bangladesh (ex?); India; Iran; Nepal; Pakistan; New Zealand
Sri Lanka
Homonota penai
Crocodylus porosus (Garthia pefai)
Estuarine Crocodile Chile
Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia;
Homopholis mulleri
India; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular
Muller’s Velvet Gecko
Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar:
South Africa
Irrawaddy Delta; Palau; Papua New Guinea;
Philippines; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus
Thailand (ex?); Vanuatu; Viet Nam Gold-striped Gecko
New Zealand
Crocodylus rhombifer
Cuban Crocodile Hoplodactylus duvauceli
Cuba Duvaucel’s Gecko
Crocodylus siamensis New Zealand
Siamese Crocodile Hoplodactylus kabutarae
Brunei?; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Black-eyed Gecko
Sulawesi, Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: New Zealand
Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Sarawak?;
Myanmar?; Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Hoplodactylus rakiurae
Harlequin Gecko
Tomistoma schlegelii New Zealand
False Gharial
Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Hoplodactylus stephensi
Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Myanmar?; Stephen’s Island Gecko
Thailand (ex?) New Zealand

Family GAVIALIDAE Lepidodactylus listeri

Christmas Island
E Gavialis gangeticus
Gharial Lygodactylus methueni
Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Pakistan Methuen’s Dwarf Gecko
South Africa
Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA
Nactus coindemerensis
Family SPHENODONTIDAE Mauritius: Gunner’s Quoin
E Sphenodon guntheri Nactus serpensinsula
Brother’s Island Tuatara (Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula)
New Zealand: North Brother Island Serpent Island Gecko
Mauritius: Round Island, Serpent Island
Sphenodon punctatus
Cook Strait Tuatara Nephrurus deteani
New Zealand: offshore islands Australia
Order SAURIA Phelsuma guentheri
Round Island Day Gecko
Family GEKKONIDAE
Mauritius: Round Island
R Afroedura hawequensis
Hawequa Flat Gecko
South Africa

78
 Reptiles

R Phelsuma ocellata Family XANTUSHDAE

Namaqua Day Gecko
R Xantusia riversiana
Namibia; South Africa
(Klauberina riversiana)
I Phelsuma standingi Island Night Lizard
Standing’s Day Gecko USA
Madagascar
Family AGAMIDAE
Vv Phyllodactylus europaeus
Vv Ceratophora tennentii
European Leaf-toed Gekko
Tennent’s Leaf-nosed Lizard
France; Italy; Tunisia
Sri Lanka
K Phyllodactylus heterurus
Vv Ctenophorus yinnietharra
Chile
Yinnietharra Rock Dragon
K Phyllodactylus melanostictus Australia
Scarce Ground Gecko
K Gonocephalus abbotti
Thailand
Abbott’s Crested Lizard
R Phyllodactylus microlepidotus Thailand
Small-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko
Vv Hydrosaurus pustulatus
South Africa
Sail-fin Lizard
I Phyllodactylus peringueyi Philippines
Peringueyi’s Leaf-toed Gecko
Family CHAMAELEONIDAE
South Africa?
R Bradypodion nemorale
E Sphaerodactylus micropithecus
Zululand Dwarf Chamaeleon
Monito Gecko
South Africa
Puerto Rico: Monito Island
R Bradypodion setaroi
Vv Underwoodisaurus sphyurus
Setaro’s Dwarf Chamaeleon
Australia
South Africa
Family PYGOPODIDAE
E Bradypodion taeniabronchum
E Aprasia aurita Smith’s Dwarf Chamaeleon
Australia South Africa
Vs Aprasia pseudopulchella R Bradypodion thamnobates
Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard Natal Midland Dwarf Chamaeleon
Australia South Africa
WY Delma impar Family IGUANIDAE
Striped Legless Lizard
R= Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Australia
Galapagos Marine Iguana
Vv Delma labialis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Striped Tailed Delma
E Anolis roosevelti
Australia
Culebra Island Giant Anole
Vv Delma torquata Puerto Rico: Isla Culebra (ex?)
Collared Delma
Vv Brachylophus fasciatus
Australia
Fiji Banded Iguana
Vv Ophidiocephalus taeniatus Fiji; Tonga
Bronzeback Snake-lizard [Vanuatu]
Australia
V___Brachylophus vitiensis
Vv Paradelma orientalis Fiji Crested Iguana
Brigalow Scaly-foot Fiji
Australia
R Conolophus pallidus
Barrington Land Iguana
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands

79
THREATENED SPECIES

Conolophus subcristatus R Liolaemus donosi

Galapagos Land Iguana Chile
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Vv Liolaemus fuscus
Cyclura carinata Argentina; Chile
Turks and Caicos Ground Iguana
E Liolaemus gravenhorstii
Bahamas: Booby Cay; Turks and Caicos
Chile
Islands
R Liolaemus hellmichi
Cyclura collei
Chile
(Cyclura lophoma)
Jamaica Ground Iguana R Liolaemus huacahuasicus
Jamaica Argentina: Cumbres Calchaquies mountains
Cyclura cornuta Vv Liolaemus kuhlmanni
(includes Cyclura stejnegeri) Chile
Rhinoceros Iguana
Vv Liolaemus lemniscatus
Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico: Isla
Argentina; Chile
Mona; USA: Navassa Island (ex?)
Vv Liolaemus leopardinus
Cyclura cyclura
Chile
(includes Cyclura baelopha, Cyclura figginsi,
Cyclura inornata) R Liolaemus lorenzmuelleri
Andros Ground or Rock Iguana Chile
Bahamas
K Liolaemus lutzae
Cyclura nubila Brazil
Gncludes Cyclura caymanensis, Cyclura
Vv Liolaemus nitidus
macleayi)
Chile
Cuban Ground Iguana
Cayman Islands; Cuba R Liolaemus paulinae
[Puerto Rico: Isla Magueyes] Chile
Cyclura pinguis I Liolaemus rabinoi
Anegada Ground Iguana Argentina: Lago Nihuil
British Virgin Islands: Anegada Island
K Liolaemus walkeri
Cyclura ricordi Chile
Hispaniolan Ground Iguana
Vv Liolaemus zapallarensis
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Chile
Cyclura rileyi
R__Pristidactylus alvaroi
Acklin’s Ground Iguana
Chile
Bahamas
R Pristidactylus valeriae
Gambelia silus
Chile
(Crotaphytus silus, Crotaphytus wislizenii silus)
Blunt-nosed or San Joaquin Leopard Lizard K Tropidurus tarapacensis
USA Chile
Iguana delicatissima Vv Uma inornata
Lesser Antillean Iguana, West Indian Iguana Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard
Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; USA
Guadeloupe; Netherlands Antilles: Saint
Eustatius, Saint Maarten; Saint Kitts-Nevis;
Family LACERTIDAE
Martinique K Archaeolacerta monticola
Liolaemus constanzae Iberian Rock Lizard
Chile Portugal; Spain

Liolaemus curis E Gallotia simonyi

Chile Hierro Giant Lizard
Spain: Canary Islands (Hierro)

80
 Reptiles

Lacerta australis Family TEIIDAE

Southern Rock Lizard
E Ameiva polops
South Africa
Saint Croix Ground Lizard
Lacerta clarkorum Virgin Islands of the United States: Green
Georgia; Turkey Cay, Protestant Key, [Buck Island]
Lacerta rupicola Vv Callopistes maculatus
Soutpansberg Rock Lizard Chile
South Africa
Vv Cnemidophorus hyperythrus
Lacerta schreiberi Orange-throated Whiptail
Portugal; Spain Mexico; USA
Podarcis lilfordi Vv Cnemidophorus vanzoi
Lilford’s Wall Lizard Saint Lucia: Maria Islands
Spain: Mallorca, Menorca
Family SCINCIDAE
Podarcis pityusensis
R Acanthiops lineatus
Ibiza Wall Lizard
Woodbush Legless Skink
Spain: Formentera, Ibiza
South Africa
(Spain: Mallorca]
Vs Anomalopus mackayi
Family CORDYLIDAE
Long-legged Worm-skink
Vv Cordylus cataphractus Australia
Armadillo Girdled Lizard
R Barkudia insularis
South Africa
Legless Skink
Cordylus giganteus India
Giant Girdled Lizard
Vv Coeranoscincus reticulatus
South Africa
Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink
Cordylus lawrencei Australia
Lawrence’s Girdled Lizard
E Ctenotus lancelini
South Africa
Lancelin Island Skink
Cordylus mclachlani Australia: Lancelin Island
McLachlan’s Girdled Lizard
Vv Ctenotus zastictus
South Africa
Hamelin Ctenotus
Gerrhosaurus typicus Australia
Namaqua Plated Lizard
Vv Cyclodina alani
South Africa
Robust Skink
Platysaurus relictus New Zealand
Soutpansberg Flat Lizard
Vv Cyclodina macgregori
South Africa
MacGregor’s Skink
Pseudocordylus langi New Zealand
Lang’s Crag Lizard
K Cyclodina oliveri
Lesotho; South Africa
Marbled Skink
Pseudocordylus spinosus New Zealand
Spiny Crag Lizard
Vv Cyclodina whitakeri
South Africa
Whitaker’s Skink
Tetradactylus breyeri New Zealand
Breyer’s Long-tailed Seps
Vv Egernia kintorei
South Africa
Great Desert Skink
Australia

81
 THREATENED SPECIES

E Eulamprus leuraensis Phoboscincus bocourti

Blue Mountain Water Skink New Caledonia
Australia Pseudemoia lichenigera
R Eumeces kishinouyei Lord Howe Island Skink
Kishinouve’s Giant Skink Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island
Japan: Nansei-shoto Scelotes guentheri
K Isopachys gyldenstolpei Giinther’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Gyldenstolpe’s Worm Skink South Africa
Thailand
Scelotes kasneri
E Leiolopisma bomalonotum Kasner’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Chevron Skink South Africa
New Zealand
Scelotes gronovii
V____ Leiolopisma grande Gronovi’s Dwarf Burrowing Skink
Grand Skink South Africa
New Zealand
Tiliqua adelaidensis
Leiolopisma microlepis Pygmy Bluetongue
Small-scaled Skink Australia
New Zealand
Tribolonotus ponceleti
Leiolopisma notosaurus Solomon Islands: Shortland Island
Southern Skink
Typhlosaurus lomii
New Zealand
Lomi’s Blind Legless Skink
K _ Leiolopisma otagense South Africa
Otago Skink
New Zealand
Family ANGUIDAE
Abronia montecristoi
K Leiolopisma striatum
E! Salvador
Striped Skink
New Zealand Celestus duquesneyi
Jamaica
R____Leiolopisma telfairii
Round Island Skink Celestus fowleri
Mauritius: Round Island Jamaica
E Lerista allanae Celestus microblepharis
Allan’s Lerista Jamaica
Australia
Diploglossus anelpistus
Vv Lerista vittata Dominican Republic
Mount Cooper Striped Lerista
Diploglossus carruai
Australia
Dominican Republic
K Lygosoma haroldyoungi
Banded Supple Skink Diploglossus montisserrati
Montserrat
Thailand
K ___Lygosoma koratense Diploglossus warreni
Korat Supple Skink Dominican Republic
Thailand Gerrhonotus panamintus
Vv Neoseps reynoldsi Panamint Alligator Lizard
Sand Skink USA
USA Family HELODERMATIDAE
Vv Niveoscincus palfreymani Heloderma horridum
Pedra Branca Skink Beaded Lizard
Australia: Pedra Branca Island Guatemala; Mexico

82
 Reptiles

Vv Heloderma suspectum Epicrates subflavus

Gila Monster Jamaican Boa
Mexico; USA Jamaica
Family VARANIDAE Python molurus
Indian Python
I Varanus flavescens
Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; Hong Kong;
Yellow Monitor
India; Indonesia; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal;
Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan
Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet Nam
R Varanus komodoensis
Sanzinia madagascariensis
Komodo Dragon
Madagascar Tree Boa
Indonesia: Komodo and adjacent islands
Madagascar
R Varanus olivaceus
Family COLUBRIDAE
(Varanus grayi)
Gray’s Monitor R Achalinus werneri
Philippines: Luzon Amami Takachiho Snake
Japan: Nansei-shoto
Order SERPENTES
Adelphicos daryi
Family TYPHLOPIDAE Guatemala
Vv Ramphotyphlops exocoeti Alsophis antiguae
~ Christmas Island Blind Snake Antiguan Racer
Christmas Island Antigua and Barbuda: Great Bird Island
R Typhlops monensis Alsophis ater
Mona Blind Snake Black Racer
Puerto Rico: Isla Mona Jamaica
Family ANILIIDAE Alsophis rijersmai
K Anomochilus leonardi Leeward Island Racer
Leonard’s Pipe Snake Anguilla; Guadeloupe: including Saint Martin;
Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia Netherlands Antilles: Sint Maarten (ex?)

Family BOIDAE Alsophis rufiventris

Red-bellied Racer
K ~— Acrantophis dumerili Netherlands Antilles: Saba, Saint Eustatius;
Dumeril’s Boa Saint Kitts-Nevis
Madagascar
[Réunion]? Calamaria pfefferi
(synonym of the widespread C. pavimentata?)
K _ Acrantophis madagascariensis Pfeffer’s Reed Snake
Madagascar Boa Japan
Madagascar
Chironius vincenti
E Aspidites ramsayi Saint Vincent
Woma
Australia Coluber cypriensis
Cyprus
E Casarea dussumieri
Round Island Keel-scaled Boa Elachistodon westermanni
Mauritius: Round Island Indian Egg-eating Snake
Bangladesh; India; Nepal
I Epicrates angulifer
Cuban Tree Boa Elaphe situla
Cuba Leopard Snake
Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Italy; Malta;
K Epicrates inornatus Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Puerto Rican Boa
Puerto Rico Homoroselaps dorsalis
Striped Harlequin Snake
South Africa; Swaziland

83
 THREATENED SPECIES

Iguanognathus werneri R Thamnophis hammondi

Indonesia: Sumatra (Thamnophis couchi hammondi)
Se gevgics Two-striped Garter Snake
R Lamprophis Siskii Mexico: USA
Fisk’s House Snake
South Africa R Thermophis baileyi
4 China: Tibet
R Lamprophis fuscus
Yellow-bellied House Snake R Xenocalamus transvaalensis
South Africa Transvaal Quillsnout Snake
M ozambique:
bique; South Africa
R __Lamprophis swazicus
Swazi Rock Snake Family ELAPIDAE
aes Swaziland VY Austrelaps labialis
E Liophis cursor Pygmy Copperhead
Martinique: Rocher de Diamant Australia
E Liophis ornatus V___sCDenisonia maculata
Saint Lucia: Maria Major Island Ornamental Snake
Liophis perfuscus Aus
Barbados V___s Echiopsis atriceps
Natrix megalocephala oe -
Large-headed Water Snake
Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey Vv Echiopsis curta
R Oligodon nikhili Australia
India: Palni Hills Vs Elapognathus minor
R Opheodrys herminae Br -
: 5 : Australia
(Liopeltis herminae)
Sakashima Green Snake Vv Furina dunmalli
Japan: Nansei-shoto Dunmall’s Snake
E Opisthotropis kikuzatoi ei
(Liopeltis kikuzatoi) Vv Hoplocephalus bungaroides
Kikuzato’s Brook Snake Broad-headed Snake
Japan: Nansei-shoto Australia
K Opisthotropis spenceri K Naja oxiana
Smith’s Mountain Keelback Central Asian or Oxus Cobra
Thailand Afghanistan; India; Iran; Pakistan; Tajikistan;
K __Parahelicops boonsongi Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
Boonsong’s Keelback I Ogmodon vitianus
Thailand Fiji Snake
R__‘Pareas iwasakii eae
Iwasaki’s Snail-eater E Simoselaps calonotus
Japan: Nansei-shoto Black-striped Snake
V___s~Philodryas chamissonis os
Chile Family HYDROPHIIDAE
R Thamnophis gigas R Laticauda crockeri
(Thamnophis couchi gigas) Solomon Islands: Lake Te-Nggana, Rennell
Giant Garter Snake Island
USA

84
 Reptiles

Family VIPERIDAE Vipera darevskii

(V. kaznakovi darevskii)
R Bitis inornata
Armenia; Georgia
Plain Mountain Adder
South Africa Vipera dinniki
(V. kaznakovi dinniki)
Bitis schneideri
Georgia; Russia
Namaqua Dwarf Adder
Namibia; South Africa Vipera kaznakovi
Caucasian Viper
Bothrops insularis
Georgia; Russia; Turkey
Golden Lancehead
Brazil: Queimada Island Vipera latifii
Latifi’s Viper
Crotalus unicolor
Iran: Lar Valley in Elburz Mts.
(Crotalus durissus unicolor)
Aruba Island Rattlesnake Vipera pontica
Aruba Georgia?; Turkey
Trimeresurus cornutus Vipera raddei
Viet Nam (Vipera xanthina raddei)
Armenian Viper
Trimeresurus mangshanensis
Armenia; Iran; Turkey
China: Mt Mang, Hunan Province
Vipera schweizeri
Vipera albizona
(Macrovipera schweizeri, Vipera lebetina
(V. xanthina albizona)
schweizeri)
Turkey
Cyclades Blunt-nosed Viper
Vipera bornmuelleri Greece: Kimolos, Milos, Polyaigos, Siphnos
(V. xanthina bornmuelleri)
Vipera wagneri
Lebanon; Syria
Iran; Turkey
Vipera bulgardaghica
Turkey

85
 Amphibians

Class AMPHIBIA R Discoglossus montalentii

Order ANURA France: Corsica

Family BUFONIDAE Family HELEOPHRYNIDAE

R Bufo amatolica E Heleophryne hewitti

Amatola Toad Hewitt’s Ghost Frog
South Africa South Africa: Elandsberg Mountains

Vv Bufo atacamensis E Heleophryne rosei

Chile Table Mountain Ghost Frog
South Africa: Table Mountain
Vv Bufo chilensis
Chile Family HYLIDAE
R Bufo exsul K Ayla albolineata
(Bufo boreas exsul) Brazil
Black Toad R Hyla andersonii
USA Pine Barrens Tree Frog
E Bufo houstonensis USA
Houston Toad K Hyla izecksohni
USA Brazil
E Bufo periglenes K = Hyla langei
Golden Toad Brazil
Costa Rica: Cordillera de Tilaran (ex?)
K Hyla secedens
V_—«Bufo retiformis Brazil
Sonoran Green Toad
Mexico; USA lf Hyla vasta
Dominican Republic; Haiti
R Capensibufo rosei
Cape Mountain Toad K Litoria aurea
South Africa Green and Golden Bell Frog
Australia
Vv Nectophrynoides occidentalis
(Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis) V___Litoria brevipalmata
Mt. Nimba Viviparous Toad Green-thighed Frog
Cote d’Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia? Australia

I Pedostibes kempi K Litoria dentata

Garo Hill Tree Toad Bleating Tree Frog
India: Assam, Garo Hills Australia

I Pedostibes tuberculosus K Litoria castanea

Malabar Tree Toad Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
India Australia

V___sCPeltophryne lemur K _ Litoria lesueuri

Puerto Rican Crested Toad Lesueur’s Frog
British Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Australia

Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Vv Litoria nannotis

Torrent Tree Frog
E Alytes muletensis Australia
(Baleaphryne muletensis)
Ferreret E Litoria nyakalensis
Spain: Mallorca Nyakala Frog
Australia
R Discoglossus jeanneae
(Discoglossus galganoi jeanneae) Vv Litoria pearsoniana
Spain Pearson’s Frog
Australia

87
 THREATENED SPECIES

Litoria piperata Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE

Peppered Tree Frog
R Alsodes barrioi
Australia
Chile
Litoria raniformis
E Alsodes montanus
Southern Bell Frog
Chile
Australia
E Alsodes nodosus
Litoria rhencola
Chile
Creek Frog
Australia E Alsodes tumultuosos
Chile
Litoria spenceri
Spotted Frog Vv Alsodes vanzolinii
Australia Chile
Litoria verreauxii K = Atelognathus grandisonae
Whistling Tree Frog Chile
Australia
I Atelognathus nitoi
Nyctimystes dayi Argentina: Laguna Verde
Day’s Frog
R Atelognathus reverberii
Australia
Argentina: Somuncurd plateau
K Phrynomedusa fimbriata
R Atelognathus solitarius
Brazil
Argentina: Las Bayas stream
Family HYPEROLIDAE
K Batrachophrynus macrostomus
R Afrixalus aureus Lake Junin (Giant) Frog
Golden Dwarf Reed Frog (Lake Junin)
Mozambique; South Africa; Swaziland Bolivia; Peru
Hyperolius pickersgilli Vv Caudiverbera caudiverbera
Pickersgill’s Reed Frog Chile
South Africa
I Eleutherodactylus cavernicola
Leptopelis xenodactylus Jamaica
Long-toed Tree Frog
South Africa R Eleutherodactylus fuscus
Jamaica
Tachycnemis seychellensis
R Eleutherodactylus jasperi
(Megalixalus seychellensis, Megalixalus
infrarufus) Golden Coqui Frog
Seychelle Islands Tree Frog Puerto Rico
Seychelle Islands I Eleutherodactylus junori
Family LEIOPELMATIDAE Jamaica

R Leiopelma archeyi E Eleutherodactylus karlschmidtii

Archey’s Frog Puerto Rico
New Zealand: North Island (Coromandel I Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus
Peninsula) Haiti
Leiopelma hamiltoni
Hamilton’s Frog R Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus
Jamaica
New Zealand: Stephen Island, Maud Island
Leiopelma hochstetteri R Eupsophus insularis
Hochstetter’s Frog Chile
New Zealand: North Island E Eupsophus migueli
Chile

88
 Amphibians

E Insuetophrymus acarpicus Geocrinia vitellina

Chile Yellow-bellied Frog
Australia
K Leptodactylus marambaiae
Brazil Heleioporus albopunctatus
Wester Spotted Frog
I Paratelmatobius gaigeae
Australia
Brazil: Serra da Bocaina
Lechriodus fletcheri
Vv Somuncuria somuncurensis
Fletcher's Frog
(Telmatobius somuncurensis)
Australia
Somuncura Frog
Argentina: Somuncura plateau Mixophyes balbus
Stuttering Frog
E Telmatobius atacamensis
Australia
Argentina
Mixophyes fasciolatus
R Telmatobius halli
Great Barred Frog
Chile
Australia
R Telmatobius pefauri
Mixophyes fleayi
Chile
Fleay’s Frog
Vv Telmatobius peruvianus Australia
Chile
Mixophyes iteratus
R Telmatobius zapahuirensis Souther Barred Frog
Chile Australia

R Telmatobufo australis Philoria frosti

Chile Baw-baw Frog
Australia: Mt. Baw Baw
R Telmatobufo bullocki
Chile Pseudophyrne australis
Red-crowned Toadlet
R Telmatobufo venustus
Australia
Chile
Pseudophryne bibronii
Family MICROHYLIDAE
Bibron’s Toadlet
Vv Breviceps gibbosus Australia
Cape Rain Frog
Pseudophryne corroboree
South Africa
Corroboree Frog
R Breviceps macrops Australia
Desert Rain Frog
Rheobatrachus silus
Namibia?; South Africa
Gastric Brooding Frog
K Hyophryne histrio Australia: Conondale and Blackall Ranges
Brazil (ex?)
Rheobatrachus vitellinus
I Melanobatrachus indicus
Northern Gastric-brooding Frog
Black Microhylid
Australia: Eungella National Park (ex?)
India: Kerala
Taudactylus acutirostris
Family MYOBATRACHIDAE Sharp-nosed Torrent Frog
Australia
K Adelotus brevis
Tusked Frog Taudactylus diurnus
Australia Mount Glorious Torrent Frog
Australia
E Geocrinia alba
White-bellied Frog Taudactylus eungellensis
Australia Eungella Torrent Frog
Australia

89
 THREATENED SPECIES

Taudactylus liemi R Rana dracomontana

Liem’s Frog Drakensberg Frog
Australia Lesotho; South Africa?
Taudactylus pleione K = Rana fasciculispina
Pleione’s Torrent Frog Spiny-breasted Giant Frog
Australia Thailand
Taudactylus rheophilus Vv Rana holsti
Tinkling Frog (Babina holsti)
Australia Holst’s Frog
Japan: Nansei-shoto
Uperoleia marmorata
Marbled Toadlet R Rana holtzi
Australia Turkey: Cilician Taurus
Uperoleia orientalis Vv Rana ishikawae
Alexandra Toadlet Ishikawa’s Frog
Australia Japan: Nansei-shoto
Family PIPIDAE K Rana kohchangae
Kohchang Frog
E Xenopus gilli
Thailand
Cape Platanna
South Africa VV Rana latastei
Family RANIDAE Italian Agile Frog
Italy; Slovenia; Switzerland
R Anhydrophryne rattrayi
Hogsback Frog R Rana namiyei
Namiye’s Frog
South Africa: Amatola Mountains
Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa)
Cacosternum capense
Cape Caco Vv Rana subaspera
(Babina subaspera)
South Africa
Otton Frog
Cacosternum poyntoni Japan: Nansei-shoto
Poynton’s Caco
South Africa K Rana tasanae
Smith’s Wrinkled Frog
Conraua goliath Thailand
(Rana goliath, Gigantorana goliath)
Goliath Frog R Rana vertebralis
Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea Water Frog
Lesotho; South Africa
Microbatrachella capensis
Micro Frog Family RHINODERMATIDAE
South Africa Vv Rhinoderma darwinii
Platymantis insulatus Darwin’s Toad
Philippines: South Gigante Chile

Platymantis spelaeus E Rhinoderma rufum

Philippines: Negros Chile

Platymantis vitiensis Family SOOGLOSSIDAE

Fijian Ground Frog R Nesomantis thomasseti
Fiji Thomasset’s Seychelles Frog
Rana aenea Seychelles: Mahé, Silhouette
Doichang Frog R Sooglossus gardineri
Thailand Gardiner’s Seychelles Frog
Seychelles: Cerf, Mahé

90
 Amphibians

R Sooglossus sechellensis Batrachoseps simatus

Seychelles Frog Kern Canyon Slender Salamander
Seychelles: Mahé, Silhouette USA
Order CAUDATA Batrachoseps stebbinsi
Tehachapi Slender Salamander
Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE
USA
R Ambystoma lermaense
Eurycea nana
(Ambystoma lermaensis)
San Marcos Salamander
Lake Lerma Salamander USA
Mexico: Lake Lerma
Hydromantes brunus
Ambystoma mexicanum
Limestone Salamander
Axolotl
USA
Mexico: Lake Xochimilco region
Hydromantes shastae
Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE
Shasta Salamander
I Andrias davidianus USA
(Megalobatrachus davidianus)
Phaeognathus hubrichti
Chinese Giant Salamander Red Hills Salamander
China: tributaries of Yangzi, Yellow and Pearl USA
Rivers
Plethodon larselli
Andrias japonicus
Larch Mountain Salamander
(Megalobatrachus japonicus)
USA
Japanese Giant Salamander
Japan: south-west Honshu, central Kyushu Plethodon neomexicanus
Jemez Mountains Salamander
Family HYNOBIIDAE USA
K Batrachuperus mustersi
Plethodon nettingi
Afghanistan (Plethodon richmondi nettingi)
E Hynobius abei Cheat Mountain Salamander
Abe’s Salamander USA
Japan: Honshu Plethodon shenandoah
Hynobius dunni Shenandoah Salamander
Oita Salamander USA
Japan: Kyushu Plethodon stormi
Hynobius hidamontanus Siskiyou Mts Salamander
Hakuba Salamander USA
Japan
Speleomantes flavus
Hynobius okiensis (Hydromantes flavus)
Oki Salamander Italy: Sardinia
Japan: Oki Island Speleomantes genei
Hynobius stejnegeri (Hydromantes genei)
Amber-coloured Salamander Sardinian or Brown Cave Salamander
Japan: Kyushu Italy: Sardinia

Hynobius takedai Speleomantes imperialis

Hokuriku Salamander (Hydromantes imperialis)
Japan: Honshu Italy: Sardinia

Family PLETHODONTIDAE Speleomantes supramontes

(Hydromantes supramontes)
E Batrachoseps aridus Italy: Sardinia
Desert Slender Salamander
USA

91
 THREATENED SPECIES

Typhlomolge rathbuni Mertensiella luschani

(Eurycea rathbuni) Lycian Salamander
Texas Blind Salamander Greece; Turkey
USA
Neurergus crocatus
Typhlotriton spelaeus Turkey
Grotto Salamander
USA Neurergus strauchi
Turkey
Family PROTEIDAE
Paramesotriton deloustali
Vv Proteus anguinus (Mesotriton deloustali)
Olm Vietnamese Salamander
Italy; Slovenia; Yugoslavia Viet Nam: near Hanoi
[France; Italy]
Salamandra aurorae
Family SALAMANDRIDAE (S. atra aurorae)
I Chioglossa lusitanica Golden Salamander
Gold-striped Salamander Italy: Val d’Assa
Portugal; Spain Salamandra lanzai
Euproctus platycephalus (S. atra lanzai)
Sardinian Brook Salamander Large Alpine Salamander
Italy: Sardinia France; Italy

Mertensiella caucasica
Caucasian Salamander
Georgia; Turkey

92
 Fishes

Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Acipenser schrencki

Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Amur Sturgeon
(Amur River)
Family PETROMYZONTIDAE China; Russia
Vv Eudontomyzon hellenicus Acipenser sturio
Gavéhelo Common Sturgeon
Greece Albania; Algeria; Belgium (ex?); Finland
R Lampetra hubbsi (ex?); France; Germany (ex?); Greece; Iceland
Kern Brook Lamprey (ex?); Ireland (ex?); Italy; Morocco;
USA Netherlands (ex?); Norway (ex?); Poland (ex?);
Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain (ex?);
R Lampetra macrostoma Sweden (ex?); Switzerland?; Turkey; Ukraine;
Lake Lamprey United Kingdom; Yugoslavia (ex?)
Canada
Huso dauricus
K = Mordacia lapicida Kaluga
Chile (Amur River)
K Mordacia praecox China; Russia
Non-parasitic Lamprey Scaphirhynchus albus
Australia Pallid Sturgeon
USA
Class ELASMOBRANCHIL
Scaphirhynchus suttkusi
Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Alabama Sturgeon
USA: Mobile Bay drainage
Family RHINCODONTIDAE
Family POLYODONTIDAE
I Rhincodon typus
Whale Shark Vv Polyodon spathula
(Tropical & warm temperate seas) Paddlefish
USA
Order LAMNIFORMES
Psephurus gladius
Family LAMNIDAE Chinese Paddlefish
K Carcharodon carcharias China
Great White Shark Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES
(Sub-tropical & warm temperate seas)
Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE
Family CETORHINIDAE
K Arapaima gigas
K Cetorhinus maximus Pirarucu
Basking Shark Brazil; Guyana; Peru
(Temperate waters)
Scleropages formosus
Class ACTINOPTERYGII Asian Bonytongue
Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka,
Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular
Malayasia, Sabah, Sarawak; Philippines;
Family ACIPENSERIDAE
Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam
V___sCAccipenser brevirostrum
Scleropages leichhardti
Shortnose Sturgeon
Southern Saratoga
Canada; USA
Australia
Vs Acipenser fulvescens
Family NOTOPTERIDAE
Lake Sturgeon
Canada; USA R Notopterus blanci
Indochina Featherback
Cambodia; Thailand

93
 THREATENED SPECIES

Order CLUPEIFORMES Barbus calidus

Clanwilliam Redfin
Family CLUPEIDAE South Africa
R Clupeoides papuensis Barbus capensis
Toothed River Herring Clanwilliam Yellowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea South Africa
Family ENGRAULIDAE Barbus comiza
K Thryssa scratchleyi Portugal; Spain
Freshwater Anchovy Barbus erubescens
Australia Twee River Redfin
Order CYPRINIFORMES South Africa

Family CYPRINIDAE Barbus euboicus

Petrépsaro
I Acanthorutilus anatolicus Greece
Yaz Baligi
Turkey Barbus guiraonis
Spain
I Acanthorutilus crassus
Turkey Barbus haasi
Spain
E Acanthorutilus handlirschi
Cigek Barbus halei
Turkey: Lake Egridir Malaysia; Thailand

I Acanthorutilus meandricus Barbus hospes

Turkey Namaquab Barb
Namibia; South Africa
I Acanthorhodeus elongatus
China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) Vv Barbus kimberleyensis
Largemouth Yellowfish
E Acheilognathus longipinnis Namibia; South Africa
Itasenpara Bitterling
Japan: Honshu Island R Barbus microcephalus
Portugal; Spain
I Alburnus akili '
Turkey Barbus motebensis
Marico Barb
I Anabarilius polylepis South Africa
China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)
Barbus prespensis
E Anaecypris hispanica Briana
Spain; Portugal Greece
E Aulopyge hugeli
Barbus serra
Dalmatian Barbelgudgeon
Sawfin
Yugoslavia
South Africa
I Balantiocheilos melanopterus
Barbus somphongsi
Silver Shark
Thailand
Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan,
Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Barbus treurensis
Sabah, Sarawak, Thailand Treur River Barb
South Africa
Vv Barbus andrewi
Cape Whitefish Barbus trevelyani
South Africa Border Barb
South Africa
R Barbus brevipinnis
Shortfin Barb Caecobarbus geertsi
South Africa African Blind Barb Fish
Zaire

94
 Fishes

Caecocypris basimi Cyprinus micristius

Iraq China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)
Capoeta antalyensis Danio pathirana
Turkey Barred Danio
Sri Lanka
Cephalokompsus pachycheilus
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Dionda diaboli
Devil’s River Minnow
Chalcalburnus tarichi
Mexico; USA
Incikefali Baligi
Turkey: Lake Van Dionda dichroma
Sardinita de Rio Verde
Chela caeruleostigmata
Mexico
Thailand
Dionda mandibularis
Chondrostoma lemmingii
Sardinita Quijarrona
Portugal; Spain
Mexico
Chondrostoma lusitanicum
Eremichthys acros
Portugal
Desert Dace
Chondrostoma willkommii USA
Portugal; Spain
Garra barreimiae
Cyprinella bocagrande Bahrain; Oman
Sardinita Bocagrande
Garra dunsirei
Mexico
Oman
Cyprinella caerulea
Garra phillipsi
Blue Shiner
Philipps’ Garra
USA
Sri Lanka
Cyprinella callitaenia
Gila alvordensis
Bluestripe Shiner
Alvord Chub
USA
USA
Cyprinella formosa
Gila boraxobius
Beautiful Shiner
Borax Lake Chub
Mexico; USA
USA
Cyprinella monacha
Gila cypha
Turquoise Shiner
Humpback Chub
USA
USA
Cyprinella panarcys
Gila ditaenia
Conchos Shiner
Charalito Sonorense
Mexico
Mexico; USA
Cyprinella proserpina
Gila elegans
Proserpine Shiner
Bonytail Chub
Mexico; USA
Mexico; USA
Cyprinella santamariae
Gila intermedia
Sardinita de Santa Maria
Gila Chub
Mexico
Mexico; USA
Cyprinella xanthicara
Gila modesta
Cuatro Cienegas Shiner
Charalito Saltillo
Mexico
Mexico
Cyprinella sp.
Gila nigrescens
Sardinita Nazas
Mexico Charalito Chihuahua
Mexico; USA

95
THREATENED SPECIES

Gila purpurea Mandibularca resinus

Yaqui Chub Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Mexico; USA Meda fulgida
Gobio hettitorum Spikedace
Derekaya Baligi USA
Turkey
Moapa coriacea
Hemigrammocapoeta kemali Moapa Dace
Turkey USA
Hemitremia flammea Notropis aguirrepequenoi
Flame Chub Sardinita del Pilon
USA Mexico

Hybognathus amarus Notropis buccula

Rio Grande Minnow Smalleye Shiner
USA USA
Hybopsis cahni Notropis cahabae
Slender Chub Cahaba Shiner
USA USA
Hybopsis gelida Notropis hubbsi
Sturgeon Chub Bluehead Shiner
USA USA
Hybopsis meeki Notropis imeldae
Sicklefin Chub Sardinita de Rio Verde
USA Mexico
Iberocypris palaciosi Notropis jemezanus
Spain Rio Grande Shiner
USA
Totichthys phlegethontis
Least Chub Notropis mekistocholas
USA Cape Fear Shiner
USA
Tranocypris typhlops
Tran Notropis melanostomus
Blackmouth Shiner
Labeo fisheri
Green Labeo
USA
Sri Lanka Notropis moralesi
Labeo seeberi
Sardinita de Tepelmene
Mexico
Calnwilliam Sandfish
South Africa Notropis oxyrhynchus
Ladigesocypris ghigii Sharpnose Shiner
Ghizéni USA
Greece: Rhodes Notropis perpallidus
Lepidomeda albivallis Colorless Shiner
White River Spinedace USA
USA Notropis saladonis
Lepidomeda vittata Sardinita de Salado
Little Colorado Spinedace Mexico
USA Notropis semperasper
Leuciscus carolitertii Roughhead Shiner
Portugal?; Spain USA

96
 Fishes

Notropis simus Pseudobarbus asper

Bluntnose Shiner Smallscale Redfin
USA South Africa

Notropis snelsoni Pseudobarbus burchelli

Ouachita Mountain Shiner Burchell’s Redfin
USA South Africa

Notropis welaka Pseudobarbus burgi

Bluenose Shiner Berg River Redfin
USA South Africa

Oregonichthys crameri Pseudobarbus phlegethon

Oregon Chub Fiery Redfin
USA South Africa

Oregonichthys kalawatseti Pseudobarbus quathlambae

Umpqua chub Maluti Minnow
USA Lesotho

Ospatulus palaemophagus Pseudobarbus tenuis

Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Slender Redfin
South Africa
Ospatulus truncatus
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Pseudophoxinus beoticus
Paskéviza
Pararhodeus meandri
Greece
Ot Baligi
Turkey Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus
Daska
Phenacobius teretulus
Greece
Kanawha Minnow
USA Ptychocheilus lucius
Colorado Squafish
Phoxinellus fahirae
USA
Incilevrek Baligi
Turkey Puntius amarus
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Phoxinus cumberlandensis
Mountain Blackside Dace Puntius asoka
USA Asoka Barb
Sri Lanka
Phoxinus tennesseensis
Tennessee Dace Puntius baoulan
USA Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Plagopterus argentissimus Puntius cataractae
Woundfin Philippines
USA
Puntius clemensi
Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Sacramento Splittail
Puntius cumingii
USA
Two Spot Barb
Probarbus jullieni Sri Lanka
Ikan Temoleh
Puntius disa
Cambodia; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam
Puntius flavifuscus
Pseudobarbus afer
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Eastern Cape Redfin
South Africa Puntius herrei
Philippines

97
THREATENED SPECIES

Vv Puntius katalo Tylognathus klatti

Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Saz Baligi
Turkey
Vv Puntius lanaoensis
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Typhlobarbus nudiventris
China
R Puntius lindong
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Typhlogarra widdowsoni
Traq
Vs Puntius mamalak
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Varicorhinus alticorpus
Taiwan
Vs Puntius nigrofasciatus
Black Ruby Barb Vimba melanops
Sri Lanka Malamida
Greece
V __s«Puntius pleurotaenia
Side Striped Barb Family COBITIDAE
Sri Lanka Vv Cobitis calderoni
R Puntius sirang Portugal; Spain
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
I Cobitis haasi
E Puntius srilankensis Spain
Sri Lanka Cobitis paludica
Vs Puntius titteya Portugal; Spain
Cherry Barb
Cobitis stephanidisi
Sri Lanka
Greece
Vs Puntius tras
Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Spotted Loach
R Puntius tumba Sri Lanka
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Leptobotia curta
Vv Rasbora vaterifloris Ayumodoki
Vateria Flower Rasbora Japan
Sri Lanka
Family BALITORIDAE
R Relictus solitarius
Vv Acanthocobitis urophthalmus
Relict Dace
Banded Mountain Loach
USA
Sri Lanka
R Rutilus lemmingii
Nemacheilus troglocataractus
Portugal?; Spain
Thailand: Tham Sai Yok Noi
R Semotilus lumbee
Nemacheilus gejiuensi
Sandhills Chub
China: Bajianjing, Yunnan Province
USA
Nemacheilus smithi
R Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus
Iran: Baq-e-Loveh pool, Zagros Mountains
China
Nemacheilus xianggensis
Vv Spratellicypris palata
China: Xiangxi, Hunan Province
Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao)
Oreonectes anophthalmus
E Tanakia tanago
Tokyo Bitterling China
Japan Schistura jarutanini
Vv Tiaroga cobitis Thailand: Amphoe Sri Sawat, Kanchanaburi
Province
Loach Minnow
USA

98
 Fishes

Schistura oedipus Cycleptus elongatus

Thailand: Tham Nam Lang, Mae Hong Son Blue Sucker
Province Mexico; USA
Schistura sijuensis Deltistes luxatus
India Lost River Sucker
USA
Sundoreonectes tiomanensis
Malaysia Moxostoma ariommumm
Bigeye Jumprock
R Troglocobitis starostini
USA
Turkmenistan: Kugitangtau mountains
Moxostoma atripinne
E Yunnanilus nigromaculatus
Blackfin Sucker
China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)
USA
Family CATOSTOMIDAE
Moxostoma congestum
Vv Catostomus bernardini Gray Redhorse
Yaqui Sucker Mexico; USA
Mexico; USA
Moxostoma hamiltoni
Catostomus cahita Rustyside Sucker
Matalote Cahita USA
Mexico
Moxostoma hubbsi
Catostomus conchos Copper Redhorse
Matalote Conchos Canada
Mexico
Moxostoma sp.
Catostomus leopoldi Bighead Redhorse
Matalote del Bavispe USA
Mexico
Xyrauchen texanus
Catostomus microps Razorback Sucker
Modoc Sucker USA
USA
Order CHARACIFORMES
Catostomus santaanae
Santa Ana Sucker Family CHARACIDAE
USA E Catabasis acuminatus
Catostomus snyderi Brazil
Klamath largescale sucker Vv Cheirodon australe
USA Chile
Catostomus warnerensis Cheirodon galusdae
Warner Sucker Chile
USA
Cheirodon kiliani
Catostomus wigginsi Chile
Matalote Opata
Mexico Cheirodon pisciculus
Chile
Catostomus sp.
Salish Sucker Gymnocharacinus bergi
Canada; USA Naked Characin
Argentina
Chasmistes brevirostris
Shortnose Sucker Order SILURIFORMES
USA Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE
Chasmistes cujus E Diplomystes camposensis
Cui-ui Chile
USA

99
THREATENED SPECIES

Diplomystes chilensis E Noturus trautmani

Tollo de Agua Dulce Scioto Madtom
Chile USA
E Diplomystes nahuelbutensis E Prietella phreatophila
Chile Bagre de Muzquiz
Mexico
Family ICTALURIDAE
Vv Satan eurystomus
R Ictalurus australis
Widemouth Blindcat
Bagre del Panuco
USA
Mexico
Vv Trogloglanis pattersoni
Ictalurus lupus
Toothless Blindcat
Bagre Lobo
USA
Mexico; USA
Family BAGRIDAE
Ictalurus mexicanus
E Austroglanis barnardi
Bagre de Rio Verde
Barnard’s Rock-catfish
Mexico
South Africa
Ictalurus pricei
R Austroglanis gilli
Bagre de Yaqui
Mexico Clanwilliam Rock-catfish
South Africa
Ictalurus sp.
Bagre de Cuatro Cienegas I Austroglanis sclateri
Mexico Rock-catfish
South Africa
Noturus baileyi
Smoky Madtom E Coreobagrus ichikawai
USA Nekogigi
Japan
Noturus flavipinnis
Yellowfin Madtom I Leiocassis medianalis
USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)

Noturus furiosus R Pardiglanis tarabinii

Carolina Madtom Giant Catfish
USA Somalia: Jubba River

Noturus gilberti E Pseudobagrus sp.

Orangefin Madtom Gibachi
USA Japan: Kyushu Island

Noturus lachneri Family SILURIDAE

Ouachita Madtom K Silurus mento
USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)
Noturus munitus Family PANGASIIDAE
Frecklebelly Madtom
USA V___‘~Pangasianodon gigas
Giant Catfish
Noturus placidus Cambodia; China: Yunnan Province; Laos;
Neosho Madtom Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam
USA
R Pangasius sanitwongsei
Noturus stanauli Pla Thepa
Pygmy Madtom Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam
USA
Family AMBLYCIPITIDAE
Noturus taylori
Caddo Madtom I Liobagrus nigricauda
USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake)

100
 Fishes

Family SISORIDAE K Chiloglanis swierstrai

Lowveld Rock Catlet
I Oreoglanis siamensis
Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe
Thailand
Family PIMELODIDAE
Family CLARIIDAE
V Rhamdia reddelli
E Clarias cavernicola
Juil Ciego
Cave Catfish
Mexico
Namibia
Family TRICHOMY CTERIDAE
R Horaglanis krishnai
Cave Catfish V Bullockia maldonadoi
India Chile

Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE I Eremophilus mutisii

Colombia: Bogota area
Vv Heteropnuestes microps
Sri Lanka E Nematogenys inermis
Chile
Family ARIIDAE
Vv Trichomycterus areolatus
K Ancharius brevibarbus
Chile
Madagascar
E Trichomycterus chiltoni
Vv Arius taylori
Chile
Taylor’s Catfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Trichomycterus chungarensis
Chile
K Cinetodus froggatti
Small Mouthed Catfish E Trichomycterus laucaensis
Australia Chile
I Tetranesodon conorhynchus E Trichomycterus rivulatus
Lorentz Catfish Chile
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Order SALMONIFORMES
Family PLOTOSIDAE
Family UMBRIDAE
R Neosilurus sp. 1
R Novumbra hubbsi
Dalhousie Catfish
Olympic Mudminnow
Australia
USA
R Neosilurus sp. 2
Cooper Creek Tandan
Family LEPIDOGALAXIIDAE
Australia R Lepidogalaxias salamandroides
Salmanderfish
K Neosilurus sp. 3
Australia
False Spine Catfish
Australia Family OSMERIDAE
Vs Oloplotosus torobo Vs Hypomesus transpacificus
Kutubu Tandan Delta Smelt
Papua New Guinea USA
R Tandanus sp. R Osmerus spectrum
Belinger River Tandan Pygmy Smelt
Australia Canada; USA
Family MOCHOKIDAE Family SALANGIDAE
Vv Chiloglanis bifurcus E Neosalanx regani
Incomati Rock Catlet Ariakehimeshirauo
South Africa Japan: Kyushu Island

101
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family RETROPINNIDAE Vv Galaxiella pusilla

Dwarf Galaxias
Vv Prototroctes maraena
Australia: Tasmania
Australian Grayling
Australia: Tasmania Vv Neochanna burrowsius
Family GALAXIIDAE Canterbury Mudfish
New Zealand
K Aplochiton marinus
R Neochanna diversus
Chile
Black Mudfish
Vv Brachygalaxias bullocki New Zealand
Chile
R Paragalaxias mesotes
Brachygalaxias gothei Arthurs Paragalaxias
Chile Australia
Galaxias fontanus Family SALMONIDAE
Swan Galaxias
Australia: Tasmania R Coregonus artedii
Cisco
Galaxias fuscus (Great Lakes)
Barred Galaxias Canada; USA
Australia
E Coregonus canadensis
Galaxias globiceps Atlantic Whitefish
Chile (Great Lakes)
Galaxias gracilis Canada; USA
Dwarf Inanga R Coregonus heyi
New Zealand Bloater
Galaxias johnstoni (Great Lakes)
Clarence Galaxias Canada; USA
Australia: Tasmania Vv Coregonus kiyi
Galaxias parvus Kiyi
Small Pedder Galaxias (Great Lakes)
Australia: Tasmania Canada; USA

Galaxias pedderensis E Coregonus nigripinnis

Pedder Galaxias Blackfin Cisco
Australia: Tasmania (Great Lakes)
Canada; USA
Galaxias postvectis
Shortjawed Kokopu E Coregonus oxyrhynchus
New Zealand Houting
Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Ireland;
Galaxias rostratus Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Russia;
Murray Jollytail
Sweden; United Kingdom
Australia
E Coregonus reighardi
Galaxias sp.
Shortnose Cisco
New Zealand: Waipori River
(Great Lakes)
Galaxias tanycephalus Canada; USA
Saddled Galaxias
E Coregonus zenithicus
Australia: Tasmania Shortjaw Cisco
Galaxiella nigrostriata (Great Lakes)
Black-Striped Minnow Canada; USA
Australia
EB Coregonus sp. |
Opeongo Whitefish
Canada

102
 Fishes

Vv Coregonus sp. 2 VY «~Ambliyopsis spelaea

Squanga Whitefish Northern Cavefish
Canada USA
E Hucho hucho E Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni
Danube Salmon Alabama Cavefish
Austria; Czech Republic; France; Germany; USA
Italy; Moldavia?; Poland; Romania; Slovakia;
Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Order OPHIDIFORMES
Vs Onchorhynchus apache Family BYTHITIDAE
Apache Trout I _—_Lucifuga spelaeotes
USA New Providence Cusk-eel
V —_ Onchorhynchus chrysogaster raat Mermaids Pool, New Providence
Mexican Golden Trout
Mexico E Typhliasina pearsei
Vs Onchorhynchus gilae Dama Ciega Blanca
Gila Trout Mexico
USA E Typhliasina sp.
E Onchorhynchus ishikawai Nueva Dama Ciega
Satsukimasu Salmon Mexico
aes Westra Reet, Siesta ae Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES
E Onchorhynchus iwame Family APLOCHEILIDAE
Iwame Trout
Japan E — Campellolebias brucei
Santa Catarina Sabrefin
R Onchorhynchus sp. Brazil
Trucha de Yaqui
Mexico R Cynolebias boitonei
Brasilia Lyrefin
I Salmo platycephalus Bravil
Ala Balik
Turkey V_——Cynolebias constanciae
Brazil
E Salmothymus obtusirostris
Adriatic Salmon E Cynolebias marmoratus
Yugoslavia Ginger Pearlfish
Brazil
R Salvelinus anaktuvukensis
Angayukaksurak Char I Cynolebias minimus
USA Minute Pearlfish
Brazil
I Salvelinus confluentus
Bull Trout E Cynolebias opalescens
Canada; USA Opalescent Pearlfish
Brazil
E Salvelinus japonicus
Kirikuchi Char E Cynolebias splendens
Japan: Totsukawa River, Honshu Island Splendid Pearlfish
Brazil
Order PERCOPSIFORMES >
E Nothobranchius sp.
Family AMBLYOPSIDAE Caprivi Killifish
Vv Amblyopsis rosae Namibia
Ozark Cavefish K = Pachypanchax homalonotus
USA Madagascar
K ~~ Pachypanchax sakaramyi
Madagascar

103
 THREATENED SPECIES

Rivulus marmoratus Cyprinodon fontinalis

Rivulus Perrito de Carbonera
USA Mexico

Rivulus robustus Cyprinodon labiosus

Rivulus Almirante Cachorrito Cangrejero
Mexico Mexico

Family CYPRINODONTIDAE Cyprinodon macrolepis

Largescale Pupfish
I Aphanius anatolias
Mexico
Dislisazancik Baligi
Turkey Cyprinodon maya
Cachorrito Gigante
Aphanius burduricus
Mexico
Turkey
Aphanius chantrei
Cyprinodon meeki
Cachorrito de Mezquital
Dislisazancik Baligi
Turkey Mexico

Aphanius iberus Cyprinodon nazas

Spain Cachorrito del Aguanaval
Mexico
Crenichthys baileyi
White River Springfish Cyprinodon pachycephalus
USA Cachorrito Cabezon
Mexico
Crenichthys nevadae
Railroad Valley Springfish Cyprinodon pecosensis
USA Pecos Pupfish
USA
Cualac tessellatus
Cachorrito de Media Luna Cyprinodon radiosus
Mexico Owens Pupfish
USA
Cyprinodon alvarezi
Perrito de Potosi Cyprinodon simus
Mexico Cachorrito Boxeador
Mexico
Cyprinodon atrorus
Perrito del Bolson Cyprinodon tularosa
Mexico White Sands Pupfish
USA
Cyprinodon beltrani
Cachorrito Lodero Cyprinodon verecundus
Mexico Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga
Mexico
Cyprinodon bifasciatus
Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas Fundulus julisia
Mexico Barrens Topminnow
USA
Cyprinodon bovinus
Leon Springs Pupfish Fundulus lima
USA Killifish
Mexico
Cyprinodon diabolis
Devils Hole Pupfish Fundulus waccamensis
USA Waccamaw Killifish
USA
Cyprinodon elegans
Comanche Springs Pupfish Lucania interioris
USA Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas
Mexico

104
 Fishes

Vv Kosswigichthys asquamatus Hubbsina turneri

Scaleless Killifish Mexico
Turkey
Skiffia francesae
E Megupsilon aporus Tiro
Cachorrito Enano de Potosi Mexico
Mexico
Xenoophorus captivus
I Micropanchax schoelleri Solo Goodeido
Egypt Mexico
E Orestias chungarensis Family POECILIIDAE
Chile
I Gambusia aestiputeus
E Orestias cuvieri Colombia: San Ardrés
Bolivia
Vv Gambusia alvarezi
E Orestias laucaensis Guayacon de San Gregorio
Chile Mexico
E Orestias parinacotensis Gambusia eurystoma
Chile Guayacon Bocon
K = Pantanodon madagascariensis Mexico
Madagascar Gambusia gaigei
E Valencia hispanica Big Bend Gambusia
Valencia Toothcarp USA
Spain Gambusia heterochir
E Valencia letourneuxi Clear Creek Gambusia
Zournds
USA
Greece Gambusia hurtadoi
Family GOODEIDAE Guayacon de Hacienda Dolores
Mexico
E Allotoca maculata
Opal Goodeid Gambusia krumholzi
Mexico Mexico

E Ameca splendens Gambusia longispinis

Goodeid Guayacon de Cuatro Cienegas
Mexico Mexico

E Ataeniobius toweri Gambusia nobilis

Pecos Gambusia
Striped Goodeid
Mexico
USA

Vv Characodon audax Gambusia senilis

Bold Characodon Guayacon Pinto
Mexico Mexico; USA

E Characodon lateralis
Gambusia speciosa
Rainbow Goodeid
USA
Mexico Poecilia latipunctata
E Girardinichthys multiradiatus Molly del Tamesi
Mexico Mexico

E Girardinichthys viviparus Poecilia sulphuraria

Mexclapique Molly del Teapa
Mexico Mexico

Vv Goodea gracilis Poecilia vetiprovidentiae

Mexico Colombia: Isla de Providencia

105
 THREATENED SPECIES

I Poeciliopsis monacha R Nomoramphus celebensis

Mexico Poso Halfbeak
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso)
R Poeciliopsis occidentalis
Charalito R Zenarchopterus alleni
Mexico; USA Allen’s River Garfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
R Xiphophorus clemenciae
Espada de Clemencia R Zenacrchopterus robertsi
Mexico Robert’s River Garfish
Papua New Guinea
E Xiphophorus couchianus
Platy Monterrey Order ATHERINIFORMES
Mexico
Family ATHERINIDAE
E Xiphophorus gordoni
Platy Cuatro Cienegas Vv Austromenidia gracilis
Mexico Chile

E Xiphophorus meyeri Vv Basilichthys australis

Platy de Muzquiz Chile
Mexico E Basilichthys microlepidotus
Order BELONIFORMES Chile

Family ADRIANICHTHYIDAE K __ Bedotia geayi

Madagascar
E Adrianichthys kruyti
Duck-billed Buntingi K Bedotia longianalis
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Rake Poso) Madagascar

Vv Oryzias marmoratus K Bedotia madagascariensis

Indonesia: Sulawesi Madagascar

Vv Oryzias matanensis R Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides

Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Caims Rainbowfish
Australia
Vs Oryzias nigrimas
Black Buntingi Vs Cauque mauleanum
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Chile

E Oryzias orthognathus R Chilatherina axelrodi

Sharp-jawed Buntingi Axelrod’s Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papau New Guinea

V Oryzias profundicola R Chilatherina bleheri

Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Bleher’s Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
E Xenopoecilus oophorus
Egg-carrying Buntingi R__ Chilatherina bulolo
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Bulolo Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea
E Xenopoecilus poptae
Popta’s Buntingi R Chilatherina sentaniensis
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Sentani Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
E Xenopoecilus sarasinorum
Indonesia: Sulawesi K Chirostoma bartoni
Charal de la Caldera
Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Mexico
Vv Dermogenys megarramphus E Chirostoma regani
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Charal del Valle de Mexico
Vs Dermogenys weberi Mexico
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)

106
 Fishes

Craterocephalus amniculus Kiunga ballochi

Darling River Hardyhead Glass Blue-Eye
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Craterocephalus centralis Melanotaenia ajamaruensis
Finke River Hardyhead Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Melanotaenia angfa
Dalhousie Hardyhead Yakati Rainbowfish
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Craterocephalus fluviatillis Melanotaenia arfakensis
Murray Hardyhead Arfak Rainbowfish
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Craterocephalus gloveri Melanotaenia boesemani
Glovers Hardyhead Boeseman’s Rainbowfish
Australia Indonesia: Iriar Jaya
Craterocephalus helenae Melanotaenia catherinae
Drysdale Hardyhead Waigeo Rainbowfish
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Craterocephalus kailolae Melanotaenia corona
Kailola’s Hardyhead Corona Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Craterocephalus lacustris Melanotaenia exquisita
Kutubu Hardyhead Exquisite Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Australia
Craterocephalus lentiginosus Melanotaenia gracilis
Prince Regent Hardyhead Slender Rainbowfish
Australia Australia
Craterocephalus marianae Melanotaenia herbertaxelrodi
Magela Hardyhead Lake Tebera Rainbowfish
Australia Papua New Guinea
Craterocephalus pimatuae Melanotaenia iris
Pima Hardyhead Strickland Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Glossolepis incisus Melanotaenia lacustris
Red Rainbowfish Lake Kutubu Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Papua New Guinea
Glossolepis maculosus Melanotaenia maylandi
Spotted Rainbowfish Mayland’s Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Glossolepis pseudoincisus Melanotaenia misoolensis
Tami River Rainbowfish Misool Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Glossolepis ramuensis Melanotaenia monticola
Ramu Rainbowfish Mountain Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Glossolepis wanamensis Melanotaenia ogilbyi
Lake Wanam Rainbowfish Ogilby’s Rainbowfish
Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya

107
 THREATENED SPECIES

Vv Melanotaenia oktediensis I Pseudomugil majusculus

Oktedi Rainbowfish Cape Blue-Eye
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
R Melanotaenia papuae Vv Pseudomugil mellis
Papuan Rainbowfish Honey Blue-eye
Papua New Guinea Australia
R Melanotaenia parva Vv Pseudomugil paskai
Lake Kurumoi Rainbowfish Paska’s Blue-Eye
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
R Melanotaenia pimanensis Vv Rheocles alaotrensis
Pima River Rainbowfish Katrana
Papua New Guinea Madagascar
R Melanotaenia praecox R Rheocles lateralis
Dwarf Rainbowfish Madagascar: Nosivolo River
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
I Rheocles pellegrini
R Melanotaenia pygmaea Madagascar: near Andapa
Pygmy Rainbowfish
Australia E Rheocles sikorae
Sardine d’eau douce
Vv Melanotaenia sexlineata Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River
Fly River Rainbowfish
E Rheocles wrightae
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea
Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River
R Melanotaenia vanheurni
K Teramulus kieneri
Van Heurn’s Rainbowfish
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Madagascar

Vv Menidia conchorum E Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis

Key Silverside Red-finned Blue-eye
USA Australia

Vv Menidia extensa Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE

Waccamaw Silverside I Phallostethus dunckeri
USA Malaysia
V___s‘Poblana alchichica Family TELMATHERINIDAE
Charal de Alchichica
Mexico Vv Paratherina cyanea
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
R Poblana ferdebueni
Mexico Vv Paratherina labiosa
Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Vv Poblana letholepis
Charal de la Preciosa Vv Paratherina striata
Mexico Indonesia: Sulawesi

Vv Poblana squamata Vv Paratherina wolterecki

Charal de Quechulac Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Mexico Vv Telmatherina abendanoni
R Pseudomugil connieae Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Popondetta Blue-Eye Vv Telmatherina bonti
Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Sulawesi
R Pseudomugil furcatus Vv Telmatherina celebensis
Forktail Blue-Eye Indonesia: Sulawesi
Papua New Guinea

108
 Fishes

R Telmatherina ladigesi Cottus extensus

Celebes Rainbow Bear Lake Sculpin
Indonesia: Sulawesi USA

Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Cottus greenei

Shoshone Sculpin
Family GASTEROSTEIDAE USA
Vv Gasterosteus sp. 1
Cottus leiopomus
Giant Stickleback Wood River Sculpin
Canada USA
Vv Gasterosteus sp. 2 Cottus princeps
Enos Stickleback
Klamath Lake Sculpin
Canada USA
E Pungitius hellenicus Cottus pygmaeus
Ellinopygésteos Pygmy Sculpin
Greece USA
E Pungitius sp. Cottus tenuis
Musashitomiyo Slender Sculpin
Japan: near Kumagaya city USA
Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Myoxocephalus quadricornis
Family SYNGNATHIDAE Fourhorm Sculpin
Canada
v Hippocampus capensis
Knysna Seahorse Order PERCIFORMES
South Africa Family AMBASSIDAE
I Microphis caudocarinatus R Ambassis agassiz
Slender Pipefish Agassiz’s Perchlet
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Australia
I Microphis spinachoides Ambassis elongatus
Spinach Pipefish Yellow-Fin Perchlet
Papua New Guinea Australia
Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES Parambassis altipinnis
Family SYNBRANCHIDAE High-Finned Glass Perchlet
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
K Ophisternon candidum
Blind Cave Eel Tetracentrum caudovittatus
Australia Kokoda Glass Perchlet
Papua New Guinea
E Ophisternon infernale
Anguila Ciega Family PERCICHTH YIDAE
Mexico Vv Edelia obscura
Family MASTACEMBELIDAE Yarra Pygmy Perch
Australia
E Macrognathus aral
Spiny Eel Maccullochella ikei
Sri Lanka Eastern Freshwater Cod
Australia
Order SCORPAENIFORMES
Maccullochella macquariensis
Family COTTIDAE Trout Cod
Australia
R Cottus asperrimus
Rough Sculpin Maccullochella sp. 1
USA Mary River Cod
Australia

109
 THREATENED SPECIES

E Maccullochella sp. 2 R Pingalla midgleyi

Clarence River Cod Midgley’s Grunter
Australia Australia
K = Macquaria australasica K Scortum hilli
Macquarie Perch Leathery Grunter
Australia Australia

R Nannatherina balstoni R Scortum parviceps

Balston’s Pygmy Perch Small-Headed Grunter
Australia Australia
Vs Nannoperca oxleyana K Scortum sp.
Oxleyan Pygmy Perch Angalarri Grunter
Australia Australia
Vv Nannoperca variegata K Syncomistes kimberleyensis
Ewen’s Pygmy Perch Kimberley Grunter
Australia Australia
E Percichthys melanops R Syncomistes rastellus
Chile Drysdale Grunter
Vv Percilia gillissi Australia
Chile R Varia jamoerensis
E Percilla irwini Jamur Lake Grunter
Chile Indonesia: Irian Jaya

Family TERAPONTIDAE Family KHULIDAE

R Hannia greenwayi K Kuhlia marginata

Greenway’s Grunter Spotted Flagtail
Australia Australia

Vs Hephaestus adamsoni Family CENTRARCHIDAE

Adamson’s Grunter R Ambloplites cavifrons
Papua New Guinea Roanoke Bass
R Hephaestus epirrhinos USA
Long-Nose Sooty Grunter R Micropterus notius
Australia Suwannee Bass
I Hephaestus obtusifrons USA
Striped Grunter R Micropterus treculi
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Guadalupe Bass
R Hephaestus trimaculatus USA
Threespot Grunter Family ELASSOMATIDAE
Papua New Guinea
R Elassoma boehlkei
R Leiopotherapon aheneus Carolina Pygmy Sunfish
Fortescus Grunter USA
Australia
R Elassoma okatie
R Leiopotherapon macrolepis Bluebarred Pygmy Sunfish
Large-Scale Grunter USA
Australia
Vv Elassoma sp.
K __~Pingalla gilberti Spring Pygmy Sunfish
Gilberts Grunter USA
Australia

110
 Fishes

Family PERCIDAE Etheostoma moorei

Yellowcheek Darter
R Ammocrypta asprella
USA
Crystal Darter
USA Etheostoma nianguae
Niangua Darter
Vs Ammocrypta pellucida
USA
Eastern Sand Darter
Canada; USA Etheostoma nuchale
Watercress Darter
R Etheostoma acuticeps
USA
Sharphead Darter
USA Etheostoma okaloosae
Okaloosa Darter
Vv Etheostoma aquali
USA
Coppercheek Darter
USA Etheostoma osburni
Finescale Saddled Darter
E Etheostoma australe
USA
Dardo de Conchos
Mexico Etheostoma pallididorsum
Paleback Darter
Vv Etheostoma boschungi
USA
Slackwater Darter
USA Etheostoma pottsi
Mexican Darter
R Etheostoma cinereum
Mexico
Ashy Darter
USA Etheostoma rubrum
Bayou Darter
R Etheostoma cragini
USA
Arkansas Darter
USA Etheostoma striatulum
Striated Darter
Vv Etheostoma ditrema
USA
Coldwater Darter
USA Etheostoma trisella
Trispot Darter
E Etheostoma fonticola
USA
Fountain Darter
USA Etheostoma tuscumbia
Tuscumbia Darter
R Etheostoma grahami
USA
Rio Grande Darter
Mexico; USA Etheostoma wapiti
Boulder Darter
R Etheostoma kanawhae
USA
Kanawha Darter
USA Etheostoma sp.
Dardo de Cuatro Cienegas
R Etheostoma luteovinctum
Mexico
Redband Darter
USA Perca schrenki
Balkhash Perch
R Etheostoma maculatum
China?; Kazakhstan; Kirgizia?
Spotted Darter
USA Percina antesella
Amber Darter
R Etheostoma mariae
USA
Pinewoods Darter
USA Percina aurolineata
Goldline Darter
USA

111
 THREATENED SPECIES

R Percina burtoni Family TOXOTIDAE

Bliss Toseert K Toxotes oligolepis
USA
Large-Scale Archerfish
R Percina cymatotaenia Australia
Bluestripe Darter Family CICHLIDAE
USA
Et Sie fer R Chetia brevis
E Percina jenkinsi enced Tenveratt
Conasauga Logperch iath Africa
USA
E Cichlasoma bartoni
V__sCPercina lenticula
Mojarra Caracolera
Freckled Darter Mesico
USA
2 E Cichlasoma labridens
V___sCPercina macrocephala Moma
Longhead Darter gion
USA
E Cichlasoma minckleyi
MS
Longnose Darter Mojarra Caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas
USA Mexico

V___sCPercina pantherina ‘ cae Peep stiche

Leopard Darter Micxies
USA
5 R Cichlasoma steindachneri
E Percina rex Mean
Roanoke Logperch ae
USA
E Cichlasoma sp.
¥ Peecien Mpa
Snail Darter Mojarra Caracolera de Media Luna
Mexico
USA
R Percina uranidea y Se Ge
Stargazin
aaa g sc Darter = Cameroon
n : Lake Barombi Mbo

E Romanichthys valsanicola Vv Konia eisentrauti

Asprete Konye 3
Romania Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
5 Vv Myaka myaka
E
ie an Myaka myaka
France Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
2 R Oxylapia polli
Vs Zingel streb
la - Madagascar: Marolambo Rapids, Nosivolo
Austria; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; River
Hungary; Moldavia?; Slovakia; Switzerland; Vs‘ Paratilapia polleni
Uksaine; Yugoslavia Marakely
Family SCIAENIDAE Madagascar
E —_ Totoaba macdonaldi K Paretroplus dami
Totoaba Damba
Mexico Madagascar
K Paretroplus kieneri
Kotsovato
Madagascar

112
 Fishes

Paretroplus maculatus E Tilapia guinasana

Masovoatoaka Otjikoto Tilapia
Madagascar Namibia
Paretroplus petiti R Tilapia gutturosa
Kotso Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Madagascar
R Tilapia imbriferna
Ptychochromoides betsileanus Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Trondo Mainty
R Tilapia snyderae
Madagascar
Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Ptychochromoides sp.
R Tilapia spongotroktis
Madagascar: Nosivolo River
Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Pungu maclareni
R Tilapia thysi
Pungu
Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
Sarotherodon caroli
Family MUGILIDAE
Fissi R Liza luciae
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Saint Lucia Mullet
South Africa
Sarotherodon linnellii
Unga R Myxus capensis
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Freshwater Mullet
South Africa
Sarotherodon lohbergeri
Leka Keppe Family CLINIDAE
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
R Clinus spatulatus
Sarotherodon steinbachi Bot River Klipfish
Kululu South Africa
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
Family ELEOTRIDAE
Serranochromis meridianus
R Bostrichthys aruensis
Lowveld Largemouth
Island Gudgeon
South Africa
Indonesia: Aru Islands
Stomatepia mariae
I Bostrichthys zonatus
Nsess
Barred Gudgeon
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Stomatepia mongo
R Eleotris sandwicensis
Mongo
Oopu
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
USA
Stomatepia pindu
R Gobiomorphus alpinus
Pindu
Tarndale Bully
Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo
New Zealand
Tilapia bakossiorum
R = Hypseleotris aurea
Cameroon: Lake Bermin
Golden Gudgeon
Tilapia bemini Australia
Cameroon: Lake Bermin
R Hypseleotris dayi
Tilapia bythobathes Golden Sleeper
Cameroon: Lake Bermin South Africa
Tilapia flava K Hypseleotris ejuncida
Cameroon: Lake Bermin Slender Gudgeon
Australia

113
THREATENED SPECIES

Hypseleotris kimberleyensis Mogurnda sp. 5

Barnett River Gudgeon Highlands Gudgeon
Australia Papua New Guinea
Hypseleotris regalis Mogurnda sp. 6
Prince Regent Gudgeon Malas Gudgeon
Australia Papua New Guinea
Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi Oxyeleotris wisselensis
Mitchell Gudgeon Paniai Gudgeon
Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya

Kimberleyeleotris notata v Ratsirakia legendrei

Drysdale Gudgeon Madagascar
Australia
Family GOBIIDAE
Milyeringa veritas
R Awaous stamineus
Blind Gudgeon
Oopu Nakea
Australia
USA
Mogurnda adspersa
Chlamydogobius sp. 1
Purple Spotted Gudgeon
Elizabeth Springs Goby
Australia
Australia
Mogurnda furva
Chlamydogobius sp. 2
Black Mogurnda
Edgbaston Goby
Papua New Guinea
Australia
Mogurnda lineata
Chlamydogobius sp. 3
Kokoda Mogurnda
Papua New Guinea Dalhousie Goby
Australia
Mogurnda orientalis
Eastern Mogurnda Croilia mossambica
Papua New Guinea Burrowing Goby
South Africa
Mogurnda spilota
Blotched Mogurmda Economidichthys trichonis
Papua New Guinea Nanogovidés
Greece
Mogurnda variegata
Variegated Mogurnda Eucyclogobius newberryi
Papua New Guinea Tidewater Goby
USA
Mogurnda vitta
Striped Mogurnda Glossogobius hoesei
Papua New Guinea Hoese’s Goby
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Mogurnda sp. 1
False-Spotted Gudgeon Glossogobius intermedius
Australia Indonesia: Sulawesi

Mogurnda sp. 2 Glossogobius matanensis

Flinders Ranges Gudgeon Indonesia: Sulawesi
Australia Glossogobius sp. 1
Mogurnda sp. 3 Mountain Goby
Karamui Gudgeon Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea Glossogobius sp. 2
Mogurnda sp. 4 Irian Goby
Wau Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Papua New Guinea

114
 Fishes

Glossogobius sp. 3 Pandaka pygmaea

Robert’s Goby Dwarf Pygmy Goby
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Philippines: Malabon River
Glossogobius sp. 4 Pseudogobiopsis sp.
Bluntsnout Goby Red-spotted Goby
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Glossogobius sp. 5 Redigobius dewaali
Sentani Goby Checked Goby
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Mozambique; South Africa
Glossogobius sp. 6 Schismatogobius deraniyagalai
Fly River Goby Redneck Goby
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka
Glossogobius sp. 7 Sicydium stimpsoni
Kutubu Goby Oopu Nopili
Papua New Guinea USA
Glossogobius sp. 8 Sicyopterus halei
Bighead Goby Red-tailed Goby
Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka
Glossogobius sp. 9 Sicyopus jonklaasi
Ramu Goby Lipstick Goby
Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka
Glossogobius sp. 10 Silhouettea sibayi
Mulgrave Goby Sibayi Goby
Australia South Africa
Gobius tigerellus Stupidogobius flavipinnis
Tiger Goby Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Taenioides jacksoni
Knipowitschia goerneri Bearded Goby
Greece South Africa
Knipowitschia milleri Tamanka sarasinorum
Greece Sarasin’s Goby
Knipowitschia punctatissima Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes)
Greece
Weberogobius amadi
Knipowitschia thessala Poso Bungu
Thessalogovinés Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso)
Greece
Family ANABANTIDAE
Loentipes concolor
E Sandelia bainsii
Oopu Alamoo
Eastern Province Rocky
USA
South Africa
Mistichthys luzonensis
Family BELONTIIDAE
Sinarapan
Philippines R Belontia signata
Combtail
Mugilogobius latifrons
Sri Lanka
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Malpulutta kretseri
Mugilogobius sp.
Ornate Paradisefish
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Sri Lanka
Padogobius nigricans
Greece

115
 THREATENED SPECIES

Class SARCOPTERYGIL
Order COELACANTHIFORMES
Family LATIMERIIDAE
Vv Latimeria chalumnae
Coelacanth
Comoros; South Africa

116
 Invertebrates

Phylum CNIDARIA R____ Katechonemertes nightingaleensis

Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha
Class ANTHOZOA E Pantinonemertes agricola
Order GORGONACEA Bermuda

Bae akan Gea Phylum MOLLUSCA

K Eunicella verrucosa
Broad Sea Fan Class GASTROPODA
(Mediterranean Sea; N.E. Atlantic Ocean)
der ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
Order ACTINIARIA Ores ee
Family NERITIDAE
Family EDWARDSIDAE
See I Neritilia hawaiiensis
E Edwardsia ivelli Anchialine Pool Snail
Ivell’s Sea Anemone USA: Hawaiian Islands
United Kingdom
Vv Theodoxus transversalis
Vv Nematostella vectensis Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary;
Starlet Sea Anemone Moldova; Romania; Slovakia; Ukraine;
Canada; United Kingdom; USA Yugoslavia?

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Family HYDROCENIDAE

Vv Georissa biangulata
Class TURBELLARIA Guam
Order TRICLADIDA V___ Georissa elegans
Guam

ao ee Vv Georissa laevigata
R Kenkia rhynchida Guam
Malheur Cave Planarian ; 4
USA R Georissa laseroni
Australia: New South Wales
E Sphalloplana holsingeri Vv Georixoarenfile

eS al Scand water Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei

eae Vs Monterissa gowerensis
E Sphalloplana subtilis pe
ieee Grarniienter Plata Australia: Lord Howe Island
USA Family HELICINIDAE
VY =‘ Ogasawarana arata
Phylum NEMERTEA Japan: Ogasawara

Class ENOPLA of ORE COE EMIS

Order HOPLONEMERTEA VY Ogasawarana comes
E___ Antiponemertes allisonae Japan: Ogasawara
New Zealand R _ Ogasawarana discrepans
R Argonemertes hillii Japan: Ogasawara
Australia R Ogasawarana microtheca
R___ Argonemertes stocki Japan: Ogasawara
Australia R —- Ogasawarana nitida
R Geonemertes rodericana Japan: Ogasawara
Mauritius: Rodrigues R Ogasawarana ogasawarana
Japan: Ogasawara

117
 THREATENED SPECIES

Ogasawarana optima Diplommatina pyramis

Japan: Ogasawara Palau: Peleliu

Sturanyella carolinarum Diplommatina ringens

Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palau: Peleliu
Sturanyella epicharis Hungerfordia pelewensis
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palau: Koror
(Lukunor)
Palaina albata
Order MESOGASTROPODA Palau: Koror

Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Palaina dimorpha

Palau: Peleliu
Vv Craspedoma costata
Spain: Canary Islands (El Hierro, La Gomera) Palaina dohrni
Palau: Palau
Vv Craspedoma hespericum
Portugal: Azores Palaina doliolum
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
R Craspedoma lyonnetianum
Portugal: Madeira Palaina kubaryi
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
R Ditropis whitei
Australia: Queensland (Islands off Cape York Palaina moussoni
Peninsula) Palau: Ngcheangel

Family POTERIIDAE Palaina ovatula

Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Vv Kondoraphe kiyokoae
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina patula
Palau: Koror, Peleliu
Vv Ostodes brazieri
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina platycheilus
Palau: Koror
Vv Paramiella incisa
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina pupa
Palau: Peleliu
VY s~Paramiella kondoi
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina pusilla
(Moen, Fefan) Palau: Peleliu
Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Palaina rubella
Palau: Koror
Vv Diplommatina alata
Palau: Ngemelis Palaina scalarina
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Vv Diplommatina aurea
Palau: Koror Palaina strigata
Palau: Peleliu
V__—sCDiplommatinaa crassilabris
Palau: Koror Palaina striolata
Palau
VY sCDiplommatina gibboni
Palau: Koror Palaina taeniolata
Guam
V___—sCDiplommatina hyalina
Guam Palaina wilsoni
Palau
V___sCODiplommatina inflatula
Palau: Peleliu Palaina xiphidium
Vv Diplommatina lamellata Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Palau: Peleliu Pseudopalaina polymorpha
Palau: Peleliu
Vv Diplommatina lutea
Palau: Koror

118
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Family PUPINIDAE Family ACICULIDAE

R Hedleya coxeni R Acicula norrisi
(Signepupina coxent) Gibraltar
Australia: Queensland
R Platyla foliniana
Hedleya macleayi France
Australia: Queensland
R Renea gormonti
Hedleya pfeifferi France
(Signepupina pfeifferi)
R Renea paillona
Australia: Queensland
France
Pupina brenchleyi
Family HYDROBIDAE
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Lukunor) VV Alzoniella hartwigschuetti
Austria
Pupina complanata
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, I Antrobia breweri
Pohnpei; Marshall Islands: Jaluit, Ebon USA
Pupina difficilis I Antrobia culveri
Palau Tumbling Creek Cavesnail
USA
Pupina splendens
(Suavocallia splendens) I Apachecoccus arizonae
Australia: Queensland (Lizard Islands) Bylas Springsnail
USA
Family LIAREIDAE
I Aphaostracon asthenes
R Cytora hirsutissima
Blue Spring Hydrobe
New Zealand
USA
Family VIVIPARIDAE
I Aphaostracon monas
I Lioplax cyclostomaformis Wekiwa Hydrobe
Cylindrical Lioplax USA
USA
I Aphaostracon pycnum
Tulotoma magnifica Dense Hydrobe
Tulotoma USA
USA
I Aphaostracon xynoelictus
Viviparus acerosus Fenney Spring Hydrobe
Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; USA
Romania; Slovakia
I Arganiella exilis
Family VALVATIDAE France
E Valvata utahensis K — Avenionia brevis
Utah Valvata France; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany
USA
V _—sCBeddomeia angulata
Family POMATIASIDAE Australia: Tasmania
R Pomatias raricosta Vv Beddomeia averni
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Australia: Tasmania
E Tropidophora articulata Vv Beddomeia bellii
Mauritius: Rodrigues Australia: Tasmania
R Tropidophora deburghiae Vv Beddomeia bowryensis
Madagascar Australia: Tasmania

Vv Beddomeia briansmithi
Australia: Tasmania

119
THREATENED SPECIES

Beddomeia camensis Beddomeia ronaldi

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia capensis Beddomeia salmonis

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia fallax Beddomeia tasmanica

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia forthensis Beddomeia topsiae

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia franklandensis Beddomeia trochiformis

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania
Beddomeia fromensis Beddomeia tumida
Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia fultoni Beddomeia turnerae

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania
Beddomeia gibba Beddomeia waterhouseae
Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania
Beddomeia hallae Beddomeia wilmotensis
Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania
Beddomeia hermansi Beddomeia wiseae
Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania

Beddomeia hullii Beddomeia zeehanensis

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania
Beddomeia inflata Belgrandiella austriana
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia kershawi Belgrandiella fuchsi
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia kessneri Belgrandiella komenskyi
Australia: Tasmania Czech Republic
Beddomeia krybetes Belgrandiella lacheineri
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia launcestonensis Belgrandiella parreyssi
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia lodderae Belgrandiella pupula
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia mesiboyi Belgrandiella pyrenaica
Australia: Tasmania France
Beddomeia minima Belgrandiella styriaca
Australia: Tasmania Austria
Beddomeia petterdi Bythinella badensis
Australia: Tasmania Germany
Beddomeia phasianella Bythinella bavarica
Australia: Tasmania Germany
Beddomeia protuberata Bythinella bicarinata
Australia: Tasmania France
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Bythinella carinulata Cincinnatia mica

France Ichetucknee Siltsnail
USA
Bythinella compressa
Germany Cincinnatia monroensis
Enterprise Siltsnail
Bythinella cylindrica
USA
Austria
Cincinnatia parva
Bythinella dunkeri
Pygmy Siltsnail
Belgium; Germany
USA
Bythinella pupoides
Cincinnatia ponderosa
France; Switzerland
Ponderous Siltsnai!
Bythinella reyniesii USA
Andorra; France
Cincinnatia vanhyningi
Bythinella vesontiana Seminole Siltsnail
France USA
Bythinella viridis Cincinnatia wekiwae
Belgium; France Wekiwa Siltsnail
USA
Bythiospeum acicula
Germany Clappia cahabensis
Cahaba Pebblesnail
Bythiospeum alpinum
USA
Switzerland
Coahuilix hubbsi
Bythiospeum articense
Coahuilix de Hubbs Snail
France
Mexico
Bythiospeum bressanum
Cochliopa texana
France
Phantom Cavesnail
Bythiospeum cisterciensorum USA
Austria
Cochliopina milleri
Bythiospeum diaphanum Miller’s Snail
France, Switzerland Mexico
Bythiospeum elseri Coxiella striata
Austria Australia: Tasmania
Bythiospeum garneri Durangonella coahuilae
France Durangonella de Coahuila Snail
Mexico
Bythiospeum geyeri
Austria Fissuria boui
France
Bythiospeum noricum
Austria Fluminicola avernalis
Moapa Pebblesnail
Bythiospeum quenstedti
USA
Germany
Fluminicola columbiana
Bythiospeum reisalpense
Columbia Pebblesnail
Austria
USA
Bythiospeum sandbergeri
Fluminicola merriami
Germany
Pahranagat Pebblesnail
Cincinnatia helicogyra USA
Crystal Siltsnail
Fluvidona anodonta
USA
Australia: Queensland

121
THREATENED SPECIES

Fluvidona dunrobinensis Hemistoma minutissima

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island

Fluvidona dulvertonensis Hemistoma pusillior

Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island
Fluvidona dyeriana Hemistoma whiteleggei
Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island
Fluvidona elongatus Heterocyclus perroquini
Australia: Tasmania New Caledonia
Fluvidona grampianensis Heterocyclus petiti
Australia: Victoria New Caledonia
Fluvidona petterdi Hydrobia scamandri
Australia: New South Wales France
Fluvidona pontvillensis Jardinella acuminata
Australia: Tasmania Australia
Fluvidona simsoniana Jardinella carnarvonensis
Australia: Tasmania Australia
Fluviopupa gracilis Jardinella colmani
Australia: Lord Howe Island Australia
Fluviopupa ramsayi Jardinella coreena
Australia: Lord Howe Island Australia
Fonscochlea accepta Jardinella corrugata
Australia Australia
Fonscochlea aquatica Jardinella edgbastonensis
Australia Australia
Fonscochlea conica Jardinella eulo
Australia Australia
Fonscochlea billakalina Jardinella exigua
Australia Australia
Fonscochlea zeidleri Jardinella isolata
Australia Australia
Fontigens holsingeri Jardinella jesswiseae
Tapered Cavesnail Australia
USA
Jardinella pallida
Fontigens turretella Australia
Greenbrier Cavesnail
USA Jardinella zeidlerorum
Australia
Hauffenia kerschneri
Austria Lepyrium showalteri
Flat Pebblesnail
Hauffenia minuta USA
France; Switzerland
Litthabitella elliptica
Hemistoma beaumonti France
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Lobaunia danubialis
Hemistoma flexicolumella Austria
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Mexipyrgus carranzae
Hemistoma gemma
Mexipyrgus de Carranza Snail
Australia: Lord Howe Island Mexico

122
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Mexipyrgus churinceanus Paladilhia pleurotoma

Mexipyrgus de Churince Snail France
Mexico
Paladilhiopis bourguignati
Mexipyrgus escobedae France
Mexipyrgus de Escobeda Snail
Paludinella conica
Mexico
Guam; Norther Marianas: Saipan
Mexipyrgus lugoi
Paludinella minima
Mexipyrgus de Lugo Snail
Japan: Ogasawara
Mexico
Paludinella semperi
Mexipyrgus mojarralis
Marshall Islands: Jaluit; Palau
Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral Snail
Mexico Paludinella vitrea
Palau: Peleliu
Mexipyrgus multilineatus
Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snail Paludiscala caramba
Mexico Paludiscala de Oro Snail
Mexico
Mexithauma quadripaludium
Mexithauma de Cienegas Snail Phrantela annamurrayae
Mexico Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria juvenisanguis Phrantela conica
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria lineolata Phrantela kutikina
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria locardi Phrantela marginata
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria puteana Phrantela pupiformis
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria rayi Phrantela richardsoni
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria rolandiana Phrantela umbilicata
France Australia: Tasmania
Moitessieria simoniana Phreatodrobia imatata
France; Spain Mimic Cavesnail
USA
Nanocochlea monticola
Australia: Tasmania Plagigeyeria conilis
France
Nanocochlea pupoides
Australia: Tasmania Potamopyrgus oscitans
Australia: Lord Howe Island
‘Nanocochlea’ parva
Australia: Tasmania Pseudamnicola anteisensis
France
Neohoratia minuta
Switzerland Pseudamnicola klemmi
France
Nymphophilus minckleyi
Nymphophilus de Minckley Snail Pseudamnicola melitensis
Mexico Malta

Palacanthilhiopsis vervierti Pseudotricula eberhardi

France Australia: Tasmania

Paladilhia hungarica
Hungary

123
THREATENED SPECIES
Pyrgulopsis agarhecta
Ocmulgee Marstonia
USA
Pyrgulopsis bacchus
Grand Wash Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis
Bruneau Hot Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis castor
Beaver Pond Marstonia
USA
Pyrgulopsis chupaderae
(Fontelicella chupaderae)
Chupadera Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis conicus
Kingman Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis cristalis
Crystal Spring Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis davisi
(Fontelicella davisi)
Davis County Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis erythopoma
Ash Meadows Pebblesnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis
Fairbanks Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis gilae
(Fontelicella gilae)
Gila Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis glandulosus
Verde Rim Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis idahoensis
(Fontelicella idahoensis)
Idaho Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis isolatus
Elongate-gland Springsnail
USA
124
Pyrgulopsis metcalft
(Fontelicella metcalfi)
Presidio County Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis micrococcus
Oasis Valley Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis montezumensis
Montezuma Well Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis morrisoni
Page Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis nanus
Distal-gland Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
Socorro Snail
USA
Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe
Royal Marstonia
USA
Pyrgulopsis olivacea
Olive Marstonia
USA
Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis
Ozark Pyrg
USA
Pyrgulopsis pachyta
Armored Marstonia
USA
Pyrgulopsis pecosensis
(Pyrgulopsis fontelicella)
Pecos Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis pisteri
Median-gland Nevada Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis robusta
Jackson Lake Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis roswellensis
(Fontelicella roswellensis)
Roswell Springsnail
USA
Pyrgulopsis simplex
Fossil Springsnail
USA
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Pyrgulopsis solus Somatogyrus hinkleyi

Brown Springsnail Granite Pebblesnail
USA USA
Pyrgulopsis thermalis Somatogyrus humerosus
(Fontelicella thermalis) Atlas Pebblesnail
New Mexico Hotspring Snail USA
USA
Somatogyrus nanus
Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Dwarf Pebblesnail
Huachuca Springsnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus obtusus
Pyrgulopsis trivialis Moom Pebblesnail
(Fontelicella trivialis) USA
Three Forks Springsnail
Somatogyrus parvulus
USA
Sparrow Pebblesnail
Sadleriana pannonica USA
Hungary; Slovakia
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus
Somatogyrus amnicoloides Tallapoosa Pebblesnail
Oachita Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus pygmaeus
Somatogyrus aureus Pygmy Pebblesnail
Goldend Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus quadrulus
Somatogyrus biangulatus Quadrate Pebblesnail
Angular Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus sergenti
Somatogyrus constrictus Mud Pebblesnail
Knotty Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus strengi
Somatogyrus coosaensis Rolling Pebblesnail
Coosa Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus tenax
Somatogyrus crassilabris Savannah Pebblesnail
Thick-lipped Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus tennesseensis
Somatogyrsus crassus Opaque Pebblesnail
Stocky Pebblesnail USA
USA
Somatogyrus wheeleri
Somatogyrus currierianus Channeled Pebblesnail
Tennessee Pebblesnail USA
USA
Stiobia nana
Somatogyrus deciphens Sculpin Snail
Hidden Pebblesnail USA
USA
Trochidrobia punicea
Somatogyrus excavatus Australia
Ovate Pebblesnail
Trochidrobia smithi
USA
Australia
Somatogyrus hendersoni
Trochidrobia inflata
Fluted Pebblesnail
Australia
USA

125
 THREATENED SPECIES

V Trochidrobia minuta Victodrobia millerae

Australia Australia: Victoria

Tryonia adamantina Victodrobia victoriensis

Diamond Y Springsnail Australia: Victoria
USA
Yaquicoccus bernardinus
E Tryonia alamosae San Bernadino Springsnail
Alamosa Springsnail USA
USA
Family TRUNCATELLIDAE
Tryonia angulata
v Taheitia alata
Sportingoods Tryonia
Guam
USA
Vv Taheitia lamellicosta
Tryonia brunei
Guam
Brune’s Tryonia
USA v Taheitia mariannarum
Guam
Tryonia cheatumi
Phantom Tryonia Vv Taheitia parvula
USA Guam
Tryonia clathrata v Truncatella guerinii
Grated Tryonia Japan: Ogasawara
USA
Family ASSIMINEIDAE
Tryonia elata
I Assiminea infirma
Point of Rocks Tryonia
USA Badwater Snail
USA
Tryonia ericae
Minute Tryonia Assiminea palauensis
USA Palau

Tryonia gilae Assiminea pecos

Gila Tryonia Pecos Assiminea
USA USA

Tryonia imitator Austroassiminea letha

Mimic Tryonia Australia
USA Heteropoma fulvum
Tryonia kosteri Guam
Koster’s Tryonia Heteropoma glabratum
USA Guam
Tryonia quitobaquitae Heteropoma pyramis
Quitabaquito Tryonia Guam
USA
Heteropoma quadrasi
Tryonia stocktonensis Guam
Gonzales Spring Tryonia
USA Heteropoma tuberculatum
Guam
Tryonia variegata
Amargossa Tryonia Heteropoma turritum
USA Guam

Vv Victodrobia burni Kubaryia pilikia

Australia: Victoria Palau: Koror

Vv Victodrobia elongata Omphalotropis albocarinata

Australia: Victoria Australia: Norfolk Island

126
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Omphalotropis carolinensis Omphalotropis submaritima

Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Guam
(Lukunor)
Omphalotropis suturalis
Omphalotropis cheynei Guam
Palau
Omphalotropis suteri
Omphalotropis cookei Australia: Norfolk Island
Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan
Omphalotropis tumidula
Omphalotropis elegans Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Guam
Ponapella pihapiha
Omphalotropis elongatula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Guam
Quadrasiella clathrata
Omphalotropis erosa Guam
Guam
Quadrasiella mucronata
Omphalotropis exquisita Guam
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Thaanumella angulosa
Omphalotropis fragilis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae,
Vv Thaanumella cookei
Pohnpei
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Omphalotropis gracilis
Vv Wrayanna soluta
Guam
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Omphalotropis guamensis
Guam
Family MELANOPSIDAE
Vv Fagotia esperi
Omphalotropis howeinsulae
Austria; Belarus; Hungary; Moldova; Slovakia;
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Ukraine
Omphalotropis innesi
Family PLEUROCERIDAE
Australia: Lord Howe Island
I Anculosa ampla
Omphalotropis laevigata
(Leptoxis ampla)
Guam
Round Rocksnail
Omphalotropis laticosta USA
Guam
Anculosa compacta
Omphalotropis latilabris (Leptoxis compacta)
Guam Oblong Rocksnail
USA
Omphalotropis mutica
Palau Anculopsis crassa
(Leptoxis crassa)
Omphalotropis ochthogyra
Boulder Snail
Guam
USA
Omphalotropis picta
Anculosa formosa
Guam
(Leptoxis formosa)
Omphalotropis pilosa Maiden Rocksnail
Guam USA
Omphalotropis quadrasi Anculosa melanoidus
Guam (Leptoxis melanoidus)
Black Mudalia
Omphalotropis semicostata
USA
Guam
Omphalotropis striatipila
Palau

127
THREATENED SPECIES

Anculosa minor Goniobasis cahawbensis

(Leptoxis minor) (Elimia cahawbensis)
Knob Mudalia Cahaba Elimia
USA USA

Anculosa picta Goniobasis capillaris

(Leptoxis picta) (Elimia capillaris)
Spotted Rocksnail Spindle Elimia
USA USA
Anculosa plicata Goniobasis crenatella
(Leptoxis plicata) (Elimia crenatella)
Plicate Rocksnail Lacy Elimia
USA USA

Anculosa taeniata Goniobasis fascinans

(Leptoxis taeniata) (Elimia fascinans)
Painted Rocksnail Banded Elimia
USA USA
Anculosa virgata Goniobasis gerhardti
(Leptoxis virgata) (Elimia gerhardti)
Smooth Rocksnail Coldwater Elimia
USA USA
Goniobasis albanyensis Goniobasis haysiana
(Elimia albanyensis) (Elimia haysiana)
Black-crest Elimia Silt Elimia
USA USA
Goniobasis ampla Goniobasis hydei
(Elimia ampla) (Elimia hydei)
Ample Elimia Gladiator Elimia
USA USA
Goniobasis annettae Goniobasis interrupta
(Elimia annettae) (Elimia interrupta)
Lily Shoals Elimia Knotty Elimia
USA USA
Goniobasis annulifera Goniobasis interveniens
(Elimia annulifera) (Elimia interveniens)
USA Slowwater Elimia
Goniobasis bellula
USA
(Elimia bellula) Goniobasis nassula
Walnut Elimia (Elimia nassula)
USA Round-rib Elimia
Goniobasis boykiniana USA
(Elimia boykiniana) Goniobasis olivula
Flaxen Elimia (Elimia olivula)
USA Caper Elimia
Goniobasis brevis USA
(Elimia brevis) Goniobasis showalteri
Short-spired Elimia (Elimia showalteri)
USA Compact Elimia
USA

128
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Goniobasis vanuxemiana I Pleurocera curta

(Elimia vanuxemiana) Shortspire Hornsnail
Cobble Elimia USA
ES I Pleurocera foremani
Goniobasis variata Rough Hornsnail
(Elimia variata) USA

a a I Pleurocera posteri
Broken Hornsnail
To fluvialis USA
SH pa ou I Pleurocera pyrenella
Skirted Hornsnail
Lithasia armigera USA

i iv I Pleurocera showalteri
Upland Hornsnail
Lithasia curta USA
ae Rocksnail I Pleurocera walkeri
Telescope Hornsnail
Lithasia duttoniana USA

a oe Order BASOMMATOPHORA
Lithasia geniculata Family ACROLOXIDAE
Ornate Rocksnail I Acroloxus coloradensis
USA Rocky Mountain Capshell
Lithasia jayana ee
Rugose Rocksnail Family LYMNAEIDAE
USA : :
E Erinna carinata
Lithasia lima Réunion
Wi Rocksnail
ee of Vs Myxas glutinosa
Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Czech Republic;
Lithasia salebrosa Estonia; Finland; Germany; Kazakhstan;
Muddy Rocksnail Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands;
USA Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Ukraine;
Lithasia verrucosa United Kingdom
Varicose Rocksnail I Stagnicola utahensis
USA Thickshell Pondsnail
Pleurocera alveare USA
Rugged Hornsnail Family LANCIDAE
A
ue E Lanx sp.
Pleurocera annulifera Banbury Springs Limpet
Ringed Hornsnail USA
US Family GLACIDORBIDAE
P byi
See ain ve Vv Aaa occidentalis
USA aera
Pleurocera corpulenta E hes eCWP ela
Corpulent Hornsnail ustralia: Tasmania
USA I Glacidorbis pedderi
Australia: Tasmania

129
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family PHYSIDAE I Neoplanorbis umbilicatus

USA
I Physa microstriata
(Physella microstriata) Family ANCYLIDAE
Fish Lake Physa
I Ferrissia meneili
USA
Hood Ancylid
Es‘ Physa natricina USA
Snake River Physa Snail
Rhodacmaea elatior
USA
Domed Ancylid
I Physa spelunca USA
(Physella spelunca)
Rhodacmaea filosa
Cave Physa
Wicker Ancylid
USA
USA
I Physa utahensis
(Physella utahensis)
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
Utah Physa Family ACHATINELLIDAE
USA
E Achatinella apexfulva
I Physa zionis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
(Physella zionis)
Wet Rock Physa E Achatinella bellula
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

Family PLANORBIDAE Achatinella bulimoides

E_ Ancylastrum cumingianus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

Australian Freshwater Limpet Achatinella byronii
Australia: Tasmania USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
I Glyptophysa petiti Achatinella cestus
New Caledonia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
I Helisoma jacksonense Achatinella concavospira
Jackson Lake Snail USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
USA
Achatinella curta
E Miratesta celebensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Achatinella decipiens
I Planorbella magnifica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Magnificent Ramshor
USA Achatinella fulgens
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
I Planorbella multivolvis
Acorn Ramshorn Achatinella fuscobasis
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

Family NEOPLANORBIDAE Achatinella leucorrhaphe

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
I Amphigyra alabamensis
Shoal Sprite Achatinella lila
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

I Neoplanorbis carinatus Achatinella lorata

USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

I Neoplanorbis smithi Achatinella mustelina

USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

I Neoplanorbis tantilus Achatinella phaeozona

USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

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 Invertebrates: molluscs

Achatinella pulcherrima Lamellidea subcylindrica

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota

Achatinella pupukanioe Partulina confusa

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands
Achatinella sowerbyana Partulina dolei
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)

Achatinella stewartii Partulina dubia

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

Achatinella swiftii Partulian dwightii

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Achatinella taeniolata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Achatinella turgida
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Achatinella viridans
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)
Partulina fusoidea
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Partulina kaaeana
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Partulina mighelsiana
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)

Achatinella vulpina Partulina nattii

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)

Auriculella ambusta Partulina perdix

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)

Auriculella castanea Partulina physa

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Auriculella crassula
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Auriculella malleata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Auriculella perpusilla
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Auriculella pulchra
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
Partulina porcellana
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Partulina proxima
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)
Partulina redfieldi
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)
Partulina semicarinata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai)

Auriculella tenella Partulina splendida

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Splendid Partulina
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Elasmias kitaiwojimanum
Japan: Ogasawara Partulina talpina
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Elasmias quadrasi
Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota Partulina tappaniana
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Gulickia alexandri
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Partulina terebra
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Lamellidea biplicata
Japan: Ogasawara Partulina tessellata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)
Lamellidea microstoma
Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota Partulina ustulata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)
Lamellidea ogasawarana
Japan: Ogasawara Partulina variabilis
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai)

131
 THREATENED SPECIES

Partulina virgulata Tropidoptera heliciformis

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) (Pterodiscus heliciformis)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Perdicella carinella
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Family PUPILLIDAE
Perdicella helena Lauria fanalensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Portugal: Madeira
Perdicella kuhnsi Leiostyla callathiscus
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Portugal: Madeira
E Perdicella ornata Leiostyla cheiligona
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Portugal: Madeira
Vv Tornatellinops ponapensis Leiostyla concinna
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Portugal: Madeira
Family COCHLICOPIDAE Leiostyla corneocostata
Portugal: Madeira
K Cochlicopa nitens
Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Leiostyla degenerata
Bulgaria; Denmark; Estonia; Portugal: Madeira
Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia
Leiostyla ferraria
Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; Poland;
Portugal: Madeira
Romania; Russia; Slovakia;
Switzerland; Turkmenistan; Leiostyla filicum
Yugoslavia Portugal: Madeira
E Cryptazeca monodonta Leiostyla fusca
France; Spain Portugal: Madeira
E Cryptazeca subcylindrica Leiostyla laevigata
France Portugal: Madeira
Hypnophila remyi Leiostyla laurinea
France: Corsica Portugal: Madeira
Family AMASTRIDAE Leiostyla monticola
E Amastra cylindrica Portugal: Madeira
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Leiostyla relevata
E Amastra micans Portugal: Madeira
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Leiostyla vincta
Amastra rubens Portugal: Madeira
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Pupilla ficulnea
Amastra spirizona Australia: Northern Territory
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Pupilla pupula
Armsia petasus Réunion
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Family VALLONIIDAE
Laminella sanguinea R Acanthinula spinifera
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Spain: Canary Islands (La Palma)
Leptachatina lepida E Spelaeodiscus tatricus
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Slovakia
Leptachatina sp. 1 Vallonia allamanica
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Germany
Leptachatina sp. 2
USA: Hawaiian Islands

132
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Vv Vallonia declivis Vv Vertigo geyerii

Austria; France; Germany; Poland; Slovakia; Austria; Czech Republic; Denmark, Finland;
Switzerland Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway;
Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United
K Vallonia enniensis
Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; JOSE
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Poland; I Vertigo hebardi
Romania; Russia; Spain: including Balearic USA
Islands, Canary Islands; Slovakia; Switzerland; ;
Dikeaine Family ORCULIDAE

E Vallonia suevica ui OE GEE

Austria
Germany
Family VERTIGINIDAE R pS aestee
i
K Cylindrovertilla kingi
Australia: New South Wales v OE aS

I Gastrocopta boninensis Family CHONDRINIDAE

Japan: Ogasawara
I Solatopupa guidoni
R Gyliotrachela catherina France: Corsica: Italy: Sardinia
Australia: Northern Territory
Vv INESU peepeepoe I Solatopupa psarolena
Palan France; Italy
5 Family BULIMINIDAE
Vv Nesopupa ponapica
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Boninena callistoderma
Vv Nesopupa quadrasi JE OSE
Guam Vv Boninena hiraseana
Vv Ptychalaea dedecora Ee
Japan: Ogasawara E Boninena ogasawarae
Vs Pupisoma orcula Japan: Ogasawara
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, R ’Napaeus’ alabastrinus
Pohnpei Portugal: Azores
I Sterkia clementina V = Napaeus isletae
Insular Birddrop Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria)
ee R Napaeus nanodes
K Truncatellina atomus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) I Namseuseyentens
I Vertigo alabamensis Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera)
USA
I Napaeus tagmichensis
K Vertigo angustior Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera)
Armenis, ae arctan Bea I Napaeus tagulichensis
Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Spain: Canary Islands (La\Gomera)
Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; ‘
Treland,; Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; R Napaeus tarnerianus
Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; ,
Ukraine; United Kingdom lamba eer
= a R Boettgeria obesiuscula
Vv Vertigo genesii Portia eden
Finland; Germany; Norway; Poland; Romania;
Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom V_—_sCharpentieria dyodon
Italy; Switzerland

133
 THREATENED SPECIES

R Lamnifera pauli Samoana annectens

France; Spain French Polynesia: Huahine

E Lampedusa imitratix Samoana attenuata

Malta French Polynesia: BoraBora, Moorea, Tahiti,
Raiatea
E Lampedusa melitensis
Malta Samoana conica
American Samoa: Tutuila
R Muticaria macrostoma
Malta Samoana diaphana
French Polynesia: Moorea
Family PARTULIDAE
Samoana fragilis
E Eua zebrina
Guam
American Samoa: Tutuila
E Samoana solitaria
E Partula arguta
French Polynesia: Moorea
French Polynesia: Huahine
E Samoana thurstoni
V___s‘*Partula calypso
American Samoa: Ofu
Palau: Peleliu

E Partula dentifera
Family ORTHALICIDAE
French Polynesia: Raiatea Vv Bothriembryon angasianus
Australia: South Australia
Vv Partula emersoni
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Vv Bothriembryon brazieri
Australia: Western Australia
E Partula faba
French Polynesia: Raiatea Vv Bothriembryon glauerti
Australia: Western Australia
E Partula gibba
Fat Guam Partula Bothriembryon irvineanus
Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Australia: Western Australia
Vv Partula guamensis Bothriembryon praecelcus
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Australia: Western Australia
E Partula hebe Bothriembryon spenceri
French Polynesia: Raiatea Australia: Northern Territory
E Partula labrusca Bothriembryon tasmanicus
French Polynesia: Raiatea Australia: Tasmania
E Partula langfordi Bulimulus adelphus
Northern Marianas: Aguijan Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Vv Partula leucothoe Bulimulus akamatus
Palau Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Vv Partula martensiana Bulimulus alethorhytidus
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
V___s~Partula radiolata Bulimulus amastroides
Radiolate Partula Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Guam
Bulimulus blombergi
E Partula rosea Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
French Polynesia: Huahine
Bulimulus calvus
Vv Partula thetis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Palau: Koror
Bulimulus cavagnaroi
E Partula varia Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
French Polynesia: Huahine

134
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Bulimulus darwini E Leuchocharis pancheri

Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Caledonia
Bulimulus eos v Orthalicus reses
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Stock Island Tree Snail
Bulimulus eschariferus Ue
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Vv Placostylus ambagiosus
Bulimulus hirsutus a ae ‘ies sue
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands mM
Bulimulus jacobi CS eet aS
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Zealand
Bulimulus lycodus a
‘ Vs Placostylus hongii
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Pupil raceLeselesaseen
Bulimulus nesioticus New Zealand
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Family FERUSSACIIDAE
Bulimulus nux
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands : Be meric it Ga Santo)

Tete Cataeee Ce a a ee
peracid ire idea I Conlaiias connollyi

ee
ae
Bulimulus sculpturatus
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus sp. 1
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus sp. 2
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus sp. 3
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus sp. 4
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus sp. 5
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus tanneri
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus unifasciatus
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus ustulatus
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Bulimulus wolfi
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
cere
ia
R __ Sculptiferussacia clausiliaeformis
Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura)
Family COELIAXIDAE
I Pyrgina umbilicata
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sdo Tomé
I Thomea newtoni
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Family THYROPHORELLIDAE
I Thyrophorella thomensis
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Family STREPTAXIDAE
Vv Gonospira bourguignati
Réunion
Vv Gonospira cylindrella
Réunion
E Gonospira deshayesi
Réunion
E Gonospira duponti
Mauritius

135
 THREATENED SPECIES

Vv Gonospira funicula Vv Rhytida lamproides

Réunion (Tasmaphena lamproides)
Australia: Tasmania, Victoria
Vv Gonospira turgidula
Réunion R Rhytida oconnori
New Zealand
E Gonospira uvula
Réunion Vv Victaphanta atramentaria
Australia: Victoria
Vv Gulella plantii
South Africa Vv Victaphanta compacta
Australia: Victoria
E Imperturbatia violescens
Seychelles
Family ENDODONTIDAE
Family CARYODIDAE Vs Aaadonta angaurana
E Anoglypta launcestonensis Palau: Angaur
Granulated Tasmanian Snail
Vv Aaadonta constricta
Australia: Tasmania
Palau
Family MEGOMPHICIDAE
Vv Aaadonta fuscozonata
I Ammonitella yatesii Palau
Tight Coin
Vs Aaadonta irregularis
USA
Palau: Peleliu
Family RHYTIDIDAE
Vv Aaadonta kinlochi
Vv Delos oualanensis Palau: Angaur
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae
Vs Aaadonta pelewana
R Ougapia spaldingi Palau: Koror, Peleliu
(Torresiropa spaldingi)
Vv Anguispira picta
Australia: Queensland (Cape York & Torres
Painted Snake-coiled Forest Snail
Strait Islands)
USA
R Paryphanta busbyi
E Cookeconcha sp.
Kauri Snail, Pupurangi
USA: Hawaiian Islands
New Zealand
E Endodonta sp.
V__—sCParyphanta gilliesi
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Gillies’ Land Snail
New Zealand I Helicodiscus diadema
USA
Vv Paryphanta hochstetteri
Hochstetter’s Land Snail I Helicodiscus hexodon
New Zealand USA
VY s‘Paryphanta lignaria E Hirasea acutissima
Woodformed Land Snail Japan: Ogasawara
New Zealand
E Hirasea chichijimana
Vv Paryphanta rossiana Japan: Ogasawara
Ross’ Land Snail
New Zealand E Hirasea diplomphalus
Japan: Ogasawara
V_—sCParyphanta traversi
Travers’ Land Snail E Hirasea insignis
New Zealand Japan: Ogasawara

R Rhytida clarki E Hirasea operculina

(Wainuia clarki) Japan: Ogasawara
New Zealand E Thaumatodon hystricelloides
Western Samoa: Upolu

136
 Invertebrates: molluscs

I Theskelomensor creon Jokajdon tumidulus

Australia: Queensland Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei

I Theskelomensor lizardensis Kubaryiellus kubaryi

Australia: Queensland (Lizard Island) Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei

Family PUNCTIDAE Ladronellum mariannarum

Guam
v Pasmaditta jungermanniae
Australia: Tasmania Letomola barrenensis
Australia: Bass Strait islands
Family CHAROPIDAE
Letomola contortus
Vv Allocharopa erskinensis Australia: New South Wales
Australia: Victoria
Negairea murphyi
v Allocharopa okeana Australia: New South Wales
Australia: Victoria
Oreokera cumulus
Allocharopa tarravillensis Australia: Queensland
Australia: Victoria
Oreokera nimbus
Bischoffena bischoffensis Australia: Queensland
Australia: Tasmania
Oreomava cannfluviatilus
Coenocharopa yessabahensis
Australia: Victoria
Australia: New South Wales
Oreomava otwayensis
Cralopa colliveri Australia: Victoria
Australia: Victoria
Palikirus cosmetus
Cralopa kaputarensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Australia: New South Wales
Palikirus ponapicus
Dipnelix pertricosa Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Australia: South Australia
Palline micramyla
Discocharopa mimosa
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Australia: Tasmania
Palline notera
Dupucharopa millestriata
Palau
Australia: Western Australia
Pernagera gatliffi
Geminoropa scindocataracta
Australia: Victoria
Australia: Victoria
Pillomena aemula
Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae
Australia: Northern Territory
Australia: Queensland
Pilsbrycharopa tumida
Helenoconcha relicta
Australia: Western Australia
Saint Helena
Pilula praetumida
Himeroconcha fusca
Réunion
Guam
Planilaoma luckmanii
Himeroconcha lamlanensis
Australia: Tasmania
Guam
Rhophodon kempseyensis
Himeroconcha quadrasi
Australia: New South Wales
Guam
Rhophodon problematica
Himeroconcha rotula
Australia: Victoria
Guam
Roimontis tolotomensis
Jokajdon callizonus
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei

137
 THREATENED SPECIES

Vs Russatus nigrescens Boninosuccinea punctulispira

Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Japan: Ogasawara

Vv Semperdon heptaptychius Catinella arenaria

Guam Belgium; France; Germany; Ireland;
Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Slovakia;
Vv Semperdon kororensis
Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom
Palau: Koror
Oxyloma kanabense
Vv Semperdon rotanus
Kanab Amber Snail
Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota
USA
Vv Semperdon uncatus
Succinea chittenangoensis
Palau
Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail
Vv Semperdon xyleborus USA
Palau
Succinea philippinica
R Setomedea nudicostata Palau
Australia: Queensland
Succinea piratarum
Vv Sinployea kusaieana Guam
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae
E Succinea quadrasi
Vv Trukcharopa trukana Guam
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
Vv Succinea sanctaehelenae
(Tol, Lukunor)
Saint Helena
Family DISCIDAE
Family EUCONULIDAE
R Discus engonata
Vv Palaua babelthuapi
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Palau: Babeldaob
E Discus macclintocki
V Palaua margaritacea
Towa Pleistocene Snail
Palau
USA
Palaua minor
K Discus marmorensis
Palau
Marbled Disc
USA Palaua ngarduaisi
R Discus scutula Palau: Babeldaob
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Palaua straminea
Family OREOHELICIDAE Palau: Angaur

Vv Oreohelix jugalis Palaua wilsoni

Boulder Pile Mountain Snail Palau
USA Caldwellia boryi
R Oreohelix vortex Mauritius
Whorled Mountain Snail Caldwellia imperfecta
USA Mauritius; Réunion
I Oreohelix waltoni Ctenophila caldwelli
Lava Rock Mountain Snail Mauritius
USA
Ctenophila salaziensis
Vv Radiocentrum avalonense Réunion
Catalina Mountain Snail
USA Ctenophila setiliris
Réunion
Family SUCCINEIDAE
Ctenophila vorticella
I Boninosuccinea ogasawarae Réunion
Japan: Ogasawara

138
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Dendrotrochus ponapensis Plegma caelatura

Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Réunion

Diastole matafaoi Plegma rodriguezensis

American Samoa: Tutuila Mauritius: Rodrigues

Hacrochlamys lineolatus Ryssota pachystoma

Japan: Ogasawara Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands

Harmogenanina argentea Tengchiena euroxestus

Réunion (Echonitor euroxestus)
Australia: South Australia
Harmogenanina detecta
Réunion Thapsia snelli
Mauritius: Rodrigues
Harmogenanina implicata
Mauritius E Trochochlamys ogasawarana
Japan: Ogasawara
Helixarion australis
(Helicarion australis) Family TROCHOMORPHIDAE
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland
Vv Brazieria entomostoma
Helixarion leopardina Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Helicarion leopardina) (Dublon)
Australia: New South Wales
Brazieria erasa
Helixarion porrectus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Helicarion porrectus) (Dublon)
Australia: New South Wales
Brazieria lutaria
Helixarion rubicundus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Helicarion rubicundus) (Dublon)
Australia: Tasmania
Brazieria minuscula
Helixarion semoni Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Fastosarion semoni) (Tol)
Australia: Queensland
Brazieria obesa
Helixarion submissus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Peloparion submissus) (Tol)
Australia: New South Wales
Brazieria velata
Kusaiea frivola Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae
Hongolua kondorum
Lamprocystis denticulata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipa, Rota (Moen, Dublon)

Lamprocystis fastigata Kondoa kondorum

Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
(Dublon)
Lamprocystis hahajimana
Japan: Ogasawara Trochomorpha apia
American Samoa: Tutuila
Lamprocystis hornbosteli
Norther Marianas: Tinian Trochomorpha approximata
Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands
Lamprocystis misella
(Dublon)
Guam
Trochomorpha carolinae
Liardetia boninensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Japan: Ogasawara
Trochomorpha conoides
Liardetia tenuisculpta Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae,
Pohnpei

139
 THREATENED SPECIES

Trochomorpha contigua Family PARMACELLIDAE

Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Vv Parmacella tenerifensis
Trochomorpha kuesteri Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Family MILACIDAE
Trochomorpha melvillensis
Vv Tandonia nigra
Australia: Northern Territory
Switzerland
Trochomorpha nigritella
Family LIMACIDAE
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
K Deroceras fatrense
Videna electra
Slovakia
Palau: Peleliu
Vv Malacolimax wiktori
Videna oleacina
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Palau: Peleliu
Videna pagodula
Family POLYGYRIDAE
Palau: Peleliu I Ashmunella pasonis
Vv Videna pumila Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail
Palau: Peleliu USA

Family VITRINIDAE Cryptomastix magnidenta

Mission Creek Oregonian
R Insulivitrina machadoi USA
Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria)
Mesodon archeri
R Insulivitrina mascaensis Archer’s Toothed Land Snail
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) USA
Insulivitrina reticulata Mesodon clenchi
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Clench’s Middle-toothed Land Snail
Insulivitrina tuberculata USA
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Mesodon jonesianus
R Phenacolimax atlantica Jones’ Middle-toothed Land Snail
Portugal: Azores USA

R Vitrea pseudotrolli Mesodon magazinensis

France; Italy Magazine Mountain Middle-toothed Snail
USA
K Vitrea striata
Spain: Ibiza Polygyra hippocrepis
USA
Family ZONITIDAE
Polygyra peregrina
I Glyphyalinia pecki Strange Many-whorled Land Snail
USA USA
E Oxychilus agostinhoi Polygyriscus virginianus
Portugal: Azores Virginia Fringed Mountain Snail
Oxychilus basajauna USA
Spain Stenotrema hubrichti
Paravitrea clappi USA
USA Stenotrema pilsbryi
Retinella stabilei Pilsbry’s Narrow-apertured Land Snail
Italy USA

Triodopsis occidentalis
Western Three-toothed Land Snail
USA

140
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Triodopsis platysayoides Craterodiscus pricei

Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail Australia: Queensland
USA
Cristilabrum bubulum
Vespericola karokorum Australia: Western Australia
Karok Hesperion
Cristilabrum buryillum
USA
Australia: Western Australia
Family CAMAENIDAE
Cristilabrum grossum
R Amphidromus cognatus Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Cristilabrum isolatum
E Amplirhagada astuta Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island)
Cristilabrum monodon
Amplirhagada elevata Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Cristilabrum primum
Amplirhagada herbertena Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Cristilabrum rectum
Amplirhagada montalivetensis Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia (Montalivet
Cristilabrum simplex
Island)
Australia: Western Australia
Amplirhagada novelta
Cristilabrum solitudum
Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Amplirhagada questroana
Cristilabrum spectaculum
Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Austrochloritis ascensa
Cupedora broughami
Australia: New South Wales
Australia: South Australia
Austrochloritis pusilla
Cupedora evandaleana
Australia: Queensland
Australia: South Australia
Baccalena squamulosa
Cupedora luteofusca
Australia: Northern Territory
Australia: South Australia
Badistes benneti
Cupedora marcidum
(Meridolum benneti)
Australia: New South Wales
Australia: Queensland
Cupedora nottensis
Badistes corneovirens
Australia: South Australia
(Meridolum corneovirens)
Australia: New South Wales Cupedora sutilosa
Australia: Kangaroo Island
Badistes depressa
(Meridolum depressa) Cupedora tomsetti
Australia: New South Wales Australia: Kangaroo Island

Badistes marshalli Damochlora millepunctata

(Meridolum marshalli) Australia: Western Australia
Australia: New South Wales
Damochlora spina
Baudinella baudinensis Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia (Baudin Island)
Divellomelon hillieri
Carinotrachia carsoniana Australia: Northern Territory
Australia: Western Australia
Glyptorhagada asperrima
Cooperconcha centralis (Eximiorhagada asperrima)
Australia: South Australia Australia: South Australia

141
THREATENED SPECIES

Glyptorhagada bordaensis Mandarina polita

Australia: Kangaroo Island Japan: Ogasawara
Glyptorhagada euglypta Mandarina ponderosa
Australia: South Australia Japan: Ogasawara
Glyptorhagada janaslini Mandarina suenoae
Australia: South Australia Japan: Ogasawara
Glyptorhagada kooringensis Meliobba shafferyi
Australia: South Australia Australia: Queensland
Glyptorhagada silveri Mesodontrachia desmonda
Australia: South Australia Australia: Northern Territory
Glyptorhagada tattawuppana Mesodontrachia fitzroyana
Australia: South Australia Australia: Northern Territory
Granulomelon grandituberculatum Mouldingia occidentalis
Australia: Northern Territory Australia: Western Australia
Hadra wilsoni Mouldingia orientalis
Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia
Jacksonena delicata Mussonena campbelli
Australia: Queensland Australia: Queensland
Jacksonena rudis Ningbingia australis
Australia: Queensland Australia: Western Australia
Kimboraga exanimus Ningbingia bulla
Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia
Kimboraga koolanensis Ningbingia dentiens
Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) Australia: Western Australia
Kimboraga micromphala Ningbingia laurina
Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia
Kimboraga yammerana Ningbingia octava
Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia
Lacustrelix minor Ningbingia res
Australia: South Australia Australia: Western Australia
Lacustrelix yerelinana Noctepuna muensis
Australia: South Australia Australia: Queensland
Mandarina anijimana
Japan: Ogasawara Occirhenea georgiana
Australia: Western Australia.
Mandarina aureola
Japan: Ogasawara Offachloritis dryanderensis
Australia: Queensland
Mandarina chichijimana
Japan: Ogasawara Ordtrachia australis
Australia: Northern Territory
Mandarina exoptata
Japan: Ogasawara Ordtrachia elegans
Australia: Western Australia
Mandarina hahajimana
Japan: Ogasawara Ordtrachia septentrionalis
Australia: Northern Territory
Mandarina hirasei
Japan: Ogasawara Papuexul bidwilli
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland
Mandarina mandarina
Japan: Ogasawara

142
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Papustyla pulcherrima Torresitrachia thedana

Papua New Guinea: Manus Island Australia: Western Australia

Planispira wesselensis Turgenitubulus aslini

(Cristigibba wesselensis) Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Turgenitubulus christenseni
Pleuroxia arcigerens Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Turgenitubulus costus
Pleuroxia hinsbyi Australia: Western Australia
Australia: New South Wales
Turgenitubulus depressus
Pleuroxia italowiana Australia: Western Australia
Australia: South Australia
Turgenitubulus foramenus
Posorites turneri Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Queensland
Turgenitubulus opiranus
Prototrachia sedula Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Turgenitubulus pagodula
Prymnbriareus nimberlinus Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Turgenitubulus tanmurrana
Rhagada gibbensis Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia
Vidumelon wattii
Rhagada harti Australia: Northern Territory
Australia: Western Australia
Westraltrachia alterna
Semotrachia euzyga Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Westraltrachia inopinata
Semotrachia sublevata Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Westraltrachia lievreana
Semotrachia winneckeana Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Westraltrachia porcata
Setobaudinia collingii Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Western Australia (Parry Island)
Westraltrachia recta
Setobaudinia victoriana Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
W Westraltrachia subtila
Sinumelon bednalli Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Northern Territory
Vv Westraltrachia turbinata
Sphaerospira macleayi Australia: Western Australia
Australia: Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
Family HYGROMIIDAE
Sphaerospira rockhamptonensis
Vv Petasina subtecta
Australia: Queensland
Austria
Sphaerospira whartoni
Plentusia vendia
Australia: Queensland (Holbourne Island)
Spain
Thersites mitchellae
Trichia biconica
Australia: New South Wales
Switzerland
Torresitrachia crawfordi
Trichia caelata
Australia: Western Australia
Switzerland
Torresitrachia funium
Trichia gramnicola
Australia: Northern Territory
Germany

143
 THREATENED SPECIES

E Trichia oreinos Caseolus hartungi

Austria Portugal: Madeira

Family HELICELLIDAE Caseolus leptostictus

Portugal: Madeira
I Candidula setubalensis
Portugal Caseolus subcalliferus
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Cyrnotheba corsica
France: Corsica Chilostoma cingulellum
Poland; Slovakia
Vv Trochoidea gharlapsi
Malta Chilostoma rossmaessleri
Poland; Slovakia
R Trochoidea spratti
Malta Codringtonia codringtonii
Rock Snail
Family HELICIDAE
Greece
Vv Actinella actinophora
Cylindrus obtusus
Portugal: Madeira
Austria
v Actinella anaglyptica
Discula bicarinata
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella armitageana
Discula bulweri
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella carinofausta
Discula cheiranticola
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella effugiens
Discula echinulata
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella fausta
Discula leacockiana
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella giramica
Discula oxytropis
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella laciniosa
Discula tabellata
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira
Actinella obserata
Discula tectiformis
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Actinella robusta
Discula testudinalis
Portugal: Madeira
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Canariella leprosa
Discula turricula
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Canariella pthonera
Disculella maderensis
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Portugal: Madeira
Caseolus abjectus
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Disculella spirulina
Portugal: Madeira
Caseolus calculus
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Elona quimperiana
France; Spain
Caseolus commixtus
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Geomitra moniziana
Portugal: Madeira
Caseolus consors
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Geomitra tiarella
Portugal: Madeira

144
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Gittenbergeri turriplana R Spirorbula squalida

Portugal Portugal: Madeira
Helix ceratina I Tacheocampylaea raspaili
France: Corsica France: Corsica
Helix godetiana Vv Tacheocampylaea tacheoides
Greece: Cyclades Italy
Hemicycla adansoni R Trissexodon constrictus
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) France; Spain

Hemicycla berkeleyi R Tyrrheniella josephi

Spain: Canary Islands Italy

Hemicycla glyceia Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE

Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Hemicycla inutilis
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Hemicycla mascaensis
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Hemicycla modesta
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Hemicycla plicaria
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Hemicycla pouchet
Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife)
Idiomela subplicata
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Lampadia webbiana
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Lemniscia calva
Portugal: Madeira
Lemniscia galeata
Portugal: Madeira
Lemniscia michaudi
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Leptaxis furva
Portugal: Madeira
Leptaxis portosancti
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Leptaxis wollastoni
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Pseudocampylaea portosanctana
Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo)
Spirorbula latens
Portugal: Madeira
Spirorbula obtecta
Portugal: Madeira
K Eremarionta immaculata
White Desrt Snail
USA
K Eremarionta millepalmarum
Thousand Palms Desert Snail
USA
K Eremarionta morongoana
Morongo Desert Snail
USA
R Helminthoglypta allynsmithi
Merced Canyon Shoulderband
USA
I Helminthoglypta callistoderma
Kern Shoulderband
USA
K Helminthoglypta coelata
Mesa Shoulderband
USA
K Helminthoglypta mohaveana
Victorville Shoulderband
USA
E Helminthoglypta walkeriana
Morro Shoulderband
USA
K Micrarionta facta
Santa Barbara Island Snail
USA
E Micrarionta feralis
San Nicolas Island Snail
USA
K = Micrarionta gabbi
San Clemente Island Snail
USA
K Micrarionta opuntia
Prickly Pear Island Snail
USA
 THREATENED SPECIES

Monadenia circumcarinata Margaritifera margaritifera

Keeled Sideband Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark;
USA Finland; France; Germany; Iceland; Ireland;
Luxembourg; Norway; Poland; Portugal;
Monadenia setosa
Russia: Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom
Trinity Bristle Snail
USA Margaritifera marrianae
Alabama Pearl Shell
Monadenia troglodytes
USA
Shasta Sideband
USA Margaritifera monodonta
(Cumberlandia monodonta)
Sonorella eremita
Spectacle Case
Sax Xavier Talus Snail
USA
USA
Family UNIONIDAE
Sonorella metcalfi
Franklin Mountain Talus Snail I Alasmidonta arcula
USA Altamaha Arcmussel
USA
Xerarionta intercisa
Plain Cactus Snail Alasmidonta atropurpurea
USA Cumberland Elktoe
USA
Xerarionta redimita
Wreathed Cactus Snail Alasmidonta heterodon
USA Dwarf Wedge Mussel
USA
Xerarionta tryoni
Bicolor Cactus Snail Alasmidonta raveneliana
USA Appalacian Elktoe
Family ARIONIDAE USA

R Arion obesoductus Alismodonta varicosa

Brook Floater
Austria
USA
K Arion vejdorskyi
Czech Republic Alasmidonta wrightiana
Ochlockonee Arcmussel
Binneya notabilis USA
Santa Barbara Shelled Slug
USA Amblema neislerii
Fat Threeridge
Geomalacus maculosus USA
Ireland; Portugal; Spain
Anodonta californensis
California Floater
Class BIVALVIA
USA
Order UNIONOIDA Arkansia wheeleri
Family MARGARITIFERIDAE Ouachita Rock Pocketbook
USA
E Margaritifera auricularia
Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Carunculina cylindrellus
Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Portugal; (Toxolasma cylindrellus)
Spain; United Kingdom Pale Lilliput
USA
Margaritifera hembeli
Louisiana Pearlshell Carunculina lividus
USA (Toxolasma lividus)
Purple Lilliput
USA

146
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Carunculina pullus Elliptio nigella

(Toxolasma pullus) Winged Spike
Savannah Lilliput USA
USA
Elliptio shepardiana
Cyprogenia aberti Altamaha Lance
Western Fan-shell USA
USA
Elliptio spinosa
Cyprogenia stegaria Altamaha Spinymussel
Fanshell USA
USA
Elliptio steinstansana
Dromus dromas Tar River Spinymussel
Dromedary Pearly Mussel USA
USA
Elliptio waccamawensis
Dysnomia brevidens Waccamaw Spike
(Epioblasma brevidens) USA
Cumberlandian Combshell
Fusconaia cor
USA
Shiny Pigtoe
Dysnomia capsaeformis USA
(Epioblasma capsaeformis)
Fusconaia cuneolus
Oyster Mussel
Fine-rayed Pigtoe
USA
USA
Dysnomia metastriata
Fusconaia escambia
(Epioblasma metastriata)
Narrow Pigtoe
Upland Combshell
USA
USA
Fusconaia masoni
Dysnomia othcaloogensis
Atlantic Pigtoe
(Epioblasma othcaloogensis)
USA
Southern Acornshell
USA Hemistena lata
Cracking Pearlymussel
Dysnomia penita
USA
(Epioblasma penita)
Southern Combshell Lampsilis abrupta
USA Pink Mucket
USA
Dysnomia triquetra
(Epioblasma triquetra) Lampsilis altilis
Snuffbox Fine-lined Pocketbook
USA USA
Dysnomia turgidula Lampsilis australis
(Epioblasma turgidula) Southern Sandshell
Turgid-blossom USA
USA
Lampsilis binominata
Elliptio jayensis Lined Pocketbook
Flat Spike USA
USA
Lampsilis cariosa
Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lampmussel
Yellow Lance USA
USA
Lampsilis fullerkati
Elliptio marsupiobesa Waccamaw Fatmucket
Cape Fear Spike USA
USA
THREATENED SPECIES

Lampsilis higginsii Medionidus parvulus

Higgin’s Eye Coosa Moccasinshell
USA USA
Lampsilis perovalis Nephronaias sloatianus
Orangenacre Mucket (Elliptoideus sloatianus)
USA Purple Bankclimber
USA
Lampsilis powellii
Arkansas Fatmucket Obovaria retusa
USA Ring Pink
USA
Lampsilis rafinesqueana
Neosho Mucket Obovaria rotulata
USA Round Ebonyshell
USA
Lampsilis salinasensis
(Disconaias salinasensis) Pegias fabula
Salina Mucket Littlewing Pearlymussel
USA USA
Lampsilis streckeri Plethobasus cicatricosus
Speckled Pocketbook White Wartyback
USA USA
Lampsilis subangulata Plethobasus cooperianus
Shinyrayed Pocketbook Orangefoot Pimpleback
USA USA
Lampsilis virescens Pleurobema clava
Alabama Lampmussel Clubshell
USA USA
Lasmigona decorata Pleurobema collina
Carolina Heelsplitter James River Spinymussel
USA USA
Lasmigona holstonia Pleurobema curtum
Tennessee Heelsplitter Black Clubshell
USA USA
Lasmigona subviridis Pleurobema decisum
Green Floater Southern Clubshell
USA USA
Leguminaia compressa Pleurobema furvum
(Microcondylaea compressa) Dark Pigtoe
Italy; Switzerland; Yugoslavia USA
Lemiox rimosus Pleurobema georgianum
Birdwing Pearlymussel Southern Pigtoe
USA USA
Leptodea leptodon Pleurobema gibberum
Scaleshell Cumberland Pigtoe
USA USA
Lexingtonia dolabelloides Pleurobema marshalli
Slabside Pearlymussel Flat Pigtoe
USA USA
Medionidus acutissimus Pleurobema oviforme
Alabama Moccasinshell Tennessee Clubshell
USA USA
 Invertebrates: molluscs

Pleurobema perovatum Quadrula intermedia

Ovate Clubshell Cumberland Monkeyface
USA USA
Pleurobema plenum Quadrula sparsa
Rough Pigtoe Appalachian Monkeyface
USA USA
Pleurobema pyriforme Quadrula stapes
Oval Pigtoe Stirrupshell
USA USA
Pleurobema rubellum Quincuncina mitchelli
Warrior Pigtoe False Spike
USA USA
Pleurobema rubrum Simpsoniconcha ambigua
Pyramid Pigtoe (Simpsonaias ambigua)
USA Salamander Mussel
USA
Pleurobema taitianum
Heavy Pigtoe Truncilla cognata
USA Mexican Fawnsfoot
USA
Pleurobema verum
True Pigtoe Unio cariei
USA (Nodularia cariei)
Réunion
Potamilus amphiehaenus
Texas Heelsplitter Unio crassus
USA Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France;
Potamilus capax
Fat Pocketbook Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia;
Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg;
USA
Moldova: Netherlands; Poland; Romania;
Potamilus inflatus Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland;
Alabama Heelsplitter Ukraine
USA
Unio elongatulus
Pseudanodonta complanata France; Italy; Spain; Switzerland; Yugoslavia
Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech
Unio turtoni
Republic; Estonia; Finland; Germany;
France: Corsica
Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania;
Moldova; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Villosa choctawensis
Sweden; Switzerland; Slovakia; Ukraine; Choctaw Bean
United Kingdom USA
Ptychobranchus greenii Villosa fabalis
Triangular Kidneyshell Rayed Bean
USA USA
Ptychobranchus jonesi Villosa ortmanni
Southern Kidneyshell Kentucky Creekshell
USA USA
Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Villosa perpurpurea
Rough Rabbitsfoot Purple Bean
USA USA
Quadrula fragosa Villosa trabalis
Winged Mapleleaf Cumberland Bean
USA USA
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family HYRID
:
AE oe
F Giant Clam
I Hyridella moretonicus
(Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea,
(Velesunio moretonicus)
Coral Sea)
Australia: Tasmania
Australia: Queensland, Western; Federated
Order VENEROIDA States of Micronesia: Lamotrek Atoll, Wesy
Fagu; Fiji (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu
Family TRIDACNIDAE
Islands (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands;
I Hippopus hippopus Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New
Bear Paw Clam Caledonia (ex?); Northern Marianas (ex?);
(Indo-Pacific: including Bay of Bengal, South Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines;
China Sea, East China Sea, Coral Sea) Solomon Islands; Taiwan (ex?); Thailand;
American Samoa (ex?); Australia: Queensland, Tuvalu; Vanuatu (ex?)
Westem; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian
(ex?); Guam (ex?); India?: Andaman and Islands]
Nicobar Islands; Indonesia; Japan: Ogasawara- K Titian momen
shoto (Bonin Islands) (ex?), Ryukyu Islands Small Giant Clam
(ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean)

Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New Caledonia; American Samoa; Australia: including Lord
Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Philippines; Howe Island; British Indian Ocean Territory:
Papua New Guinea; Paracel Islands?; Samoa Chagos Archipelago; China; Cook Islands:
(ex?); PEELS Solomon Islands; Taiwan Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji;
(ex?); Thailand?; Tonga (ex?); Tuvalu; French Polynesia; Guam; India: Andaman and
Vanuatu Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep; Indonesia:
Hippopus porcellanus Japan; Kenya; Kiribati: Gilbert, Phoenix, Line
China Clam Islands; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives;
(Indo-Pacific: including Flores Sea, South Marshall Islands; Mauritius, Mozambique;
China Sea) Myanmar, New Caledonia; Northern Marianas;
Indonesia; Palau; Philippines: Sulu Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines;
Archipelago, Masbate Island; South China Sea Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island; Samoa;
reefs Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon
r Islands; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Taiwan;
Tridacna crocea Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; USA
ee a
(Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea,
Pacific Islands; Vanuatu; Viet Nam
Coral Sea) I Tridacna squamosa
Australia, Guam (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Scaly Clam, Fluted Clam
Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Northern Marianas (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean)
(ex?); Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; American Samoa; Australia; British Indian
Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago; Egypt;
Tuvalu?; Vanuatu?; Viet Nam Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French
Tridacna derasa Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago; India:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep;
Southern Giant clam
Indonesia; Japan (ex?); Kenya; Kiribati:
(Indo-Pacific: Coral Sea)
Gilbert Islands; Madagascar; Malaysia;
Australia: Queensland; Cocos (Keeling)
Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius;
Islands?; Fiji; French Polynesia?: Tuamotu
Archipelago; Guam (ex?); Indonesia: Irian Mozambique; Myanmar; New Caledonia;
Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New
Jaya, Taka Bone Rate in Sulawesi; New
Guinea; Philippines; Samoa; Saudi Arabia;
Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau;
Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South
Solomon Islands; Tonga: Tongatapu; Tuvalu?; Africa; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga;
Vanuatu? Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Viet Nam
[American Samoa; Cook Islands; Federated [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian
Islands]
States of Micronesia; Marshall Islands]

150
 Invertebrates

K Tridacna tevoroa Family MEGASCOLECIDAE

Tevoro Clam
E Driloleirus americanus
(South Pacific)
(Megascolides americanus)
Fiji: Lau Islands; Tonga: Ha’apai and Vava’u
Washington Giant Earthworm
Groups USA
Family PISIDIDAE E Driloleirus macelfreshi
I Pisidium sanguinichristi (Megascolides macelfreshi)
USA Oregon Giant Earthworm
USA
I Pisidium ultramontanum
Montane Peaclam Vv Megascolides australis
USA Giant Gippsland Earthworm
Australia
Phylum ANNELIDA
Phylum ARTHROPODA
Class POLYCHAETA
Class MEROSTOMATA
Order EUNICIDA
Order XIPHOSURA
Family EUNICIDAE
Family LIMULIDAE
K Eunice viridis
Palolo Worm K Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
(South Pacific) Horseshoe Crab
Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia;
Class HIRUDINEA Philippines; Singapore; Thailand

Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE K Limulus polyphemus

Horseshoe Crab
Family HIRUDINIDAE Coastal waters - Canada; Mexico; USA
I Hirudo medicinalis K Tachypleus gigas
Medicinal Leech Horseshoe Crab
Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia;
Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?; Singapore; Thailand
Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Georgia;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; K Tachypleus tridentatus
Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Horseshoe Crab
Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Coastal waters - China; Indonesia; Japan;
Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Viet Nam
Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United
Kingdom; Yugoslavia Class ARACHNIDA
Order ARANEAE
Class OLIGOCHAETA
Family THERAPHOSIDAE
Order HAPLOTAXIDA
K = Euathlus smithi
Family KOMAREKIONIDAE (Brachypelma smithi)
Vv Komarekiona eatoni Red-kneed Tarantula
USA Mexico

Family LUTODRILIDAE Family HEXATHELIDAE

R Lutodrilus multivesiculatus I Macrothele cretica

USA Greece: Crete

151
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family CTENIZIDAE Family ASAURIDAE

I Cyclocosmia torreya
Torreya Trap-door Spider
USA
Family GRADUNGULIDAE
I Spelungula cavernicola
Nelson Cave Spider
New Zealand
Vv Dolomedes plantarius
Great Raft Spider
Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Denmark; France;
Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia;
Lithuania; Netherlands; Poland; Romania;
Russia; Slovakia; Sweden;
Order PPEUDOSCORPIONIDA

Family LEPTONETIDAE Family NEOBISIDAE

E Leptoneta myopica I Microcreagris imperialis
Tooth Cave Spider Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion
USA USA

Family LINYPHIIDAE E Microcreagris texana

Tooth Cave Pseudoscorpion
R Troglohyphantes gracilis USA
Kocevje Subterranean Spider
Yugoslavia Order OPILIONES
R Troglohyphantes similis Family PHALANGODIDAE
Kocevje Subterranean Spider Vv Banksula melones
Yugoslavia Melones Cave Harvestman
R Troglohyphantes spinipes USA
Kocevje Subterranean Spider
Yugoslavia Class CRUSTACEA
Family ARANEIDAE Order CLADOCERA
I Meta dolloff Family DAPHNIDAE
Dolloff Cave Spider
USA R Daphnia jollyi
Water Flea
Family GNAPHOSIDAE Australia: Western Australia
I Cesonia irvingi R Daphnia occidentalis
Key Gnaphosid Spider Water Flea
Bahamas; USA Australia: Western Australia
Family LYCOSIDAE R Daphnia nivalis
E Adelocosa anops Water Flea
No-eyed Big-eyed Wolf Spider Australia: New South Wales
USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CHYDORIDAE
I Lycosa ericeticola R Rhynchochydorus australiensis
Rosemary Wolf Spider Water Flea
USA Australia: New South Wales
R Pardosa diuturna
Order ANOSTRACA
Glacier Bay Wolf Spider
USA Family ARTEMIIDAE

I Sosippus placidus I Artemia monica

Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider Mono Lake Brine Shrimp
USA USA
Family BRANCHINECTIDAE
I Branchinecta gigas
Giant Fairy Shrimp
Canada; USA

152

Family BRANCHIPODIDAE
I Parartemia contracta
Brine Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
Family THAMNOCEPHALIDAE
K Branchinella apophysata
Fairy Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
K Branchinella basispina
Fairy Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
K Branchinella denticulata
Fairy Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
K Branchinella simplex
Brine Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
K Branchinella wellardi
Fairy Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
Order MYODOCOPINA
Family CYPRIDINIDAE
K Zonocypretta kalimna
Seed Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
Family NOTODROMADIDAE
K Newnhamia fuscata
Seed Shrimp
Australia: New South Wales
K Newnhamia insolita
Seed Shrimp
Australia: New South Wales
Order PODOCOPINA
Family LIMNOCYTHERIDAE
K ___Limnocythere porphyretica
Seed Shrimp
Australia: Western Australia
Order CALANOIDA
Family CENTROPAGIDAE
R Boeckella nyoraensis
Australia
R Calamoecia australica
Australia: Victoria
Invertebrates: crustaceans
R Calamoecia elongata
Australia: Western Australia
Order HARPACTICOIDA
Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE
K Canthocamptus echinopyge
Australia: Tasmania
K Canthocamptus dedeckkeri
Australia: Victoria
K Canthocamptus tasmaniae
Australia: Tasmania
K Canthocamptus longipes
Australia: Victoria
K Canthocamptus mammillifurca
Australia: Victoria
K Canthocamptus sublaevis
Australia: Victoria
K __ Fibulacamptus gracilior
Australia: Victoria
K Fibulacamptus bisetosus
Australia: Western Australia
Order THORACICA
Family BALANIDAE
I Armatobalanus nefrens
USA
I Balanus aquila
USA
Order ANASPIDACEA
Family ANASPIDIDAE
I Allanaspides helonomus
Syncarid Shrimp
Australia: Tasmania
V_Allanaspides hickmani
Syncarid Shrimp
Australia: Tasmania
K ~~ Anaspides sp.
Syncarid Shrimps
Australia: Tasmania
I Paranaspides lacustris
Great Lake Shrimp
Australia: Tasmania
Family PPAMMASPIDIDAE
K ~~ Eucrenonaspides oinotheke
Australia: Tasmania
 THREATENED SPECIES

Order ISOPODA R Uramphisopus pearsoni

Australia: Tasmania
Family CIROLANIDAE
Family ASELLIDAE
V___ Antrolana lira
Madison Cave Isopod I Caecidotea barri
USA Clifton Cave Isopod
USA
I Arubolana imula
Aruba I Caecidotea macropoda
Bat Cave Isopod
K Mexilana saluposi USA
Mexico
I Caecidotea nickajackensis
K __ Speocirolana affinis Nickajack Cave Isopod
Mexico USA
K Speocirolana interstitialis I Lirceus culveri
Mexico Rye Cove Cave Isopod
K Speocirolana thermydromis USA
Mexico E Lirceus usdagalun
Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Lee County Cave Isopod
USA
K Thermosphaeroma dugesi
Mexico Family STENASELLIDAE

K =‘ Thermosphaeroma milleri I Mexistenasellus coahuila

Mexico Mexico

K =‘ Thermosphaeroma smithi R = Mexistenasellus parzefalli

Mexico Parzefall’s Stenasellid
Mexico
K Thermosphaeroma subequalum
Mexico R Mexistenasellus wilkensi
Wilken’s Stenasellid
E Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
Mexico
Socorro Isopod
USA Order AMPHIPODA
Family TRICHONISCIDAE Family GAMMARIDAE

K = Metatrichoniscoides celticus I Gammarus acheronytes

United Kingdom Illinois Cave Amphipod
Family STYLONISCIDAE USA

I Styloniscus sp. I Gammarus bousfieldi

Australia: Tasmania Bousfield’s Amphipod
USA
Family ARMADILLIDAE
I Gammarus desperatus
I Echinodillo cavaticus Noel’s Amphipod
Australia: Tasmania USA
Family PHREATOICIDAE I Gammarus hyalieioides
I Mesacanthotelson setosis Diminutive Amphipod
Australia: Tasmania USA

R Onchotelson brevicaudatus I Gammarus pecos

Australia: Tasmania Pecos Amphipod
USA
R Onchotelson spatulatus
Australia: Tasmania

154

Family ORCHESTODAE
I Spelasorchestia koloana
Kaui Cave Amphipod
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family CRANGONY CTIDAE
I Allocrangonyx hubrichti
Central Missouri Cave Amphipod
USA
I Allocrangonyx pellucidus
Oklahoma Cave Amphipod
USA
I Crangonyx dearolfi
Pennsylvania Cave Amphipod
USA
I Crangonyx grandimanus
Florida Cave Amphipod
USA
I Crangonyx hobbsi
Hobb’s Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus araeus
Tidewater Interstitial Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus arizonensis
Arizona Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus balconius
Balcones Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus barri
Barr’s Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus bifurcatus
Bifurcated Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus bowmani
Bowman’s Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus clantoni
Clanton’s Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus conradi
Burnsville Cove Cave Amphipod
USA
I Stygobromus cooperi
Cooper’s Cave Amphipod
USA
155
Invertebrates: crustaceans
Stygobromus dejectus
Cascade Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus elatus
Elevated Spring Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus emarginatus
Greenbrier Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus ephemerus
Ephemeral Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus flagellatus
Ezell’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus gradyi
Grady’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus hadenoecus
Devil’s Sinkhole Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus harai
Hara’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus hayi
Hay’s Spring Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus heteropodus
Pickle Springs Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus hubbsi
Malheur Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus identatus
Tidewater Stygonectid Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus longipes
Long-legged Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus mackenziei
Mackenzie’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus montanus
Mountain Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus morrisoni
Morrison’s Cave Amphipod
USA
THREATENED SPECIES
Stygobromus mundas
Bath County Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus nortoni
Norton’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus onondagaensis
Onondaga Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus ozarkensis
Ozark Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus parvus
Minute Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus pecki
Peck’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus pizzinii
Pizzini’s Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus putealis
Wisconsin Well Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus reddelli
Reddell’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus smithii
Alabama Well Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus spinatus
Spring Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus stellmacki
Stellmack’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus subtilis
Subtle Cave Amphipod
USA
Stygobromus wengerorum
Wengeror’s Cave Amphipod
USA
Order DECAPODA
Family ATYIDAE
Palaemonias alabamae
Alabama Cave Shrimp
USA
156
E Palaemonias ganteri
Kentucky Cave Shrimp
USA
E Syncaris pacifica
California Freshwater Shrimp
USA
I Typhlatya monae
Mona Cave Shrimp
Puerto Rico
Family PALAEMONIDAE
I Palaemonetes antrorum
Balcones Cave Shrimp
USA
Vv Palaemonetes cummingi
Squirrel Chimney Cave Shrimp
USA
Family CAMBARIDAE
I Cambarus batchi
Bluegrass Crayfish
USA
I Cambarus bouchardi
Big South Fork Crayfish
USA
I Cambarus catagius
Greenshomm Burrowing Crayfish
USA
I Cambarus chasmodactylus
New River Crayfish
USA
E Cambarus extraneus
Chickamanga Crayfish
USA
I Cambarus obeyensis
Obey Crayfish
USA
E Cambarus zophonastes
Hell Creek Crayfish
USA
I Orconectes jeffersoni
Louisville Crayfish
USA
E Orconectes shoupi
Nashville Crayfish
USA
I Procambarus acherontis
Orlando Cave Crayfish
USA
 Invertebrates: crustaceans

Procambarus connus K Engaeus orramakunna

Corrollton Crayfish Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish
USA Australia: Tasmania

Procambarus lepidodactylus R_ Engaeus phyllocercus

Pee Dee Iotic Crayfish Narracan Burrowing Crayfish
USA Australia: Victoria
Family ASTACIDAE R Engaeus rostrogaleatus
Strzelecki Burrowing Crayfish
v Astacus astacus
Australia: Victoria
Noble Crayfish
Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Vv Engaeus spinicaudatus
Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish
France; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Australia: Tasmania
Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland;
Vv Engaeus sternalis
Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Ukraine;
Warragul Burrowing Crayfish
Yugoslavia
Australia: Victoria
[Cyprus; Italy; Switzerland]
E Engaewa similis
Austropotamobius pallipes
Australia
White-clawed Crayfish
Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; I Euastacus armatus
Hungary?; Ireland; Italy; Portugal; Slovakia; Murray River Cray
Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Australia
Yugoslavia
R Euastacus bindal
Austropotamobius torrentium Australia: Queensland
Stone Crayfish
I Euastacus bispinosus
Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany;
Glenelg River Cray
Hungary; Slovakia; Switzerland; Yugoslavia
Australia: Victoria
Pacifastacus fortis
R Euastacus eungella
Shasta Crayfish
Australia: Queensland
USA
R Euastacus fleckeri
Family PARASTACIDAE Australia: Queensland
I Astacoides madagascariensis
R Euastacus hystricosus
Madagascar Freshwater Crayfish
Australia: Queensland
Madagascar
R Euastacus jagara
Astacopsis gouldi
Australia: Queensland
Giant Tasmanian Lobster
Australia: Tasmania R Euastacus maidae
Australia: Queensland
Cherax tenuimanus
Marron R Euastacus monteithorum
Australia: Western Australia Australia: Queensland

Engaeus australis R Euastacus robertsi

Lilly Pilly Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Queensland
Australia: Victoria
R Euastacus setosus
Engaeus mallacoota Australia: Queensland
Mallacoota Burrowing Crayfish
R Euastacus urospinosus
Australia: Victoria
Australia: Queensland
Engaeus martigener
Family COENOBITIDAE
Furmmeaux Burrowing Crayfish
Australia: Flinders Island R Birgus latro
Coconut Crab
(Indo-Pacific)

157
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family PINNOTHERIDAE Family OLIGONEURIDAE

K Parapinnixa affinis I Homoeoneuria cahabensis

Californian Bay Pea Crab Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly
USA USA
I Homoeoneuria dolani
Class INSECTA Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly
Order THYSANURA USA

I oe
Machiloides heteropus I Pseudirion
aes meridionalis
Hawaiian Long-palp Bristletail sees Blackwater Mayfly

USA: Hawaiian Islands US

I Machiloides perkinsi Family BEHNINGIIDAE
Perkin’s Club-palp Bristletail I Dolania americana
USA: Hawaiian Islands American Sand-burrowing Mayfly
Order COLLEMBOLA Ws
Family NEANURIDAE FE
; I Ephemera compar
1 icemanune desde
Australia: Tasmania
Colorado
USA
Burrowing Mayfly
I Acanthanura sp.
Australia: Tasmania I Ephemera triplex
West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly
I Megalanura tasmaniae USA
Australia: Tasmania Family EP LLIDAE

I Womersleymeria bicornis iusto}

ee : I Ceratella frisoni
Australia: Tasmania Frison’s Mayfly
I Womersleymeria sp.1 USA

puistralia: ‘Eas I Ceratella spiculosa

I Womersleymeria sp.2 Spicluose Mayfly
Australia: Tasmania USA
Order ERPHEMEROPTERA I Ephemerella argo
Argo Ma:
Family SIPHLONURIDAE a /\ yily
i Ameletus falsus
Family= CAENID.
False Mayfly saa sa
USA I Brachycercus flavus
Yellow Mayfl
I Isonychia diversa Sea ais
Diverse Mayfly
USA Order ODONATA
R Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei Family AMPHIPTERYGIDAE
Large Blue Lake Mayfl
pha ae I Amphipteryx agrioides
Australia .
Belize; El Salvador, Guatemala; Honduras;
Family BAETIDAE Mexico
I Heterocleon berneri Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE
Bermer’s Two-winged Mayfl
USA Yeas se I Rhinocypha hageni
Philippines: Jolo

158
 Invertebrates: insects

I Rhinocypha latimaculata Family HEMIPHLEBIIDAE

Philippines: Tawi Tawi
R Hemiphlebia mirabilis
R Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Australia
Japan: Ogasawara
Family COENAGRIONIDAE
R Rhinocypha uenoi
Aciagrion rarum
Japan: Iriomote
Angola
Family CALOPTERYGIDAE
Argiagrion leoninum
R Calopteryx angustipennis Sierra Leone
USA
Argiocnemis solitaria
E Calopteryx syriaca Mauritius
Jordan; Syria; Turkey
Argiocnemis umbargae
I Hetaerina rudis Cameroon
Guatemala; Mexico
Boninagrion ezoin
Family SYNLESTIDAE Japan: Ogasawara
R Chlorolestes apricans Ceriagrion mourae
South Africa: eastern Cape Mozambique
R Chlorolestes draconicus Coenagrion mercuriale
South Africa Southern Damselfly
?Albania; Algeria; Austria; Belgium;
R Ecchlorolestes nylephtha
South Africa
Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; France; Germany;
Hungary?; Italy; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg;
R Ecchlorolestes peringueyi Moldova?; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal;
South Africa Romania?; Slovakia?; Spain; Switzerland;
Tunisia; Ukraine?; United Kingdom;
Vv Phylolestes ethelae
Yugoslavia?
Dominican Republic
Enallagma camerunense
Family LESTIDAE
Cameroon
iS i leres Pecionnss Enallagma polychromaticum
Lae ieks South Africa
Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE
Enallagma recurvatum
E Amanipodagrion gilliesi Barrens Bluet Damselfly
Tanzania USA
I Heteragrion eboratum Ischnura gemina
Guatemala; Honduras San Francisco Forktail Damselfly
I Heteragrion tricellulare =
Guatemala; Mexico Megalagrion adytum
I Hypolestes clara daciyguin, Dauserty
Jamaica
USA: Hawaiian Islands

I Hypolestes trinitatis Megalagrion leptodemas

Leptodemas Damselfly
Cube USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Paraphlebia zoe 2
Mesica Megalagrion nigrohamatum
Nigrohamatum Damselfly
R Rhipidolestes okinawanus USA: Hawaiian Islands
Japan: Okinawa
Megalagrion nigrolineatum
I Thaumatoneura inopinata Black-lined Damselfly
Costa Rica; Panama USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

159
 THREATENED SPECIES

I Megalagrion oahuense Family AESHNIDAE

Oahu Damselfly
K Acanthaeshna victoria
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Australia
I Megalagrion oceanicum
R Aeshna meruensis
Oceanic Damselfly
Tanzania
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Aeshna persephone
E Megalagrion pacificum
USA
Pacific Damselfly
USA: Hawaiian Islands Aeshna viridis
Austria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?;
I Megalagrion xanthomelas
Finland; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?;
Orange-black Damselfly
Lithuania?; Netherlands; Poland; Russia;
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Slovakia?; Sweden; Yugoslavia?
E Mortonagrion hirosei
Aeshna williamsoniana
Japan
Mexico
Vv Nehalennia pallidula
Vv Cephalaeschna acutifrons
USA
India
K Pseudagrion quadrioculatum
R Oligoaeschna kunigamiensis
Zaire
Japan: Okinawa
Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE
Family GOMPHIDAE
I Metacnemis angusta
R Asiagomphus yayeyamensis
South Africa
Japan: Yayeyama
E __— Platycnemis mauriciana
Vv Burmagomphus sivalikensis
Mauritius
India
Family PLATYSTICTIDAE
Cornigomphus guineensis
I Palaemnema chiriquita Equatorial Guinea
Costa Rica
Diaphlebia pallidistylus
I Palaemnema gigantula Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Epigomphus camelus
I Palaemnema melanota Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Epigomphus clavatus
I Palaemnema paulicoba Guatemala
Mexico
Epigomphus crepidus
i Palaemnema reventazoni Mexico
Costa Rica
Epigomphus paulsoni
Family PPEUDOSTIGMATIDAE Mexico
Vv Mecistogaster asticta Epigomphus subsimilis
Brazil Costa Rica
E Mecistogaster pronoti Epigomphus verticornis
Brazil Costa Rica
Family EPIOPHLEBIDAE Erpetogomphus lampropeltis
V__Epiophlebia laidlawi USA
Relict Himalayan Dragonfly Gomphurus consanguis
India; Nepal Cherokee Clubtail Dragonfly
USA

Gomphurus lynnae
USA

160

Gomphurus modestus
Gulf Clubtail
USA
Gomphus diminutus
Diminutive Clubtail
USA
Gomphus graslini
France; Spain
Gomphus hodgesi
Hodges’ Clubtail
USA
Gomphus sandrius
Tennessee Clubtail Dragonfly
USA
Gomphus septima
Septima’s Clubtail Dragonfly
USA
Hylogomphus geminatus
Twin-Striped Clubtail
USA
Hylogomphus parvidens
USA
Isomma hieroglyphicum
Madagascar
Leptogomphus yayeyamensis
Japan: Ishigaki, Iriomote
Onychogomphus assimilis
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Turkey
Onychogomphus macrodon
Israel; Jordan; Turkey
Ophiogomphus acuminatus
USA
Ophiogomphus anomalus
Canada; USA
Ophiogomphus cecilia
Austria; Belarus?; Bulgaria;
Republic; Denmark, Estonia?; Finland; France;
Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania?;
Luxembourg; Moldova?; Portugal; Romania;
Russia; Slovakia; Sweden;
Turkey?; Ukraine?
Ophiogomphus howei
Howe’s Midget Snaketail Dragonfly
USA
Ophiogomphus incurvatus
USA
Paragomphus sinaiticus
Egypt; Niger, Oman; Saudi Arabia; Sudan
Invertebrates: insects
R Progomphus bellei
Belle’s Sand Clubtail
USA
I Progomphus risi
Mexico
Vv Stylurus potulentus
Yellow-sided Clubtail
USA
R Stylurus townesi
Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly
USA
Family PETALURIDAE
K Petalura pulcherrima
Australia
Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE
E Cordulegaster mzymtae
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia?;
Turkey
R Chlorogomphus iriomotensis
Japan: Iriomote
E Zoraena sayi
Florida Spiketail Dragonfly
USA
Family CORDULUDAE
I Antipodochlora braueri
New Zealand
Vv Austrocordulia leonardi
Australia
R Hemicordulia ogasawarensis
Japan: Ogasawara
R Hemicordulia okinawensis
Japan: Okinawa, Amami
I Libellulosoma minuta
Madagascar
China; Czech R Macromia ishidai
Japan: Yayeyama
R Macromia kubokaiya
Japan: Okinawa
Switzerland;
R Macromia margarita
USA
R Macromia splendens
Shining Macromia Dragonfly
France; Portugal; Spain
R Macromia urania
Japan: Yayeyama
THREATENED SPECIES

Oxygastra curtisii I Leucorrhinia caudalis

Orange-spotted Emerald Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic?;
Belgium; France; Germany; Italy; Morocco; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary;
Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Netherlands; Norway;
United Kingdom Poland; Russia; Sweden; Ukraine?;
Yugoslavia?
Somatochlora brevicincta
Canada E Libellula angelina
Japan
Somatochlora calverti
Calverts’ Emerald K Libellula jesseana
USA Purple Chaser
USA
Somatochlora hineana
Ohio Emerald Dragonfly R Lyriothemis tricolor
USA Japan: Iriomote

Somatochlora incurvata Vv Monardithemis flava

Canada; USA Angola; Zambia
Somatochlora margarita Vv Orthetrum rubens
Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly South Africa
USA
I Palpopleura albifrons
Somatochlora ozarkensis Gabon
USA
I Trithemis hartwigi
Williamsonia lintneri Equatorial Guinea
Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly
I Trithemis nigra
USA
Sao Tomé and Principe: Principe
Family LIBELLULIDAE
Vv Urothemis luciana
K Aethiothemis watuliki South Africa
Congo
K Urothemis thomasi
K Allorhizucha campioni Ethiopia; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Somalia
Sierra Leone
Order BLATTARIA
K Anectothemis apicalis
Zaire Family BLATTIDAE

R Boninthemis insularis I Aspiduchus cavernicola

Japan: Ogasawara Tuna Cave Roach
Puerto Rico
E Brachythemis fuscopalliata
Iraq; Israel; Turkey Order MANTODEA
Brachythemis liberiensis Family MANTIDAE
Guinea-Bissau; Liberia E Apteromantis aptera
Congothemis longistyla Spain
Zaire
Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA
Leucorrhinia albifrons
Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE
Austria; Belarus?; Estonia?; Finland; France;
Germany; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Vv Grylloblatta chirurgica
Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Mount St. Helens’ Grylloblattid
Switzerland; Ukraine? USA
 Invertebrates: insects

Order ORTHOPTERA Macrobaenetes valgum

Coachelia Giant Sand Treader Cricket
Family STENOPELMATIDAE USA
I Ammopelmatus kelsoensis Pristoceuthophilus sp.
Kelso Jerusalem Cricket Samwell Cave Cricket
USA USA
I Ammopelmatus muwu Tasmanoplectron isolatum
Port Conception Jerusalem Cricket Australia: Tasmania
USA
Utabaenetes tanneri
Vv Deinacrida carinata Tanner’s Black Camel Cricket
Herekopare Island Weta USA
New Zealand
Family TETTIGONIDAE
Vv Deinacrida fallai
Poor Knights Weta R Austrosaga spinifer
New Zealand Australia: Wester Australia

Vv Deinacrida heteracantha Vv Baetica ustulata

Wetapunga Spain
New Zealand Banza nihoae
Vv Deinacrida parva Nihoa Banza Conehead Katydid
Kaikoura Weta USA: Hawaiian Islands
New Zealand Belocephalus micanopy
\Y Deinacrida rugosa Big Pine Key Conehead Katydid
Stephens Island Weta USA
New Zealand Belocephalus sleighti
Vv Deinacrida sp. Keys Short-winged Conehead Katydid
Mahoenui Giant Weta USA
New Zealand Conocephaloides remotus
I Deinacrida tibiospina Remote Conehead Katydid
Nelson Alpine Weta USA: Hawaiian Islands
New Zealand Hemisaga elongata
E Hemiandrus sp. Australia: Norther Territory
Tusked Weta Hemisaga lucifer
New Zealand Australia: Western Australia
E Hemidaina ricta
Hemisaga vepreculae
Banks Peninsula Weta
Australia: Western Australia
New Zealand
Idiostatus middlekaufi
I Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis
Middlekauf’s Shieldback Katydid
Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket USA
USA
Tsophya harzi
I Stenopelmatus navajo
Carpathian Basin
Navajo Jerusalem Cricket
USA Ixalodectes flectocercus
Australia: Western Australia
Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE
Kawanphila pachomai
I Daihinibaenetes arizonensis
Australia: Western Australia
Arizona Giant Sand Treader Cricket
USA Metrioptera domogledi
Carpathian Basin
I Macrobaenetes kelsoensis
Kelso Giant Sand Treader Cricket Nanodectes bulbicercus
USA Australia: South Australia

163
THREATENED SPECIES

Neduba longipennis Cycloptilum irregularis

Santa Monica Shieldback Katydid Keys Scaly Cricket
USA USA
Onconotus servillei Leptogryllus deceptor
Carpathian Basin Oahu Deceptor Bush Cricket
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Pachysaga munggai
Australia: Western Australia Oecanthus laricis
Laricis Tree Cricket
Pachysaga strobila
USA
Australia: Western Australia
Thaumatogryllus cavicola
Phasmodes jeeba
Volcanoes Cave Cricket
Australia: Western Australia
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Psacadonotus insulanus
Thaumatogryllus variegatus
Australia: Kangaroo Island
Kauai Thin-footed Bush Cricket
Psacadonotus seriatus USA: Hawaiian Islands
Australia: Western Australia
Family EUMASTACIDAE
Saga pedo
I Eumorsea pinaleno
Predatory Bush Cricket
Pinaleno Monkey Grasshopper
?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria;
USA
China?; Czech Republic; France; Georgia;
Germany?; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan; Psychomastatix deserticola
Kyrgyzstan; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Desert Monkey Grasshopper
Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Ukraine; USA
Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia
Family ACRIDIDAE
Throscodectes xederoides
I Acrolophitus pulchellus
Australia: Western Australia
Idaho Point-headed Grasshopper
Throscodectes xiphos USA
Australia: Western Australia
Appalachia arcena
R Windbalea viride Michigan Bog Grasshopper
Australia: Western Australia USA
R Zaprochilus ninae Chloaeltis aspasma
Australia: New South Wales Siskiyou Chloealtis Grasshopper
USA
Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE
Chortippus acroleucus
I Gryllotalpa major
Carpathian Basin
Prairie Mole Cricket
USA Miramella irena
Carpathian Basin
Family GRYLLIDAE
I Odontopodisma montana
Caconemobius howarthi
Carpathian Basin
Howarth’s Cave Cricket
USA: Hawaiian Islands Odontopodisma rubripes
Caconemobius schauinslandi Hungary
Schauinsland’s Bush Cricket Podismopsis transsylvanica
USA: Hawaiian Islands Carpathian Basin
Caconemobius varius Schayera baiulus
Kaumana Cave Cricket (Calliptamus baiulus)
USA: Hawaiian Islands Australia: Tasmania
Spharagemon superbum
USA

164
 Invertebrates: insects

R Stenobothrodes eurasius Family PERLIDAE

Carpathian Basin
I Beloneuria georgiana
R Zubovskia banatica Georgia Stonefly
Carpathian Basin USA
Family TETRIGIDAE I Beloneuria jamesae
Cheaha Stonefly
R Bienkotetrix transsylvanicus
USA
Carpathian Basin
I Hansonoperla appalachia
I Tetrix sierrana
Hanson’s Appalachian Stonefly
Sierra Pygmy Grasshopper
USA USA

it Tettigidea empedonepia
Family PELTOPERLIDAE
Torreya Pygmy Grasshopper I Soliperla fenderi
USA Fender’s Stonefly
USA
Order DERMAPTERA
Family EUSTHENIIDAE
Family LABIDURIDAE
E Eusthenia nothofagi
E Labidura herculeana
Otway Stonefly
Saint Helena Earwig
Australia
Saint Helena
I Eusthenia reticulata
Order PLECOPTERA Australia: Tasmania
Family NEMOURIDAE Family GRIPOPTERYGIDAE
I Lednia tumana R Leptoperla cacuminis
Meltwater Stonefly Mount Kosciusko Wingless Stonefly
USA Australia
I Nemours wahkeena R Riekoperla darlingtoni
Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly
USA Australia
Family NOTONEMOURIDAE
Order ZORAPTERA
I Kimminsoperla biloba
Family ZOROTYPIDAE
Australia: Tasmania
I Zorotypus swezeyi
I Kimminsoperla williamsi
Swezey’s Zoroapteran
Australia: Tasmania
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family CAPNIIDAE
Order ANOPLURA
I Capnia lacustra
Family HAEMATOPINIDAE
Lake Tahoe Benthic Stonefly
USA E Haematopinus oliveri
Family LEUCTRIDAE Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse
India
I Leuctra szczytkoi
Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly Order HEMIPTERA
USA Family BELOSTOMATIDAE
Family TAENIOPTER YGIDAE I Belostoma saratogae
I Taeniopteryx starki Saratoga Springs Bug
Leon River Stonefly USA
USA

165
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family NAUCORIDAE Neseis alternatus

Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug
E Ambrysus amargosus
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Ash Meadows Bug
USA Neseis haleakalae
Mount Haleakala Seed Bug
I Pelocoris shoshone
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Amargosa Bug
USA Nesocryptias villosa
Villosan Flightless Seed Bug
Family MESOVELIIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Cavaticovelia aaa
Nysius frigatensis
Aaa Water Treader Bug
French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug
USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family MACROVELIIDAE
Nysius neckerensis
I Oravelia pege Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug
Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands
USA
Nysius nihoae
Family MIRIDAE Nihoae Seed Bug
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae
Mirid Leaf Bug Nysius sulfusus
USA: Hawaiian Islands Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug
I Kalania hawaiiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands
Lanai Leaf Bug Oceanides bryani
USA: Hawaiian Islands Bryan’s Seed Bug
Family REDUVIIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands

I Empicoris pulchrus Oceanides perkensi

Perkin’s Oceanides Seed Bug
Pulchrus Thread Bug
USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands

I Nesidiolestes ana Oceanides rugosiceps

Ana Wingless Thread Bug Rough-headed Seed Bug
USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands

I Nesidiolestes insularis
Family RHOPALIDAE
Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Bug I Ithamar annectans
USA: Hawaiian Islands Annectans Bug
I Nesidiolestes roberti USA: Hawaiian Islands
Robert’s Wingless Thread Bug Ithamar hawaiiensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Bug
I Nesidiolestes selium USA: Hawaiian Islands
Selium Wingless Thread Bug Order HOMOPTERA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family CIXIDAE
I Siacella smithi
Smith’s Reduviid Bug I Oliarus consimilis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family LYGAEIDAE
Oliarus discrepans
I Metrarga obscura
Wild Cotton Planthopper
Mauna Loa Seed Bug
USA: Hawaiian Islands
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Oliarus lanaiensis
Lanai Planthopper
USA: Hawaiian Islands

166
 Invertebrates: insects

Oliarus lihue I Maoricicada myersi

Lihue Planthopper Myers’ Cicada
USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand
Oliarus myoporicola Family TETTIGARCTIDAE
Barber’s Point Planthopper
I Tettigarcta tormentosa
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Australia: Tasmania
Family DELPHACIDAE
Family CICADELLIDAE
I Nesorestias filicicola
I Felexamia rubranura
Mt Tantalus Shortwing Fern Planthopper
Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper
USA: Hawaiian Islands
USA
Nesosydne acuta
Tao Valley Planthopper
Family APHIDIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands I Ceriferella leucopogonis
Australia: Tasmania
Nesosydne bridwelli
Bridewell’s Planthopper Order NEUROPTERA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family ITHONIDAE
Nesosydne cyrtandrae
Nahiku Planthopper I Oliarces clara
USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: California, Hawaiian Islands

Nesosydne cyrtandricola Family HEMEROBIIDAE

Glenwood Planthopper I Nesothauma halakalae
USA: Hawaiian Islands Haleakala Spongillafly
Nesosydne kuschei USA: Hawaiian Islands
Kusche’s Planthopper I Pseudopsectra cookeorum
USA: Hawaiian Islands Cooke’s Spongillafly
Nesosydne leahi USA: Hawaiian Islands
Diamond Head Planthopper I Pseudopsectra lobipennis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Lobe-wing Spongillafly
Nesosydne longipes USA: Hawaiian Islands
Long-footed Planthopper I Pseudopsectra swezeyi
USA: Hawaiian Islands Swezey’s Spongillafly
Nesosydne sulcata USA: Hawaiian Islands
Keanae Planthopper I Pseudopsectra usingeri
USA: Hawaiian Islands Usinger’s Spongillafly
Family CICADIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Magicicada cassini Family MYRMELEONTIDAE

Cassini Periodical Cicada I Eidoleon perjurus
USA Molokai Antlion
Magicicada septendecim USA: Hawaiian Islands
Decim Periodical Cicada Order COLEOPTERA
Canada
Family CARABIDAE
Magicicada septendecula
Decula Periodical Cicada I Agonum belleri
USA Beller’s Ground Beetle
USA
E Aplothorax burchelli
Saint Helena

167
THREATENED SPECIES

Vv Carabus intricatus I Agabus clypealis

Blue Ground Beetle Denmark; Germany; Poland; Russia; Sweden
Albania; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; E Agabus discicollis
Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ethiopia
Italy: including Sicily; Netherlands; Poland;
Romania; Slovakia?; Sweden; Switzerland; E Agabus hozgargantae
United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Spain: Andalucia
E Carabus olympiae I Agabus rumppi
France; Italy Death Valley Agabus Diving Beetle
Sales USA
Vv Elaphrus viridis
Delta Green Ground Beetle I Aglymbus bimaculatus
USA Brazil
Vv Mormolyce phyllodes I Aglymbus bromeliarum
Ghost Walker Beetle Trinidad and Tobago
Malaysia I Colymbetes piceus
E Rhadine persephone Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Saudi Arabia
al Groans E Deronectes aljibensis
o Spain: Andalucia
Soe) SCE I Deronectes costipennis
I Cicindela arenicola Portugal; Spain

neeLene ee I Deronectes depressicollis

Spain: Andalucia
I Cicindela cazieri :
Cazier’s Tiger Beetle d eS hl TBE
USA ff

E Cicindela columbica : ts aera

Columbia River Tiger Beetle P
USA I Desmopachria conchramis
I Ciandalalmarerages Fig Seed Diving Beetle
; USA
Tiger Beetle
USA R Dytiscus latissimus
I Cicindela marginipennis decrees Finland; Germany; Poland; Siberia;
Cobblestone Tiger Beetle
USA R Graptodytes delectus
I Cicindela puritana Spain: Canary Islands
Puritan Tiger Beetle I Haideoporus texanus
USA Texas Cave Beetle
Family HALIPLIDAE USA
5 : I Hydaticus
I Brychius hungerfordi : decorus
: a .
Hungerford’s Crawling Water Beetle Egypt; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Yemen
USA I Hydaticus okalehubyi
I Haliplus nitens Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Disjunct Crawling Water Beetle I Hydroporus elusivus
USA Elusive Diving Beetle
Family DYTISCIDAE jeter.
i Acilius duvergeri I Hydroporus folkertsi
Algeria; Italy; Morocco; Portugal; Spain Folkert’s Diving Beetle
USA

168
 Invertebrates: insects

Hydroporus hirsutus I Lacconectus javanicus

Woolly Diving Beetle Indonesia: Java
ee I Lacconectus laccophiloides
Hydroporus humilis Philippines

Egypt: Sinai I Lacconectus minutus

Hydroporus leechi Indonesia: Sumatra
ae Sige naus Rect I Lacconectus muluensis
Malaysia: Sarawak
Hydroporus mariannae
Teel I Lacconectus oceanicus
rae!
Indonesia: Mentawai Islands

BT I Lacconectus pulcher
Egypt Malaysia: Sabah
Tere ye P foductas I Lacconectus punctatus
Soa bam Viet Nam
Hingeano rus snes cles I Lacconectus punctipennis
Spangler’s Diving Beetle
Indonesia: Bali, Java
USA
I Lacconectus ritsemae
Hydroporus sulphurius
Indonesia: Java
Sulphur Springs Diving beetle
USA I Lacconectus sabahensis

Hydroporus utahensis avai eia saben

Utah Diving Beetle E Meladema imbricata
USA Spain: Canary Islands
Hydrotarsus compunctus I Meladema lanio
Spain: Canary Islands Portugal: Madeira
Hydrotarsus pilosus I Platynectes buruensis
Spain: Canary Islands Indonesia: Buru
Hygrotus curvipes I Platynectes decastigma
Curved-foot Diving Beetle Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Moluccas; Philippines?
Sere I Pleurodytes dineutoides
Hygrotus diversipes Indonesia; Malaysia
ee ERE Ae R —- Potamonectes canariensis
Spain: Canary Islands
Hygrotus fontinalis a
Travertine Band-thigh Diving Beetle Sat 655s cae
Spain: Andalucia
USA
I Potamonectes insignis
Hygrotus sylvanus af 2 A
Sylvan Diving Beetle Unis SEE UL
USA I Potamonectes lanceolatus
Fiyphyiiresdcea Egypt; Saudi Arabia
Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Potamonectes walkeri

Lacconectus birmanicus Egypt

Myanmar I Rhantus crypticus
Ecuador
Lacconectus corayi
Singapore E Rhantus limbatus
Lacconectus heinerta Asgentina, Brazil; Uruguay
Thailand

169
 THREATENED SPECIES

R Rhithrodytes agnus Family SILPHIDAE

Portugal
E Nicrophorus americanus
I Sandracottus baeri American Burying Beetle
Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines: Balabac Canada; USA

I Sandracottus bizonatus Family HY DROPHILIDAE

Malaysia: Sabah
I Chaetarthria leechi
I Sandracottus chevrolati Leech’s Water Scavenger Beetle
Indonesia: Sumbawa, Timor USA
I Sandracottus maculatus Chaetarthria utahensis
Indonesia: Java; Malaysia: Penang Utah Water Scavenger Beetle
USA
I Sandracottus rotundatus
Indonesia: Sulawesi Cymbiodyta arizonica
Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle
Family GYRINIDAE
USA
I Spanglerogyrus albiventris
Hydrochara rickseckeri
Red Hills Unique Whirligig Beetle
Ricksecker’s Water Scavenger Beetle
USA
USA
Family HYDRAENIDAE
Paracymus seclusus
I Gymnochthebius maureenae Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle
Maureen’s Minute Moss Beetle USA
USA
Family LUCANIDAE
I Hydraena maureenae
E Apterocychus honoluluensis
Maureen’s Moss Beetle
USA Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Limnebius aridus
Animas Minute Moss Beetle
v Dorcus auriculatus
New Zealand
USA
I Limnebius texanus
Vv Dorcus ithaginis
Texas Minute Moss Beetle New Zealand
USA Family TROGIDAE
I Limnebius utahensis Vv Trox howelli
Utah Minute Moss Beetle Caracara Commensal Scarab Beetle
USA USA
I Ochthebius crassalus Family GEOTRUPIDAE
Wing-shoulder Minute Moss Beetle
USA Vv Typhaeus hiostius
Italy: Sardinia
I Ochthebius putnamensis
Indiana Minute Moss Beetle Family SCARABAEIDAE
USA I Aegialia concinna
I Ochthebius recticulus Ciervo Scarab Beetle
Wilbur Springs Minute Moss Beetle USA
USA Aegialia crescenta
Family LEIODIDAE Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle
USA
I Glacicavicola bathysciodes
Blind Cave Beetle Aegialia haroyi
USA Hardy’s Scarab Beetle
USA

170
 Invertebrates: insects

Aegialia magnifica Oryctes chevrolati

Large Scarab Beetle Réunion
USA
Osmoderma eremita
Anomala exigua Hermit Beetle
Exiguous Scarab Beetle Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic;
USA Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany;
Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein;
Anomala eximia
Lithuania?; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway;
Archbold Scarab Beetle
Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden;
USA
Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Anomala tibialis
Peltotrupes youngi
Tibial Scarab Beetle
Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Aphodius fordi
Polylamina pubescens
Ford’s Beetle
Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Aphodius troglodytes
Polyphylla anteronivea
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle
Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab
USA
USA
Ataenius superficialis
Polyphylla avittata
Big Pine Key Dung Beetle
Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab
USA
USA
Ataenius woodruffi
Polyphylla barbata
Woodruff’s Dung Beetle
Barbate Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Copris gopheri
Polyphylla nubila
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle
Atascodera Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Cyclocephala miamiensis
Prodontria lewisi
Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle
Cromwell Chafer
USA
New Zealand
Glaresis arenata
Pseudocotalpa giulianii
Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle
Giuliani’s Dune Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Gronocarus multispinosus
Serica frosti
Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle
Frost’s Spring Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Lichnanthe albopilosa
Serica tantula
White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle
Tantula Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Lichnanthe ursina
Trigonopelastes floridana
Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle
Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle
USA
USA
Mycotrupes pedester
Family BUPRESTIDAE
Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab Beetle
USA Buprestis splendens
Goldstreifiger
Onthophagus polyphemi
Albania; Austria; Belarus?; Denmark?;
Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle
USA Finland; Greece; Poland?; Russia?; Spain;
Sweden?; Yugoslavia?
 THREATENED SPECIES
Family ELMINTHIDAE
I Atractelmis wawona
Wawawona Riffle Beetle
USA
I Cylloepus parkeri
Parker’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Dubiraphia brunnescens
Brownish Riffle Beetle
USA
I Dubiraphia giulianii
Giuliani’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Dubiraphia parva
Little Riffle Beetle
USA
I Dubiraphia robusta
Robust Riffle Beetle
USA
I Heterelmis stephani
Stephan’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Microcylloepus browni
Brown’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Optioservus browni
Brown’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Optioservus canus
Pinnacles Riffle Beetle
USA
I Optioservus phaeus
Scott Riffle Beetle
USA
I Stenelmis douglasensis
Douglas Riffle Beetle
USA
I Stenelmis gammoni
Gammon’s Riffle Beetle
USA
I Zaitzeva thermae
Warm Spring Riffle Beetle
USA
Family PSEPHENIDAE
I Acneus beeri
Beer’s False Water Penny Beetle
USA
I Acneus burnelli
Burnell’s False Water Penny Beetle
USA
I Alabamaubria starki
Stark’s False Water Penny Beetle
USA
I Dicranopselaphus variegatus
Variegated False Water Penny Beetle
USA
I Psephenus arizonensis
Arizona Water Penny Beetle
USA
I Psephenus montanus
White Mountains Water Penny Beetle
USA
Family ELATERIDAE
Vv Amychus candezei
Chatham Island Amychus
New Zealand: Chatham Island
VY «Amychus granulatus
Cook Strait Amychus
New Zealand
I Eanus hatchi
Hatch’s Click Beetle
Canada; USA
Family EUCNEMIDAE
I Paleoxenus dohmi
Dohrn’s Elegant Eucnemid Beetle
USA
Family LAMPYRIDAE
I Micronaspis floridana
Florida Intertidal Firefly
USA
Family ANOBIIDAE
I Holcobius pikoensis
Piko Anobiid Beetle
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family CUCUJIDAE
E Cucujus cinnaberinus
Austria; Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Finland;
Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania;
Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia;
Sweden; Yugoslavia
Family TENEBRIONIDAE
I Coelus globosus
Globose Dune Beetle
Mexico; USA
 Invertebrates: insects

I Coelus gracilis I Dryobius sexnotatus

San Joaquin Dune Beetle Six-banded Longhorn Beetle
USA USA
R Polposipus herculeanus K = Macrodontia cervicornis
Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle Brazil; Peru
Beseuciics E Morimus funereus
Family MELOIDAE ?Belgium; Czech Republic?; Germany?;
I Fyfe kopranet i .
eee ° Romania; 49° sa)
Slovakia?;
Hopping’s Blister Beetle He
USA I Necydalis rudei
3 Rude’s Longhorn Beetle
I Lytta inseperata ‘ =
Mojave Desert Blister Beetle BS EES
USA E Nesithmysus bridwelli
I Lyin mirifica USA: Hawaiian Islands
Anthony Blister Beetle E Nesithmysus frobesi
Mexico; USA USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Lytta moesta E Nesithmysus haasi
Moestan Blister Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands

hee E Nesithmysus swezeyi

I Lytta molesta USA: Hawaiian Islands
Gee SUSEY LSE E Rosalia alpina
Rosalia Longicom
I Lytta morrisoni Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan;
Morrison’s Blister Beetle Belgium?; Bulgaria; Czech Republic;
USA Denmark?; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece;
Family ANTHICIDAE Hungary; Italy; lIran?; Israel; Jordan?;
Lebanon?; Liechtenstein; Morocco;
I Anthicus antiochensis Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania;
Antioch Dunes Beetle Russia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria;
USA Tunisia; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Anthicus sacramento Family CHRYSOMELIDAE
Sacramento Beetle
USA I Donacia idola
Bog Idol Leaf Beetle
Family CERAMBYCIDAE USA
E Aeschrithmysus dubautianus Family CURCULIONIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands
v Anagotus fairburni
E Aeschrithmysus swezeyi Flax Weevil
USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand
Aeschrithmysus terryi Anagotus stephenensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Stephen’s Island Weevil
Cerambyx cerdo New Zealand
Cerambyx Longicorn Anagotus turbotti
Algeria, Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Turbott’s Weevil
Czech Republic; France; Germany; Georgia?; New Zealand
Hungary; Iran; Moldova?; Morocco; Poland;
Deinocossonus nesiotes
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey?;
Ukraine; United Kingdom? Oahu Nesiotes Weevil
USA: Hawaiian Islands

173
 THREATENED SPECIES

Dysticheus rotundicollis I Pentarthrum obscura

Antioch Dune Weevil Obscure Weevil
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Gymnopholus lichenifer E Pentarthrum pritchardias

Lichen Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands
Papua New Guinea
R Rhyncogonus hendersoni
Vv Hadramphus spinipennis Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island
Coxella Weevil
I Stenotrupis pritchardiae
New Zealand: Chatham Is
Nihoa Weevil
Vv Hadramphus stilbocarpae USA: Hawaiian Islands
Knobbled Weevil
I Trigonoscuta brunnotesselata
New Zealand
Brown-tassel Weevil
E Heteramphus filicum USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Trigonoscuta doyeni
Vv Heterexis seticostatus Doyen’s Dune Weevil
New Zealand USA
Vv Karocolens pittospori Vv Unas piceus
New Zealand New Zealand
V___Lyperobius huttoni Order MECOPTERA
Wellington Speargrass Weevil
New Zealand Family APTEROPANORPIDAE

Vv Megacolabus sculpturatus I Apteropanorpa tasmanica

New Zealand Australia: Tasmania

R Microcryptorhynchus orientissimus Order DIPTERA

Pitcairn Islands: Henderson Island
Family PSYCHODIDAE
Miloderes nelsoni
I Nemapalpus nearcticus
Nelson’s Weevil
Sugarfoot Moth fly
USA
USA
Miloderes rulieni
Family MYCETOPHILIDAE
Rulien’s Weevil
USA I Arachnocampa tasmaniensis
Australia: Tasmania
Nesotocus giffordi
Gifford’s Weevil Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands
E Edwardsina gigantea
Nesotocus kauaiensis Giant Torrent Midge
Kauai Weevil Australia
USA: Hawaiian Islands
E Edwardsina tasmaniensis
Nesotocus munroi Tasmanian Torrent Midge
Munro’s Weevil Australia: Tasmania
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family TABANIDAE
E_ Nothaldonis peaci
I Apatalestea rossi
New Zealand
Ross’s Apatalestes Tabanid Fly
Vv Oclandius laeviusculus USA
New Zealand
I Asaphomyia floridensis
Onchobarus langei Florida Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly
Lange’s El Segundo Dune Weevil USA
USA

174
 Invertebrates: insects

I Asaphomyia texanus Order TRICHOPTERA

Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly
USA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE

E Brennania belkini I Rhyacophila alexandra

Belkin’s Dune Tabanid Fly Alexander’s Caddisfly
Mexico; USA USA

I Merycomyia brunnea Rhyacophila colonus

Brown Merycomyian Tabanid Fly Obrien Caddisfly
USA USA

Family ACROCERIDAE Rhyacophila fenderi

Fender’s Caddisfly
I Eulonchus marialiciae USA
Mary Alice’s Small-headed Fly
USA Rhyacophila haddocki
Haddock’s Caddisfly
Family ASILIDAE USA
I Cophura hurdi Rhyacophila lineata
Antioch Robberfly Castle Crags Caddisfly
USA USA
I Efferia antiochi Rhyacophila mosana
Antioch Robberfly Bilobed Caddisfly
USA USA
I Metapogon hurdi Rhyacophila spinata
Hurd’s Robberfly Spiny Caddisfly
USA USA
Family APIOCERIDAE Rhyacophila unipunctata
I Raphiomydas triochilus One-spot Caddisfly
Valley Mydas Fly USA
USA Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE
Family EMPIDIDAE I Agapetus artesus
I Chersodromia hawaiiensis Artesian Caddisfly
Hawaiian Dance Fly USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands Agapetus denningi
Family SYRPHIDAE Denning’s Caddisfly
USA
I Mixogaster delongi
Delong’s Flower Fly Agapetus medicus
USA Arkansas Caddisfly
USA
Family ASTEIDDAE
Protoptila arca
I Bryania bipunctata San Marcos Caddisfly
Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family HYDROPTILIDAE
Family EPHYDRIDAE
I Hydroptila decia
I Paracoenia calida
Knoxville Micro Caddisfly
Wilber Springs Shore Fly USA
USA

175
 THREATENED SPECIES

I Neotrichia kitae Farula davisi

Kite’s Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Ochrotrichia alsea
Alsea Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Ochrotrichia contorta
Contorted Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Ochrotrichia phenosa
Deschutes Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Ochrotrichia provosti
Provost’s Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Ochrotrichia vertreesi
Vertree’s Micro Caddisfly
USA
I Oxyethira florida
Florida Micro Caddisfly
USA
Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE
I Dolophilodes oregona
Oregon Caddisfly
USA
Family STENOPSYCHIDAE
I Stenopsychodes lineata
Australia: Tasmania Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE
Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly
USA
Farula jewetti
Mount Hood Caddisfly
USA
Farula reaperi
Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly
USA
Glyphopsyche missouri
Missouri Caddisfly
USA
Limnephilus alconura
Kiamath Caddisfly
USA
Limnephilus atercus
Fort Dick Caddisfly
USA
Neothramma andersoni
Colombian Gorge Caddisfly
USA
Oligophlebodes mostbento
Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes
USA
Philocasca oron
Clatsop Caddisfly
USA

Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE I Lepidostoma fischeri

Fischer’s Caddisfly
I Tasmanoplegas spilota USA
Australia: Tasmania
Lepidostoma goedeni
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE Goeden’s Caddisfly
I Apatania tavala USA
Cascades Caddisfly Family KOKIRIDAE
USA
I Taskiria mccubbini
I Archaeophylax vernalis Australia: Tasmania
Australia: Tasmania
I Taskropsyche lacustris
I Cryptochia excella Australia: Tasmania
Kings Canyon Caddisfly
USA Family PLECTROTARSIDAE

I Cryptochia neosa I Nanoplectrus truchnasi

Blue Mountains Caddisfly Australia: Tasmania
USA Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE
I Ecclisomyia bilera I Agarodes ziczac
King’s Creek Caddisfly Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly
USA USA

Family ODONTOCERIDAE
I Psilotreta hansoni
USA
Family PHILORHEITHRIDAE
I Ramiheithrus kocinus
Australia: Tasmania
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
I Ceraclea floridana
Florida Longhom Caddisfly
USA
I Ceraclea vertreesi
Vertree’s Caddisfly
USA
I Oecetis parva
Little Longhorn Caddisfly
USA
I Westriplectes pedderensis
Australia: Tasmania
Order LEPIDOPTERA
Family HEPIALIDAE
Vv Leto venus
Silver Spotted Ghost Moth
South Africa
Vv Zelotypia stacyi
Bent Wing Swift Moth
Australia
Family GRACILLARIIDAE
I Petrochroa neckerensis
Necker Leaf-miner Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands
E Phildoria wilkesiella
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family GELECHIIDAE
Vv Kiwaia jeanae
New Zealand
Family CARPOSINIDAE
I Heterocrossa viridis
Green Carposinid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family SESIDAE
I Synanthedon castaneae
Chestnut Clearwing Moth
USA
177
Invertebrates: insects
Family TORTRICIDAE
R Grapholitha edwardsiana
San Francisco Tree Lupine
USA
I Spheterista oheoheana
Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Spheterista pterotropiana
Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands
I Spheterista reynoldsiana
Wallupe Leaf-Roller Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family COCHYLIDAE
I Carolella busckana
Busk’s Gall Moth
USA
Family HESPERIDAE
R Dalla octomaculata
Eight-Spotted Skipper
Costa Rica; Panama
R Epargyreus antaeus
Jamaica
R Epargyreus spana
Dominican Republic
K ~~ Euscheman rafflesia
Australia
E Hesperia dacotae
Dakota Skipper
Canada; USA
Vv Kedestes chaca
South Africa
V_ Metisella syrinx
Bamboo Sylph
South Africa
Vv Panoquina errans
Wandering Skipper
Mexico; USA
I Problema bulenta
Rare Skipper
USA
I Syrichtus cribrellum
Spinose Skipper
Georgia; Moldavia?; Romania; Russia; Ukraine
 THREATENED SPECIES

K Syrichtus tessellum Eurytides marcellinus

Tessellated Skipper Jamaican Kite
?Armenia; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; Georgia?; Jamaica
Greece; Iran; Romania?; Russia; Turkey;
Graphium aurivilliusi
Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Zaire
Vv Tsitana dicksoni
Graphium epaminondas
Dickson’s Sylph
Andamans Swordtail
South Africa
India: Andaman Islands
Family MEGATHYMIDAE
Graphium idaeoides
I Stallingsia maculosus Philippines
Manfreda Giant Skipper
Graphium levassori
Mexico; USA
Comoro Islands
Family PAPILIONIDAE
Graphium meeki
R Archon apollinaris Meek’s Graphium
Armenia; Bulgaria; Greece; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Jordan; Lebanon; Romania; Syria; Turkey; Islands
Turkmenistan
Graphium megaera
I Atrophaneura atropos Philippines: Palawan
Philippines: Palawan
Graphium mendana
Vs Atrophaneura jophon Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Sri Lankan Rose Islands
Sri Lanka
Graphium procles
R ~— Atrophaneura luchti Malaysia: Sabah
Indonesia: Java
Graphium sandawanum
K Atrophaneura palu Philippines: Mindanao
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Graphium stresemanni
VV‘ Atrophaneura schadenbergi Indonesia: Moluccas
Philippines: Luzon
Luehdorfia chinensis
R Baronia brevicornis Chinese Luehdorfia
Short-horned Baronia China
Mexico
Luehdorfia japonica
Vv Battus zetides Japanese Luehdorfia
Zetides Swallowtail Japan; Taiwan
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Ornithoptera aesacus
K Bhutanitis ludlowi Indonesia: Obi
Ludlow’s Bhutan Swallowtail
Bhutan: Tashiyangsi Valley Ornithoptera alexandrae
Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing
R Bhutanitis mansfieldi Papua New Guinea: Popondetta in Northern
Mansfield’s Three-tailed Swallowtail Province of New Guinea
China: Sichuan, Yunnan
Ornithoptera chimaera
R Bhutanitis thaidina Chimaera Birdwing
Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New
China Guinea
Vs Eurytides iphitas Ornithoptera croesus
Yellow Kite Swallowtail Indonesia: Moluccas
Brazil
Ornithoptera meridionalis
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New
Guinea

178
 Invertebrates: insects

Ornithoptera paradisea Papilio jordani

Paradise Birdwing Jordan’s Swallowtail
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Indonesia: Sulawesi
Guinea
Papilio leucotaenia
Ornithoptera rothschildi Cream-banded Swallowtail
Rothschild’s Birdwing Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda
Indonesia: Arfak Mountains in Irian Jaya
Papilio mangoura
Ornithoptera tithonus Madagascar
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Papilio manlius
Papilio acheron Mauritius
Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak
Papilio maraho
Papilio antimachus Taiwan
African Giant Swallowtail
Papilio maroni
Angola; Benin?; Cameroon; Central African
French Guiana
Republic; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire; Equatorial
Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Papilio moerneri
Nigeria; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
Uganda; Zaire
Papilio morondavana
Papilio aristophontes Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail
Comoro Islands Madagascar
Papilio aristor Papilio neumoegeni
Scarce Haitian Swallowtail Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Papilio osmana
Papilio benguetanus Philippines
Philippines: Luzon
Papilio phorbanta
Papilio caiguanabus Papillon La Pature
Poey’s Black Swallowtail Réunion
Cuba
Papilio sjoestedti
Papilio carolinensis Kilimanjaro Swallowtail
Philippines: Mindanao Tanzania
Papilio chikae Papilio toboroi
Philippines: Luzon Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon
Islands
Papilio esperanza
Mexico Papilio weymeri
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
Papilio garleppi
Bolivia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Parides ascanius
Suriname Fluminense Swallowtail
Brazil
Papilio grosesmithi
Madagascar Parides burchellanus
Brazil
Papilio himeros
Argentina; Brazil Parides coelus
French Guiana
Papilio homerus
Homerus Swallowtail Parides hahneli
Jamaica Hahnel’s Amazonian Swallowtail
Brazil
Papilio hospiton
Corsican Swallowtail Parides klagesi
France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Venezuela

179
THREATENED SPECIES

Parides pizarro Aloeides caledoni

Brazil; Peru South Africa

Parides steinbachi Aloeides carolynnae

Bolivia South Africa

Parnassius apollo Aloeides dentatis

Apollo Lesotho; South Africa
Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria;
Aloeides egerides
Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; China: Xinjiang Uygur, South Africa
Czechoslovakia; Finland; France; Georgia;
Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Italy: including Aloeides kaplani
Sicily; Iraq; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; South Africa
Liechtenstein; Mongolia; Netherlands?;
Aloeides lutescens
Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain;
South Africa
Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine;
Yugoslavia Aloeides merces
South Africa
Parnassius autocrator
Afghanistan; Tajikistan Aloeides nollothi
South Africa
Teinopalpus aureus
Golden Kaiser-I-Hind Aloeides nubilus
China: Guangdong; Viet Nam? South Africa

Teinopalpus imperialis Aloeides pringlei

Kaiser-I-Hind South Africa
Bhutan; China: Hubei, Sichuan; India;
Aloeides rossouwi
Myanmar, Nepal
South Africa
Troides andromache
Arawacus aethesa
Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Indonesia?:
Brazil
Kalimantan
Aslauga australis
Troides dohertyi
South Africa
Talaud Black Birdwing
Indonesia: Talaud Islands Capys penningtoni
South Africa
Troides prattorum
Indonesia: Buru Chrysoritis cotrelli
South Africa
Family PIERIDAE
Chrysoritis oreas
I Artogeia virginiensis
Drakensburg Copper
West Virginia White
South Africa
Canada; USA
Cyanophrys bertha
E Belenois orgygia
Brazil
South Africa
Cyclyrius mandersi
R Mylothris carcassoni
Mauritius
Zimbabwe
Erikssonia acraeina
Family LYCAENIDAE
South Africa
R Acrodipsas illidgei
Tolaus aphnaeoides
Illidge’s Ant-Blue
(Epamera aphnaeoides)
Australia
South Africa
Agriades zullichi
Tolaus lulua
Spain
(Pseudiolaus lulua)
Alaena margaritacea White Spotted Sapphire
South Africa South Africa

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 Invertebrates: insects

Slovakia; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine;

Joiceya praeclarus
Yugoslavia;
Brazil
Lycaena hermes
Lepidochrysops bacchus
Hermes Copper
Wineland Blue
Mexico; USA
South Africa
Maculinea alcon
Lepidochrysops badhami
(including M. rebeli)
South Africa
Alcon Large Blue
Lepidochrysops balli Albania?; Austria; Belarus?; Belgium;
South Africa Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; Denmark; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy;
Lepidochrysops jefferyi
Kazakhstan?; Lithuania; Moldova?;
South Africa
Netherlands; Poland?; Romania; Russia;
Lepidochrysops littoralis Slovakia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
South Africa Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Lepidochrysops loewensteini Maculinea arion
South Africa Large Blue
Lepidochrysops lotana
Albania?; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?;
Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; China; Czech
South Africa
Republic;Denmark, Estonia?; Finland; France:
Lepidochrysops oosthuizen includingCorsica; Georgia?; Germany; Greece;
South Africa Hungary?; Iran?; Italy; Japan?; Kazakhstan?;
Lepidochrysops outeniqua Latvia?; Lithuania?; Moldova?; Poland;
Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden;
South Africa
Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Lepidochrysops penningtoni
Maculinea arionides
South Africa
Greater Large Blue
Lepidochrysops pephredo China; Japan; former USSR
South Africa
Maculinea nausithous
Lepidochrysops poseidon Dusky Large Blue
South Africa Armenia?; Austria; Bulgaria; Azerbaijan?;
Lepidochrysops pringlei Belarus?; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia;
South Africa Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan?; Moldova?;
Poland; Romania?; Russia; Spain; Switzerland;
Lepidochrysops quickelbergei Ukraine; Yugoslavia
South Africa
Maculinea teleius
Lepidochrysops swanepoeli Scarce Large Blue
South Africa Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France;
Lepidochrysops titei Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan;
South Africa Kazakhstan?; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia;
Spain?; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia
Lepidochrysops victori
South Africa Notarthrinus binghami
India
Lepidochrysops wykehami
South Africa Nirodia belphegor
Brazil
Lycaena dispar
Large Copper Orachrysops ariadne
Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; (Lepidochrysops ariadne)
Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; South Africa
Finland?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Orachrysops niobe
Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; South Africa
Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Mongolia?;
Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia;

181
THREATENED SPECIES

Oreolyce dohertyi Poecilmitis pyramus

Naga Hedge Blue South Africa
India
Poecilmitis rileyi
Oxychaeta dicksoni South Africa
Dickson’s Copper
Poecilmitis stepheni
South Africa
South Africa
Paralucia spinifera
Poecilmitis swanepoeli
Bathurst Copper
South Africa
Australia
Poecilmitis trimeni
Phasis pringlei
South Africa
South Africa
Poecilmitis wykehami
Plebejus emigdionis
South Africa
San Emigdio Blue
USA Polyommatus humedasae
Piedmont Anomalous Blue
Poecilmitis adonis
Italy
South Africa

Poecilmitis aureus
Polyommatus galloi
South Africa Higgin’s Anomalous Blue
Italy
Poecilmitis azurius
South Africa Polyommatus golgus
(Plebicula golgus)
Poecilmitis balli Sierra Nevada Blue
South Africa Spain
Poecilmitis daphne Spindasis collinsi
South Africa Tanzania
Poecilmitis endymion Strymon avalona
South Africa Avalon Hairstreak
Poecilmitis henningi USA
South Africa Styx infernalis
Poecilmitis hyperion Peru
South Africa Thestor brachycerus
Poecilmitis irene South Africa
South Africa Thestor compassbergae
Poecilmitis kaplani South Africa
South Africa Thestor dryburghi
Poecilmitis lyncurium South Africa
Tsomo River Copper Thestor kaplani
South Africa Kaplan’s Thestor
Poecilmitis lyndseyae South Africa
South Africa Thestor pringlei
Poecilmitis orientalis South Africa
South Africa Thestor rossouwi
Poecilmitis pan South Africa
South Africa Thestor stepheni
Poecilmitis penningtoni South Africa
South Africa Thestor strutti
South Africa

182
 Invertebrates: insects

Thestor swanepoeli Euploea eupator

South Africa Indonesia: Sulawesi

Thestor tempe Euploea euphon

South Africa Mauritius; Réunion; Rodrigues

Thestor yildizae Euploea gamelia

South Africa Indonesia: Java

Trimenia wallengrenii Euploea lacon

Wallengren’s Copper Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
South Africa Euploea latifasciata
Vv Uranothauma usambarae Indonesia: Sulawesi
Tanzania
Euploea magou
Family DANAIDAE Indonesia: Sulawesi

R Amauris comorana Euploea martinii

Comoro Islands Indonesia: Sumatra

R Amauris nossima Euploea mitra

Comoro Islands; Madagascar Seychelles

Amauris phoedon Euploea tobleri

Mauritius Philippines

Anetia briarea Euploea tripunctata

Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Indonesia: Irian Jaya

Anetia cubana Idea electra

Cuba Philippines

Anetia jaegeri Idea iasonia

Dominican Republic; Haiti Sri Lanka
Anetia pantheratus Idea malabarica
Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti India

Danaus cleophile Idea tambusisiana

Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica Sulawesi Tree Nymph
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Euploea albicosta
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Ideopsis hewitsonii
Indonesia: Irian Jaya
Euploea blossomae
Philippines Ideopsis klassika
Indonesia
Euploea caespes
Indonesia Ideopsis oberthurii
Indonesia
Euploea configurata
Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica albata
Indonesia: Java, Sumatra
Euploea cordelia
Indonesia: Sulawesi Parantica clinias
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
Euploea dentiplaga
Indonesia Parantica crowleyi
Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia:
Euploea doretta
Sabah, Sarawak
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
Parantica dannatti
Euploea eboraci
Philippines
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
Parantica davidi
Philippines

183
THREATENED SPECIES

Parantica garamantis Tirumala euploeomorpha

Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Solomon Islands
Islands
Tirumala gautama
Parantica kirbyi China: Hainan; India: Nicobar Islands;
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Malaysia: Langkawi Islands; Myanmar;
Guinea Thailand; Viet Nam

Parantica kuekenthali Family SATYRIDAE

Indonesia: Sulawesi
E Coenonympha oedippus
Parantica marcia False Ringlet
Indonesia: Irian Jaya Austria; Belgium; France; Germany; Hungary;
Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Liechtenstein;
Parantica menadensis
Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain;
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Switzerland; Ukraine
Parantica milagros
Erebia christi
Philippines
Raetzer’s Ringlet
Parantica nilgiriensis Italy; Switzerland
India
Erebia gorgone
Parantica philo Gavarnie Ringlet
Indonesia France; Spain
Parantica phyle Erebia ottomana
Philippines Ottoman Brassy Ringlet
Parantica pseudomelaneus Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy;
Turkey; Yugoslavia
Indonesia: Java
Erebia scipio
Parantica pumila
New Caledonia Larche Ringlet
France; Italy
Parantica rotundata
Erebia sthennyo
Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago
False Dewy Ringlet
Parantica schoenigi France; Spain
Philippines
Erebia sudetica
Parantica sulewattan Sudeten Ringlet
Indonesia: Sulawesi Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Hungary;
Parantica taprobana Italy; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Switzerland
Sri Lanka Lethe distans
Parantica tityoides Scarce Red Forester
Indonesia: Sumatra India; Myanmar

Parantica toxopei Lethe margaritae

Indonesia: Sulawesi Bhutan; India

Parantica wegneri Lethe ramadeva

Indonesia Bhutan; India; Myanmar

Parantica weiskei Lethe satyavati

Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New India
Guinea Stygionympha dicksoni
Protoploea apatela Dickson’s Brown
Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New South Africa
Guinea
Tiradelphe schneideri
Solomon Islands

184
 Invertebrates: insects

Family NYMPHALIDAE E Hypodryas maturna

Scarce Fritillary
I Anaea floridalis
Florida Leafwing Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France;
USA Germany; Greece; Hungary; Kazakhstan?;
Lithuania; Luxemburg; Poland; Romania;
I Antanartia borbonica Russia; Sweden; Yugoslavia
Madagascar, Mauritius; Réunion
Vv Hypolimnas antevorta
R Apaturopsis kilusa Tanzania
Madagascar
R Neptis manasa
R Apaturopsis pauliani Pale Hockeystick Sailer
Madagascar China; India
E Boloria acrocnema R Neptis nycteas
Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly India: Sikkim
USA
E —Phalanta philiberti
R Charaxes cowani Seychelles
Madagascar
E Phyciodes batesi
Vv Charaxes marieps Tawny Crescent Butterfly
South Africa USA
Vv Charaxes usambarae I Salamis angustina
Tanzania Salamis Retrecie
Vv Cymothoe amaniensis
Madagascar, Mauritius; Réunion
Tanzania I Sasakia charonda
Japan; Taiwan
R Cymothoe aurivillii
Tanzania R Smerina manoro
Madagascar
Vv Cymothoe magambae
Tanzania I Speyeria idalia
R Cymothoe melanjae Regal Fritillary
Canada; USA
Malawi
Family ACRAEIDAE
Vv Cymothoe teita
Kenya R Acraea hova
Madagascar
I Euryphura achlys
Mottled Green R Acraea sambavae
Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; South Africa; Madagascar
Tanzania; Zimbabwe
Family PYRALIDAE
I Euthalia malapana
Vv Kupea electilis
Taiwan
New Zealand
R Euxanthe madagascariensis
I Margaronia cyanomichla
Madagascar
Blue Margaronian
Vv Fabriciana elisa USA: Hawaiian Islands
Corsican Fritillary
I Margaronia exaula
France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia
Green Margaronian
E Heliconius nattereri USA: Hawaiian Islands
Natterer’s Longwing
I Ocoblia dryadopa
Brazil
Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands

185
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family GEOMETRIDAE Vv Proserpinus proserpina

Willowherb Hawkmoth
I Acalyphes philorites
?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belgium;
Australia: Tasmania
Bulgaria; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary;
I Dirce aesiodora Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Lebanon; Kazakhstan?;
Australia: Tasmania Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Syria?;
Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan
I Dirce lunaris
Australia: Tasmania Family NOCTUIDAE
I Dirce oriplancta I Catocala marmorata
Australia: Tasmania Marbled Underwing Moth
USA
I Dirce solaris
Australia: Tasmania I Catocala pretiosa
Precious Underwing Moth
I Fletcherana ioxantha
USA
Toxantha Looper Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands I Erythroecia hebardi
Hebard’s Noctuid Moth
Family LASIOCAMPIDAE
USA
E Eriogaster catax
I Lithophane lemmeri
Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic;
Lemmer’s Noctuid Moth
Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands;
USA
Slovakia; Spain; Yugoslavia
I Pyreferra ceromatica
V___s~Phyllodesma ilicifolia
Small Lappet Moth Ceromatic Noctuid Moth
Canada; USA
?Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; China; Czech
Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; Order HYMENOPTERA
France; Germany; Italy?; Japan; Kazakhstan?;
Latvia?; Lithuania?; Mongolia?; Norway?; Family EUPELMIDAE
Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain?; I Eupelmus nihoaensis
Sweden; Switzerland?; Ukraine? Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp
Family SATURNIIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Graellsia isabelae Family BETHYLIDAE

Spanish Moon Moth I Sclerodermus nihoaensis
France; Spain Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp
Family SPHINGIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Euproserpinus euterpe Family MUTILLIDAE

Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth I Myrmosula pacifica
USA Antioch Mutillid Wasp
E Euproserpinus wiesti USA
Prairie Sphinx Moth Family FORMICIDAE
USA K ~— Aneuretus simoni
Vs Hyles hippophaes Sri Lankan Relict Ant
?Afghanistan; Armenia?; Azerbaijan?; China: Sri Lanka
Xinjiang; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece;
Vv Formica aquilonia
Iran; Iraq?; Kazakhstan?; Kyrgyzstan?; European Red Wood Ant
Mongolia, Pakistan?; Romania; Spain; Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; Finland; France;
Switzerland; Syria; Tajikistan?; Turkey;
Germany; Italy; Latvia; Norway; Russia;
Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan?; Yugoslavia
Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom;
E Manduca blackburni Yugoslavia
Blackburn’s Sphinx Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui)

186
 Invertebrates: insects

Formica lugubris Deinomimesa punae

European Red Wood Ant Puna Sphecid Wasp
Austria; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; USA: Hawaiian Islands
Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Norway; Romania;
Ectemnius curtipes
Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
Short-foot Sphecid Wasp
United Kingdom; Yugoslavia
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Formica polyctena
Ectemnius fulvicrus
European Red Wood Ant
Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp
Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic;
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy;
Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands; Norway; Ectemnius giffardi
Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Giffard’s Sphecid Wasp
Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia USA: Hawaiian Islands
Formica pratensis/nigricans Ectemnius haleakalae
European Red Wood Ant Haleakala Sphecid Wasp
Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; USA: Hawaiian Islands
Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany;
Eucerceris ruficeps
Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania;
Redheaded Sphecid Wasp
Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway;
USA
Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain;
Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Nesomimesa kauaiensis
Kingdom; Yugoslavia Kauai Sphecid Wasp
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Formica rufa
European Red Wood Ant Nesomimesa perkins
Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech USA: Hawaiian Islands
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France;
Nesomimesa sciopteryx
Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania;
Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp
Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway;
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain;
Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Philanthus nasalis
Kingdom; Yugoslavia Antioch Sphecid Wasp
USA
Formica uralensis
European Red Wood Ant Family MEGACHILIDAE
Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
K Chalicodoma pluto
Germany; Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Wallace’s Giant Bee
Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland,
Indonesia: Moluccas
Ukraine
Nothomyrmecia macrops Phylum ONYCHOPHORA
Australian Ant
Australia
Family PERIPATIDAE
Family VESPIDAE
R Macroperipatus insularis
E Odynerus niihauensis
Jamaica
Niihau Vespid Wasp
USA: Hawaiian Islands Vs Mesoperipatus tholloni
Congo
Odynerus soror
Soror Vespid Wasp R Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Jamaica
Family SPHECIDAE Vs Speleoperipatus spelaeus
Jamaica
E Deinomimesa hawaiiensis
Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp
USA: Hawaiian Islands

187
 THREATENED SPECIES

Family PERIPATOPSIDAE Vv Tasmanipatus barretti

Australia: Tasmania
Vv Opisthopatus roseus
South Africa Vv Tasmanipatus anophthalmus
Australia: Tasmania
Vv Peripatoides indigo
New Zealand
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Peripatoides suteri
New Zealand
Class ECHINOIDEA
Peripatopsis alba
South Africa Order ECHINOIDA
Peripatopsis clavigera Family ECHINIDAE
South Africa K Echinus esculentus
Peripatopsis leonina European Edible Sea Urchin
South Africa: Signal Hill near Capetown (North-east Atlantic)

188
 List: 2

EXTINCT SPECIES
 Vertebrates

Class MAMMALIA Nesophontes micrus

Western Cuban Nesophontes
Order DASYUROMORPHIA
Cuba
Family THYLACINIDAE
Nesophontes paramicrus
Ex Thylacinus cynocephalus Saint Michel Nesophontes
Thylacine Dominican Republic; Haiti
Australia: Tasmania (1934)
Nesophontes zamicrus
Order PERAMELEMORPHIA Haitian Nesophontes
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Family PERAMELIDAE
Nesophontes sp.
Ex Chaeropus ecaudatus
Cayman Islands
Pig-footed Bandicoot
Australia (1907) Order CHIROPTERA
Ex Macrotis leucura Family PTEROPODIDAE
Lesser Bilby
Ex Acerodon lucifer
Australia (1931)
Panay Giant Fruit Bat
Ex Perameles eremiana Philippines: Panay (1888)
Desert Bandicoot
Ex? Dobsonia chapmani
Australia (1935)
Philippine Bare-backed Fruit Bat
Order DIPROTODONTIA Philippines: Cebu, Negros (1964)

Family POTOROIDAE Ex Nyctimene sanctacrucis

Solomon Islands: Santa Cruz Islands
Ex Caloprymnus campestris
Desert Rat-kangaroo Ex? Pteropus brunneus
Australia (1935) Australia: Percy Island

Ex Potorous platyops Ex Pteropus loochoensis

Broad-faced Potoroo (Pteropus mariannus loochoensis)
Australia (1875) Okinawa Flying-fox
Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa)
Family MACROPODIDAE
Ex Pteropus pilosus
Ex Lagorchestes asomatus Palau Flying-fox
Central Hare-wallaby Palau (19th C)
Australia (1931)
Ex Pteropus subniger
Ex Lagorchestes leporides
Mauritius; Réunion
Eastern Hare-wallaby
Australia (1890) Ex? Pteropus tokudae
Guam Flying-fox
Ex Macropus greyi
Guam (1968)
Toolache Wallaby
Australia (1927) Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE

Ex Onychogalea lunata Ex Phyllonycteris major

Crescent Nailtail Wallaby Puerto Rican Flower Bat
Australia (1964) Puerto Rico

Order INSECTIVORA Family VESPERTILIONIDAE

Family NESOPHONTIDAE Ex? Kerivoula africana

Nesophontes hypomicrus
Atalaye Nesophontes
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Tanzanian Woolly Bat
Tanzania
Ex Pipistrellus sturdeei
Bonin Pipistrelle
Japan: Ogasawara-shoto

191
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Family MYSTACINIDAE Family BOVIDAE

Ex Mystacina robusta Ex Gazella rufina
New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat Red Gazelle
New Zealand: Big South Cape Island, Algeria (19th C)
Solomon Island (1960s)
Ex 4Hippotragus leucophaeus
Order CARNIVORA Bluebuck
Family CANIDAE South Africa (1800)

Ex Dusicyon australis Order RODENTIA

Falkland Island Wolf
Family MURIDAE
Falkland Islands (1876)
Ex Conilurus albipes
Family PHOCIDAE
Rabbit-eared Tree-rat
Ex Monachus tropicalis Australia (1875)
Caribbean Monk Seal
Ex? Crateromys paulus
Bahamas; Colombia: Isla de Providencia;
Ilin Island Cloud Rat
Cuba; Guadeloupe; Haiti: Alta Vela; Honduras;
Philippines: [lin Island
Jamaica: Pedro Cays; Mexico; USA (1962)
Ex? Leimacomys buettneri
Family PROCYONIDAE
Togo
Ex? Procyon gloveralleni
Ex Leporillus apicalis
(Procyon lotor gloveralleni)
Lesser Stick-nest Rat
Barbados Raccoon
Australia (1933)
Barbados
Megalomys desmarestii
Order SIRENIA
Martinique Rice Rat
Family DUGONGIDAE Martinique (1902)

Ex Hydrodamalis gigas Megalomys luciae

Steller’s Sea Cow Saint Lucia Rice Rat
(Bering Sea; North Pacific Ocean) Saint Lucia (19th C)
Russia; USA? (1768) Nesoryzomys darwini
Order PERISSODACTYLA Santa Cruz Rice Rat
Ecuador: Galapagos Islands
Family EQUIDAE
Ex Notomys amplus
Ex Equus quagga Short-tailed Hopping-mouse
(Equus burchellii quagga) Australia (1894)
Quagga
South Africa (1883) Ex Notomys longicaudatus
Long-tailed Hopping-mouse
Order ARTIODACTYLA Australia (1901)
Family SUIDAE Ex Notomys macrotis
Ex? Sus bucculentus (includes N. megalotis)
(Sus verrucosus bucculentus) Big-eared Hopping-mouse
Vietnam Warty Pig Australia (pre 1850)
Viet Nam Ex Notomys mordax
Family CERVIDAE Darling Downs Hopping-mouse
Australia (pre 1846)
Cervus schomburgki
(Cervus duvaucelli schomburgki) Oligoryzomys victus
Schomburgk’s Deer Saint Vincent Rice Rat
Thailand (1932) Saint Vincent (1897)

192
 Vertebrates

Ex? Oryzomys nelsoni Order LAGOMORPHA

Nelson’s Rice Rat
Mexico Family OCHOTONIDAE
Ex Peromyscus pembertoni Ex Prolagus sardus
Pemberton’s Deer Mouse Sardinian Pika
Mexico: San Pedro Nolasco Island Italy: Sardinia; France: Corsica (18th C)

Ex __ Pitymys bavaricus
Class AVES
Bavarian Pine Vole
Germany Order STRUTHIONIFORMES
Ex Pseudomys fieldi Family DROMAIDAE
Alice Springs Mouse
Dromaius ater
Australia (1895)
King Island Emu
Ex Pseudomys gouldii Australia: King Island
Gould’s Mouse
Dromaius baudinianus
Australia (1930)
(Dromaius diemenianus)
Rattus macleari Kangaroo Island Emu
Maclear’s Rat Australia: Kangaroo Island (1803)
Christmas Island (1908)
Family AEPYORNITHIDAE
Rattus nativitatis
Aepyornis maximus
Bulldog Rat
Great Elephantbird
Christmas Island (1908)
Madagascar (1650)
Family ECHIMYIDAE
Family ANOMALOPTER YGIDAE
Boromys offella
Dinornis torosus
Cuba
Brawny Great Moa
Boromys torrei New Zealand (1670)
Cuba
Eurapteryx gravis
Brotomys contractus Burly Lesser Moa
Dominican Republic; Haiti New Zealand (1640)
Brotomys voratus Megalaperyx didinus
Dominican Republic; Haiti South Island Tokoweka
Family CAPROMYIDAE New Zealand (1785)

Capromys sp. Order PODICIPEDIFORMES

Cayman Islands
Geocapromys columbianus
Cuba
Geocapromys sp.
Cayman Islands
Isolobodon portoricensis
Dominican Republic; Haiti
[Puerto Rico] (20th C)
Plagiodontia velozi
Dominican Republic; Haiti
Family PODICIPEDIDAE
Ex Podilymbus gigas
Atitlan Grebe
Guatemala (1980-1986/7)
Order PROCELLARITFORMES
Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Pterodroma sp.
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726)
Order PELICANIFORMES
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus
Pallas’s Cormorant
Russia: Bering Straits (1852)

193
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Order CICONITIFORMES Ex Polyborus lutosus

Guadalupe Caracara
Family ARDEIDAE
Mexico: Guadalupe Island (1900)
Ixobrychus novaezelandiae
Order GALLIFORMES
Black-backed Bittern
New Zealand (1900) Family PHASIANIDAE
Nycticorax mauritianus Coturnix novaezelandiae
Mauritius Night-heron New Zealand Quail
Mauritius (by 1700) New Zealand (1875)
Nycticorax megacephalus Ex Ophrysia superciliosa
Rodrigues Night-heron Himalayan Quail
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) India (1868)
Nycticorax sp. Order GRUIFORMES
Réunion (by 1700)
Family RALLIDAE
Family CICONIIDAE
Aphanapteryx bonasia
Ciconia sp. Red Rail
Réunion (1674) Mauritius (1700)
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Aphanapteryx leguati
Borbonibis latipes Rodrigues Rail
Réunion Flightless Ibis Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761)
Réunion (1773) Atlantisia elpenor
Order ANSERIFORMES Ascension Flightless Crake
United Kingdom: Ascension Island (1656)
Family ANATIDAE
Fulica newtoni
Alopochen mauritianus Mascarene Coot
Mauritian Shelduck Mauritius; Réunion (1693)
Mauritius (1698)
Gallinula pacifica
Anas theodori Samoan Moorhen
Mauritian Duck Western Samoa: Savaii (1908-1926)
Mauritius; ?7Réunion (1696)
Gallirallus dieffenbachii
Camptorhynchus labradorius Dieffenbach’s Rail
Labrador Duck New Zealand: Chatham Island (1840)
Canada; USA (1878)
Gallirallus lafresnayanus
Cygnus sumnerensis New Caledonian Rail
Chatham Island Swan New Caledonia (1904)
New Zealand: Chatham Island (1590-1690)
Gallirallus modestus
Mergus australis Chatham Islands Rail
Auckland Islands Merganser New Zealand: Chatham Island (1900)
New Zealand (1905)
Gallirallus pacificus
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Tahiti Rail
Pink-headed Duck French Polynesia (1773-4)
India; Myanmar; Nepal (1935)
Gallirallus wakensis
Order FALCONIFORMES Wake Island Rail
Family FALCONIDAE USA: Wake Island (1945)

Falco sp. Ex Nesoclopeus woodfordi

Réunion (1674) Woodford’s Rail
Papua New Guinea; ?Solomon _ Islands:
Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel (1936)

194
 Vertebrates

Porphyrio albus Columba jouyi

(Notornis alba) Ryukyu Pigeon
Lord Howe Swamphen Japan: Nansei-shoto (1936)
Australia: Lord Howe Island (1834)
Columba versicolor
Porzana monasa Bonin Wood Pigeon
Kosrae Crake Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1889)
Federated States of Micronesia (1827)
Ectopistes migratorius
Porzana palmeri Passenger Pigeon
Laysan Crake USA (1914)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1944)
Ex Microgoura meeki
Porzana sandwichensis Choiseu! Pigeon
Hawaiian Crake Solomon Islands: Choiseul (1904)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1898)
Ex Pfilinopus mercierii
Order CHARADRITFORMES Red-moustached Fruit-Dove
French Polynesia: ?Fatuhiva, Hivaoa, ?Tahuata
Family SCOLOPACIDAE (1922)
Prosobonia leucoptera
Order PSITTACIFORMES
Tahitian Sandpiper
French Polynesia: Moorea, Tahiti (1773) Family LORIDAE
Family CHARADRITDAE Charmosyna diadema
New Caledonian Lorikeet
Haematopus meadewaldoi
New Caledonia (1860)
Canary Islands Oystercatcher
Spain: Canary Islands (1913) Family PSITTACIDAE
Family LARIDAE Ara tricolor
Cuban Red Macaw
Alca impennis
Cuba (1885)
Great Auk
Canada; Denmark: Faeroe Islands; Greenland; Conuropsis carolinensis
Iceland; Russia; United Kingdom (1844) Carolina Parakeet
USA (1914)
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Cyanoramphus ulietanus
Family RAPHIDAE Raiatea Parakeet
Pezophaps solitaria French Polynesia: Raiatea (1773)
Rodrigues Solitaire Cyanoramphus zealandicus
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1765): Black-fronted Parakeet
Raphus cucullatus French Polynesia: Tahiti (1844)
Dodo *Lophopsittacus’ bensoni
Mauritius (1665) Mauritius Grey Parrot
Raphus solitarius Mauritius (1765)
Réunion Solitaire Lophopsittacus mauritianus
Réunion (1710-1715) Mauritius Parrot
Family COLUMBIDAE Mauritius (1675)
Alectroenas nitidissima Mascarinus mascarinus
Mauritius Blue Pigeon Mascarene Parrot
Mauritius (1835) Réunion (1775 in wild, 1834 in captivity)

‘Alectroenas’ rodericana ‘Necropsittacus’ rodericanus

Rodrigues Pigeon Rodrigues Parrot
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761)

195
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Ex Nestor productus Family PYCNONOTIDAE

Norfolk Island Kaka
Hypsipetes sp.
Norfolk Island (1851)
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1600s?)
Psephotus pulcherrimus
Family MUSCICAPIDAE
Paradise Parrot
Australia (1927) Ex Eutrichomyias rowleyi
Cerulean Paradise-Flycatcher
Ex Psittacula exsul
Indonesia: Sangihe (1978)
Newton’s Parakeet
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1876) Gerygone insularis
Lord Howe Gerygone
Psittacula wardi
Australia: Lord Howe Island
Seychelles Parrot
Seychelles (1870) Turnagra capensis
Piopio
Order CUCULIFORMES New Zealand (1955)
Family CUCULIDAE Turdus ravidus
Ex Coua delalandei Grand Cayman Thrush
Snail-eating Coua Cayman Islands (1938)
Madagascar (1930) Zoothera terrestris
Order STRIGIFORMES Bonin Thrush
Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1928)
Family STRIGIDAE
Family ZOSTEROPIDAE
‘Athene’ murivora
Rodrigues Little Owl Zosterops strenuus
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Robust White-eye
Australia: Lord Howe Island (1928)
?Sauzieri sp.
Mauritian Owl Family MELIPHAGIDAE
Mauritius Chaetoptila angustipluma
Ex Sceloglaux albifacies Kioea
Laughing Owl USA: Hawaiian Islands (1860)
New Zealand (1914) Moho apicalis
‘Scops’ commersoni Oahu Oo
Mauritian Owl USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1837)
Mauritius (1836) Moho nobilis
Family AEGOTHELIDAE Hawaii Oo
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1934)
Aegotheles savesi
New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar Family DREPANIDAE
New Caledonia (1880) Chloridops kona
Order APODIFORMES Kona Grosbeak
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1894)
Family TROCHILIDAE
Ciridops anna
Chlorostilbon bracei Ula-ai-hawane
Grace’s Emerald USA: Hawaiian Islands (1892)
Bahamas (1877)
Drepanis funerea
Order PASSERIFORMES Black Mamo
Family XENICIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (1907)
Drepanis pacifica
Xenicus lyalli
Hawaii Mamo
Stephens Island Wren
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1899)
New Zealand: Stephens Island (1874)

196
 Vertebrates

Paroreomyza flammea Family CALLAEIDAE

Molokai Creeper
Heteralocha acutirostris
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) (1963)
Huia
Rhodacanthis flaviceps New Zealand (1907)
Lesser Koa-finch
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1891) Class REPTILIA
Rhodacanthis palmeri Order TESTUDINES
Greater Koa-finch
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1896) Family TESTUDINIDAE

Viridonia sagittirostris Cylindraspis borbonica

Greater Amakihi Réunion (1800)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1900) Cylindraspis indica
Family ICTERIDAE Réunion (1800)
Quiscalus palustris Cylindraspis inepta
Slender-billed Grackle Mauritius (early 18th C)
Mexico (1910) Cylindraspis peltastes
Family FRINGILLIDAE Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800)

Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Cylindraspis triserrata

Bonin Grosbeak Mauritius (early 18th C)
Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1890) Cylindraspis vosmaeri
Spiza townsendi Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800)
Townsend’s Finch
Order SAURIA
USA (1833)
Family GEKKONIDAE
Family PLOCEIDAE
Hoplodactylus delcourti
Foudia sp.
New Zealand (mid 19th C)
Reunion Fody
Réunion (1671) Ex Phelsuma gigas
(includes P. edwardnewtonii and P. newtonii)
Family STURNIDAE
Rodrigues Day Gecko
Aplonis corvina Mauritius: Rodrigues
Kosrae Mountain Starling
Family IGUANIDAE
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae (1828)
Leiocephalus eremitus
Aplonis fusca
USA: Navassa Island (1900)
Tasman Starling
Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island Leiocephalus herminieri
Martinique (1830s)
Aplonis mavornata
Mysterious Starling Family TEDDAE
Unknown (1825)
Ameiva cineracea
Aplonis pelzelni Guadeloupe (early 20th C)
Pohnpei Starling
Ameiva major
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei
Martinique Giant Ameiva
(1956)
Martinique
Fregilupus varius
Family SCINCIDAE
Réunion Starling
Réunion (1854) Leiolopisma mauritiana
Mauritius (1600)
Necrospar rodericanus
Rodrigues Starling Ex? Macroscincus coctei
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Cape Verde Giant Skink
Cape Verde: Branco, Razo (early 20th C)

197
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Class ACTINOPTERYGII
Ex? Tachygia microlepis
Tonga Ground Skink Order CYPRINIFORMES
Tonga: Tongatapu
Family CYPRINIDAE
Ex? Tetradactylus eastwoodae
Eastwood’s Longtailed Seps Ex? Acanthobrama hulensis
South Africa Israel: Lake Huleh

Family ANGUIDAE Ex? Cyprinus yilongensis

China: Yunnan Province
Ex? Celestus occiduus
Jamaica Giant Galliwasp Ex = Evarra bustamantei
Jamaica (1840) Mexican Dace
Mexico (1970)
Order SERPENTES
Ex Evarra eigenmanni
Family TYPHLOPIDAE Mexican Dace
Typhlops cariei Mexico (1970)
Mauritius (17th C) Ex Evarra tlahuacensis
Family BOIDAE Mexican Dace
Mexico (1970)
Ex? Bolyeria multocarinata
Round Island Boa Ex Gila crassicauda
Mauritius: Round Island (1975) Thicktail Chub
USA (1957)
Family COLUBRIDAE
Ex Lepidomeda altivelis
Alsophis sancticrucis Pahranagat Spinedace
Saint Croix Racer USA (1940)
Virgin Islands of the United States (20th C)
Ex Notropis amecae
Class AMPHIBIA Ameca Shiner
Mexico (1970)
Order ANURA
Ex Notropis aulidion
Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Durango Shiner
Mexico (1965)
Ex? Discoglossus nigriventer
Israel Painted Frog Ex Notropis orca
Israel: Lake Huleh (1940) Phantom Shiner
Mexico; USA (1975)
Family RANIDAE
Ex Pogonichthys ciscoides
Ex? Arthroleptides dutoiti
Clear Lake Splittail
Kenya: Mt. Elgon
USA (1970)
Ex? Rana fisheri
Ex Rhinichthys deaconi
(Rana onca, Rana pipiens fisheri)
Las Vegas Dace
Vegas Valley Leopard Frog
USA (1955)
USA (1960)
Ex _ Stypodon signifer
Ex? Rana tlaloci
Stumptooth Minnow
Mexico
Mexico (1930)

Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Family CATOSTOMIDAE

Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Ex Chasmistes muriei

Snake River Sucker
Family PETROMYZONTIDAE USA (1928)
Ex Lampetra minima Ex Lagochila lacera
Miller Lake Lamprey Harelip Sucker
USA (1953) USA (1910)

198
 Vertebrates

Order SILURIFORMES Family POECILIDAE

Family TRICHOMY CTERIDAE Ex Gambusia amistadensis

Amistad Gambusia
Ex Rhizosomichthys totae USA (1973)
Colombia: Lake Tota
Ex Gambusia georgei
Order SALMONIFORMES San Marcos Gambusia
Family RETROPINNIDAE USA (1983)

Ex _ Prototroctes oxyrhynchus Ex Priapella bonita

New Zealand Grayling Guayacon Ojiazul
New Zealand (1920s) Mexico

Family SALMONIDAE Order SYNGNATHIFORMES

Ex Coregonus alpenae Family SYNGNATHIDAE

Longjaw Cisco Ex Syngnathus watermayeri
(Great Lakes) River Pipefish
Canada; USA (1978) South Africa
Ex Coregonus johannae
Deepwater Cisco
Order SCORPAENIFORMES
(Great Lakes) Family COTTIDAE
Canada; USA (1955)
Ex Cottus echinatus
Ex Salvelinus agassizi Utah Lake Sculpin
Silver Trout USA (1928)
USA (1930)
Order PERCIFORMES
Order ATHERINIFORMES
Family PERCIDAE
Family MELANOTAENIIDAE
Ex? Etheostoma sellare
Ex? Melanotaenia eachamensis Maryland Darter
(possibly a form of M. splendida) USA
Lake Eacham Rainbowfish
Australia Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Class TURBELLARIA
Family CYPRINODONTIDAE
Order TRICLADIDA
Ex Cyprinodon latifasciatus
Perrito de Parras Family KENKIIDAE
Mexico (1930)
Ex? Romankenkius pedderensis
Ex? Cyprinodon spp. Lake Pedder Planarian
Perritos de Sandia Australia: Tasmania
Mexico

Ex Fundulus albolineatus Phylum MOLLUSCA

Whiteline Topminnow
USA (1900) Class GASTROPODA
Family GOODEIDAE
Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA
Ex Characodon garmani
Family LOTTMDAE
Parras Characodon
Mexico (1900) Ex _ Lottia alveus
Eelgrass Limpet
Ex Empetrichthys merriami
USA
Ash Meadows Killifish
USA (1953)

199
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Family HELICINIDAE Ex? Posticobia norfolkensis

Australia: Norfolk Island
Ex Ogasawarana chichijimana
Japan: Ogasawara Family ASSIMINEIDAE
Ex Ogasawarana habei Ex Conacmella vagans
Japan: Ogasawara Japan: Ogasawara
Ex Ogasawarana hirasei Ex Omphalotropis plicosa
Japan: Ogasawara Mauritius
Ex Ogasawarana metamorpha Family PLEUROCERIDAE
Japan: Ogasawara
Ex Anculopsis anthonyix
Ex Ogasawarana rex (Leptoxis anthonyix)
Japan: Ogasawara Anthony’s River Snail
USA
Ex Ogasawarana yoshiwarana
Japan: Ogasawara Ex Anculosa clipeata
(Leptoxis clipeata)
Order MESOGASTROPODA
Agate Rocksnail
Family CYCLOPHORIDAE USA
Ex Cyclosurus mariei Ex Anculosa formanii
Mayotte (Leptoxis formanii)
Interrupted Rocksnail
Ex Cyclophorus horridulum
USA
Mayotte
Ex Anculosa ligata
Family POMATIASIDAE (Leptoxis ligata)
Ex Tropidophora carinata Rotund Rocksnail
Mauritius; Réunion (1881) USA
Ex Tropidophora desmazuresi Ex = Anculosa lirata
Mauritius: Rodrigues (Leptoxis lirata)
Lyrate Rocksnail
Ex Tropidophora semilirata
USA
Mayotte
Ex Anculosa occulata
Family ACICULIDAE
(Leptoxis occulata)
Ex? Renea bourguignatiana Bigmouth Rocksnail
France; Italy USA
Family HYDROBIIDAE Ex Aculopsis praerosa
(Leptoxis praerosa)
Ex = Bythinella intermedia
Austria Onyx Rocksnail
USA
Ex Bythiospeum pfeifferi
Ex Anculosa showalteri
Austria
(Leptoxis showalteri)
Ex? Bythiospeum tschapecki Coosa Rocksnail
Austria USA
Ex? Iglica gratulabunda Ex Anculosa vittata
Austria (Leptoxis vittata)
Ex Lithoglyphus umbilicata Striped Rocksnail
(Clappia umbilicata) USA
Umbilicate Pebblesnail Ex Goniobasis alabamensis
USA (Elimia alabamensis)
Ex Ohridohauffenia drimica Mud Elimia
Yugoslavia (1980s) USA

200
 Invertebrates

Goniobasis clausa Ex Gyrotoma pumila

(Elimia clausa) Ribbed Slitshell
Closed Elimia USA (1924)
USA
Ex Gyrotoma pyramidata
Goniobasis fusiformis Pyramid Slitshell
(Elimia fusiformis) USA (1924)
Fusiform Elimia
Ex Gyrotoma walkeri
USA
Round Slitshell
Goniobasis hartmanniana USA (1924)
(Elimia hartmanniana)
High-spired Elimia
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
USA Family ACHATINELLIDAE
Goniobasis impressa Ex? Achatinella abbreviata
(Elimia impressa) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1963)
Constricted Elimia
Ex Achatinella buddii
USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
Goniobasis jonesi
Ex Achatinella caesia
(Elimia jonesi)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
Hearty Elimia
USA Ex Achatinella casta
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Goniobasis laeta
(Elimia laeta) Ex Achatinella decora
Ribbed Elimia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
USA
Ex? Achatinella dimorpha
Goniobasis pilsbryi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
(Elimia pilsbryi)
Ex? Achatinella elegans
Rough-lined Elimia
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1952)
USA
Ex? Achatinella juddii
Goniobasis pupaeformis
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1958)
(Elimia pupaeformis)
Pupa Elimia Ex? Achatinella juncea
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Goniobasis pygmaea Ex Achatinella lehuiensis
(Elimia pygmaea) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1922)
Pygmy Elimia
Ex Achatinella livida
USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)
Goniobasis varians
Ex Achatinella papyracea
(Elimia varians)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1945)
Puzzle Elimia
USA Ex? Achatinella rosea
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1949)
Gyrotoma excisa
Excised Slitshell Ex Achatinella spaldingi
USA (1924) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1938)
Gyrotoma lewisii Ex Achatinella thaanumi
Striate Slitshell USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1900s)
USA (1924)
Ex Achatinella valida
Gyrotoma pagoda USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1951)
Pagoda Slitshell
Ex Achatinella vittata
USA (1924)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1953)

201
EXTINCT SPECIES

Auriculella expansa Ex? Amastra umbilicata

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai)
Auriculella uniplicata Carelia anceophila
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)

Lamellidea monodonta Carelia bicolor

Japan: Ogasawara USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1970)

Lamellidea nakadai Carelia cochlea

Japan: Ogasawara USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)

Newcombia philippiana Carelia cumingiana

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
Partulina crassa Carelia dolei
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) (1914) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Partulina montagui Carelia evelynae
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1913) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Perdicella fulgurans Carelia glossema
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
Perdicella maniensis Carelia hyattiana
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Ex Perdicella zebra Carelia kalalauensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1945/47)
Ex? Perdicella zebrina Carelia knudseni
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
Family AMASTRIDAE Carelia lirata
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
Ex Amastra albolabris
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia lymani
Ex Amastra cornea
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia mirabilis
Amastra crassilabrum USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia necra
Amastra elongata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
USA: Hawaiian Islands Carelia olivacea
Amastra forbesi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia paradoxa
Amastra pellucida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia periscelis
Amastra porcus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia pilsbryi
Amastra reticulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia sp.
Amastra subrostrata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Carelia sinclairi
Amastra subsoror USA: Hawaiian Islands (Niihau)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Carelia tenebrosa
Amastra tenuispira USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu)

202
 Invertebrates

Ex Carelia turricula Partula auriculata

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) French Polynesia: Raiatea
Family PUPILLIDAE Partula candida
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex? Leiostyla abbreviata
Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Partula castanea
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex? Leiostyla cassida
Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Partula cedistia
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex? Leiostyla gibba
Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Partula citrina
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex? Leiostyla heterodon
Portugal: Madeira Partula clara
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Ex? Leiostyla lamellosa
Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Partula compacta
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex? Leiostyla simulator
Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Partula crassilabris
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex = Pupilla obliquicosta
(Pupa obliquicosta) Partula cuneata
Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea
Family VERTIGINIDAE Partula dolichostoma
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Campolaemus perexilis
Saint Helena (1870s) Partula exigua
French Polynesia: Moorea (1977)
Ex Gastrocopta chichijimana
Japan: Ogasawara Partula filosa
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Ex Gastrocopta ogasawarana
Japan: Ogasawara Partula formosa
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex _Lyropupa perlonga
USA: Hawaiian Islands Partula fusea
Ex Nesopupa turtoni French Polynesia: Raiatea
Saint Helena (1870s) Partula garretti
Family CERASTUIDAE French Polynesia: Raiatea
Partula hyalina
Ex = Rhachis comorensis
Mayotte
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Partula imperforata
Ex Rhachis sanguineus
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Mauritius
Family PARTULIDAE Partula leptochila
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula affinis
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Partula levilineata
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex = Partula approximata
French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula levistriata
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula atilis
Partula lutea
French Polynesia: Raiatea
French Polynesia: BoraBora
Ex Partula attenuata
French Polynesia: Raiatea Partula microstoma
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula aurantia
French Polynesia: Moorea

203
 EXTINCT SPECIES
Ex Partula mirabilis
French Polynesia: Moorea
Ex Partula mooreana
French Polynesia: Moorea
Ex Partula nodosa
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Ex Partula otaheitana
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Ex Partula producta
French Polynesia: Tahiti
Ex Partula protea
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula protracta
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula radiata
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula raiatensis
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula remota
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula rustica
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula salifana
Mount Alifana Partula
Guam
Ex Partula suturalis
Sutural Partula
French Polynesia: Moorea
Ex Partula taeniata
French Polynesia: Moorea
Ex = Partula thalia
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula tohiveana
French Polynesia: Moorea
Ex = Partula tristis
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula turgida
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex = Partula variabilis
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Partula vittata
French Polynesia: Raiatea
Ex Samoana abbreviata
American Samoa (1940)
Family ORTHALICIDAE
Ex Aspastus loyaltiensis
(Leuchocharis loyaltiensis)
New Caledonia (1900s)
Ex Aspastus porphyrocheila
(Leuchocharis porphyrocheila)
New Caledonia (1900s)
Family FERUSSACIDAE
Ex? Amphorella iridescens
Portugal: Madeira
Ex? Cecilioides eulima
Portugal: Madeira (1870s)
Family SUBULINIDAE
Ex Chilonopsis blofeldi
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Chilonopsis exulatus
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Chilonopsis helena
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex? Chilonopsis melanoides
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Chilonopsis nonpareil
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Chilonopsis subplicatus
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Chilonopsis subtruncatus
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex = Chilonopsis turtoni
Saint Helena (1870s)
Family STREPTAXIDAE
Ex Edentulina thomasetti
Seychelles (1908)
Ex Gibbus lyonetianus
Mauritius (1905)
Ex Gonidomus newtoni
Mauritius (1867)
Ex Gonospira nevilli
Mauritius
Ex? Gulella antelmiana
Mauritius
Ex Gzulella mayottensis
Mayotte
Family ENDODONTIDAE
Ex _Hirasea biconcava
Japan: Ogasawara
 Invertebrates

Hirasea eutheca Mautodontha zebrina

Japan: Ogasawara Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s)
Hirasea goniobasis Opanara altiapica
Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)

Hirasea hypolia Opanara areaensis

Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Hirasea major Opanara bitridentata
Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Hirasea nesiotica Opanara caliculata
Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Hirasea planulata Opanara depasoapicata
Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Hirasea sinuosa Opanara duplicidentata
Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Hirasea clara Opanara fosbergi
(Hirasiella clara) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Japan: Ogasawara
Opanara megomphala
Kondoconcha othnius French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Opanara perahuensis
Libera subcavernula French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s)
Orangia cookei
Libera tumuloides French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s)
Orangia maituatensis
Mautodontha acuticosta French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s)
Orangia sporadica
Mautodontha boraborensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s)
Ptychodon dianae
Mautodontha ceuthma (Pseudohelenoconcha dianae)
French Polynesia: Raivavae (1880s) Saint Helena (1870s)
Mautodontha consimilis Ptychodon laetissima
French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s) (Pseudohelenoconcha laetissima)
Saint Helena (1870s)
Mautodontha consobrina
French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Ptychodon persoluta
(Pseudohelenoconcha persoluta)
Mautodontha maupiensis
Saint Helena (1870s)
French Polynesia: Maupiti (1880s)
Ptychodon spurca
Mautodontha parvidens
(Pseudohelenoconcha spurca)
French Polynesia: Society Islands (1880s)
Saint Helena (1870s)
Mautodontha punctiperforata
Rhysoconcha atanuiensis
French Polynesia: Moorea (1880s)
French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Mautodontha saintjohni
Rhysoconcha variumbilicata
French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s)
French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Mautodontha subtilis
Ruatara koarana
French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s)
French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
Mautodontha unilamellata
Ruatara oparica
Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s)
French Polynesia: Rapa (1934)
 EXTINCT SPECIES

Taipidon anceyana Family SUCCINEIDAE

French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s)
Ex Succinea guamensis
Taipidon marquesana Guam
French Polynesia: Nuku Hiva (1880s)
Family HELIXARIONIDAE
Bx Taipidon octolamellata
Ex? Caldwellia philyrina
French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s)
Mauritius
Ex Thaumatodon multilamellata
Ex Ctenoglypta newtoni
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1880s)
Mauritius (1871)
Family CHAROPIDAE
Ex? Erepta stylodon
Ex Helenoconcha leptalea Mauritius
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex = Erepta nevilli
Ex Helenoconcha minutissima Mauritius
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Harmogenanina linophora
Ex Helenoconcha polyodon Mauritius; Réunion
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Harmogenanina subdetecta
Helenoconcha pseustes Réunion
Saint Helena (1870s)
Ex Pachystyla rufozonata
Helenoconcha sexdentata Mauritius (1869)
Saint Helena (1870s)
Family ARIOPHANTIDAE
Helenodiscus bilamellata
Ex Colparion madgei
Saint Helena (1870s)
Mauritius: Rodrigues (1938)
Helenodiscus vernoni
Ex -‘Vitrinula chaunax
Saint Helena (1870s)
Japan: Ogasawara
Sinployea canalis
Ex Vitrinula chichijimana
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872)
Japan: Ogasawara
Sinployea decorticata
Ex Vitrinula hahajimana
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872)
Japan: Ogasawara
Sinployea harveyensis
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872)
Family CAMAENIDAE
Ex Mandarina luhuana
Sinployea otareae
Japan: Ogasawara
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872)
Sinployea planospira
Family HELICIDAE
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Chilostoma ziegleri
Sinployea proxima Austria
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Discula lyelliana
Sinployea rudis Portugal: Madeira (1870s)
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Discula tetrica
Ex Sinployea tenuicostata Portugal: Madeira (1870s)
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Geomitra delphinuloides
Ex Sinployea youngi Portugal: Madeira (1870s)
Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Pseudocampylaea lowei
Family DISCIDAE Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) (late 19th C)

Ex? Discus guerinianus Family ARIONIDAE

Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex = Arion simrothi
Germany
 Invertebrates

Class BIVALVIA Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order UNIONIDA
Class CRUSTACEA
Family UNIONIDAE
Order AMPHIPODA
Ex Alasmidonta robusta
Cardina Elktoe Family PARAMELITIDAE
USA
Ex? Austrogammarus australis
Dysnomia arcaeformis? Australia: Melbourme, Victoria
(Epioblasma arcaeformis?)
Family CRANGONYCTIDAE
Sugarspoon
USA (1940s) Ex Stygobromus lucifugus
Rubious Cave Amphipod
Dysnomia biemarginata
USA
(Epioblasma biemarginata)
Angled Riffleshell Order DECAPODA
USA (1960s)
Family ATYIDAE
Dysnomia flexuosa
Syncaris pasadenas
(Epioblasma flexuosa)
Leafshell Pasadena Freshwater Shrimp
USA (1940s) USA (1933)
Family ASTACIDAE
Dysnomia haysiana
(Epioblasma haysiana) Ex? Pacifastacus nigrescens
Acornshell Sooty Crayfish
USA USA (1860s)
Dysnomia lefevrei
(Epioblasma lefevrei) Class INSECTA
USA Order EPHEMEROPTERA
Dysnomia lenior
Family SIPHLONURIDAE
(Epioblasma lenior)
Narrow Catspaw Ex Acanthometropus pecatonica
USA (1965) Pecatonica River Mayfly
USA (1927)
Ex? Dysnomia lewisii?
(Epioblasma lewisii?) Family EPHEMERIDAE
Forkshell
Ex Pantagenia robusta
USA (1964)
Robust Burrowing Mayfly
Dysnomia personata USA
(Epioblasma personata)
Order ODONATA
Round Combshell
USA (1930) Family COENAGRIONIDAE

Dysnomia propinqua Ex? Megalagrion jugorum

(Epioblasma propinqua) Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly
Tennessee Riffleshell USA: Hawaiian Islands
USA (1930)
Family GOMPHIDAE
Dysnomia sampsoni
Ex? Ophiogomphus edmundo
(Epioblasma sampsoni)
Edmund’s Snaketail Dragonfly
Wabash Riffleshell
USA
USA (1950s/60s)
Family LIBELLULIDAE
Dysnomia stewardsoni
(Epioblasma stewardsoni) Ex? Sympetrum dilatatum
Cumberland Leafshell Saint Helena
USA (1930)

207
EXTINCT SPECIES

Order ORTHOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE

Family TETTIGONIIDAE Ex Xylotoles costatus

New Zealand: Chatham Island (1930s)
Ex Neduba extincta
Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid Family CURCULIONIDAE
USA (1937) Ex Dryophthorus distinguendus
Order PHASMATOPTERA USA: Hawaiian Islands
Ex Dryotribus mimeticus
Family PHASMATIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Ex? Dryococelus australis
Ex? Hadramphus tuberculatus
Lord Howe Island Stick-insect
Australia: Lord Howe Island, Ball’s Pyramid
New Zealand (1910)
(1970s) Ex Macrancylus linearis
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Order PLECOPTERA
Ex Ocedemasylus laysanensis
Family CHLOROPERLIDAE
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Ex Alloperla roberti
Pentarthrum blackburni
Robert’s Stonefly
Blackburn’s Weevil
USA
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Order HOMOPTERA Rhyncogonus bryani
Family PPEUDOCOCCIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands

Ex Clavicoccus erinaceus Trigonoscuta rossi

USA: Hawaiian Islands Fort Ross Weevil
USA
Ex Phyllococcus oahuensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands Trigonoscuta yorbalindae
Yorba Linda Weevil
Order COLEOPTERA USA
Family CARABIDAE Order DIPTERA
Mecodema punctellum Family TABANIDAE
New Zealand: Stephens Island
Ex Stonemyia volutina
Family DYTISCIDAE Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly
Ex? Hygrotus artus USA
Mono Lake Diving Beetle
Family DOLICHOPODIDAE
USA
Ex Campsicnemus mirabilis
Megadytes ducalis
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Brazil
Family DROSOPHILIDAE
Rhantus alutaceus
New Caledonia Ex Drosophila lanaiensis
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Rhantus novacaledoniae
New Caledonia Order TRICHOPTERA
Rhantus orbignyi Family RHYACOPHILIDAE
Argentina; Brazil
Ex Rhyacophila amabilis
Rhantus papuanus Castle Lake Caddisfly
Papua New Guinea USA
Siettitia balsetensis Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Perrin’s Cave Beetle
France Hydropsyche tobiasi
Tobias’ Caddisfly
Germany (1920s)

208
 Invertebrates

Family LEPTOCERIDAE Hedylepta asaphrombra

USA: Hawaiian Islands (1970s)
Ex _ Triaenodes phalacris
Athens Caddisfly Hedylepta continuatalis
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (1958)
Ex Triaenodes tridonata Hedylepta epicentra
Three-tooth Caddisfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
USA
Hedylepta euryprora
Order LEPIDOPTERA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)

Family NEPTICULIDAE Hedylepta fullawayi

USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
Ex? Ectodemia castaneae
American Chestnut Moth Hedylepta laysanensis
USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan)

Ex? Ectodemia phleophaga Hedylepta meyricki

Phleophagan Chestnut Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
USA Hedylepta musicola
Family TISCHERIIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai)

Ex? Tischeria perplexa Hedylepta telegrapha

Chestnut Clearwing Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
USA
Ocobia sp.
Family COLEOPHORIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911)

Ex? Coleophora leucochrysella Family GEOMETRIDAE

USA Ex? Scotorythra megalophylla
Family ARGYRESTHIDAE Kona Giant Looper Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (early 1900s)
Ex? Argyresthia castaneela
Chestnut Ermine Moth Scotorythra nesiotes
USA Ko’olau Giant Looper Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
Family ZYGAENIDAE
Scotorythra paratactis
Levuana irridescens
Hawaiian Hopseed Looper Moth
Levuana Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (1929)
Tritocleis microphylla
Family LYCAENIDAE
Ola’a Peppered Looper Moth
Ex Deloneura immaculata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1890s)
South Africa
Family SPHINGIDAE
Ex Glaucopsyche xerces
Ex? Tinostoma smaragditis
Xerces Blue
Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai
USA (early 1940s)
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Ex Lepidochrysops hypopolia
Family NOCTUIDAE
South Africa
Ex? Agrotis crinigera
Family LIBYTHEIDAE
Poko Noctuid Moth
Ex __Libythea cinyras USA: Hawaiian Islands (1926)
Mauritius (1865)
Ex Agrotis fasciata
Family PYRALIDAE Midway Noctuid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Midway)
Genophanitis leahi
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s)
EXTINCT SPECIES

Ex? Agrotis kerri Helicoverpa minuta

Kerr’s Noctuid Moth Minute Noctuid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lisianski) (pre 1911)
Shoals) (1923) Hypena laysanensis
Ex Agrotis laysanensis Laysan Dropseed Noctuid Moth
Laysan Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1911)
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911)
Hypena newelli
Ex Agrotis photophila Hilo Noctuid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii)
Ex Agrotis procellaris Hypena plagiota
USA: Hawaiian Islands (pre 1900) Lovegrass Noctuid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu)
Ex? Helicoverpa confusa
Confused Moth Hypena senicula
USA: Hawaiian Islands (post 1927) Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth
USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai)

210
 List 3

THREATENED GENERA (etc)

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Class ACTINOPTERYGII Phylum ARTHROPODA

Order PERCIFORMES
Family CICHLIDAE Class INSECTA

I Haplochromine spp. (> 250 spp.) Order COLEOPTERA

Lake Victoria cichlid fishes
Family ELATERIDAE
(Lake Victoria)
Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda E Eopenthes (17 species)
Hawaiian Click Beetles
I Tilapiine spp. (2 spp.)
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Lake Victoria cichlid fishes
(Lake Victoria) I Itodacnus spp.
Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Necker Click Beetles
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Phylum ANNELIDA Family CERAMBYCIDAE
E Plagithmysus (49 species)
Class OLIGOCHAETA USA: Hawaiian Islands

Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family AGLYCYDERIDAE

Family MICROCHAETIDAE E Proterhinus (72 species)

Hawaiian Proterhinus Beetles
Vv Microchaetus (23 species) USA: Hawaiian Islands
South African Giant Earthworms
South Africa Family CURCULIONIDAE

\Y/ Proandricus (17 species) I Oodemas (whole genus)

South African Giant Earthworms Windward Chain Weevils
South Africa USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Tritogenia (approx. 13 species) E Rhyncogonus (22 species)

South African Giant Earthworms (at least one species extinct)
South Africa Hawaiian Snout Beetles
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Family ACANTHODRILIDAE
Order LEPIDOPTERA
Vv Chilota (13 species)
Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Family PYRALIDAE
South Africa
I Hedylepta (14 species)
Vv Diplotrema (15 species) (some species listed in extinct section)
Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Hedyleptan Moths
South Africa USA: Hawaiian Islands

Vv Microscolex (3 species) Order HYMENOPTERA

Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms
Family COLLETIDAE
Lesotho; South Africa
I Hylaeus (64 species)
Vv Udeina (59 species)
(Nesoprosopis)
Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms
(some species probably extinct)
Lesotho; South Africa
Yellow-faced Bee
USA: Hawaiian Islands

213
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 List 4

THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

 Vertebrates

Class MAMMALIA R Eulemur fulvus rufus

Order CHIROPTERA (E. macaco rufus)
Red-fronted Lemur
Family PTEROPODIDAE Madagascar
Vv Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis Vv Eulemur fulvus sanfordi
Aldabra Flying-fox (E. macaco sanfordt)
Seychelles: Aldabra Atoll Sanford’s Lemur
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Madagascar

I Lasiurus cinereus semotus E Eulemur macaco flavifrons

Hawaiian Hoary Bat Sclater’s Lemur
USA: Hawaiian Islands Madagascar

K = Myotis formosus bartelsi Vv Eulemur macaco macaco

(M. bartelsi) Black Lemur
Bartel’s Myotis Madagascar
Indonesia: Java Family CALLITRICHIDAE
R Myotis formosus hermani E Callithrix argentata leucippe
(M. hermani) Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset
Herman’s Myotis Brazil
Indonesia: Sumatra
E Saguinus bicolor bicolor
Order PRIMATES Pied Tamarin
Brazil
Family LEMURIDAE
Vv Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys
E Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis
Andean Saddle-back Tamarin
Alaotran Gentle Lemur
Peru
Madagascar
Vv Saguinus imperator imperator
K Hapalemur griseus griseus
Black-chinned Emperor Tamarin
Grey Gentle Lemur
Bolivia; Brazil; Peru
Madagascar
Family CEBIDAE
VY —s-Hapalemur griseus occidentalis
Western Gentle Lemur E_ Alouatta fusca fusca
Madagascar Northern Brown Howling Monkey
Brazil
R Eulemur fulvus albifrons
White-fronted Lemur E Aloutta belzebul ululata
Madagascar Red-handed Howling Monkey
Brazil
Vv Eulemur fulvus albocollaris
White-collared Lemur E Aloutta palliata aequatorialis
Madagascar South Pacific Blackish Howling Monkey
Colombia; Ecuador; Panama?; Peru
Vv Eulemur fulvus collaris
Collared Lemur V__ Aotos lemurinus griseimembra
Madagascar Night Monkey
Colombia
R Eulemur fulvus fulvus
Brown Lemur E Ateles belzebuth hybridus
Madagascar Hybrid Spider Monkey
Colombia; Venezuela
Vv Eulemur fulvus mayottensis
Mayotte Lemur E Ateles belzebuth marginatus
Mayotte White-whiskered Spider Monkey
Brazil

217
THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Callicebus cupreus ornatus Cercocebus galeritus ’sanjei’

Ornate Titi Sanje Mangabey
Colombia Tanzania
Callicebus personatus barbarabrownae
Cercocebus torquatus torquatus
Northern Bahian Blond Titi
Collared Mangabey
Brazil
Cameroon; Congo; Céte d'Ivoire;
Callicebus personatus melanochir Equatorial Guinea: Rio Muni; Gabon; Ghana;
Southern Bahian Masked Titi Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra
Brazil Leone

Callicebus personatus nigrifrons Cercopithecus diana roloway

Black-fronted Titi Roloway Guenon
Brazil Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Togo
Callicebus personatus personatus Macaca ochreata brunnescens
Northern Masked Titi (M. brunnescens)
Brazil Muna-Butung Macaque
Indonesia: Butung, Muna
Callicebus torquatus lucifer
Widow Monkey Macaca fuscata yakui
Brazil; Colombia; Peru Yakushima Macaque
Japan
Cebus albifrons cuscinus
White-fronted Capuchin Macaca nemestrina pagensis
Bolivia?; Peru (M. pagensis)
Mentawai Macaque
Cebus albifrons yuracus
Indonesia: Mentawai Islands, Siberut, Sipora,
Andean White-fronted Capuchin
North and South Pagai Islands
Ecuador, Peru
Macaca tonkeana hecki
Cebus apella robustus
(M. hecki)
Robust Tufted Capuchin
Heck’s Macaque
Brazil
Indonesia: Sulawesi
Cebus apella xanthosternos
Yellow-breasted Capuchin Monkey
Papio hamadryas papio
Brazil (P. papio)
Guinea Baboon
Chiropotes satanas satanas Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia?;
Black Saki Mali; Mauritania; Senegal; Sierra Leone
Brazil
Procolobus badius temminckii
Chiropotes satanas utahicki (Procolobus temminckii)
Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Procolobus badius has been included in the
Brazil genus Colobus)
Lagothrix lagotricha lugens Temminck’s Red Colobus
Colombian Woolly Monkey Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Senegal
Colombia Procolobus badius waldroni
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Miss Waldron’s Bay Colobus
Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana
K Cercocebus albigena aterrimus
(C. aterrimus) Procolobus badius pennantii
Black Mangabey (P. pennantii)
Angola; Zaire Eastern Red Colobus
Equatorial Guinea: Fernando Po
Cercocebus galeritus galeritus
Tana River Mangabey Procolobus badius bouvieri
Kenya; Tanzania (P. pennantii bouvieri)
Bouvier’s Red Colobus
Congo

218
 Vertebrates

Procolobus badius ellioti Pan troglodytes verus

(P. rufomitratus ellioti) West African Chimpanzee
Elliot’s Red Colobus Céte d'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau
Uganda (ex?); Zaire (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Senegal; Sierra Leone
[Gambia]
Procolobus badius foai
(P. rufomitratus foai, P. pennantii foai) Order CARNIVORA
Foa Red Colobus
Zaire Family FELIDAE
E Acinonyx jubatus venaticus
Procolobus badius gordonorum
(P. gordonorum, P. pennantii gordonorum) Asiatic Cheetah
Iran
Uhehe Red Colobus
Tanzania Caracal caracal michaelis
(Lynx caracal michaelis, Felis caracal michaelis)
Procolobus badius kirkii
(Procolobus kirkii, P. pennantii kirkii) Turkmenian Caracal
Zanzibar Red Colobus Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Uzbekistan
Tanzania: Zanzibar Felis margarita scheffeli
Tanzania: [Pemba Island] Pakistan Sand Cat
Procolobus badius oustaleti Pakistan
(P. rufomitratus oustaleti, P. pennantii oustaleti) Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis
Oustalet’s Red Colobus (Prionailurus iriomotensis, sometimes included
Central African Republic; Sudan?; Zaire in Felis)
Iriomote Cat
Procolobus badius tephrosceles
(P. rufomitratus tephrosceles, P. pennantii Japan: Iriomote Island
tephrosceles) Panthera leo persica
Uganda Red Colobus Asiatic Lion
Burundi, Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda India
Procolobus badius tholloni Panthera pardus orientalis
(P. rufomitratus tholloni, P. pennantii tholloni) Amur Leopard
Thollon’s Red Colobus China; D.PR. Korea; Korea Republic; Russia
Zaire
Panthera pardus nimr
Procolobus badius preussi South Arabian Leopard
(P. preussi, P. pennanti preussi) Oman; Saudi Arabia; Yemen
Preuss’s Colobus
Cameroon; Nigeria (ex?)
Panthera pardus kotiya
Sri Lankan Leopard
Procolobus badius rufomitratus Sri Lanka
(P. rufomitratus, P. rufomitratus rufomitratus)
Tana River Colobus Panthera pardus japonensis
Kenya
North Chinese Leopard
China
Pygathrix roxellana bieti
Panthera pardus saxicolor
(Pygathrix bieti, sometimes included in
Rhinopithecus) North Persian Leopard
Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey
Afghanistan; Iran; Turkmenistan
China Panthera pardus melas
Javan Leopard
Family HOMINIDAE
Indonesia: Java
E Gorilla gorilla beringei
Mountain Gorilla Puma concolor coryi
(Felis concolor coryi)
Burundi (ex?); Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire:
Florida Cougar
Virunga Volcano region
USA

219
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

E Puma concolor couguar Family OTARIIDAE

ge ancclor sense Ex Zalophus californianus japonicus
seca cise Japanese Sealion
Canada; USA
Japan; D.P.R. Korea; Korea Republic
Family HERPESTIDAE
Family PHOCIDAE
E Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora V Phoed hispida botnica
Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose Baltic Ringed Seal
Kenya; Tanzania Estonia?; Finland; Russia; Sweden
ey we V___s~Phoca hispida ladogensis
E Hyaena hyaena barbara Ladoga Ringed Seal
Barbary Hyaena Russia: Lake Ladoga
Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia E Phoca hispida saimensis
Family MUSTELIDAE Saimaa Ringed Seal
Ex? Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Finland: Lake Saimaa
Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk K Phoca vitulina mellonae
USA: Texas Ungava Seal
E Eira barbara senex Canada; Greenland
Greyheaded Tayra V___s~Phoca vitulina stejnegeri
Belize; Guatemala: Mexico Kuril Seal
Vs Lutra longicaudis longicaudis ees
(L. platensis, also assigned to Lontra) Family URSIDAE
La Plata Otter
Argentina; Bolivia;
A Brazil;: Paraguay; Uruguay E i te thibetanus
Selenarctos i 7
gedrosianus
(Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus)
Vv Lutra lutra lutra Baluchistan Bear
European Otter Iran; Pakistan
Bast Ex Ursus arctos nelsoni
E Martes flavigula robinsoni Mexican Grizzly Bear
Javan Yellow-throated Marten Mexico; USA
Indonesia: Java Family VIVERRIDAE
R Martes melampus tsuensis Ores fr, aves
Aecshiing island Merten I Arctictis binturong whitei
Palawan Binturong
on Philippines: Palawan
K Melogale personata orientalis
(M. orientalis) E Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata
Javan Ferret-badger Javan Small-toothed Palm Civet
Indonesia: Java Indonesia: Java

I Martes zibellina brachyura : yi a“tlarceeL gncoree:

Japanese Sable a = psimanse
Japan: Hokkaido BO
Vv Vormela peregusna peregusna = Genetta genetta isabelae
European Marbled Polecat TENS
Bulgaria; Greece; Romania; Turkey; Ukraine; 2 ee
Yugoslavia E Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor
Family ODOBENIDAE OBER).
Mentawai Palm Civet
K Odobenus rosmarus laptevi Indonesia: Sumatra
Laptev Walrus , -
Russa I Poiana richardsoni “5liberiensis
eae
Leighton’s Linsang
Liberia; Céte dIvoire; Sierra Leone

220
 Vertebrates

E Viverra megaspila civettina Order ARTIODACTYLA

(V. civettina)
Malabar Large-spotted Civet Family SUIDAE
India: Kerala VY —s Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ivoriensis
Wester Forest Hog
Order PERISSODACTYLA
West Africa
Family EQUIDAE
Ex Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus
Ex? Equus ferus przewalskii Cape Warthog
(E. caballus przewalskii, E. przewalskii) South Africa: Cape Province
Przewalski’s Horse
China; Mongolia VY _s~Phacochoerus aethiopicus delameri
Somali Warthog
Ex? Equus hemionus hemionus Kenya; Somalia
North Mongolian Kulan
Mongolia
I Phacochoerus africanus aeliani
Eritrean Warthog
Ex Equus hemionus hemippus Djibouti; Eritrea
Syrian Wild Ass
R Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus
Iran; Iraq; Israel; Saudi Arabia; Syria
Palawan Bearded Pig
E Equus hemionus khur Philippines: Balabac, Palawan, Calamian
Indian Wild Ass Islands
India
Vv Sus barbatus oi
E Equus hemionus kulan Western Bearded Pig
Kulan Indonesia: Sumatra, Kundur, Ungar Islands;
Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan Malaysia
I Equus hemionus luteus Vv Sus scrofa riukiuanus
Gobi Kulan Ryukyu Islands Wild Pig
China; Mongolia Japan: Ryukyu Islands
E Equus hemionus onager Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE
Onager
Tran Ex Hexaprotodon liberiensis heslopi
Nigeria
Vv Equus kiang holderi
Eastern Kiang
Family TRAGULIDAE
China Vv Tragulus napu nigricans
Balabac Chevrotain
I Equus kiang kiang
Western Kiang Philippines: Balabac Island
India; Nepal Family CERVIDAE
I Equus kiang polyodon E Cervus elaphus yarkandensis
Southern Kiang Yarkand Deer
China; India: Sikkim China
E Equus zebra zebra E Cervus eldii eldii
Cape Mountain Zebra Manipur Brow-antlered Deer
South Africa India
Family RHINOCEROTIDAE E Cervus eldii siamensis
E Ceratotherium simum cottoni Thailand Brow-antlered Deer
Northern White Rhinoceros Cambodia; China (ex?); Laos; Thailand;
Viet Nam
Zaire

221
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Ex? Cervus nippon grassianus Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei

Shansi Sika Swayne’s Hartebeest
China Ethiopia
E Cervus nippon keramae Alcelaphus buselaphus tora
Ryukyu Sika Tora Hartebeest
Japan: Ryukyu Islands Eritrea?; Ethiopia; Sudan
E Cervus nippon mandarinus Ammotragus lervia ornatus
North China Sika Egyptian Barbary Sheep
China Egypt
E Cervus nippon pseudaxis Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi
(C. n. kopschi) Golden Takin
South China Sika China
China; Viet Nam
Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor
I Cervus nippon sichanicus Mishmi Takin
Sichuan Sika Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar
China
Budorcas taxicolor tibetana
E Cervus nippon taiouanus Sichuan Takin
Formosan Sika China
Taiwan (ex?)
Budorcas taxicolor whitei
[Japan: Oshima Island]
Bhutan Takin
R Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Bhutan; China; India
Cedros Island Mule Deer
Mexico: Cedros Island Capra aegagrus blythi
Sind Ibex
E Odocoileus virginianus clavium Pakistan
Key Deer
USA: Florida Keys Capra aegagrus chialtanensis
Chiltan Goat
E Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Pakistan
Argentinian Pampas Deer
Argentina Capra aegagrus cretica
Cretan Goat
E Rangifer tarandus pearyi Greece
Peary Caribou
Canada Capra aegagrus turcmenica
Turkman Wild Goat
Family ANTILOCAPRIDAE Turkmenistan
E___ Antilocapra americana peninsularis Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Baja California Pronghom Pyrenean Ibex
Mexico Spain
E Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Capra pyrenaica victoriae
Sonoran Pronghorn Gredos Ibex
Mexico; USA Spain
Family BOVIDAE Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis
E Aepyceros melampus petersi Sumatran Serow
Black-faced Impala Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia
Angola; Namibia Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum
Ex Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus White-legged Duiker
Bubal Hartebeest Congo?; Gabon
Algeria; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus
Ruwenzori Black-fronted Duiker
Uganda; Zaire?

222
 Vertebrates

Damaliscus dorcas dorcas Ovis ammon ammon

Bontebok Altai Argali
South Africa China; Mongolia; Russia

Damailiscus lunatus korrigum Ovis ammon darwini

Korrigum Mongolian Argali, Gobi Argali
Benin; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Niger, China; Mongolia
Nigeria; Togo
Ovis ammon hodgsoni
Gazella dorcas saudiya Tibetan Argali
Saudi Gazelle China; India; Nepal
Iraq?; Kuwait?; Saudi Arabia?; United Arab
Ovis ammon jubata
Emirates?; Yemen?
Shansi Argali, Northern Chinese Argali
Gazella gazella acaciae China
Acacia Gazelle
Ovis ammon karelini
Israel; Jordan?
Tien Shan Argali
Gazella gazella farasani China; Kazakhstan
Farasan Gazelle
Ovis ammon nigrimontana
Saudi Arabia: Farasan Islands
Kara Tau Argali
Gazella gazella muscatensis Kazakhstan
Muscat Gazelle
Ovis ammon polii
Oman
Marco Polo Argali, Pamir Argali
Gazella subgutturosa marica Afghanistan; China; Pakistan; Tadjikistan
Arabian Sand Gazelle
Ovis canadensis cremnobates
Iran?; Jordan; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?;
Peninsular Bighorn Sheep
United Arab Emirates; Yemen?
Mexico; USA
Hippotragus niger variani
Ovis canadensis mexicana
Giant Sable Antelope
Mexican Bighorn Sheep
Angola
Mexico; USA
Kobus leche robertsi Ovis canadensis weemsi
Roberts’ Lechwe Weems’ Bighom Sheep
Zambia Mexico

Nemorhaedus baileyi baileyi Ovis nivicola borealis

Tibetan Red Goral Putorean Snow Sheep, Norilsk Snow Sheep
China Russia
Nemorhaedus baileyi cranbrooki Ovis orientalis arkal
Red Goral Transcaspian Urial
India; Myanmar Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan

Nemorhaedus caudatus evansi Ovis orientalis blanfordi

Evans’ Long-tailed Goral Blanford’s Urial
Thailand Pakistan
Nemorhaedus goral bedfordi Ovis orientalis bocharensis
Western Himalayan Goral Bukhara Urial
Pakistan Tajikistan; Uzbekistan
Oreotragus oreotragus porteousi Ovis orientalis cycloceros
Western Klipspringer Afghan Urial
Nigeria Afghanistan; Pakistan; Turkmenistan
Ourebia ourebi haggardi Ovis orientalis gmelini
Haggard’s Oribi Armenian Mouflon
Kenya; Somalia Armenia; Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkey

223
THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Ovis orientalis isphahanica Saiga tatarica mongolica

Esfahan Mouflon Mongolian Saiga
Tran Mongolia

Ovis orientalis laristanica Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus

Laristan Mouflon (T. oryx derbianus, also assigned to Taurotragus)
Tran Wester Giant Eland
Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau; Mali?; Senegal
Ovis orientalis musimon
European Mouflon Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci
France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Eastern Bongo
Kenya
Ovis orientalis ophion
Cyprus Mouflon Order RODENTIA
Cyprus
Family APLODONTIDAE
Ovis orientalis orientalis
Red Sheep I Aplodontia rufa nigra
Tran Point Arena Mountain Beaver
USA: California
Ovis orientalis punjabiensis
Punjab Urial Aplodontia rufa phaea
Pakistan Point Reyes Mountain Beaver
USA: California
Ovis orientalis severtzovi
Severtzov’s Urial Family SCIURIDAE
Uzbekistan E Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
Ovis orientalis vignei Carolina Flying Squirrel
Ladahk Urial USA
India; Pakistan Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus
Redunca fulvorufula adamauae Virginia Flying Squirrel
Western Mountain Reedbuck USA
Cameroon; Nigeria Glaucomys volans goldmani
Redunca fulvorufula chanleri Mexican Flying Squirrel
Chanler’s Mountain Reedbuck Mexico
Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda Glaucomys volans guerreroensis
Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica Guerrero Flying Squirrel
Turkish Chamois Mexico
Turkey Glaucomys volans oaxacensis
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica Oaxaca Flying Squirrel
Balkan Chamois Mexico
Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia Ratufa indica dealbata
Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiana Dangs Giant Squirrel
Chartreuse Chamois India
France Ratufa indica elphinstoni
Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica Maharashtra Giant Squirrel
Caucasian Chamois India
Georgia; Russia Sciurus niger cinereus
Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica Delmarva Fox Squirrel
Tatra Chamois USA
Poland; Slovakia Tamias minimus atristriatus
Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (Eutamias minimus atristriatus)
Apennine Chamois New Mexico Least Chipmunk
Italy: Abruzzo National Park USA: New Mexico

224
 Vertebrates

E Tamias quadrivittatus australis I Zapus trinotatus orarius

(Eutamias quadrivittatus australis) Point Reyes Jumping Mouse
Organ Mountains Chipmunk USA: California
USA: New Mexico Family MURIDAE
E Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis
E Microtus californicus scirpensis
Mount Graham Red Squirrel
Amargosa Vole
USA: Arizona
USA: California
Family CASTORIDAE Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis
E Castor canadensis frondator Hualapai Vole
Broad-tail Beaver USA: Arizona
Mexico
Microtus mexicanus navaho
E Castor canadensis mexicanus USA: Arizona
Rio Grande Beaver
Microtus pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis
Mexico
Chihuahua Vole
E Castor fiber birulai Mexico
Mongolian Beaver
Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli
Mongolia
Florida Saltmarsh Vole
Family GEOMYIDAE USA: Florida

R Thomomys umbrinus emotus Neotoma floridana smalli

Southern Pocket Gopher Key Largo Woodrat
USA: New Mexico USA
Family HETEROMYIDAE Neotoma fuscipes riparia
San Joaquin Valley Woodrat
E Dipodomys heermanni morroensis
USA: California
Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat
USA Oryzomys palustris argentatus
(O. argentatus)
K _—_—Dipodomys microps leucotis
Silver Rice Rat
Howserock Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat
USA
USA: Arizona
Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola
E Dipodomys nitratoides exilis
Key Largo Cotton Mouse
Fresno Kangaroo Rat
USA
USA: California
Peromyscus polionotus allophrys
E Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides
Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse
Tipton Kangaroo Rat
USA
USA: California
Peromyscus polionotus ammobates
E Perognathus inornatus psammophilus
Alabama Beach Mouse
(P. longimembris psammophilus)
USA
Salinas Pocket Mouse
USA: California Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris
South-eastern Beach Mouse
E Perognathus longimembris brevinasus
USA
Los Angeles Little Pocket Mouse
USA: California Peromyscus polionotus phasma
Anastasia Island Beach Mouse
Family DIPODIDAE
USA
E Zapus hudsonius luteus
Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis
(Z. princeps luteus)
Perdido Key Beach Mouse
Meadow Jumping Mouse
USA
USA: New Mexico

225
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Class AVES
V__Reithrodontomys megalotis limicola
Southern Marsh Harvest Mouse Order TINAMIFORMES
USA: California
Family TINAMIDAE
E Sigmodon arizonae plenus
(S. hispidus plenus) E/Ex Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius
Colorado River Cotton Rat (C. saltuarius)
USA: Arizona?, California Magdalena Tinamou
Colombia (ex?)
Order LAGOMORPHA
Order PROCELLARIFORMES
Family OCHOTONIDAE
Family PROCELLARIIDAE
Vs Ochotona alpina argentata
China E/Ex Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea
(P. caribbaea)
Vv Ochotona alpina nitida Jamaica Petrel
Russia Jamaica (ex?)
Vv Ochotona alpina ssp. K Puffinus auricularis newelli
Mongolia (Puffinus newelli)
E Ochotona cansus sorrela Newell’s Shearwater
China USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai)

Vv Ochotona cansus morosa Order CICONIIFORMES

China
E Ochotona pallasi hamica
China; Mongolia
I Ochotona pallasi sunidica
China
E Ochotona thibetana sikimaria
India
I Ochotona thibetana huangensis
China
Family LEPORIDAE
E Sylvilagus palustris hefneri
Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit
USA: Florida Keys
Order MACROSCELIDEA
Family MACROSCELIDIDAE
K Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi
Four-toed Elephant-shrew
Kenya
K __Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei
Chequered Elephant-shrew
Mozambique
R Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni
Henderson’s Chequered Elephant-shrew
Malawi
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE
I Bostrychia olivacea bocagei
(B. bocagei)
Dwarf Olive Ibis
Sao Tomé and Principe: Sao Tomé
Order GRUIFORMES
Family RALLIDAE
R Gallinula nesiotis comeri
(Gallinula comeri)
Gough Moorhen
Saint Helena: Gough Island
Order CHARADRITFORMES
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE
E Haematopus unicolor chathamensis
(H. chathamensis)
Chatham Islands Oystercatcher
New Zealand: Chatham Islands
Order PSITTACIFORMES
Family PSITTACIDAE
K___Aratinga holochlora brevipes
(A. brevipes)
Socorro Parakeet
Mexico: Socorro Island
 Vertebrates

Order STRIGIFORMES Family PYCNONOTIDAE

Family STRIGIDAE K _—_-Hypsipetes borbonicus olivaceus
(Hypsipetes olivaceus)
K Otus magicus albiventris
Mauritius Bulbul
(O. alfredi)
Mauritius
Flores Scops-Owl
Indonesia: Flores Family MUSCICAPIDAE
R Otus magicus insularis K Gerygone magnirostris hypoxantha
(O. insularis) (G. hypoxantha)
Seychelles Scops-Owl Biak Gerygone
Seychelles: Mahe Indonesia: Biak

K = Otus spilocephalus stresemanni E Turdus olivaceus helleri

(O. stresemanni) (T. helleri)
Sumatran Scops-Owl Teita Thrush
Indonesia: Sumatra Kenya

Order APODIFORMES Family MELIPHAGIDAE

Family APODIDAE K Manorina flavigula melanotis

(M. melanotis)
K ~~ Apus barbatus sladeniae Black-eared Miner
(Apus sladeniae) Australia
Femando Po Swift
Angola; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Class REPTILIA
Nigeria?
Order TESTUDINES
Order CORACIIFORMES
Family EMYDIDAE
Family ALCEDINIDAE
Vv Trachemys scripta callirostris
Ex Todirhamphus cinnamominus miyakoensis
(Pseudemys scripta callirostris, Pseudemys
(Halcyon miyakoensis)
ornata_ callirostris, Chrysemys ornata
Ryukyu Kingfisher
callirostris)
Japan: Nansei-shoto
Colombian Slider
Order PASSERIFORMES Colombia; Venezuela

Family FURNARIIDAE R Trachemys stejnegeri malonei

(Pseudemys malonei, Pseudemys terrapen
Vv Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae malonei, Chrysemys malonei)
Pale-tailed Canastero Inagua Island Turtle
Peru
Bahamas: Great Inagua Island
E Cinclodes excelsior aricomae R Trachemys terrapen felis
(Cinclodes aricomae) (Pseudemys felis)
Royal Cinclodes Cat Island Freshwater Turtle
Bolivia; Peru [Bahamas: Cat Island]
Family COTINGIDAE Family TESTUDINIDAE
R Laniisoma elegans elegans Vv Testudo graeca graeca
(L. elegans)
(includes Testudo whitei, T. flavominimaralis
Shrike-like Cotinga Furculachelys whitei, F. nabeulensis)
Brazil
Spur-thighed Tortoise
Family TYRANNIDAE Algeria; Egypt?; Libya; Morocco; Spain;
Tunisia
E Onychorhynchus coronatus occidentalis [France; Italy]
Western Royal-Flycatcher
Ecuador, Peru

227
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Vv Testudo hermanni boettgeri Family VARANIDAE

(Testudo hermanni hermanni)
Vv Varanus griseus caspius
Eastern Hermann’s Tortoise Central Asian Desert Monitor
Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Italy; Romania; Central Asia
Turkey; Yugoslavia
[Malta] Order SERPENTES
E Testudo hermanni hermanni Family BOIDAE
(Testudo hermanni robertmertensi)
R Charina bottae umbratica
Western Hermann’s Tortoise
Rubber Boa
France; Italy; Spain: Balearic Islands,
USA: California
[mainland]
Epicrates monensis monensis
Order SAURIA (Epicrates gracilis monensis)
Family PYGOPODIDAE Mona Island Boa
Puerto Rico: Mona Island
V___sCAprasia rostrata rostrata
Hermite Island Worm-lizard Epicrates striatus fosteri
Australia Bahamas Boa
Bahamas
Family AGAMIDAE
Morelia spilota imbricata
Vv Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla
Western Australian Carpet Python
South-eastern Lined Earless Dragon
Australia
Australia
Family COLUBRIDAE
Family IGUANIDAE
Vv Drymarchon corais couperi
K -Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei
Eastern Indigo Snake
San Diego Hormed Lizard
USA
Mexico: Baja California; USA: California
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki
Family LACERTIDAE
San Joaquin Coachwhip
R Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis USA: San Joaquin Valiey, California
(Lacerta filfolensis filfolensis)
Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus
Filfola Lizard
Almeda Striped Racer
Malta: Filfola Island
USA: California
Family SCINCIDAE
Natrix natrix cetti
V___Egernia pulchra longicauda Sardinian Grass Snake
Jurien Bay Rock-skink Italy: Sardinia
Australia
Nerodia fasciata taeniata
E Eulamprus tympanum ssp. Atlantic Saltmarsh Snake
Dreeite Water Skink USA: Florida
Australia
Nerodia harteri paucimaculata
R Gongylomorphus bojerii fontenayi Concho Water Snake
(Scelotes bojeri) USA: Colorado and Concho River system
Macabe Forest Skink
Mauritius: Macabe Forest
Nerodia sipedon insularum
Lake Erie Water Snake
Family ANIELLIDAE (Lake Erie)
I Anniella pulchra nigra Canada; USA
Black Legless Lizard Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia
USA: California San Francisco Garter Snake
USA: California

228
 Vertebrates

Family ELAPIDAE Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI

Vv Notechis ater ater Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES

Krefft’s Tiger Snake Family PETROMYZONTIDAE
Australia
R Lampetra tridentata ssp.
Family VIPERIDAE
Pacific Lamprey
Vv Crotalus willardi obscurus USA
New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake
Mexico; USA Class ACTINOPTERYGII
R Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana Order ACIPENSERIFORMES
Transcaucasian Long-nosed Viper
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey Family ACIPENSERIDAE

E Vipera ursinii rakosiensis Vv Acipenser oxyrhynchus ssp.

Orsini’s Viper Atlantic Sturgeon
Austria (ex?); Hungary; Romania Canada; USA

Order CYPRINIFORMES
Class AMPHIBIA
Family CYPRINIDAE
Order ANURA
Vv Dionda episcopa ssp.
Family BUFONIDAE Roundnose Minnow
Mexico
I Bufo boreas nelsoni
(alternatively treated as a full species Bufo Vv Gila bicolor ssp.
nelsoni) Tui Chub
Amargosa Toad USA
USA: Nevada
Vv Gila robusta ssp.
Family HYLIDAE Roundtail Chub
Mexico; USA
I Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis
Illinois Chorus Frog VY __—Lepidomeda mollispinis ssp.
USA Virgin Spinedace
USA
Family PELOBATIDAE
E Pseudorasbora pumila ssp.
Vv Pelobates fuscus insubricus
Ushimotsugo
Italian Spadefoot Toad
Japan: Honshu Island
Italy: plains of River Po; Switzerland: Ticino
(ex?) E Rhodeus atremius suigensis
Suigen Zenitanago
Order CAUDATA
Japan: Honshu Island
Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE
E Rhodeus ocellatus smithi
R Ambystoma dumerilii dumerilii Nippon Baratanago
Lake Patzcuaro Salamander or Achoque Japan: Yao city, Osaka
Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro
V__ Rhinichthys cataractae ssp.
E Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Longnose Dace
Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Canada; USA
USA: California
V__ Rhinichthys osculus ssp.
Vv Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Speckled Dace
(Ambystoma californiense) Canada; Mexico; USA
California Tiger Salamander
Family CATOSTOMIDAE
USA: California
R Catostomus catostomus lacustris
Jasper Longnose Sucker
Canada

229
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

E Catostomus clarki intermedius Family CYPRINODONTIDAE

White River Sucker
R Cyprinodon salinus milleri
USA
Cottonball Marsh Pupfish
R Catostomus dicobolus yarrowi USA
Zuni Bluehead Sucker
R Cyprinodon salinus salinus
USA
Salt Creek Pupfish
R Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus USA
Goose Lake Sucker
Vv Cyprinodon eximius ssp.
USA
Conchos Pupfish
Ex Chasmistes liorus liorus Mexico; USA
June Sucker
USA E Cyprinodon macularius ssp.
Desert Pupfish
E Chasmistes liorus mictus Mexico; USA
June Sucker
USA Vv Cyprinodon nevadensis ssp.
Amargosa Pupfish
R Catostomus rimiculus ssp. USA
Jenny Creek Sucker
USA Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES
Order CHARACIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEIDAE
Family CHARACIDAE E Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae
Santa Ana Stickleback
R__ Astyanax mexicanus jordani USA
Sardina Ciega
Mexico E Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni
Unarmored Threespine Stickleback
Order SALMONIFORMES USA
Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE Order PERCIFORMES
E __ Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Family CENTRARCHIDAE
Ryukyu Ayu-fish
Japan: Ryukyu Islands R Lepomis megalotis ssp.
Mojarra de Cuatro Cienegas
Family SALMONIDAE Mexico
Vv Onchorhynchus clarki ssp. R Micropterus salmgides ssp.
Cutthroat Trout Robalo de Cuatro Cienegas
USA Mexico
Vv Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys Family CICHLIDAE
Beloribitsa
Azerbaijan?; Khazakstan; Russia E Cichlasoma urophtalmus ericymba
Mojarra de Bulha
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Mexico
Family GOODEIDAE R Oreochromis alcalicus grahami
Ex Empetrichthys latos concavus Lake Magadi Tilapia
Raycraft Ranch Poolfish Kenya
USA Family EMBIOTOCIDAE
E Empetrichthys latos latos R Hysterocarpus traski pomo
Pahrump Poolfish Russian River Tule Perch
USA USA
Ex Empetrichthys latos pahrump
Pahrump Ranch Poolfish
USA

230
 Invertebrates

Phylum Mollusca K Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana

McCoy Desert Snail
Class GASTROPODA USA

Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA K = Helminthoglypta arrosa pomoensis

USA
Family HELICINIDAE
I Helminthoglypta expansilabris mattolensis
Vv Pleuropoma zigzac ponapense Cape Shoulderband
Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei USA
Vv Pleuropoma zigzac zgzac K = Helminthoglypta nickliniana awania
Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Nicklin’s Peninsula Snail
Order MESOGASTROPODA USA

Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE I Helminthoglypta nickliniana bridgesi

USA
Vv Palaina strigata kororensis
Palau: Koror I Helminthoglypta nickliniana contracosta
USA
Order STYLOMMATOPHORA
E Helminthoglypta sequoicola consors
Family CLAUSILIDAE USA
R Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana K Helminthoglypta stiversiana miwoka
France Dented Peninsula Snail
USA
Family DISCIDAE
R Helminthoglypta stiversiana williamsi
Vv Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis
USA
Idaho Banded Mountain Snail
USA K Monadenia fidelis minor
USA
R Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra
Carinated Striate Banded Mountain Snail Y= Monadenia fidelis pronotis
USA Rocky Coast Sideband
USA
Family POLYGYRIDAE
K Monadenia yosemitensis yosemitensis
Vv Mesodon clarki nantahala
Indian Yosemite Snail
Noonday Snail
USA
USA
K Monadenia mormonum buttoni
I Mesodon clausus trossulus
USA
Banded Mesodon
USA Vv Monadenia mormonum hirsuta
USA
I Stenotrema leai cheatumi
USA Class BIVALVIA
Family CAMAENIDAE Order UNIONOIDA
R Glyptorhagada wilkawillina umbilicata Family MARGARITIFERIDAE
Australia: South Australia
I Margaritifera margaritifera durrovensis
Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Ireland
I Eremarionta indioensis cathedralis
Family UNIONIDAE
Cathedral Desert Snail
USA E Dysnomia florentina curtisi
(Epioblasma florentina)
K Eremarionta rowelli bakerensis
Curtis Pearlymussel
Baker Desert Snail USA
USA

231
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Dysnomia florentina florentina E Seychellibasis alluaudi alluaudi

(Epioblasma florentina florentina) Seychelles
Yellow-blossom
Family EUPHAEIDAE
USA
R Bayadera brevicauda ishigakiana
Dysnomia florentina walkeri
Japan: Iriomote, Ishigaki
(Epioblasma florentina walkeri)
Tan Riffleshell Family PLATYCNEMIDAE
USA
R Coeliccia flavicauda masakii
Dysnomia obliquata obliquata Japan: Yayeyama
(Epioblasma obliquata obliquata)
R Coeliccia ryakyuensis amamii
Catspaw
Japan: Amami
USA
R Coeliccia ryakyuensis ryukyuensis
Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua
Japan: Okinawa
(Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua)
White Catspaw Family AESHNIDAE
USA
R Planaeschna ishigakiana ishigakiana
Dysnomia torulosa gubernaculum Japan: Yayeyama
(Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum)
R Planaeschna ishigakiana nagaminei
Green-blossom
Japan: Amami
USA
R Planaeschna risi sakishimana
Dysnomia torulosa rangiana
Japan: Yayeyama
(Epioblasma torulosa rangiana)
Northern Riffleshell Family GOMPHIDAE
Canada; USA
R Asiagomphus amamiensis amamiensis
Dysnomia torulosa torulosa Japan: Amami-oshima
(Epioblasma torulosa torulosa)
R Asiagomphus amamiensis okinawanus
Tubercled-blossom
Japan: Okinawa
Canada; USA
I Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis
Phylum ARTHROPODA Alleghany Snaketail Dragonfly
USA
Class INSECTA R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis asatoi
Japan: Kerama, Okinawa
Order ODONATA
R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis watanabei
Family CALOPTERYGIDAE Japan: Iriomote
R Matrona basilaris japonica Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE
Japan: Amami-oshima, Okinawa, Tokunoshima
R Chlorogomphus brevistigmata okinawanus
Family COENAGRIONIDAE Japan: Okinawa
E Coenagrion hylas freyi R Chlorogomphus brunneus brunneus
Frey’s Damselfly Japan: Okinawa
Austria; Germany; Switzerland
R Chlorogomphus brunneus keramensis
Megalagrion amaurodytum fallax Japan: Kerama
Fallax Damselfly
USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CORDULIIDAE
Megalagrion amaurodytum peles R Hemicordulia mindana nipponica
Pele Damselfly Japan: Nakanoshima, Tanegashima, Yayeyama
USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LIBELLULIDAE
Megalagrion amaurodytum waianaeanum K___ Eleuthemis beuttikoferi quadrigutta
Waianae Damselfly
Mozambique; Zimbabwe
USA: Hawaiian Islands

232
 Invertebrates

R Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai Family ELMINTHIDAE

Japan: Hokkaido
I Huleechius marroni carolus
R Orthetrum poecilops miyajimaense Marron’s San Carlos Riffle Beetle
Japan USA

Order COLEOPTERA I Stenelmis calida calida

Family CARABIDAE
I Sphaeroderus schaumi shenandoah
Schaum’s Blue Ridge Ground Beetle
USA
Family CICINDELIDAE
I Cicindela chlorocephala smythi
Smyth’s Tiger Beetle
USA
I Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis
North-eastern Beach Tiger Beetle
USA
I Cicindela latesignata obliviosa
Oblivious Tiger Beetle
USA
I Cicindela limbata albissima
Coral Pink Dunes Tiger Beetle
USA
Devil’s Hole Warm Spring Riffle Beetle
USA
I Stenelmis calida moapa
Moapa Warm Springs Riffle Beetle
USA
Family LAMPYRIDAE
I Photuris brunnipennis floridana
Everglades Browing Firefly
USA
Family CERAMBYCIDAE
E Crossidius mojavensis mojavensis
Mojave Rabbitbrush Longhorn Beetle
USA
Vv Desmocerus californicus dimorphus
Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
USA
Family CURCULIONIDAE

I Cicindela nevadica olmosa I Trigonoscuta dorothea dorothea

Los Olmos Tiger Beetle Dorothy’s El Segundo Dune Weevil
USA USA

I Cicindela nigrocoerula subtropica Order LEPIDOPTERA

Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger Beetle
USA
Family HESPERIDAE
I Antipodia chaostola leucophaea
4 Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenalis
Australia: Tasmania
Neojuvenile Tiger Beetle
USA E Hesperia leonard montana
(Hesperia pawnee montana)
I Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima
Pawnee Montane Skipper
Greenest Tiger Beetle
USA
USA
I Hesperilla mastersi marakupa
Family DYTISCIDAE
Australia: Tasmania
Ex Dytiscus lapponicus disjunctus
WV Kedestes barerae bunta
Italy: Alpes Maritime
Barber’s Ranger
Family SCARABAEIDAE South Africa
K Dynastes hercules glaseri I Oreisplanus munionga larana
Trinidad and Tobago Australia: Tasmania
V___sCODynastes hercules hercules Vs Panoquina panoquinoides errans
Hercules Beetle Salt Marsh Skipper
Dominica; Guadeloupe Mexico; USA
Vv Dynastes hercules reidi I Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus
Hercules Beetle Wandering Skipper
Martinique; Saint Lucia USA

233
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Family PAPILIONIDAE Argyrocupha malagrida maryae

Lion’s Head Copper
E___ Eurytides lysithous harrisianus
South Africa
Harris’ Mimic Swallowtail
Brazil Argyrocupha malagrida paarlensis
Lion’s Head Copper
R Graphium alebion chungianus
South Africa
Taiwan
Bowkeria phosphor borealis
Vv Graphium antiphates ceylonicus
South Africa
Sri Lankan Five-bar Swordtail
Sri Lanka Bowkeria phosphor phosphor
South Africa
E Papilio aristodemus ponceanus
Schaus’ Swallowtail Callophrys mossii bayensis
USA San Bruno Elfin
USA
E Papilio desmondi teita
Taita Blue-banded Papilio Durbania amakosa albescens
Kenya South Africa
Ex Papilio phorbanta nana Durbania amakosa flavida
Seychelles South Africa
E Parnassius apollo vinningensis Euphilotes battoides comstocki
Germany (Shijimiaeoides battoides comstocki)
Comstock’s Blue
I Parnassius clodius shepardii
USA
Shepard’s Clodius Parnassian
USA Euphilotes bernardino allyni
(Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni)
Ex Parnassius clodius strohbeeni
El Segundo Blue
Strohbeen’s Clodius Parnassian
USA USA

E Troides aeacus kaguya Euphilotes enoptes smithi

Taiwan (Shijimiaeoides enoptes smithi)
Smith’s Blue
Family PIERIDAE USA
I Euchloe hyantis andrewsi Euphilotes rita mattonii
Andrew’s Marble Butterfly (Shijimiaeoides rita mattonii)
USA Mattoni’s Blue
R Pieris krueperi devta USA
India Everes comyntas texanus
Family LYCAENIDAE Texas Tailed Blue
USA
R Aloeides dentatis dentatis
South Africa Tolaus diametra natalica
(Epamera diametra natalica)
— Aloeides dentatis maseruna South Africa
Lesotho; South Africa
Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis
R Aloeides trimeni southeyae Palos Verdes Blue
South Africa USA
R Argyrocupha malagrida cedrusmontana Hemiargus thomasi bethune-bakeri
Lion’s Head Copper Miami Blue Butterfly
South Africa USA
V__ Argyrocupha malagrida malagrida
Icaricia icarioides missionensis
Lion’s Head Copper Mission Blue
South Africa USA
 Invertebrates

Icaricia icarioides moroensis I Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae

Moro Bay Blue Blue Jewel Copper
USA South Africa
Icaricia icarioides pheres R Poecilmitis pyroeis hersaleki
Pheres Blue South Africa
USA
YW Pseudalmenus chlorinda chlorinda
Lepidochrysops jamesi classensi Australia: Tasmania
South Africa
I Pseudalmenus chlorinda conara
Lepidochrysops jamesi jamesi Australia: Tasmania
South Africa
I Shijimiaeoides langstoni langstoni
Lepidochrysops methymna dicksoni Langston’s Blue
South Africa USA
Lepidochrysops oreas oreas R Strymon acis bartrami
South Africa Bartram’s Hairstreak
USA
Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis
Lotis Blue R Thestor dicksoni calviniae
USA Dickson’s Thestor
South Africa
Lycaeides melissa samuelis
Karner Blue R Thestor dicksoni dicksoni
USA Dickson’s Thestor
South Africa
Lycaena dorcas claytoni
Clayton’s Copper I Thestor montanus pictus
USA South Africa
Maculinea teleius burdigalensis R Tuxentius melaena griqua
Scarce Large Blue South Africa
France
Family RIODINIDAE
Mitoura gryneus sweadneri
E Apodemia mormo langei
Sweadner’s Hairstreak
Lange’s Metalmark
USA
USA
Ornipholidotos peucetia penningtoni
White Mimic
Family SATYRIDAE
Mozambique; South Africa Ex Cercyonis sthenele sthenele
Sthenele Wood Nymph
Panchala ganesa loomisi
Tailless Blue
USA
Japan R Erebia annada annada
Bhutan; India
Philotiella speciosa bohartorum
Bohart’s Blue R Erebia narasingha narasingha
USA India
Plebejus icarioides missionensis R Lethe dura gammiei
Mission Blue Bhutan; India
USA
R Lethe europa tamuna
Phasis thero cedarbergae India: Nicobar Island
South Africa
R Lethe gemina gafuri
Poecilmitis brooksi tearei India
South Africa
R Lethe ocellata lyncus
Poecilmitis nigricans nigricans Bhutan; India
Blue Jewel Copper
South Africa

235
 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Neonympha mitchelli mitchelli I Salamis angustina angustina

Mitchell’s Satyr Butterfly Salamis Retrecie
USA Madagascar, Réunion
R Pararge menava maeroides Ex Salamis angustina vinsoni
India Mauritius
R Ypthima dohertyi persimilis I Satyrodes eurydice fumosa
India; Myanmar Smokey Eyed Brown Butterfly
USA
Family NYMPHALIDAE
Ex Speyeria adiaste atossa
E Antanartia borbonica mauritiana
Atossa
Mauritius
USA
Vv Charaxes druceanus entabeni
I Speyeria callippe callippe
Silver Barred Charaxes
Callippe Silverspot
South Africa
USA
Charaxes druceanus williamsi
I Speyeria hydaspe conquista
Kenya
Silverspot
Charaxes durnfordi nicholi USA
Chestnut Rajah
I Speyeria nokomis caerulescens
India; Myanmar
Blue Silverspot
Charaxes karkloof capensis Mexico; USA
South Africa
I Speyeria nokomis nokomis
Charaxes xiphares desmondi Great Basin Silverspot
Kenya USA
Charaxes xiphares xiphares I Speyeria zerene behrensii
Wester Forest Emperor Behren’s Silverspot
South Africa USA
Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda Vs Speyeria zerene hippolyta
Battling Glider Oregon Silverspot
South Africa USA
Doleschallia bisaltide andamana R Speyeria zerene myrtleae
Andaman Leafwing Myrtle’s Fritillary
India: Andaman Islands USA
Euphydryas editha bayensis Family SPHINGIDAE
Bay Checkerspot Butterfly
USA E Celerio wilsoni perkinsi
USA: Hawaiian Islands
Euphydryas editha monoensis
Mono Checkerspot Butterfly Order HYMENOPTERA
USA Family SPHECIDAE
Heliconius charitonius peruvianus
I Ectemnius nesocrabo bidecoratus
Ecuador, Peru
Bidecoratus Sphecid Wasp
Heteronympha cordacea comptena USA: Hawaiian Islands
Australia: Tasmania Family ANDRENIDAE
Hypolimnas dubius drucei
I Perdita hirticeps luteocincta
Comoro Islands; Madagascar; Mauritius
Yellow Banded Andrenid Bee
Neptis sankara nar USA
India: Andaman Islands
I Perdita scitula antiochensis
Antioch Andrenid Bee
USA

236
 List 5

COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES

COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES

Class MAMMALIA CT Pinctada maxima

Gold-lipped Pearl Oyster
Order PRIMATES
Indo-Pacific
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE
Phylum ARTHROPODA
CT Macaca nemestrina
Pigtail Macaque
Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia?; China; India; Class CRUSTACEA
Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar;
Thailand; Viet Nam Order DECAPODA
Family NEPHROPIDAE
Phylum CNIDARIA CT Homarus americanus
American Lobster
Class ANTHOZOA North Atlantic

Order GORGONACEA CT Homarus gammarus

European Lobster
Family CORALLIDAE North-east Atlantic
CT Corallium (20 species) CT Nephrops norvegicus
Precious Corals Norway Lobster
Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean North-east Atlantic
Order ANTIPATHARIA Family PALINURIDAE
Family ANTHIPATHIDAE CT Jasus edwardsii
Rock Lobster
CT Anthipathidae (c 150 species)
New Zealand
Black Coral
Caribbean, Indo-Pacific CT Panulirus argus
Caribbean Spiny Lobster
Phylum MOLLUSCA Caribbean
CT Panulirus guttatus
Spotted Spiny Lobster
Class GASTROPODA
Caribbean
Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA CT Panulirus penicillatus
Family TURBINIDAE Pronghorn Spiny Lobster
Indo-Pacific
CT Turbo marmoratus
Green Snail
Indo-Pacific
Phylum ECHINODERMATA
Family STROMBIDAE
Class ECHINOIDEA
CT Strombus gigas
Queen Conch Order ECHINOIDA
Caribbean
Family ECHINIDAE
Class BIVALVIA CT Paracentrotus lividus
Purple Urchin
Order PTERIOIDA North-east Atlantic, Mediterranean
Family PTERIIDAE

CT Pinctada margaritifera
Black-lipped Pearl Oyster
Indo-Pacific
 erase CAMATASAHT 1 LIASMMOS
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eek i hati Gaggti- tie)
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ABDATAUSD geal
ACUHASAG vind

aaa, Cavaticovelia 166
Aaadonta 136
abbotti, Gonocephalus 79
abbotti, Papasula 36
abbreviata, Achatinella 201
abbreviata, Leiostyla 203
abbreviata, Samoana 204
abei, Hynobius 91
abendanoni, Telmatherina
aberti, Cyprogenia 147
abidi, Petaurus 5
abjectus, Caseolus 144
Abrawayaomys 29
Abronia 82
abrupta, Lampsilis 147
abyssinica, Genetta 19
Acalyphes 186
Acanthaeshna 160
Acanthanura 158
Acanthinula 132
Acanthiops 81
Acanthobrama 198
Acanthochelys 77
Acanthocobitis 98
ACANTHODRILIDAE 213
Acanthometropus 207
Acanthorhodeus 94
Acanthorutilus 94
acarpicus, Insuetophrymus 89
accepta, Fonscochlea 122
Accipiter 39
ACCIPITRIDAE 39
Acerodon 7, 191
Aceros 54
acerosus, Viviparus 119
Acestrura 52
Achalinus 83
Achatinella 130, 131, 201
ACHATINELLIDAE 130, 201
Acheilognathus 94
acheron, Papilio 179
acherontis, Procambarus 156
acheronytes, Gammarus 154
achlys, Euryphura 185
Aciagrion 159
acicula, Bythiospeum 121
Acicula 119
ACICULIDAE 119, 200
Acilius 168
Acinonyx 16, 219
Acipenser 93
Acipenser 93, 229
ACIPENSERIDAE 93, 229
acis bartrami, Strymon 235
Acneus 172
Acraea 185
Acraea 185
ACRAEIDAE 185
acraeina, Erikssonia 180
Acrantophis 83
ACRIDIDAE 164
Acrocephalus 59, 60
ACROCERIDAE 175
INDEX
acrocnema, Boloria 185 AEPYORNITHIDAE 193
Acrodipsas 180 Aepypodius 40
acrodonta, Pteralopex 8 aequatorialis, Pithecia 13
acroleucus, Chortippus 164 aesacus, Ornithoptera 178
Acrolophitus 164 Aeschrithmysus 173
ACROLOXIDAE 129 Aeshna 160
Acroloxus 129 AESHNIDAE 160, 232
acros, Eremichthys 95 aesiodora, Dirce 186
108 Actenoides 53 aestiputeus, Gambusia 105
acticola, Gerbillus 29 Aethalops 7
Actinella 144 aethesa, Arawacus 180
actinophora, Actinella 144 aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phacochoerus
aculeatus santaeannae, Gasterosteus 230 221
aculeatus williamsoni, Gasterosteus 230 aethiopicus delameri, Phacochoerus 221
Aculopsis 200 Aethiothemis 162
acuminata, Jardinella 122 Aethomys 29
acuminatus, Catabasis 99 Aethopyga 65
acuminatus, Ophiogomphus 161 afer, Pseudobarbus 97
acunhae, Nesospiza 67 affinis, Parapinnixa 158
acuta, Nesosydne 167 affinis, Partula 203
acuticauda, Apus 52 affinis, Speocirolana 154
acuticeps, Etheostoma 111 africana, Kerivoula 191
acuticosta, Mautodontha 205 africana, Loxodonta 24
acutifrons, Cephalaeschna 160 africana, Mustela 17
acutirostris, Heteralocha 197 africanus aeliani, Phacochoerus 221
acutirostris, Taudactylus 89 africanus, Equus 24
acutissima, Hirasea 136 Afrixalus 88
acutissimus, Medionidus 148 Afroedura 78
acutorostrata, Balaenoptera 20 Afropavo 41
acutus, Crocodylus 77 Agabus 168
acutus, Lagenorhynchus 20 AGAMIDAE 79, 228
adalberti, Aquila 39 Agapetus 175
adamantina, Tryonia 126 Agapetus 175
adamsoni, Hephaestus 110 Agapornis 49
adansoni, Hemicycla 145 agarhecta, Pyrgulopsis 124
Addax 26 Agarodes 176
adelaidensis, Tiliqua 82 agassizi, Ambassis 109
Adelocosa 152 agassizi, Salvelinus 199
Adelotus 89 agassizii, Gopherus 74
Adelphicos 83 Agelaius 69
adelphus, Bulimulus 134 Agelastes 41
adersi, Cephalophus 27 Aglaeactis 52
adiaste atossa, Speyeria 236 AGLYCYDERIDAE 213
adonis, Poecilmitis 182 Aglymbus 168
ADRIANICHTHYIDAE 106 agnus, Rhithrodytes 170
Adrianichthys 106 Agonum 167
adspersa, Mogurnda 114 agostinhoi, Oxychilus 140
adytum, Megalagrion 159 Agriades 180
aeacus kaguya, Troides 234 agricola, Pantinonemertes 117
aedium, Plagiodontia 32 agrioides, Amphipteryx 158
aegagrus blythi, Capra 222 Agriornis 57
aegagrus chialtanensis, Capra 222 Agrotis 209, 210
aegagrus crelica, Capra 222 aguirrepequenoi, Notropis 96
aegagrus turcmenica, Capra 222 aheneus, Leiopotherapon 110
Aegialia 170, 171 ailaketoae, Hedleyoconcha 137
Aegotheles 196 Ailuropoda 18
AEGOTHELIDAE 196 Ailurus 18
Aegypius 39 aitkeni, Sminthopsis 3
aello, Nyclimene 8 Aix 38
aemula, Pillomena 137 ajamaruensis, Melanotaenia 107
aenea, Rana 90 akamatus, Bulimulus 134
Aepyceros 222 akili, Alburnus 94
Aepyornis 193 alabamae, Palaemonias 156
241
Alabamaubria 172 Alectrurus 57 amamiensis okinawanus, Asiagomphus
alabamensis, Amphigyra 130 Alethe 60 232
alabamensis, Goniobasis 200 alethorhytidus, Bulimulus 134 Amandava 69
alabamensis, Pseudemys 74 alexandra, Rhyacophila 175 amaniensis, Cymothoe 185
alabamensis, Vertigo 133 alexandrae, Ornithoptera 178 Amanipodagrion 159
alabastrinus, 'Napaeus’ 133 alexandrae, Polytelis 50 amargosus, Ambrysus 166
Alaena 180 alexandri, Gulickia 131 amarus, Hybognathus 96
alamosae, Tryonia 126 alfredi, Cervus 26 amarus, Puntius 97
alani, Cyclodina 81 aliciae, Aglaeactis 52 Amastra 132, 202
alaotrensis, Rheocles 108 Alionycteris 7 AMASTRIDAE 132, 202
Alasmidonta 146, 207 Alismodonta 146 amastroides, Bulimulus 134
alata, Diplommatina 118 alius, Malaconotus 59 amatolica, Bufo 87
alata, Taheitia 126 alixii, Clytoctantes SS Amauris 183
Alauda 58 aljibensis, Deronectes 168 Amaurocichla 60
ALAUDIDAE 58 Allactaga 29 amaurodytum fallax, Megalagrion 232
alba, Cacatua 48 allamanica, Vallonia 132 amaurodytum peles, Megalagrion 232
alba, Geocrinia 89 allanae, Lerista 82 amaurodytum waianaeanum, Megalagrion
alba, Peripatopsis 188 Allanaspides 153 232
albanyensis, Goniobasis 128 alleni, Grallaria 56 Amaurornis 43
albata, Palaina 118 alleni, Zenarchopterus 106 Amazilia 52
albata, Parantica 183 Allenopithecus 13 Amazona 49
albatrus, Diomedea 35 Alligator 77 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 49
alberti, Crax 41 ALLIGATORIDAE 77 ambagiosus, Placostylus 135
albertinae, Streptocitta 70 allisonae, Antiponemertes 117 AMBASSIDAE 109
albertinum, Glaucidium 51 Allocebus 10 Ambassis 109
albicilla, Haliaeetus 39 Allocharopa 137 ambigua, Simpsoniconcha 149
albicosta, Euploea 183 Allocrangonyx 155 Amblema 146
albidens, Melomys 30 Alloperla 208 Ambloplites 110
albifacies, Sceloglaux 196 Allorhizucha 162 AMBLYCIPITIDAE 100
albifrons cuscinus, Cebus 218 Allotoca 105 AMBLYOPSIDAE 103
albifrons, Leucorrhinia 162 alluaudi alluaudi, Seychellibasis 232 Amblyopsis 103
albifrons, Palpopleura 162 allynsmithi, Helminthoglypta 145 Amblyornis 70
albifrons yuracus, Cebus 218 Aloeides 180, 234 Amblyrhynchus 79
albigena aterrimus, Cercocebus 218 Alopochen 194 Amblysomus 5, 6
albigularis, Rhinomyias 63 Alouatta 12, 217 Ambrysus 166
albinasus, Chiropotes 12 alpenae, Coregonus 199 ambusta, Auriculella 131
albipectus, Pyrrhura 50 alpina argentata, Ochotona 226 Ambystoma 91, 229
albipennis, Penelope 41 alpina nitida, Ochotona 226 AMBYSTOMATIDAE 91, 229
albipes, Conilurus 192 alpina, Rosalia 173 Ameca 105
albirostris, Cervus 26 alpina ssp., Ochotona 226 amecae, Notropis 198
albirostris, Lagenorhynchus 20 alpinum, Bythiospeum 121 Ameiva 81, 197
albivallis, Lepidomeda 96 alpinus, Anairetes 57 Ameletus 158
albiventris, Spanglerogyrus 170 alpinus, Cuon 15 americana, Dolania 158
albizona, Vipera 85 alpinus, Gobiomorphus 113 americana, Grus 43
albocarinata, Omphalotropis 126 alsea, Ochrotrichia 176 americana peninsularis, Antilocapra 222
albogularis, Zosterops 65 Alsodes 88 americana sonoriensis, Antilocapra 222
albolabris, Amastra 202 Alsophis 83, 198 americanus, Driloleirus 151
albolimbatus, Megalurus 62 alterna, Westraltrachia 143 americanus, Homarus 239
albolineata,
Hyla 87 alternatus, Neseis 166 americanus, Nicrophorus 170
albolineatus, Fundulus 199 altiapica, Opanara 205 americanus, Siphonorhis 52
albopilosa, Lichnanthe 171 alticola, Perognathus 29 amistadensis, Gambusia 199
albopunctatus, Heleioporus 89 alticola, Poospiza 67 Ammocrypta 111
albostriatus, Chlidonias 46 alticorpus, Varicorhinus 98 Ammodillus 29
Alburnus 94 altilis, Lampsilis 147 Ammodorcas 26
albus, Porphyrio 195 altipinnis, Parambassis 109 ammodyles transcaucasiana, Vipera 229
albus, Scaphirhynchus 93 altirostre, Chrysomma 60 ammon ammon, Ovis 223
Alca 195 altivelis, Lepidomeda 198 ammon darwini, Ovis 223
alcalicus grahami, Oreochromis 230 altivelis ryukyuensis, Plecoglossus 230 ammon hodgsoni, Ovis 223
ALCEDINIDAE 53, 227 alutaceus, Rhantus 208 ammon jubata, Ovis 223
Alcedo 53 alvarezi, Cyprinodon 104 ammon karelini, Ovis 223
Alcelaphus 222 alvarezi, Gambusia 105 ammon nigrimontana, Ovis 223
alchichica, Poblana 108 alvaroi, Pristidactylus 80 ammon polii, Ovis 223
ALCIDAE 46 alveare, Pleurocera 129 Ammonitella 136
alcimeda alcimeda, Cymothoe 236 alveus, Lottia 199 Ammopelmatus 163
Alcippe 60 alvordensis, Gila 95 Ammotragus 26, 222
alcon, Maculinea 181 Alyles 87 amnicoloides, Somatogyrus 125
alconura, Limnephilus 176 Alzoniella 119 amniculus, Craterocephalus 107
aldabrana, Nesillas 62 amabilis, Rhyacophila 208 amoenus, Phylloscopus 63
alebion chungianus, Graphium 234 amadi, Weberogobius 115 Amphidromus 141
alecto, Aethalops 7 amakosa albescens, Durbania 234 amphiehaenus, Potamilus 149
‘Alectroenas’' 195 amakosa flavida, Durbania 234 Amphigyra 130
Alectroenas 195 amamiensis amamiensis, Asiagomphus 232 AMPHIPTERYGIDAE 158

242
Amphipteryx 158
Amphorella 135, 204
ampla, Anculosa 127
ampla, Goniobasis 128
Amplirhagada 141
amplus, Notomys 192
ampullatus, Hyperoodon
amsterdamensis, Diomedea
Amychus 172
Amytornis 60
ana, Nesidiolestes 166
ANABANTIDAE 115
Anabarilius 94
Anaea 185
Anaecypris 94
anaglyptica, Actinella
Anagotus 173
Anairetes 57
anaktuvukensis, Salvelinus
Anas 38, 194
Anaspides 153
ANASPIDIDAE 153
ANATIDAE 38, 194
anatolias, Aphanius 104
anatolicus, Acanthorutilus
anceophila, Carelia
anceps, Pteralopex 8
anceyana, Taipidon 206
Ancharius 101
anchietae, Plerotes 8 anomalus, Ophiogomphus 161
Anculopsis 127, 200
Anculosa 127, 128, 200
Ancylastrum 130
ANCYLIDAE 130
andersoni, Neothramma
andersoni, Phaulomys
andersonii, Hyla 87
andicola, Agriornis 57
andinus, Podiceps 35
ANDRENIDAE 236
andrewi, Barbus 94
andrewsi, Fregata 37
Andrias 91
andromache, Troides
Anectothemis 162
anelpistus, Diploglossus
anerythra, Pitta 57
Anetia 183
anetianus, Pteropus
Aneuretus 186
angasianus, Bothriembryon
angaurana, Aaadonta 136
angelcabrerai, Capromys
angelina, Libellula 162
angelinae, Otus 51
angfa, Melanotaenia
angolensis, Epomophorus 7
ANGUIDAE 82, 198
anguinus, Proteus 92
Anguispira 136
angulata, Beddomeia 119
angulata, Tryonia 126
angulifer, Epicrates
angulosa, Thaanumella
angusta, Metacnemis
angustina angustina, Salamis
angustina, Salamis 185
angustina vinsoni, Salamis
anguslior, Verligo 133
angustipennis, Calopteryx 159
angustipluma, Chaetoplila 196
angustipons, Kinosternon 73
angustirostris, Marmaronetia 38 antisensis, Hippocamelus 26
Anhydrophryne 90 antoniae, Carpodecites 56
ANIELLIDAE 228 Antrobia 119
anijimana, Mandarina 142 Antrolana 154
ANILIIDAE 83 antrorum, Palaemoneles 156
ankoberensis, Serinus 69 Aonyx 17
23 anna, Ciridops 196 Aotos 217
35 annada annada, Erebia 235 Aotus 12
annamarulae, Melaenornis 62 apache, Onchorhynchus 103
Annamemys 73 Apachecoccus 119
annamensis, Annamemys 73 Apalis 60
annamurrayae, Phrantela 123 Apalopleron 66
annectans, Ithamar 166 Apatalestea 174
annectens, Samoana 134 Apatania 176
annettae, Goniobasis 128 apatela, Protoploea 184
144 Anniella 228 Apaturopsis 185
annulifera, Goniobasis 128 apella robustus, Cebus 218
annulifera, Pleurocera 129 apella xanthosternos, Cebus 218
103 ANOBIIDAE 172 apexfulva, Achatinella 130
anodonta, Fluvidona 121 Aphanapteryx 194
Anodonta 146 Aphanius 104
Anodorhynchus 49 Aphaostracon 119
Anoglypta 136 Aphelocephala 60
Anolis 79 APHIDIDAE 167
94 Anomala 171 aphnaeoides, lolaus 180
202 ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE 193 Aphodius 171
Anomalopus 81 Aphrastura 55
ANOMALURIDAE 31 aphylla, Phyllonycteris 9
anomalus, Eleothreptus 52 apia, Trochomorpha 139
apicalis, Anectothemis 162
anomalus, Zosterops 65 apicalis, Leporillus 192
Anomochilus 83 apicalis, Moho 196
Anonymomys 29 apicalis, Parantechinus 3
anophthalmus, Oreonectes 98 APIOCERIDAE 175
176 anophthalmus, Sinocyclocheilus 98 APLOCHEILIDAE 103
30 anophthalmus, Tasmanipatus 188 Aplochiton 102
anops, Adelocosa 152 Aplodontia 224
ansellorum, Crocidura 6 APLODONTIDAE 224
Anser 38 Aplonis 70, 197
ansorgei ansorgei, Crossarchus 220 Aplothorax 167
antaeus, Epargyreus 177 Apodemia 235
antalyensis, Capoeta 95 APODIDAE 52, 227
Antanartia 185, 236 apolinari, Cistothorus 59
180 antarcticus, Rallus 44 apollinaris, Archon 178
anteisensis, Pseudamnicola 123 apollo, Parnassius 180
82 antelmiana, Gulella 204 apollo vinningensis, Parnassius 234
anteronivea, Polyphylla 171 apophysata, Branchinella 153
antesella, Percina 111 aporus, Megupsilon 105
8 antevorta, Hypolimnas 185 appalachia, Hansonoperla i65
ANTHICIDAE 173 Appalachia 164
134 Anthicus 173 appertt, Phyllastrephus 59
Anthipathidae 239 approximata, Partula 203
32 ANTHIPATHIDAE 239 approximata, Trochomorpha 139
anthoides, Asthenes 55 Aprasia 79, 228
anthonyi, Neotoma 30 apricans, Chlorolestes 159
107 anthonyix, Anculopsis 200 Aproteles 7
Anthracoceros 54 aptera, Apleromantis 162
Anthreptes 65 Apterocychus 170
Anthus 58 Apleromantis 162
antiguae, Alsophis 83 Apleropanorpa 174
Amtilocapra 222 APTEROPANORPIDAE 174
ANTILOCAPRIDAE 222 APTERYGIDAE 35
83 Antilope 26 Apteryx 35
127 antimachus, Papilio 179 Apus 52, 227
160 antimena, Hypogeomys 30 aquali, Etheostoma 111
236 antiochensis, Anthicus 173 aquatica, Fonscochlea 122
antiochi, Efferia 175 aquila, Balanus 153
236 antiphates ceylonicus, Graphium 234 aquila, Fregata 37
antipodes, Megadyptes 35 Aquila 39
Anlipodia 233 aquilo, Notomys 30
Antipodochlora 161 aquilonia, Formica 186
Antiponemertes 117 Ara 49, 195
243
Arachnocampa 174
arachnoides, Brachyteles 12
arachnoides, Pyxis 75
araeus, Stygobromus 155
aral, Macrognathus 109
Aramidopsis 43
ARANEIDAE 152
Arapaima 93
arata, Ogasawarana 117
Aratinga 49, 226
arausiaca, Amazona 49
Arawacus 180
arborea, Dendrocygna 38
Arborophila 41
arca, Protoptila 175
arcaeformis?, Dysnomia 207
Arcanator 60
arcanus, Ptilinopus 48
arcena, Appalachia 164
Archaeolacerta 80
Archaeophylax 176
Archboldomys 29
archeri, Heteromirafra
archeri, Mesodon 140
archeyi, Leiopelma 88
Archon 178
arcigerens, Pleuroxia
Arctictis 220
Arctocebus 11
Arctocephalus 18
Arctogalidia 220
arctoides, Macaca 13
arctos nelsoni, Ursus 220
arcula, Alasmidonta
Ardea 37
ARDEIDAE 37, 194
ardens, Arborophila 41
ardens, Selasphorus 53
Ardeotis 44
ardesiaca, Rhopornis 56
areaensis, Opanara 205
arenaria, Catinella 138
arenata, Glaresis 171
arenicola, Cicindela
areolatus, Trichomycterus 101
arfakensis, Melanotaenia 107
Arganiella 119
argentata leucippe, Callithrix 217
argentea, Apalis 60
argentea, Harmogenanina 139
argentina, Columba 46
argentissimus, Plagopterus 97
Argiagrion 159
Argiocnemis 159
argo, Ephemerella 158
Argonemertes 117
argus, Panulirus 239
arguta, Partula 134
Argyresthia 209
ARGYRESTHIIDAE 209
Argyrocupha 234
argyrognomon lotis, Lycaeides
ariadne, Orachrysops 181
aridus, Batrachoseps 91
aridus, Limnebius 170
ARIDAE 101
ariommumm, Moxostoma
arion, Maculinea 181
Arion 146, 206
ARIONIDAE 146, 206
arionides, Maculinea
ARIOPHANTIDAE 206
aristodemus ponceanus, Papilio 234 Astyanax 230
aristophontes, Papilio 179 atacamensis, Bufo 87
aristor, Papilio 179 atacamensis, Telmatobius 89
Arius 101 Alaeniobius 105
arizonae, Apachecoccus 119 Alaenius 171
arizonae plenus, Sigmodon 226 atanuiensis, Rhysoconcha 205
arizonensis, Daihinibaenetes 163 Aleleric 6
arizonensis, Psephenus 172 Aleles 12,217
arizonensis, Stygobromus 155 Alelognathus 88
arizonica, Cymbiodyta 170 Alelornis 53
Arkansia 146 ater, Alsophis 83
ARMADILLIDAE 154 ater ater, Notechis 229
Armatobalanus 153 ater, Dromaius 193
armatus, Euastacus 157 atercus, Limnephilus 176
armigera, Lithasia 129 aterrima, Pterodroma 35
armitageana, Actinella 144 ‘Athene’ 196
Armsia 132 Athene 51
arnee, Bubalus 27 ATHERINIDAE 106
arnuxii, Berardius 23 atilis, Partula 203
arremonops, Oreothraupis 67 atlantica, Phenacolimax 140
arrosa pomoensis, Helminthoglypta 231 atlanticus, Larus 46
artedii, Coregonus 102 Allantisia 43, 194
58 Artemia 152 Altlapetes 66
ARTEMIIDAE 152 atomus, Truncatellina 133
artesus, Agapetus 175 atra, Myiagra 62
Arthroleptides 198 atra, Porzana 44
143 articense, Bythiospeum 121 atra, Pyriglena 56
articulata, Tropidophora 119 Atractelmis 172
Artogeia 180 atramentaria, Victaphanta 136
artus, Hygrotus 208 atrata, Dorcopsis 4
Arubolana 154 atrata, Pteralopex 8
aruensis, Bostrichthys 113 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 229
Asaphomyia 174, 175 atricapillus, Vireo 69
146 asaphrombra, Hedylepta 209 atriceps, Echiopsis 84
ASAURIDAE 152 Atrichornis 58
ascanius, Parides 179 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 58
ascensa, Austrochloritis 141 atripinne, Moxostoma 99
ASELLIDAE 154 atrogularis, Clytoctantes 55
ashi, Mirafra 58 Atrophaneura 178
Ashmunella 140 atropos, Atrophaneura 178
Asiagomphus 160, 232 atropurpurea, Alasmidonta 146
ASILIDAE 175 atropurpurea, Xipholena 57
Aslauga 180 atrorus, Cyprinodon 104
168 aslini, Turgenitubulus 143 attenuata, Feresa 20
asoka, Puntius 97 attenuata, Partula 203
asomatus, Lagorchestes 191 attenuata, Samoana 134
aspasma, Chloaeltis 164 attenuata, Stenella 21
Aspastus 204 Altila 57
asper, Pseudobarbus 97 ATYIDAE 156, 207
asper, Zingel 112 aucklandica, Anas 38
asperrima, Glyptorhagada 141 aucklandica, Coenocorypha 45
asperrimus, Cottus 109 audax, Characodon 105
Aspideretes 77 audouinii, Larus 46
Aspidites 83 Aulacorhynchus 54
Aspiduchus 162 aulidion, Notropis 198
asprella, Ammocrypta 111 Aulopyge 94
asquamatus, Kosswigichthys 105 aurantia, Partula 203
assimilis, Onychogomphus 161 aurantia, Rhinonicteris 9
Assiminea 126 aurantia, Tyto 51
ASSIMINEIDAE 126, 200 aurata, Profelis 17
ASTACIDAE 157, 207 auratus, Isoodon 3
235 Astacoides 157 aurea, Diplommatina 118
Astacopsis 157 aurea, Hypseleotris 113
astacus, Astacus 157 aurea, Litoria 87
Astacus 157,227 aureocincta, Bangsia 66
ASTEIIDAE 175 aureodorsalis, Buthraupis 66
99 asthenes, Aphaostracon 119 aureola, Mandarina 142
Asthenes 55 aureonucha, Ploceus 70
asticta, Mecistogaster 160 aureus, Afrixalus 88
Astrapia 70 aureus, Hapalemur 10
181 astur, Eutriorchis 39 aureus, Poecilmitis 182
astuta, Amplirhagada 141 aureus, Somatogyrus 125
244
aureus, Teinopalpus 180
auricapilla, Aratinga 49
auricularia, Margaritifera 146
auricularis newelli, Puffinus 226
auricularis, Puffinus 36
auriculata, Partula 203
auriculatus, Dorcus 170
Auriculella 131, 202
aurita, Aprasia 79
aurita, Callithrix 11
aurita, Geogale 5
aurita, Myzopoda 9
auritus, Capromys 32
aurivillii, Cymothoe 185
aurivilliusi, Graphium 178
aurolineata, Percina 111
aurorae, Ducula 47
aurorae, Salamandra 92
australasia, Todirhamphus
australasica, Macquaria 110
australe, Cheirodon 99
australe, Etheostoma \\1
australica, Calamoecia 153
australiensis, Rhynchochydorus 152
australis, Aslauga 180
australis, Austrogammarus 207
australis, Basilichthys 106
australis, Crateromys 29
australis, Dryococelus 208
australis, Dusicyon 192
australis, Engaeus 157
australis, Eubalaena 19
australis, Helixarion 139
australis, Ictalurus 100
australis, Lacerta 81
australis, Lagenorhynchus 20
australis, Lampsilis 147
australis, Megascolides 151
australis, Mergus 194
australis, Ningbingia 142
australis, Ordtrachia 142
australis, Pseudophyrne 89
australis, Telmatobufo 89
Australophocaena 22
Austrelaps 84
austriaca, Orcula 133
austriana, Belgrandiella
Austroassiminea 126
Austrochloritis 141
Austrocordulia 161
Austrogammarus 207
Austroglanis 100
Austromenidia 106
Austropotamobius 157
Austrosaga 163
autocrator, Parnassius 180
Automolus 55
Avahi 11
avalona, Strymon 182
avalonense, Radiocentrum 138
Avenionia 119
avernalis, Fluminicola 121
averni, Beddomeia 119
avittata, Polyphylla 171
avunculus, Pygathrix 14
Awaous 114
axelrodi, Chilatherina 106
axillaris, Pterodroma 35
Axis 25
ayresi, Sarothrura 44
Aythya 38
azurea, Cochoa 61
azurius, Poecilmitis 182
babelthuapi, Palaua 138
Babyrousa 25
babyrussa, Babyrousa 25
Baccalena 141
bacchus, Lepidochrysops 181
bacchus, Pyrgulopsis 124
bachmanii, Vermivora 68
bactrianus, Camelus 25
badeigularis, Spelaeornis 64
badensis, Bythinella 120
badhami, Lepidochrysops 181
badia, Catopuma 16
Badistes 141
badius bouvieri, Procolobus 218
badius ellioti, Procolobus 219
badius foai, Procolobus 219
badius gordonorum, Procolobus 219
53 badius kirkii, Procolobus 219
badius oustaleti, Procolobus 219
badius pennantii, Procolobus 218
badius preussi, Procolobus 219
badius rufomitratus, Procolobus 219
badius temminckii, Procolobus
badius tephrosceles, Procolobus 219
badius tholloni, Procolobus 219
badius waldroni, Procolobus 218
baeri, Aythya 38
baeri, Hylomyscus 30
baeri, Poospiza 67
baeri, Sandracottus 170
Baetica 163
BAETIDAE 158
BAGRIDAE 100
baileyi baileyi, Nemorhaedus 223
baileyi cranbrooki, Nemorhaedus 223
baileyi, Crenichthys 104
baileyi, Crocidura 6
baileyi, Noturus 100
baileyi, Thermophis 84
baileyi, Xenospiza 68
bailleui, Loxioides 68
bainsii, Sandelia 115
bairdi, Oreomystis 68
bairdti, Berardius 23
bairdii, Tapirus 24
120 baiulus, Schayera 164
bakeri, Sericulus 70
bakossiorum, Tilapia 113
Balaena 19
balaenarum, Sterna 46
Balaeniceps 37
BALAENICIPITIDAE 37
BALAENIDAE 19
Balaenoptera 20
BALAENOPTERIDAE 20
BALANIDAE 153
Balantiocheilos 94
Balanus 153
balbus, Mixophyes 89
balconius, Stygobromus 155
BALITORIDAE 98
balli, Lepidochrysops 181
balli, Poecilmitis 182
ballmanni, Malimbus 70
ballochi, Kiunga 107
balsetensis, Siettitia 208
balstoni, Nannatherina 110
banatica, Zubovskia 165
Bangsia 66
Banksula 152
bannermani, Ploceus 70
245
bannermani, Tauraco 50
Banza 163
baoulan, Puntius 97
barbadensis, Amazona 49
barbara senex, Eira 220
barbata, Penelope 41
barbata, Polyphylla 171
barbatus ahoenobarbus, Sus 221
barbatus, Amytornis 60
barbatus, Dendrortyx 41
barbatus oi, Sus 221
barbatus sladeniae, Apus 227
barbatus, Xenuromys 31
barbouri, Graplemys 73
Barbus 94
barerae bunta, Kedestes 233
Barkudia 81
barnardi, Austroglanis 100
baroni, Metallura 53
Baronia 178
barreimiae, Garra 95
barrenensis, Letomola — 37
barrerae, Octomys 32
218 barretti, Tasmanipatus 188
barri, Caecidotea 154
barri, Stygobromus 155
barrioi, Alsodes 88
bartelsi, Spizaetus 40
bartoni, Chirostoma 106
bartoni, Cichlasoma 112
basajauna, Oxychilus 140
basilaris japonica, Matrona 232
Basileuterus 68
Basilichthys 106
Basilornis 70
basimi, Caecocypris 95
basispina, Branchinella 153
baska, Batagur 73
Bassaricyon 18
Bassariscus 18
Batagur 73
batchi, Cambarus 156
batesi, Phyciodes 185
batesi, Ploceus 70
batesi, Prionomys 30
BATHYERGIDAE 31
Bathyergus 31
bathysciodes, Glacicavicola 170
Batis 60
Batomys 29
Batrachophrynus 88
Batrachoseps 91
Batrachostomus 51
Batrachuperus 91
battoides comstocki, Euphilotes 234
Battus 178
Baudinella 141
baudinensis, Baudinella 141
baudinianus, Dromaius 193
bavarica, Bythinella 120
bavaricus, Pitymys 193
Bayadera 232
Bdeogale 17, 220
Beamys 29
beaumonti, Hemistoma 122
Bebrornis 60
beccarii, Cochoa 61
beck, Pterodroma 35
beddardi, Bassaricyon 18
Beddomeia 119, 120
bednalli, Sinumelon 143
Bedotia 106
beeri, Acneus 172
BEHNINGIIDAE 158
Belenois 180
Belgrandiella 120
belkini, Brennania 175
bellei, Progomphus 161
belleri, Agonum 167
bellii, Beddomeia 119
bellula, Achatinella 130
bellula, Goniobasis 128
Belocephalus 163
Beloneuria 165
Belontia 115
BELONTIIDAE 115
Belostoma 165
BELOSTOMATIDAE 165
belphegor, Nirodia 181
beltrani, Cyprinodon 104
belzebul ululata, Aloutta 217
belzebuth, Ateles 12
belzebuth hybridus, Ateles
belzebuth marginatus, Ateles 217
bemini, Tilapia 113
bengalensis, Eupodotis 44
bengalensis iriomotensis, Prionailurus
219
bengalensis, Vulpes 15
benguetanus, Papilio 179
benneti, Badistes 141
bennetti, Gazella 27
bennettii, Cynogale 19
benschi, Monias 43
bensoni, 'Lophopsittacus' 195
bensoni, Pseudocossyphus 63
beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 97
Berardius 23
bergeri, Homopus 74
bergi, Gymnocharacinus
berkeleyi, Hemicycla 145
berlandieri, Gopherus 74
berlepschi, Acestrura 52
berlepschi, Asthenes 55
berlepschi, Dacnis 66
berlepschi, Thripophaga 55
bernardini, Catostomus 99
bernardino allyni, Euphilotes 234
bernardinus, Yaquicoccus 126
berneri, Heterocleon 158
bernieri, Anas 38
bernsteini, Sterna 46
bernsteinii, Megapodius 40
bertha, Cyanophrys 180
BETHYLIDAE 186
betsileanus, Ptychochromoides 113
Bettongia 4
beuttikoferi quadrigutta, Eleuthemis 232
bezoarticus celer, Ozotoceros 222
bezoarticus, Ozotoceros 26
Bhutanitis 178
biangulata, Georissa 117
biangulatus, Somatogyrus 125
Biatas 55
bibronii, Pseudophryne 89
bicarinata, Bythinella 120
bicarinata, Discula 144
bicolor bicolor, Saguinus 217
bicolor, Carelia 202
bicolor, Rhyacornis 63
bicolor ssp., Gila 229
biconcava, Hirasea 204
biconica, Trichia 143
bicornis, Diceros 25
bicornis, Womersleymeria 158
bidens, Mesoplodon 23
bidwilli, Papuexul 142
biemarginata, Dysnomia 207
Bienkotetrix 165
bieti, Felis 16
bieti, Garrulax 61
bifasciatus, Cyprinodon 104
bifurcatus, Stygobromus 155
bifurcus, Chiloglanis 101
bilamellata, Helenodiscus 206
bilera, Ecclisomyia 176
billakalina, Fonscochlea 122
biloba, Kimminsoperla 165
bimaculatus, Aglymbus 168
bindal, Euastacus 157
binghami, Notarthrinus 181
Binneya 146
binominata, Lampsilis 147
binturong whitei, Arctictis 220
217 biplicata, Lamellidea 131
bipunctata, Bryania 175
Birgus 157
birmanicus, Lacconectus 169
bisaltide andamana, Doleschallia
Bischoffena 137
bischoffensis, Bischoffena 137
bisetosus, Fibulacamptus 153
bishopi, Moho 66
Bison 26
bispinosus, Euastacus 157
bisulcus, Hippocamelus 26
Bitis 85
bitorquatus, Rhinoptilus 45
bitridentata, Opanara 205
bizonatus, Sandracotlus 170
blackburni, Manduca 186
99 blackburni, Pentarthrum 208
blainvillei, Pontoporia 23
blakistoni, Ketupa 51
blanci, Notopterus 93
Blastocerus 25
BLATTIDAE 162
bleheri, Chilatherina 106
BLEPHAROCERIDAE 174
blewitti, Athene 51
blighi, Myiophonus 62
blofeldi, Chilonopsis 204
blombergi, Bulimulus 134
blossomae, Euploea 183
blumenbachii, Crax 41
blythii, Tragopan 42
boanensis, Monarcha 62
bocagii, Amaurocichla 60
bocagrande, Cyprinella 95
bocourti, Phoboscincus 82
Boeckella 153
boehlkei, Elassoma 110
boesemani, Melanotaenia 107
Boettgeria 133
BOIDAE 83, 198, 228
boitonei, Cynolebias 103
bojerti fontenayi, Gongylomorphus
Bolborhynchus 49
bollii, Columba 46
bollonsi, Placostylus 135
Boloria 185
Bolyeria 198
bomalonotum, Leiolopisma
bombus, Acestrura 52
bonana, Icterus 69
bonasia, Aphanapteryx 194
246
bonasus, Bison 26
Boninagrion 159
Boninena 133
boninensis, Gastrocopta 133
boninensis, Indolestes 159
boninensis, Liardetia 139
Boninosuccinea 138
Boninthemis 162
bonita, Priapella 199
bonthaina, Ficedula 61
bonti, Telmatherina 108
boonsongi, Parahelicops 84
boraborensis, Mautodontha 205
boraxobius, Gila 95
Borbonibis 194
borbonica, Antanartia 185
borbonica, Cylindraspis 197
borbonica mauritiana, Antanartia 236
borbonicus olivaceus, Hypsipetes 227
bordaensis, Glyptorhagada 142
borealis, Balaenoptera 20
borealis, Lissodelphis 21
borealis, Numenius 45
borealis, Picoides 54
236 boreas nelsoni, Bufo 229
borneensis, Orlitia 74
borneoensis, Callagur 73
bornmuelleri, Vipera 85
Boromys 193
boryi, Caldwellia 138
Bos 26, 27
boschungi, Etheostoma 111
Bostrichthys 113
Bostrychia 226
Bothriembryon 134
Bothrops 85
bottae umbratica, Charina 228
boucardi, Amazilia 52
bouchardi, Cambarus 156
bougainville, Perameles 3
bougainvillei, Actenoides 53
boui, Fissuria 121
bourguignati, Gonospira 135
bourguignati, Paladilhiopis 123
bourguignatiana, Renea 200
bousfieldi, Gammarus 154
BOVIDAE 26, 192, 222
bovinus, Cyprinodon 104
bowdoini, Mesoplodon 23
Bowkeria 234
bowmani, Stygobromus 155
bowryensis, Beddomeia 119
boyciana, Ciconia 37
boykiniana, Goniobasis 128
braccatus, Moho 66
bracei, Chlorostilbon 196
brachycephala, Myonycteris 8
Brachycercus 158
brachycerus, Thestor 182
Brachygalaxias 102
Brachylagus 32
brachylopha, Lophornis 53
228 Brachylophus 79
Brachypteracias 54
BRACHYPTERACIDAE 53
brachypterus, Dasyornis 61
Brachypteryx 60
Brachyteles 12
82 Brachythemis 162
brachyurus, Accipiter 39
brachyurus, Chrysocyon 15
brachyurus, Ramphocinclus 59
BRADYPODIDAE 5
Bradypodion 79
Bradypterus 60
Bradypus 5
Branchinecta 152
BRANCHINECTIDAE 152
Branchinella 153
BRANCHIPODIDAE 153
branickii, Dinomys 31
branickit, Leptosittaca 49
Branta 38
brasiliensis, Amazona 49
brasiliensis, Pleronura 18
brassi, Philemon 66
braueri, Antipodochlora 161
brazieri, Bothriembryon 134
braziert, Ostodes 118
Brazieria 139
bredanensis, Steno 22
brehmii, Monarcha 62
brelichi, Pygathrix 14
brenchleyi, Pupina 119
Brennania 175
bressanum, Bythiospeum 121
brevibarbus, Ancharius 101
brevicauda ishigakiana, Bayadera
brevicaudata, Chinchilla 31
brevicaudata, Microgale 5
brevicaudatus, Onchotelson 154
breviceps, Kogia 22
Breviceps 89
brevicincta, Somatochlora
brevicornis, Baronia 178
brevidens, Dysnomia 147
brevipalmata, Litoria 87
brevipinnis, Barbus 94
brevirostris, Chasmistes
brevirostris, Orcaella 21
brevirostrum, Acipenser
brevis, Adelotus 89
brevis, Avenionia 119
brevis, Chetia 112
brevis, Goniobasis 128
brevistigmata okinawanus,
Chlorogomphus 232
breweri, Antrobia 119
breweri, Microtus 30
breyeri, Tetradactylus 81
briansmithi, Beddomeia 119
briarea, Anetia 183
bridwelli, Nesithmysus 173
bridwelli, Nesosydne 167
broadbenti, Peroryctes 3
brochus, Syntheosciurus 29
bromeliarum, Aglymbus 168
brooksi, Delanymys 29
brooksi tearei, Poecilmitis 235
Brotomys 193
broughami, Cupedora 141
browni, Microcylloepus 172
browni, Optioservus 172
brownii, Geocapromys 32
brucei, Campellolebias 103
bruijni, Zaglossus 3
bruijnii, Aepypodius 40
bruinii, Thylogale 4
brumbacki, Aotus 12
brumbyi, Pleurocera 129
bruneauensis, Pyrgulopsis 124
brunei, Tryonia 126
brunnea, Hyaena 17
brunnea, Merycomyia 175
brunneata, Rhinomyias 63 byronit, Achatinella 130
brunnescens, Dubiraphia 172 Bythinella 120, 121, 200
brunneus brunneus, Chlorogomphus 232 BYTHITIDAE 103
brunneus keramensis, Chlorogomphus 232 bythobathes, Tilapia 113
brunneus, Pleropus 191 cabanisi, Tangara 67
brunneus, Speirops 65 caboti, Tragopan 42
brunnipennis floridana, Photuris 233 Cacajao \2
brunnotesselata, Trigonoscuta 174 Cacatua 48
brunus, Hydromantes 91 CACATUIDAE 48
bryani, Oceanides 166 Cacicus 69
bryani, Rhyncogonus 208 Caconemobius 164
Bryania 175 Cacosternum 90
Brychius 168 cacuminis, Leptoperla 165
Bubalus 27 Caecidotea 154
bubulum, Cristilabrum 141 Caecobarbus 94
buccula, Notropis 96 Caecocypris 95
bucculentus, Sus 192 caelata, Trichia 143
Buceros 54 caelatura, Plegma 139
BUCEROTIDAE 54 CAENIDAE 158
buckleyi, Micrastur 40 caerulea, Cyprinella 95
buddii, Achatinella 201 caeruleostigmata, Chela 95
Budorcas 222 caesia, Achatinella 201
buettikoferi, Epomops 8 caespes, Euploea 183
buettikoferi, Nectarinia 65 caglei, Graptemys 73
buettneri, Leimacomys 192 cahabae, Notropis 96
232 Bufo 87,229 cahabensis, Clappia 121
BUFONIDAE 87, 229 cahabensis, Homoeoneuria 158
bulbicercus, Nanodectes 163 cahawbensis, Goniobasis 128
bulenta, Problema 177 cahita, Catostomus 99
bulgardaghica, Vipera 85 cahni, Hybopsis 96
BULIMINIDAE 133 cahow, Pterodroma 35
162 bulimoides, Achatinella 130 cahuilaensis, Stenopelmatus 163
Bulimulus 134, 135 caiguanabus, Papilio 179
bulla, Ningbingia 142 Cairina 38
bullock’, Brachygalaxias 102 Cairnsichthys 106
bullocki, Telmatobufo 89 caissara, Leontopithecus 12
99 Bullockia 101 calabarensis, Arctocebus 11
bulmerae, Aproteles 7 calabyi, Thylogale 4
93 bulolo, Chilatherina 106 Calamaria 83
bulweri, Discula 144 calamianensis, Axis 25
bulweri, Lophura 42 Calamoecia 153
bungaroides, Hoplocephalus 84 Calcochloris 6
bunkeri, Neotoma 30 calculus, Caseolus 144
Bunolagus 32 calderoni, Cobilis 98
BUPRESTIDAE 171 caldwelli, Clenophila 138
Buprestis 171 Caldwellia 138, 206
burchellanus, Parides 179 caledoni, Aloeides 180
burchelli, Aplothorax 167 caliculata, Opanara 205
burchelli, Pseudobarbus 97 calida calida, Stenelmis 233
burduricus, Aphanius 104 calida moapa, Stenelmis 233
burgi, Pseudobarbus 97 calida, Paracoenia 175
Burmagomphus 160 Calidris 45
burnelli, Acneus 172 calidus, Barbus 94
burnesii, Prinia 63 californensis, Anodonta 146
burni, Victodrobia 126 californianus, Gymnogyps 38
BURRAMYIDAE 4 californianus japonicus, Zalophus 220
Burramys 4 californicus dimorphus, Desmocerus 233
burrowsius, Neochanna 102 californicus scirpensis, Microtus 225
burtoni, Percina 112 Callaeas 70
buruensis, Platynectes 169 CALLAEIDAE 70, 197
buryillum, Cristilabrum 141 Callagur 73
busbyi, Paryphanta 136 callathiscus, Leiostyla 132
busckana, Carolella 177 Callicebus 12, 218
buselaphus buselaphus, Alcelaphus 222 Callimico 11
buselaphus swaynei, Alcelaphus 222 callippe callippe, Speyeria 236
buselaphus tora, Alcelaphus 222 calliptera, Pyrrhura 50
bustamantei, Evarra 198 callistoderma, Boninena 133
Buteo 39 callistoderma, Helminthoglypta 145
Buthraupis 66 callitaenia, Cyprinella 95
butleri, Sminthopsis 3 Callithrix 11, 12, 217
buxtoni, Tragelaphus 28 CALLITRICHIDAE 11, 217
byrnei, Dasycercus 3 callizonus, Jokajdon 137
247
Callophrys 234
Callopistes 81
callotis, Lepus 32
Caloenas 46
calonotus, Simoselaps 84
Caloprymnus 191
CALOPTERYGIDAE 159, 232
Calopteryx 159
calura, Phascogale 3
calva, Lemniscia 145
calverti, Somatochlora
calvus, Bulimulus 134
calvus, Cacajao 12
calyus, Geronticus 37
calypso, Partula 134
Calyptophilus 66
Calyptura 56
CAMAENIDAE 141, 206, 231
Camarhynchus 66
CAMBARIDAE 156
Cambarus 156
cambodiana, Arborophila 41
CAMELIDAE 25
camelus, Epigomphus 160
Camelus 25
camensis, Beddomeia 120
camerunense, Enallagma
camerunensis, Francolinus 41
campbelli, Mussonena 142
Campellolebias 103
Campephaga 58
CAMPEPHAGIDAE 58
Campephilus 54
Campephilus 54
campestris, Caloprymnus
campioni, Allorhizucha
Campolaemus 203
camposensis, Diplomystes 99
Campsicnemus 208
Camptorhynchus 194
Campylopterus 52
cana, Vulpes 15
canadensis, Coregonus 102
canadensis cremnobates, Ovis
canadensis frondator, Castor 225
canadensis mexicana, Ovis 223
canadensis mexicanus, Castor 225
canadensis weemsi, Ovis
canalis, Sinployea 206
Canariella 144
canariensis, Potamonectes 169
cancellatus, Prosobonia 46
candango, Juscelinomys 30
candezei, Amychus 172
candicans, Caprimulgus
candida, Partula 203
Candidula 144
candidum, Ophisternon
caniceps, Psittacula 50
CANIDAE 15, 192
Canis 15
cannfluviatilus, Oreomaya 137
cansus morosa, Ochotona 226
cansus sorrela, Ochotona 226
cantans, Telespiza 68
CANTHOCAMPTIDAE 153
Canthocamptus 153
canus, Oplioservus 172
capaccinii, Myotis 9
capax, Potamilus 149
capellei, Treron 48
capense, Cacosternum 90
Capensibufo 87
capensis, Barbus 94
capensis, Beddomeia 120
capensis, Hippocampus 109
capensis, Microbatrachella 90
capensis, Myxus 113
capensis, Turnagra 196
Caperea 20
capillaris, Goniobasis 128
Capito 54
162 CAPITONIDAE 54
Capnia 165
CAPNIIDDAE 165
Capoeta 95
Capra 27, 222
Capricornis 27, 222
CAPRIMULGIDAE 51
Caprimulgus 51,52
Caprolagus 32
CAPROMYIDAE 32, 193
Capromys 32, 193
capsaeformis, Dysnomia 147
capsula, Ogasawarana 117
captivus, Xenoophorus 105
Capys 180
CARABIDAE 167, 208, 233
159 Carabus 168
caracal michaelis, Caracal
Caracal 219
caramba, Paludiscala 123
carbonaria, Cercomacra
carcassoni, Mylothris 180
carcharias, Carcharodon 93
Carcharodon 93
191 Carcinoscorpius 151
162 Carduelis 69
Carelia 202, 203
caretta, Caretta 75
Caretta 75
CARETTOCHELYIDAE 76
Carettochelys 76
caribaea, Columba 46
caribaeus, Vireo 69
223 cariei, Typhlops 198
cariei, Unio 149
carinata, Cyclura 80
carinata, Deinacrida 163
223 carinata, Erinna 129
carinata, Tropidophora 200
carinatum, Electron 53
carinatus, Neoplanorbis
carinella, Perdicella 132
carinofausta, Actinella 144
Carinotrachia 141
51 carinulata, Bythinella 121
cariosa, Lampsilis 147
carlhubbsi, Mesoplodon 23
109 carnarvonensis, Jardinella 122
Carolella 177
caroli, Pseudocheirus 4
caroli, Sarotherodon 113
carolinae, Trochomorpha 139
carolinarum, Sturanyella 118
carolinensis, Conuropsis 195
carolinensis, Omphalotropis
carolinensis, Papilio 179
carolitertii, Leuciscus 96
carolynnae, Aloeides 180
Carpococcyx 50
Carpodectes 56
Carpornis 56
CARPOSINIDAE 177
248
carranzae, Mexipyrgus 122
carruai, Diploglossus 82
carruthersi, Funisciurus 28
carsoniana, Carinotrachia 141
cartilagonodus, Olopteropus 8
carunculata, Paradigalla 71
carunculatus, Grus 43
carunculatus, Phalacrocorax 36
carunculatus, Philesturnus 70
Carunculina 146, 147
CARYODIDAE 136
caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa 194
Casarea 83
Caseolus 144
caspica, Phoca 18
cassida, Leiostyla 203
cassini, Gymnostinops 69
cassini, Magicicada 167
casta, Achatinella 201
castanea, Auriculella 131
castanea, Litoria 87
castanea, Partula 203
castanea, Pithys 56
castaneae, Ectodemia 209
castaneae, Synanthedon 177
castaneela, Argyresthia 209
castaneiventris, Amazilia 52
219 castor, Pyrgulopsis 124
Castor 225
CASTORIDAE 225
55 Catabasis 99
catagius, Cambarus 156
Catagonus 25
catamene, Loriculus 49
cataphractus, Cordylus 81
cataphractus, Crocodylus 77
cataractae, Puntius 97
cataractae ssp., Rhinichthys 229
calax, Eriogaster 186
CATHARTIDAE 38
catherina, Gyliotrachela 133
catherinae, Melanotaenia 107
Catinella 138
Catocala 186
catodon, Physeter 22
Catopuma 16
CATOSTOMIDAE 99, 198, 229
catostomus lacustris, Catostomus 229
Catostomus 99, 229, 230
Catreus 41
130 catia, Lemur 10
caucasica, Capra 27
caucasica, Mertensiella 92
caudalis, Leucorrhinia 162
caudatus evansi, Nemorhaedus 223
caudatus, Naemorhedus 28
caudatus, Spelaeornis 64
caudiverbera, Caudiverbera 88
Caudiverbera 88
caudocarinatus, Microphis 109
caudovitlatus, Tetracentrum 109
Cauque 106
cavagnaroi, Bulimulus 134
Cavaticovelia 166
127 cavaticus, Echinodillo 154
cavernicola, Aspiduchus 162
cavernicola, Clarias 101
cavernicola, Eleutherodactylus 88
cavernicola, Spelungula 152
cavicola, Thaumatogryllus 164
cavifrons, Ambloplites 110
cavirostris, Ziphius 24
cazieri, Cicindela 168
cazorlensis, Potamonectes 169
CEBIDAE 12, 217
cebifrons, Sus 25
cebuensis, Copsychus 61
Cebus 12, 218
cecilia, Ophiogomphus 161
ceciliae, Phylloscartes
Cecilioides 135, 204
cedistia, Partula 203
celebensis, Miratesta 130
celebensis, Nomoramphus 106
celebensis, Scolopax 46
celebensis, Telmatherina 108
Celerio 236
Celestus 82, 198
celticus, Metatrichoniscoides
centralasicus, Caprimulgus 51
centralis, Cooperconcha 141
centralis, Craterocephalus 107
CENTRARCHIDAE 110, 230
CENTROPAGIDAE 153
Centropus 50, 51
Cepahlophus 27
Cephalaeschna 160
Cephalokompsus 95
Cephalophus 27, 222
Cephalopterus 56
Cephalorhynchus 20
Ceraclea 177
CERAMBYCIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233
Cerambyx 173
CERASTUIDAE 203
Ceratella 158
ceratina, Helix 145
Ceratophora 79
Ceratotherium 25, 221
Cercocebus 218
Cercomacra 55
CERCOPITHECIDAE 13, 218, 239
Cercopithecus 13, 218
Cercyonis 235
cerdo, Cerambyx 173
Ceriagrion 159
Ceriferella 167
ceromatica, Pyreferra 186
cerverai, Cyanolimnas
cerverai, Ferminia 59
cervicapra, Antilope 26
cervicornis, Macrodontia
CERVIDAE 25, 192, 221
Cervus 26, 192, 221, 222
Cesonia 152
cestus, Achatinella 130
CETORHINIDAE 93
Cetorhinus 93
ceuthma, Maulodontha
chaca, Kedestes 177
Chaeropus 191
Chaetarthria 170
Chaetomys 31
Chaetoptila 196
Chaetornis 60
Chalcalburnus 95
chalconotus, Phalacrocorax
Chalicodoma 187
chalumnae, Latimeria 116
CHAMAELEONIDAE
chamissonis, Philodryas
chantrei, Aphanius 104
chaostola leucophaea, Antipodia
chapmani, Dobsonia 191
CHARACIDAE 99, 230 chloris, Anthus 58
Characodon 105, 199 chlorocephala smythi, Cicindela 233
CHARADRIIDAE 45, 195 Chlorochrysa 66
Charadrius 45 Chlorocichla 59
Charaxes 185, 236 CHLOROCYPHIDAE 158
chariessa, Apalis 60 Chlorogomphus 161, 232
Charina 228 Chlorolestes 159
57 charitonius peruvianus, Heliconius 236 chloronothos, Zosterops 65
charltonii, Arborophila 41 CHLOROPERLIDAE 208
Charmosyna 48, 195 Chloropeta 60
charonda, Sasakia 185 chlororhynchus, Centropus 50
CHAROPIDAE 137, 206 Chlorospingus 66
Charpentieria 133 Chlorostilbon 196
Chasmistes 99, 198, 230 Chlorotalpa 6
chasmodactylus, Cambarus 156 choctawensis, Villosa 149
chaunax, Vitrinula 206 choloensis, Alethe 60
154 Chaunoproctus 197 CHONDRINIDAE 133
cheatumi, Tryonia 126 Chondrostoma 95
cheiligona, Leiostyla 132 Chortippus 164
cheiranticola, Discula 144 christenseni, Turgenitubulus 143
Cheirodon 99 christi, Erebia 184
CHEIROGALEIDAE 10 Christinus 78
Chela 95 Chrotogale 19
CHELIDAE 77 Chrotomys 29
Chelonia 75 CHRYSOCHLORIDAE 5
CHELONIIDAE 75 Chrysochloris 6
CHELYDRIDAE 73 Chrysococcyx 51
Cherax 157 Chrysocyon 15
cherriei, Synallaxis 55 chrysogaster, Neophema 50
cherriei, Thripophaga 55 chrysogaster, Onchorhynchus 103
Chersodromia 175 chrysoleuca, Callithrix 11
Chetia 112 chrysomelas, Leontopithecus 12
chevrolati, Oryctes 171 CHRYSOMELIDAE 173
chevrolati, Sandracottus 170 Chrysomma 60
cheynei, Omphalotropis 127 chrysoparia, Dendroica 68
chichijimana, Gastrocopta 203 chrysopterygius, Psephotus 50
chichijimana, Hirasea 136 chrysopygus, Leontopithecus 12
chichijimana, Mandarina 142 chrysopygus, Rhynchocyon 33
chichijimana, Ogasawarana 200 Chrysoritis 180
chichijimana, Vitrinula 206 chrysosireticus, Hoplodactylus 78
chikae, Papilio 179 Chrysospalax 6
Chilatherina 106 chthonia, Grallaria 56
chilensis, Bufo 87 chungarensis, Orestias 105
chilensis, Diplomystes 100 chungarensis, Trichomycterus 101
chilensis, Geochelone 74 chunyi, Mazama 26
Chiloglanis 101 chupaderae, Pyrgulopsis 124
43 Chilonopsis 204 churinceanus, Mexipyrgus 123
Chilostoma 144, 206 CHYDORIDAE 152
Chilota 213 CICADELLIDAE 167
173 chiltoni, Trichomycterus 101 CICADIDAE 167
chimaera, Ornithoptera 178 cicatricosus, Plethobasus 148
chimaera, Uratelornis 54 Cichlasoma 112, 230
Chinchilla 31 CICHLIDAE 112, 213, 230
CHINCHILLIDAE 31 Cicindela 168, 233
chinensis, Luehdorfia 178 CICINDELIDAE 168, 233
chinensis, Sousa 21 Ciconia 37, 194
205 Chioglossa 92 CICONIDAE 37, 194
chiriquita, Palaemnema 160 Cincinnatia 121
Chironius 83 CINCLIDAE 59
Chiropotes 12, 218 Cinclodes 55, 227
Chirostoma 106 Cinclus 59
chirurgica, Grylloblatta 162 cincta, Noliomystis 66
chitlenangoensis, Succinea 138 cineracea, Ameiva 197
Chlamydogobius 114 cinerascens, Aplonis 70
36 Chlamydotis 44 cinerea, Aonyx 17
Chlamyphorus 5 cinerea, Callaeas 70
Chlidonias 46 cinerea, Mycteria 37
79 Chloaeltis 164 cinerea, Neophoca 18
84 Chloebia 69 cinerea, Poospiza 67
Chloridops 196 cinereiceps, Phyllastrephus 59
233 chlorinda chlorinda, Pseudalmenus 235 cinereifrons, Garrulax 61
chlorinda conara, Pseudalmenus 235 cinereum, Etheostoma 111
249
cinereus, Lophuromys 30
cinereus semotus, Lasiurus 217
Cinetodus 101
cingulellum, Chilostoma 144
cinnaberinus, Cucujus 172
cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 57
cinnamominus miyakoensis,
Todirhamphus 227
Cinnyricinclus 70
cinyras, Libythea 209
circumcarinata, Monadenia 146
Ciridops 196
cirnei cirnei, Rhynchocyon 226
cirnei hendersoni, Rhynchocyon 226
CIROLANIDAE 154
ciscoides, Pogonichthys 198
cisterciensorum, Bythiospeum 121
Cisticola 60
Cistothorus 59
citrina, Partula 203
CIXIIDAE 166
clamosus, Atrichornis 58
clantoni, Stygobromus 155
clappi, Paravitrea 140
Clappia 121
clara, Echymipera 3 Coenocorypha 45
clara, Hirasea 205
clara, Hypolestes 159
clara, Oliarces 167
clara, Partula 203
Claravis 46
Clarias 101
CLARIIDAE 101
clarkei, Ammodorcas 26
clarki intermedius, Catostomus 230
clarki nantahala, Mesodon 231
clarki, Rhytida 136
clarki ssp., Onchorhynchus 230
clarkorum, Lacerta 81
clathrata, Quadrasiella 127
clathrata, Tryonia 126
clausa, Goniobasis 201
clausiliaeformis, Sculptiferussacia 135
CLAUSILIIDAE 133, 231
clausus trossulus, Mesodon 231
clava, Pleurobema 148
clavatus, Epigomphus 160
Clavicoccus 208
clavigera, Peripatopsis 188
clemenciae, Xiphophorus 106
clemensi, Puntius 97
clementina, Sterkia 133
Clemmys 73
clenchi, Mesodon 140
cleophile, Danaus 183
clinias, Parantica 183
CLINIDAE 113
Clinus 113
clipeata, Anculosa 200
clodius shepardii, Parnassius 234
clodius strohbeeni, Parnassius
CLUPEIDAE 94
Clupeoides 94
clymene, Stenella 21
clypealis, Agabus 168
Clytoctantes 55
Clytorhynchus 60
Cnemidophorus 81
coahuila, Mexistenasellus 154
coahuila, Terrapene 74
coahuilae, Durangonella 121
Coahuilix 121
COBITIDAE 98
cobitis, Tiaroga 98
Cobitis 98
coccineus, Loxops 68
cochlea, Carelia 202
Cochlicopa 132
COCHLICOPIDAE 132
Cochliopa 121
Cochliopina 121
Cochoa 61
COCHYLIDAE 177
coctei, Macroscincus 197
Codringtonia 144
codringtonii, Codringtonia 144
coelata, Helminthoglypta 145
coelestis, Hypothymis 61
COELIAXIDAE 135
Coeliccia 232
Coeligena 52
coelus, Parides 179
Coelus 172, 173
Coenagrion 159, 232
COENAGRIONIDAE 159, 207, 232
COENOBITIDAE 157
Coenocharopa 137
Coenonympha 184
Coeranoscincus 81
coeruleoalba, Stenella 21
coerulescens, Coracina 58
cognata, Truncilla 149
cognatus, Amphidromus 141
coindemerensis, Nactus 78
Colaptes 54
Coleophora 209
COLEOPHORIDAE 209
Coleura 9
collei, Cyclura 80
COLLETIDAE 213
collina, Pleurobema 148
collingii, Setobaudinia 143
collinsi, Spindasis 182
colliveri, Cralopa 137
Collocalia 52
colmani, Jardinella 122
Colobus 13
colocolo, Oncifelis 16
colonus, Rhinomyias 63
colonus, Rhyacophila 175
coloradensis, Acroloxus
coloria, Erythrura 69
Colparion 206
Coluber 83
COLUBRIDAE 83, 198, 228
Columba 46, 47, 195
columbiana, Fluminicola 121
columbianus, Geocapromys 193
columbica, Cicindela 168
COLUMBIDAE 46, 195
Columbina 47
234 Colymbetes 168
comata, Presbytis 14
comes, Ogasawarana 117
comiza, Barbus 94
commersoni, ‘Scops’ 196
commersonii, Cephalorhynchus
commixtus, Caseolus 144
comorana, Amauris 183
comorensis, Rhachis 203
compacta, Anculosa 127
compacta, Partula 203
compacta, Victaphanta 136
250
compar, Ephemera 158
compassbergae, Thestor 182
complanata, Pseudanodonta 149
complanata, Pupina 119
compressa, Bythinella 121
compressa, Leguminaia 148
compunclus, Hydrotarsus 169
comyntas texanus, Everes 234
Conacmella 200
concavospira, Achalinella 130
conchorum, Menidia 108
conchos, Catostomus 99
conchramis, Desmopachria 168
concinna, Aegialia 170
concinna, Leiostyla 132
concolor coryi, Puma 219
concolor couguar, Puma 220
concolor, Hylobates 14
concolor, Loentipes 115
concolor, Nasalis 14
concolor, Neospiza 69
concolor, Salanoia 17
concolor, Xenospingus 68
condita, Tijuca 57
conditor, Leporillus 30
Conepatus 220
configurata, Euploea 183
confluentus, Salvelinus 103
confusa, Helicoverpa 210
confusa, Partulina 131
congensis, Afropavo 41
congestum, Moxostoma 99
congobelgica, Crocidura 6
Congosorex 6
Congothemis 162
conica, Fonscochlea 122
conica, Paludinella 123
conica, Phrantela 123
conica, Samoana 134
conicus, Pyrgulopsis 124
conilis, Plagigeyeria 123
Conilurus 192
Conirostrum 68
connieae, Pseudomugil 108
Connochaetes 27
connollyi, Cecilioides 135
connus, Procambarus 157
Conocephaloides 163
conoides, Trochomorpha 139
129 Conolophus 79, 80
conorhynchus, Tetranesodon 101
Conothraupis 66
conoveri, Leptotila 47
conradi, Stygobromus 155
Conraua 90
consanguis, Gomphurus 160
consimilis, Mautodontha 205
consimilis, Oliarus 166
consobrina, Mautodontha 205
consors, Caseolus 144
constanciae, Cynolebias 103
constanzae, Liolaemus 80
constricta, Aaadonta 136
constrictus, Somatogyrus 125
constrictus, Trissexodon 145
20 contigua, Trochomorpha 140
continuatalis, Hedylepta 209
contorta, Ochrotrichia 176
contortus, Letomola 137
contracta, Parartemia 153
contractus, Brotomys 193
Conuropsis 195
Cookeconcha 136
cookei, Omphalotropis 127
cookei, Orangia 205
cookei, Thaanumella 127
cookeorum, Pseudopsectra 167
cookii, Pterodroma 35
Cooperconcha 141
cooperi, Stygobromus 155
cooperianus, Plethobasus
coosaensis, Somatogyrus 125
Cophura 175
Copris 171
coprotheres, Gyps 39
Copsychus 61
coquereli, Microcebus 10
cor, Fusconaia 147
Coracina 58, 59
corais couperi, Drymarchon 228
CORALLIIDAE 239
Corallium 239
corayi, Lacconectus 169
cordacea comptena, Heteronympha
cordelia, Euploea 183
Cordulegaster 161
CORDULEGASTERIDAE 161, 232
CORDULIIDAE 161, 232
CORDYLIDAE 81
Cordylus 81
coreena, Jardinella 122
Coregonus 102, 103, 199
Coreobagrus 100
coriacea, Dermochelys 76
coriacea, Moapa 96
cornea, Amastra 202
corneocostata, Leiostyla
corneovirens, Badistes 141
Cornigomphus 160
cornuta, Cyclura 80
cornuta, Fulica 43
cornutus, Trimeresurus 85
corona, Melanotaenia 107
coronatum blainvillei, Phrynosoma 228
coronatus, Eulemur 10
coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 39
coronatus, Malurus 62
coronatus occidentalis, Onychorhynchus
227
corpulenta, Pleurocera 129
corroboree, Pseudophryne 89
corrugata, Jardinella 122
corrugatus, Aceros 54
corsac, Vulpes 15
corsica, Cyrnotheba 144
CORVIDAE 71
corvina, Aplonis 197
corvina, Terpsiphone 64
Corvus 71
cosmetus, Palikirus 137
Cossypha 61
costata, Craspedoma 118
costatus, Xylotoles 208
costipennis, Deronectes 168
costus, Turgenitubulus 143
Cotinga 56
COTINGIDAE 56, 227
cotrelli, Chrysoritis 180
COTTIDAE 109, 199
Cottus 109, 199
Coturnicops 43
Coturnix 194
Coua 196
couchianus, Xiphophorus
courseni, Synallaxis 55
cowani, Charaxes 185
coxeni, Hedleya 119
Coxiella 121
CRACIDAE 41
cragini, Etheostoma 111
Cralopa 137
crameri, Oregonichthys 97
148 CRANGONYCTIDAE 155, 207
Crangonyx 155
CRASEONYCTERIDAE 9
Craseonycteris 9
Craspedoma 118
crassa, Anculopsis 127
crassa, Partulina 202
crassalus, Ochthebius 170
crassicauda, Gila 198
crassicauda omnivora, Bdeogale
crassidens, Pseudorca 21
crassilabris, Diplommatinaa
crassilabris, Partula 203
236 crassilabris, Somatogyrus 125
crassilabrum, Amastra 202
crassula, Auriculella 131
crassus, Acanthorutilus 94
crassus, Somatogyrsus 125
crassus, Unio 149
Craterocephalus 107
Craterodiscus 141
Crateromys 29, 192
crawfordi, Torresitrachia 143
Crax 41
creaseri, Kinosternon 73
creatopus, Puffinus 36
132 crenata, Crocidura 6
crenatella, Goniobasis 128
Crenichthys 104
creon, Theskelomensor 137
crepidus, Epigomphus 160
crescenta, Aegialia 170
cretica, Macrothele 151
crex, Crex 43
Crex 43
cribrellum, Syrichtus 177
crinifrons, Muntiacus 26
Criniger 59
crinigera, Agrotis 209
crispus, Pelecanus 36
cristalis, Pyrgulopsis 124
cristata, Calyptura 56
cristata, Geneltla 19
cristata, Goura 47
cristata, Gubernatrix 67
cristata, Tadorna 38
cristatus, Amblyrhynchus 79
cristicauda, Dasycercus 3
Cristilabrum 141
crocatus, Neurergus 92
crocea, Tridacna 150
Crocias 61
Crocidura 6,7
crockeri, Laticauda 84
CROCODYLIDAE 77
Crocodylus 77, 78
croesus, Ornithoptera 178
Croilia 114
Crossarchus 220
Crossidius 233
crossleyi, Atelornis 53
Crossleyia 61
crossoplilon, Crossoptilon 41
106 Crossoptilon 41
251
Crotalus 85, 229
crowleyi, Parantica 183
cruciger, Lagenorhynchus 21
cruentata, Pyrrhura 50
Crypsirina 71
Cryptazeca 132
cryplicus, Rhantus 169
CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE 91
Cryplochia 176
Cryptochloris 6
Cryptomastix 140
Cryptomys 31
Cryploprocta 19
Cryplurellus 35, 226
CTENIZIDAE 152
CTENODACTYLIDAE 31
Clenoglypta 206
220 Ctenophila 138
Clenophorus 79
Ctenotus 81
Cualac 104
cubana, Anetia 183
cubanus, Solenodon 5
cubensis, Tyrannus 57
CUCUJIDAE 172
Cucujus 172
CUCULIDAE 50, 196
cucullata, Carduelis 69
cucullata, Crypsirina 71
cucullata, Grallaricula 56
cucullatus, Raphus 195
cujus, Chasmistes 99
culveri, Antrobia 119
culveri, Lirceus 154
cumberlandensis, Phoxinus 97
cumingi, Phloeomys 30
cumingiana, Carelia 202
cumingianus, Ancylastrum 130
cumingii, Puntius 97
cummingi, Palaemonetes 156
cumulus, Oreokera 137
cuneata, Partula 203
cuneolus, Fusconaia 147
Cuon 15
Cuora 73
Cupedora 141
cupreus ornatus, Callicebus 218
Curaeus 69
curasoae, Leptonycteris 9
CURCULIONIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233
curis, Liolaemus 80
currierianus, Somatogyrus 125
cursor, Liophis 84
curta, Achatinella 130
curta, Echiopsis 84
curta, Leptobotia 98
curta, Lithasia 129
curta, Pleurocera 129
curtipes, Ectemnius 187
curlisit, Oxygastra 162
curtum, Pleurobema 148
curvipes, Hygrotus 169
cuvieri, Gazella 27
cuvieri, Orestias 105
cyanea, Paratherina 108
cyanocephala, Starnoenas 48
cyanogenia, Eos 48
Cyanolimnas 43
Cyanolyca 71
cyanomichla, Margaronia 185
cyanophrys, Eupherusa 52
Cyanophrys 180
cyanopis, Columbina 47 danjoui, Jabouilleia 61
Cyanopsitia 49 dannatti, Parantica 183
Cyanoramphus 49, 195 danubialis, Lobaunia 122
Cycleptus 99 daphne, Poecilmitis 182
Cyclocephala 171 Daphnia 152
Cyclocosmia 152 DAPHNIDAE 152
Cyclodina 81 darevskii, Vipera 85
CYCLOPHORIDAE 118, 200 darlingtoni, Riekoperla 165
Cyclophorus 200 darwini, Bulimulus 135
cyclopis, Macaca 13 darwini, Nesoryzomys 192
Cycloptilum 164 darwinii, Rhinoderma 90
cyclostomaformis, Lioplax 119 daryi, Adelphicos 83
Cyclosurus 200 Dasycercus 3
cyclotis, Nyclimene 8 dasycneme, Myotis 10
cyclura, Cyclura 80 dasymallus, Pteropus 8
Cyclura 80 Dasyornis 61
Cyclyrius 180 DASYPODIDAE 5
Cygnus 194 DASYURIDAE 3
Cylichnidia 135 Dasyurus 3
Cylindraspis 197 Daubentonia 11
cylindrella, Gonospira 135 DAUBENTONIIDAE 11
cylindrellus, Carunculina 146 dauricus, Huso 93
cylindrica, Amastra 132 davidi, Arborophila 41
cylindrica, Bythinella 121 davidi, Parantica 183
cylindrica strigillata, Quadrula 149 davidianus, Andrias 91
cylindricornis, Capra 27 davidianus, Elaphurus 26
Cylindrovertilla 133 davidianus, Paradoxornis 62
Cylindrus 144 davisi, Farula 176
Cylloepus 172 davisi, Pyrgulopsis 124
cymatotaenia, Percina 112 davisoni, Pseudibis 38
Cymbiodyta 170 dayi, Hypseleotris 113
Cymothoe 185, 236 dayi, Nyctimystes 88
cynocephalus, Thylacinus 191 deaconi, Rhinichthys 198
Cynogale 19 dearolfi, Crangonyx 155
Cynolebias 103 deburghiae, Tropidophora 119
Cynomys 28 decastigma, Platynectes 169
Cyornis 61 decemlineata, Mungolictis 17
cypha, Gila 95 deceptor, Leptogryllus 164
CYPRIDINIDAE 153 decia, Hydroptila 175
cypriensis, Coluber 83 deciphens, Somatogyrus 125
Cyprinella 95 decipiens, Achatinella 130
CYPRINIDAE 94, 198, 229 decisum, Pleurobema 148
Cyprinodon 104, 199, 230 declivis, Vallonia 133
CYPRINODONTIDAE 104, 199, 230 decora, Achatinella 201
Cyprinus 95, 198 decora, Paradisaea 71
Cyprogenia 147 decorata, Lasmigona 148
Cypseloides 52 decorata, Trachemys 74
Cyrnotheba 144 decorticata, Sinployea 206
cyrtandrae, Nesosydne 167 decorus, Hydaticus 168
cyrtandricola, Nesosydne 167 dedeckkeri, Canthocamptus 153
Cyrtopeltis 166 dedecora, Ptychalaea 133
Cytora 119 defilippiana, Pterodroma 35
Dacnis 66, 67 degenerata, Leiostyla 132
dacotae, Hesperia 177 degodiensis, Mirafra 58
dacotiae, Saxicola 63 Deinacrida 163
Dactylopsila 5 Deinocossonus 173
dahli, Phrynops 77 Deinomimesa 187
Daihinibaenetes 163 dejectus, Stygobromus 155
dalhousiensis, Craterocephalus 107 delalandei, Coua 196
Dalla 177 Delanymys 29
dalli, Phocoenoides 22 delcourti, Hoplodactylus 197
dama, Gazella 27 delectus, Graptodytes 168
Dama 26 delicata, Jacksonena 142
Damaliscus 27, 223 delicatissima, Iguana 80
dami, Paretroplus 112 Delma 79
damii, Xenopirostris 59 Deloneura 209
dammah, Oryx 28 delongi, Mixogaster 175
Damochlora 141 Delos 136
DANAIDAE 183 deloustali, Paramesotriton 92
Danaus 183 DELPHACIDAE 167
dani, Hyphydrus 169 Delphinapterus 22
Danio 95 DELPHINIDAE 20
252
delphinuloides, Geomitra 206
Delphinus 20
delphis, Delphinus 20
Deltistes 99
demersus, Spheniscus 35
DENDROCOLAPTIDAE 55
Dendrocygna 38
Dendrohyrax 25
Dendroica 68
Dendrolagus 4
Dendromus 29
Dendroprionomys 29
Dendrortyx 41
Dendrotrochus 139
dendyi, Acanthanura 158
Denisonia 84
denningi, Agapetus 175
densirostris, Mesoplodon 23
dentata, Litoria 87
dentatis, Aloeides 180
dentatis dentatis, Aloeides 234
dentatis maseruna, Aloeides 234
denticulata, Branchinella 153
denticulata, Lamprocystis 139
dentiens, Ningbingia 142
dentifera, Partula 134
dentiplaga, Euploea 183
depasoapicata, Opanara 205
depressa, Badistes 141
depressa, Heosemys 73
depressicollis, Deronectes 168
depressicornis, Bubalus 27
depressum, Kinosternon 73
depressus, Natator 76
depressus, Turgenitubulus 143
deraniyagalai, Schismatogobius 115
derasa, Tridacna 150
derbianus derbianus, Tragelaphus 224
derbianus, Oreophasis 41
derbianus, Tragelaphus 28
DERMATEMYDIDAE 73
Dermatemys 73
DERMOCHELYIDAE 76
Dermochelys 76
Dermogenys 106
Deroceras 140
Deronectes 168
deserticola, Psychomastatix 164
deshayesi, Gonospira 135
Desmana 7
desmarestii, Megalomys 192
desmazuresi, Tropidophora 200
Desmocerus 233
desmonda, Mesodontrachia 142
desmondi teita, Papilio 234
Desmopachria 168
desperatus, Gammarus 154
deteani, Nephrurus 78
detecta, Harmogenanina 139
dewaali, Redigobius 115
diaboli, Dionda 95
diabolicus, Eurostopodus 52
diabolis, Cyprinodon 104
diadema, Charmosyna 195
diadema, Charmosyna 48
diadema, Helicodiscus 136
diadema, Propithecus 11
diametra natalica, Iolaus 234
diana, Cercopithecus 13
diana roloway, Cercopithecus 218
dianae, Ptychodon 205
dianae, Tarsius 11
diaphana, Samoana 134
diaphanum, Bythiospeum 121
Diaphlebia 160
diardi, Lophura 42
Diastole 139
diazi, Romerolagus 33
DICAEIDAE 65
Dicaeum 65
dicei, Sylvilagus 33
Dicerorhinus 25
Diceros 25
dichotomus, Blastocerus 25
dichroma, Dionda 95
dicksoni calviniae, Thestor 235
dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 235
dicksoni, Oxychaeta 182
dicksoni, Stygionympha 184
dicksoni, Tsitana 178
dicobolus yarrowi, Catostomus 230
Dicranopselaphus 172
DICRURIDAE 70
Dicrurus 70
didinus, Megalaperyx 193
Didunculus 47
dieffenbachii, Gallirallus 194
difficilis, Pupina 119
Diglossa 67
dikume, Konia 112
dilatatum, Sympetrum 207
dimidiata, Pomarea 63
diminutus, Gomphus 161
dimorpha, Achatinella 201
dimorpha, Palaina 118
dinellianus, Pseudocolopteryx
dineutoides, Pleurodytes 169
dinniki, Vipera 85
DINOMYIDAE 31
Dinomys 31
Dinornis 193
Diomedea 35
DIOMEDEIDAE 35
Dionda 95, 229
dioptrica, Australophocaena 22
Diplogale 19
Diploglossus 82
Diplommatina 118
Diplommatinaa 118
DIPLOMMATINIDAE 118, 231
diplomphalus, Hirasea 136
Diplomystes 99, 100
DIPLOMYSTIDAE 99
Diplothrix 29
Diplotrema 213
Dipnelix 137
DIPODIDAE 29, 225
Dipodomys 29, 225
Dirce 186
disa, Puntius 97
discicollis, Agabus 168
DISCIDAE 138, 206, 231
Discocharopa 137
DISCOGLOSSIDAE 87, 198
Discoglossus 87, 198
discrepans, Ogasawarana 117
discrepans, Oliarus 166
Discula 144, 206
Disculella 144
Discus 138, 206
dispar, Lycaena 181
dissimilis, Psephotus 50
distans, Amazilia 52
distans, Lethe 184
distinguendus, Dryophthorus
dilaenia, Gila 95
ditrema, Etheostoma 111
Ditropis 118
diurnus, Taudactylus 89
diuturna, Pardosa 152
Divellomelon 141
diversa, Isonychia 158
diversipes, Hygrotus 169
diversus, Neochanna 102
Dobsonia 7, 191
dohertyi, Oreolyce 182
dohertyi persimilis, Ypthima
dohertyi, Piilinopus 48
dohertyi, Troides 180
dohmi, Paleoxenus 172
dohrni, Palaina 118
dohrnii, Ramphodon 53
dolabelloides, Lexingtonia 148
dolani, Homoeoneuria 158
Dolania 158
dolei, Carelia 202
dolei, Palmeria 68
dolei, Partulina 131
Doleschallia 236
DOLICHOPODIDAE 208
dolichostoma, Partula 203
doliolum, Palaina 118
dolloff, Meta 152
Dolomedes 152
Dolophilodes 176
domicella, Lorius 48
domogledi, Metrioptera 163
57 Donacia 173
donosi, Liolaemus 80
dorbignyi huancavelicae, Asthenes
dorcas claytoni, Lycaena 235
dorcas dorcas, Damaliscus 223
dorcas, Gazella 27
dorcas saudiya, Gazella 223
Dorcatragus 27
Dorcopsis 4
Dorcopsulus 4
Dorcus 170
doretia, Euploea 183
dorianus, Dendrolagus
dorothea dorothea, Trigonoscuta
dorotheae, Amytornis 60
dorsalis dorsalis, Cicindela 233
dorsalis, Homoroselaps 83
dorsalis, Lepilemur 10
douglasensis, Stenelmis
douglasi, Sminthopsis 3
doyeni, Trigonoscuta 174
dracomontana, Rana 90
draconicus, Chlorolestes 159
draconilla, Nyctimene 8
DREPANIDAE 196
DREPANIDIDAE 68
Drepanis 196
Drepanoptila 47
Driloleirus 151
drimica, Ohridohauffenia
DROMAIIDAE 193
Dromaius 193
dromas, Dromus 147
Dromus 147
Drosophila 208
DROSOPHILIDAE 208
druceanus entabeni, Charaxes 236
druceanus williamsi, Charaxes 236
dryadopa, Oeoblia 185
253
208 dryanderensis, Offachloritis 142
dryas, Cercopithecus 13
dryburghi, Thestor 182
Drymarchon 228
Dryobius 173
Dryococelus 208
Dryocopus 54
Dryophthorus 208
Dryotribus 208
dubaulianus, Aeschrithmysus 173
dubia, Partulina 131
Dubiraphia 172
236 dubius drucei, Hypolimnas 236
dubius, Leptoptilos 37
ducalis, Megadytes 208
Ducula 47
dugesi, Thermosphaeroma 154
dugon, Dugong 24
Dugong 24
DUGONGIDAE 24, 192
dulvertonensis, Fluvidona 122
dumerili, Acrantophis 83
dumerilii dumerilii, Ambystoma 229
dunckeri, Phallostethus 108
dunkeri, Bythinella 121
dunmalli, Furina 84
dunni, Hynobius 91
dunni, Kinosternon 73
dunrobinensis, Fluvidona 122
dunsirei, Garra 95
duplicidentata, Opanara 205
duponti, Gonospira 135
Dupucharopa 137
duquesneyi, Celestus 82
dura gammiei, Lethe 235
227 Durangonella 121
Durbania 234
durnfordi nicholi, Charaxes 236
Dusicyon 15, 192
dussumieri, Casarea 83
duthieae, Chlorotalpa 6
dutoiti, Arthroleptides 198
duttoniana, Lithasia 129
duvauceli, Cervus 26
duvauceli, Hoplodactylus 78
4 duvergeri, Acilius 168
233 duyvenbodei, Aethopyga 65
dwightii, Partulian 131
Dyacopterus 7
dyeriana, Fluvidona 122
Dynastes 233
172 dyodon, Charpentieria 133
Dysithamnus 55
Dysnomia 147, 207, 231, 232
Dysticheus 174
DYTISCIDAE 168, 208, 233
Dyliscus 168, 233
eachamensis, Melanotaenia 199
Eanus 172
eapensis, Nesopupa 133
eastwoodae, Tetradactylus 198
eatoni, Komarekiona 151
200 eberhardi, Pseudotricula 123
ebii, Epixerus 28
eboraci, Euploea 183
eboratum, Heteragrion 159
ecaudatus, Chaeropus 191
Ecchlorolestes 159
Ecclisomyia 176
ECHIMYIDAE 193
echinatus, Cottus 199
ECHINIDAE 188, 239
echinista, Echymipera 3
Echinodillo 154
echinopyge, Canthocamptus
echinulata, Discula 144
Echinus 188
Echiopsis 84
echo, Psittacula 50
Echymipera 3
Economidichthys 114
Ectemnius 187, 236
Ectodemia 209
Ectopistes 195
Edelia 109
edeni, Balaenoptera 20
Edentulina 204
edgbastonensis, Jardinella 122
editha bayensis, Euphydryas 236
editha monoensis, Euphydryas 236
edmundo, Ophiogomphus 207
edwardsi, Lepilemur 10
edwardsi, Lophura 42
Edwardsia 117
edwardsiana, Grapholitha 177
edwardsii, Jasus 239
EDWARDSIIDAE 117
Edwardsina 174
Efferia 175
effugiens, Actinella 144
egerides, Aloeides 180
Egernia 81, 228
Egretta 37
Eidoleon 167
eigenmanni, Evarra 198
Eira 220
eisentrauti, Crocidura 6
eisentrauti, Konia 112
eisentrauti, Melignomon
eisentrauti, Myosorex 7
ejuncida, Hypseleotris 113
Elachistodon 83
Elaphe 83
elaphra, Collocalia 52
Elaphrus 168
Elaphurus 26
elaphus yarkandensis, Cervus
ELAPIDAE 84, 229
Elapognathus 84
Elasmias 131
Elassoma 110
ELASSOMATIDAE 110
elata, Tryonia 126
ELATERIDAE 172, 213
elatior, Rhodacmaea 130
elator, Dipodomys 29
elatus, Stygobromus 155
eldii, Cervus 26
eldii eldii, Cervus 221
eldii siamensis, Cervus
electilis, Kupea 185
electra, Idea 183
electra, Peponocephala 21
electra, Videna 140
Electron 53
elegans, Achatinella 201
elegans, Cyprinodon 104
elegans elegans, Laniisoma 227
elegans, Georissa 117
elegans, Gila 95
elegans, Macruromys 30
elegans, Omphalotropis 127
elegans, Ordtrachia 142
Eleothreptus 52
ELEOTRIDAE 113
Eleotris 113
153 ELEPHANTIDAE 24
elephantopus, Geochelone 74
Elephas 24
Eleuthemis 232
Eleutherodactylus 88
elevata, Amplirhagada 141
elgini, Spilornis 40
elisa, Fabriciana 185
Eliurus 29
ellioti, Syrmaticus 42
elliotii, Pitta 57
elliptica, Litthabitella
Elliptio 147
ELMINTHIDAE 172, 233
Elona 144
elongata, Amastra 202
elongata, Calamoecia 153
elongata, Hemisaga 163
elongata, Indotestudo 74
elongata, Victodrobia
elongatula, Omphalotropis 127
elongatulus, Unio 149
elongatus, Acanthorhodeus 94
elongatus, Ambassis 109
elongatus, Cycleptus 99
elongatus, Fluvidona 122
elpenor, Allantisia 194
elphinstonii, Columba 46
elseri, Bythiospeum 121
Elseya 77
elusivus, Hydroporus 168
emarginatus, Stygobromus 155
Emballonura 9
EMBALLONURIDAE 9
54 Emberiza 67
EMBERIZIDAE 66
EMBIOTOCIDAE 230
emersoni, Partula 134
emigdionis, Plebejus 182
empedonepia, Tetligidea
Empetrichthys 199, 230
emphanum, Polyplectron
221 Empicoris 166
EMPIDIDAE 175
EMYDIDAE 73, 227
Emydura 77
emys, Manouria 74
Enallagma 159
Endodonta 136
ENDODONTIDAE 136, 204
endymion, Poecilmitis 182
Engaeus 157
Engaewa 157
engonata, Discus 138
ENGRAULIDAE 94
221 enniensis, Vallonia 133
enoptes smithi, Euphilotes 234
ensipennis, Campylopterus 52
entomostoma, Brazieria 139
Eopenthes 213
eos, Bulimulus 135
Eos 48
epaminondas, Graphium 178
Epargyreus 177
Ephemera 158
Ephemerella 158
EPHEMERELLIDAE 158
EPHEMERIDAE 158, 207
ephemerus, Stygobromus 155
EPHYDRIDAE 175
254
epicentra, Hedylepta 209
epicharis, Sturanyella 118
Epicrates 83, 228
Epigomphus 160
Epimachus 71
Epiophlebia 160
EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 160
epirrhinos, Hephaestus 110
episcopa ssp., Dionda 229
Epixerus 28
Epomophorus 7,8
Epomops 8
EQUIDAE 24, 192, 221
122 Equus 2A, 192, 221
erasa, Brazieria 139
Erebia 184, 235
Eremarionta 145, 231
eremiana, Perameles 191
Eremichthys 95
eremita, Geronticus 37
eremita, Osmoderma 171
126 eremita, Sonorella 146
Eremitalpa 6
eremilus, Leiocephalus 197
Eremomela 61
Eremophilus 101
Erepta 206
ERETHIZONTIDAE 31
Eretmochelys 76
ericae, Tryonia 126
ericeticola, Lycosa 152
Erikssonia 180
ERINACEIDAE 6
erinaceus, Clavicoccus 208
Erinna 129
Eriocnemis 52
Eriogaster 186
erosa, Omphalotropis 127
Erpetogomphus 160
errans, Panoquina 177
erskinensis, Allocharopa 137
165 erubescens, Barbus 94
Erymnochelys 77
42 erythopoma, Pyrgulopsis 124
erythrocephala, Podocnemis 77
erythrocephalus, Hylocryptus 55
Erythroecia 186
erythrogaster, Cercopithecus 13
erythronotos, Formicivora 56
erythroptera, Gallicolumba 47
erythropus, Anser 38
erythropus saltuarius, Crypturellus 226
erythrotis, Cercopithecus 13
Erythrotriorchis 39
Erythrura 69
escambia, Fusconaia 147
eschariferus, Bulimulus 135
escobedae, Mexipyrgus 123
esculentus, Echinus 188
esperanza, Papilio 179
esperi, Fagotia 127
Estrilda 69
ESTRILDIDAE 69
ethelae, Phylolestes 159
Etheostoma 111, 199
Eua 134
Euastacus 157
Euathlus 151
Eubalaena 19
euboicus, Barbus 94
Eucerceris 187
Euchloe 234
EUCNEMIDAE 172 evelynae, Carelia 202
EUCONULIDAE 138 Everes 234
Eucrenonaspides 153 everetli, Aceros 54
Eucyclogobius 114 everetti, Dicaeum 65
Eudontomyzon 93 everetti, Melogale 17
euglypta, Glyptorhagada 142 everetti, Monarcha 62
Eulamprus 82, 228 everetti, Turnix 43
Eulemur 10 everetti, Zoothera 64
Eulemur 10, 217 exanimus, Kimboraga 142
Eulidia 52 exaula, Margaronia 185
eulima, Cecilioides 204 excavatus, Somatogyrus 125
eulo, Jardinella 122 excella, Cryptochia 176
Eulonchus 175 excelsior aricomae, Cinclodes
eulophotes, Egretta 37 excisa, Gyrotoma 201
EUMASTACIDAE 164 exigua, Anomala 171
Eumeces 82 exigua, Jardinella 122
Eumetopias 18 exigua, Partula 203
Eumorsea 164 exilis, Arganiella 119
eungella, Euastacus 157 eximia, Anomala 171
eungellensis, Taudactylus 89 eximius ssp., Cyprinodon 230
Eunice 151 exocoeti, Ramphotyphlops 83
Eunicella 117 exoplata, Mandarina 142
EUNICIDAE 151 expansa, Auriculella
eunus eunus, Pseudocopaeodes 233 expansa, Podocnemis
euops, Aratinga 49 expansilabris mattolensis, Helminthoglypta
eupator, Euploea 183 231
EUPELMIDAE 186 exquisita, Melanotaenia 107
Eupelmus 186 exquisita, Omphalotropis 127
EUPHAEIDAE 232 exquisitus, Coturnicops 43
Eupherusa 52 exsul, Bufo 87
Euphilotes 234 exsul, Psittacula 196
euphon, Euploea 183 extensa, Menidia 108
Euphydryas 236 extensus, Cottus 109
Eupleres 19 extincta, Neduba 208
Euploea 183 extraneus, Cambarus
euploeomorpha, Tirumala 184 exulatus, Chilonopsis 204
Eupodotis 44 ezoin, Boninagrion 159
Euproctus 92 faba, Partula 134
Euproserpinus 186 fabalis, Villosa 149
Eupsophus 88 Fabriciana 185
Euptilotis 53 fabula, Pegias 148
Eurapteryx 193 facta, Micrarionta 145
eurasius, Stenobothrodes 165 Fagolia 127
europa tamuna, Lethe 235 fahirae, Phoxinellus
europaeus, Mesoplodon 23 fairbanksensis, Pyrgulopsis
europaeus, Phyllodactylus 79 fairburni, Anagotus 173
Eurostopodus 52 falcirostris, Sporophila 67
euroxestus, Tengchiena 139 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 55
Eurycea 91 Falco 40, 194
eurycerus isaaci, Tragelaphus 224 falconeri, Capra 27
eurydice fumosa, Satyrodes 236 FALCONIDAE 40, 194
EURYLAIMIDAE 54 fallai, Deinacrida 163
Eurynorhynchus 45 fallax, Beddomeia 120
Euryphura 185 falsus, Ameletus 158
euryprora, Hedylepta 209 familiare, Apalopteron 66
eurystoma, Gambusia 105 familiaris, Acrocephalus 59
eurystomus, Satan 100 fanalensis, Lauria 132
Eurytides 178, 234 fanovanae, Newtonia 62
Euscarthmus 57 Farula 176
Euscheman 177 fasciata, Agrotis 209
Eusthenia 165 fasciata, Galidictis 17
EUSTHENIIDAE 165 fasciata taeniata, Nerodia 228
euterpe, Euproserpinus 186 fasciatus, Brachylophus 79
Euthalia 185 fasciatus, Lagostrophus 4
eutheca, Hirasea 205 fasciatus, Myrmecobius 3
Eutrichomyias 196 fasciculispina, Rana 90
Eutriorchis 39 fascinans, Goniobasis 128
eutropia, Cephalorhynchus 20 fasciolatus, Mixophyes 89
Euxanthe 185 fastigata, Lamprocystis 139
euzyga, Semotrachia 143 fastuosa, Tangara 67
evandaleana, Cupedora 141 fastuosus, Epimachus 71
Evarra 198 fatrense, Deroceras 140
255
fausta, Actinella 144
feae, Muntiacus 26
feae, Pierodroma 36
feae, Turdus 4
Felexamia 167
FELIDAE 16, 219
felina, Lutra 17
felipet, Mustela 17
Felis 16, 219
Felovia 31
femoralis, Cinnyricinclus 70
fenderi, Rhyacophila 175
227 fenderi, Soliperla 165
Fennecus 15
feralis, Micrarionta 145
ferdebueni, Poblana 108
Feresa 20
Ferminia 59
fernandensis, Sephanoides 53
fernandinae, Colaptes 54
ferox, Cryptoprocta 19
ferraria, Leiostyla 132
202 ferreorostris, Chaunoproctus 197
77 Ferrissia 130
ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 49
ferrugineus, Deronectes 168
ferrugineus, Phaenomys 30
ferus przewalskii, Equus 221
FERUSSACIIDAE 135, 204
fiber birulai, Castor 225
Fibulacamptus 153
Ficedula 61
ficulnea, Pupilla 132
fidelis minor, Monadenia 231
156 fidelis pronotis, Monadenia 231
fieldi, Pseudomys 193
filfolensis filfolensis, Podarcis 228
filicicola, Nesorestias 167
filicum, Heteramphus 174
filicum, Leiostyla 132
filosa, Partula 203
filosa, Rhodacmaea 130
fimbriata, Phrynomedusa 88
97 fischeri, Haplonycteris 8
124 fischeri, Lepidostoma 176
fisheri, Labeo 96
fisheri, Rana 198
fiskit, Lamprophis 84
Fissuria 121
fitzroyana, Mesodontrachia 142
flagellatus, Stygobromus 155
flagellum ruddock, Masticophis 228
flammea, Hemitremia 96
flammea, Paroreomyza 197
flava, Monardithemis 162
flava, Tilapia 113
flavescens, Varanus 83
flavicans, Foudia 69
flavicauda, Lagothrix 13
flavicauda masakii, Coeliccia 232
flaviceps, Atlapetes 66
flaviceps, Callithrix 11
flaviceps, Rhodacanthis 197
flavifrons, Amblyornis 70
flavifuscus, Puntius 97
flavigula melanotis, Manorina 227
flavigula robinsoni, Martes 220
flavigula, Serinus 69
flavigularis, Lepus 32
flavimaculata, Graptemys 73
flavipes, Malimbus 70
flavipinnis, Noturus 100
flavipinnis, Stupidogobius 115
flavirostris, Humblotia 61
flavirostris, Paradoxornis 62
flavomarginatus, Gopherus 74
flavovirens, Chlorospingus 66
flavus, Agelaius 69
flavus, Brachycercus 158
flavus, Speleomantes 91
flavus, Zosterops 65
fleayi, Mixophyes 89
fleckeri, Euastacus 157
flectocercus, Ixalodectes 163
Fletcherana 186
fletcheri, Lechriodus 89
flexicolumella, Hemistoma
flexuosa, Dysnomia 207
florensis, Corvus 71
florentina curtisi, Dysnomia 231
florentina florentina, Dysnomia 232
florentina walkeri, Dysnomia 232
florida, Oxyethira 176
floridalis, Anaea 185
floridana, Ceraclea 177
floridana, Micronaspis 172
floridana smalli, Neotoma 225
floridana, Trigonopelastes 171
floridensis, Asaphomyia 174
fluminensis, Myrmotherula 56
Fluminicola 121
fluvialis, Io 129
fluviatilis, Prinia 63
fluviatilis, Sotalia 21
fluviatillis, Craterocephalus
Fluvidona 121, 122
Fluviopupa 122
foliniana, Platyla 119
folkertsi, Hydroporus 168
Fonscochlea 122
fontanus, Galaxias 102
fonticola, Etheostoma 111
Fontigens 122
fontinalis, Cyprinodon 104
fontinalis, Hygrotus 169
foramenus, Turgenitubulus 143
forbesi, Amastra 202
forbesi, Curaeus 69
fordi, Aphodius 171
foremani, Pleurocera 129
formanii, Anculosa 200
Formica 186, 187
FORMICARIIDAE 55
Formicarius 55
FORMICIDAE 186
Formicivora 56
formosa, Amandava 69
formosa, Anas 38
formosa, Anculosa 127
formosa, Cyprinella 95
formosa, Partula 203
formosa, Sitta 64
formosus bartelsi, Myotis 217
formosus hermani, Myotis 217
formosus, Otomops 10
formosus, Scleropages 93
Forpus 49
forresti, Ochotona 32
forstenii, Indotestudo 74
forthensis, Beddomeia 120
fortis, Pacifastacus 157
fosbergi, Opanara 205
fossa, Fossa 19
Fossa 19
Foudia 69, 197
fowleri, Celestus 82
fraenata, Onychogalea 4
fragilis, Omphalotropis 127
fragilis, Samoana 134
fragosa, Quadrula 149
francesae, Skiffia 105
francoisi, Trachypithecus 14
Francolinus 41
franklandensis, Beddomeia 120
Fregata 37
FREGATIDAE 37
Fregilupus 197
freycineti, Myiagra 62
122 frigatensis, Nysius 166
Fringilla 69
fringillaris, Spizocorys 58
FRINGILLIDAE 69, 197
frisoni, Ceratella 158
frivola, Kusaiea 139
frobesi, Nesithmysus 173
froggatti, Cinetodus 101
fromensis, Beddomeia 120
frontalis, Ateleric 6 fusea, Partula 203
frontalis, Sporophila 67
frontalis, Stenella 21
frosti, Neopteryx 8
frosti, Philoria 89
frosti, Serica 171
frugivorus, Calyptophilus
fuchsi, Belgrandiella 120
fuchsi, Orcula 133
107 fuertesi, Hapalopsitiaca 49
fulgens, Achatinella 130
fulgens, Ailurus 18
fulgida, Meda 96
fulgurans, Perdicella 202
Fulica 43, 194
fullawayi, Hedylepta 209
fullerkati, Lampsilis 147
fultoni, Beddomeia 120
fulvescens, Acipenser 93
fulvicrus, Ectemnius 187
fulvorufula adamauae, Redunca 224
fulvorufula chanleri, Redunca 224
fulvum, Heteropoma 126
fulvus albifrons, Eulemur 217
fulvus albocollaris, Eulemur 217
fulvus collaris, Eulemur 217
fulvus fulvus, Eulemur 217
fulvus mayottensis, Eulemur 217
fulvus rufus, Eulemur 217
fulvus sanfordi, Eulemur 217
fumeus, Pseudomys 31
fumosus, Hylomyscus 30
Fundulus 104, 199
funerea, Drepanis 196
funereus, Morimus 173
funicula, Gonospira 136
Funisciurus 28
funium, Torresitrachia 143
furax, Emballonura 9
furcatus, Hemitriccus 57
furcatus, Pseudomugil 108
furcifer, Phaner 10
Furina 84
furiosus, Noturus 100
FURNARIIDAE 55, 227
furnessi, Pentalagus 33
furva, Leptaxis 145
furva, Mogurnda 114
furvum, Pleurobema 148
256
fusca, Alouatia 12
fusca, Aplonis 197
fusca fusca, Alouatia 217
fusca, Himeroconcha 137
fusca, Leiostyla 132
fuscata, Macaca 13
fuscata, Newnhamia 153
fuscata yakui, Macaca 218
fuscicapillus, Philemon 66
fusciceps, Aleles 12
fuscicollis leucogenys, Saguinus 217
fuscipennis, Dicrurus 70
fuscipes riparia, Neotoma 225
fuscobasis, Achatinella 130
Fusconaia 147
fuscopalliata, Brachythemis 162
fuscozonata, Aaadonta 136
fuscus, Eleutherodactylus 88
fuscus, Galaxias 102
fuscus insubricus, Pelobates 229
fuscus, Lamprophis 84
fuscus, Liolaemus 80
fuscus, Notomys 30
fusiformis, Goniobasis 201
fusoidea, Partulina 131
gabbi, Micrarionta 145
gabbii, Bassaricyon 18
gabela, Prionops 59
66 gabela, Sheppardia 63
gaigeae, Paratelmatobius 89
gaigeit, Gambusia 105
Galago 11
Galagoides 11
GALAGONIDAE 11
galapagoensis, Buteo 39
Galaxias 102
Galaxiella 102
GALAXIIDAE 102
galbinifrons, Cuora 73
Galbula 54
GALBULIDAE 54
galeata, Ducula 47
galeata, Lemniscia 145
galeatus, Basilornis 70
galeatus, Dryocopus 54
Galemys 7
galericulata, Aix 38
galeritus ‘sanjei’, Cercocebus 218
galeritus galeritus, Cercocebus 218
Galidictis 17
Gallicolumba 47
Gallinago 45
Gallinula 43, 194, 226
Gallirallus 44, 194
galloi, Polyommatus 182
Gallotia 80
galusdae, Cheirodon 99
Gambelia 80
gambianus, Mungos 19
gambieri, Todirhamphus 53
Gambusia 105, 199
gamelia, Euploea 183
GAMMARIDAE 154
gammarus, Homarus 239
Gammarus 154
gammoni, Stenelmis 172
ganesa loomisi, Panchala 235
gangelica, Platanista 23
gangeticus, Gavialis 78
ganteri, Palaemonias 156
gaoligongensis, Ochotona 32
garamantis, Parantica 184
gardineri, Sooglossus 90
garleppi, Papilio 179
garleppi, Poospiza 67
garmani, Characodon 199
garneri, Bythiospeum 121
garnolii, Pelecanoides 36
Garra 95
garretti, Partula 203
garridoi, Capromys 32
Garrulax 61
GASTEROSTEIDAE 109, 230
Gasterosteus 109, 230
Gastrocopta 133, 203
gatliffi, Pernagera 137
gaurus, Bos 26
gautama, Tirumala 184
GAVIALIDAE 78
Gavialis 78
gazella acaciae, Gazella 223
gazella farasani, Gazella 223
gazella, Gazella 28
gazella muscatensis, Gazella 223
Gazella 27, 28, 192, 223
geata, Myosorex 7
geayl, Bedotia 106
geei, Trachypithecus 14
geertsi, Caecobarbus 94
gejiuensi, Nemacheilus 98
GEKKONIDAE 78, 197
gelada, Theropithecus 14
GELECHIIDAE 177
gelida, Hybopsis 96
gemina gafuri, Lethe 235
gemina, Ischnura 159
geminatus, Hylogomphus 161
Geminoropa 137
gemma, Hemistoma 122
genet, Speleomantes 91
genesii, Vertigo 133
genetta isabelae, Genetia 220
Genetia 19, 220
geniculata, Lithasia 129
Genophantis 209
Geocapromys 32, 193
Geochelone 74
Geoclemys 73
Geocrinia 89
Geoemyda 73
geoffrensis, Inia 23
geoffroii, Dasyurus 3
geoffroyi, Ateles 12
geoffroyi, Callithrix 11
Geogale 5
Geomalacus 146
geometricus, Psammobates 75
GEOMETRIDAE 186, 209
Geomitra 144, 206
GEOMYIDAE 29, 225
Geonemertes 117
georgei,Gambusia 199
georgiana, Beloneuria 165
georgiana, Occirhenea 142
georgianum, Pleurobema 148
Georissa 117
Geothlypis 68
GEOTRUPIDAE 170
Gerbillus 29
gerhardti, Goniobasis 128
germaini, Polyplectron 42
Geronticus 37
Gerrhonotus 82
Gerrhosaurus 81
Gerygone 196, 227
geyert, Bythiospeum 121
geyerti, Vertigo 133
gharlapsi, Trochoidea 144
ghigii, Ladigesocypris 96
gibba, Beddomeia 120
gibba, Leiostyla 203
gibba, Partula 134
gibbensis, Rhagada 143
gibberum, Pleurobema 148
gibboni, Diplommatina 118
gibbosus, Breviceps 89
Gibbus 204
giffardi, Ectemnius 187
giffordi, Nesotocus 174
gigantea, Edwardsina 174
gigantea, Geochelone 74
gigantea, Grallaria 56
gigantea, Pseudibis 38
giganteus, Cordylus 81
gigantula, Palaemnema 160
gigas, Arapaima 93
gigas, Branchinecta 152
gigas, Hydrochous 52
gigas, Hydrodamalis 192
gigas, Macroderma 9
gigas, Pangasianodon 100
gigas, Phelsuma 197
gigas, Podilymbus 193
gigas, Strombus 239
gigas, Tachypleus 151
gigas, Thamnophis 84
gigas, Tridacna 150
Gila 95, 96, 198, 229
gilae, Onchorhynchus 103
gilae, Pyrgulopsis 124
gilae, Tryonia 126
gilberti, Kupeornis 61
gilberti, Noturus 100
gilberti, Pingalla 110
gilli, Austroglanis 100
gilli, Xenopus 90
gilliesi, Amanipodagrion 159
gilliesi, Paryphanta 136
gillissi, Percilia 110
giluwensis, Rattus 31
gingica, Arborophila 41
ginkgodens, Mesoplodon 23
giramica, Actinella 144
Girardinichthys 105
Girardinichthys 105
Gitlenbergeri 145
giulianii, Dubiraphia 172
giulianii, Pseudocotalpa 171
glabratum, Heteropoma 126
glabricollis, Cephalopterus 56
glacialis, Eubalaena 19
Glacicavicola 170
GLACIDORBIDAE 129
Glacidorbis 129
gladiator, Malaconotus 59
gladius, Psephurus 93
glandulosus, Pyrgulopsis 124
GLAREOLIDAE 45
Glaresis 171
glassi, Crocidura 6
Glaucidium 51
glaucogularis, Ara 49
Glaucomys 224
Glaucopsyche 209, 234
glaucus, Anodorhynchus 49
257
glauerti, Bothriembryon 134
Glirulus 31
Glischropus 9
Globicephala 20
globiceps, Galaxias 102
globosus, Coelus 172
globulosa, Crax 41
glossema, Carelia 202
Glossogobius 114, 115
Glossolepis 107
GLOSSOSOMATIDAE 175
gloveralleni, Procyon 192
gloveri, Craterocephalus 107
glutinosa, Myxas 129
glyceia, Hemicycla 145
Glyphopsyche 176
Glyphyalinia 140
Glyptophysa 130
Glyptorhagada 141, 142, 231
GNAPHOSIDAE 152
gnou, Connochaetes 27
GOBIIDAE 114
Gobio %
Gobiomorphus 113
Gobius 115
godeffroyi, Todirhamphus 53
godefrida, Claravis 46
godetiana, Helix 145
godini, Eriocnemis 52
goedeni, Lepidostoma 176
goeldii, Callimico 11
goeringi, Hemispingus 67
goernert, Knipowitschia 115
goffini, Cacatua 48
goisagi, Gorsachius 37
golandi, Ploceus 70
golgus, Polyommatus 182
goliath, Conraua 90
goliath, Ducula 47
GOMPHIDAE 160, 207, 232
Gomphurus 160, 161
Gomphus 161
gongshanensis, Muntiacus 26
Gongylomorphus 228
Gonidomus 204
goniobasis, Hirasea 205
Goniobasis 128, 129, 200, 201
Goniosaurus 78
Gonocephalus 79
Gonospira 135, 136, 204
gonzalesi, Chrotomys 29
Goodea 105
GOODEIDAE 105, 199, 230
goodfellowi, Dendrolagus 4
gopheri, Copris 171
Gopherus 74
goral bedfordi, Nemorhaedus 223
gordoni, Xiphophorus 106
gorgone, Erebia 184
gorilla beringei, Gorilla 219
gorilla, Gorilla 14
Gorilla 14, 219
gormonti, Renea 119
Gorsachius 37
gossypinus allapaticola, Peromyscus 225
gothei, Brachygalaxias 102
goudoti, Eupleres 19
goughensis, Rowettia 67
gouldi, Astacopsis 157
gouldiae, Chloebia 69
gouldii, Pseudomys 193
Goura 47
gowerensis, Monterissa
goyderi, Amytornis 60
gracilior, Fibulacamptus 153
gracilirostris, Chloropeta 60
gracilis, Austromenidia 106
gracilis, Coelus 173
gracilis, Fluviopupa 122
gracilis, Galaxias 102
gracilis, Goodea 105
gracilis, Melanotaenia
gracilis, Microgale 5S
gracilis, Omphalotropis
gracilis, Petaurus 5 Gryllotalpa 164
gracilis, Troglohyphantes
GRACILLARIIDAE 177
GRADUNGULIDAE 152
gradyi, Stygobromus 155
graeca graeca, Testudo 227
Graellsia 186
grahami, Etheostoma 111
Grallaria 56
Grallaricula 56
grammiceps, Stachyris 64
gramnicola, Trichia 143
grampianensis, Fluvidona 122
Grampus 20
grande, Leiolopisma 82
grandidieri, Galidictis
grandimanus, Crangonyx 155
grandis, Bradypterus 60
grandis, Epomophorus 8
grandis, Rhabdornis 65
grandisonae, Atelognathus 88
grandituberculatum, Granulomelon
granti, Batomys 29
granti, Eremitalpa 6
granulatus, Amychus 172
granulifrons, Ptilinopus
Granulomelon 142
Graphium 178, 234
Grapholitha 177
Graptemys 73
Graptodytes 168
graslini, Gomphus 161
grassei, Crocidura 6 guitatus, Panulirus
gratulabunda, Iglica 200
graueri, Bradypterus 60
graueri, Paracrocidura
graueri, Pseudocalyptomena
gravenhorstii, Liolaemus
gravipes, Dipodomys 29
gravis, Eurapteryx 193
grayi, Mesoplodon 23
graysoni, Mimodes 59
graysoni, Sylvilagus 33
graysoni, Zenaida 48
greenei, Cottus 109
greenii, Ptychobranchus 149
greenwayi, Hannia 110
gregarius, Vanellus 45
grevyi, Equus 24
greyi, Macropus 191
GRIPOPTERYGIDAE 165
grisea, Myrmotherula 56
griseiceps, Basileuterus 68
griseiceps, Myrmeciza 56
griseipectus, Lathrotriccus
griseiventris, Taphrolesbia
grisescens, Myolis 10
griseus alaotrensis, Hapalemur
griseus caspius, Varanus 228
griseus, Dusicyon 15
117 griseus, Grampus 20
griseus griseus, Hapalemur
griseus occidentalis, Hapalemur
Gronocarus 171
gronovii, Scelotes 82
grosesmithi, Papilio 179
grossum, Cristilabrum
GRUIDAE 43
Grus 43
107 GRYLLIDAE 164
Grylloblatta 162
127 GRYLLOBLATTIDAE 162
152 GRYLLOTALPIDAE 164
gryneus sweadneri, Mitoura 235
guamensis, Omphalotropis 127
guamensis, Partula 134
guamensis, Succinea 206
guarouba, Aralinga 49
Gubernatrix 67
guentheri, Christinus 78
guentheri, Phelsuma 78
guentheri, Scelotes 82
guerinianus, Discus 206
guerinii, Truncatella 126
guidoni, Solatopupa 133
guigna, Oncifelis 16
17 guildingii, Amazona 49
guinasana, Tilapia 113
guineensis, Cornigomphus
guiraonis, Barbus 94
gularis, Francolinus 41
Gulella 136, 204
142 Gulickia 131
gulo, Gulo 17
Gulo 17
gundlachi, Accipiter 39
48 gundlachi, Capromys 32
gunnii, Perameles 3
gunningi, Amblysomus 5
gunningi, Sheppardia 63
guntheri, Sphenodon 78
gurneyi, Pitta 58
gultata, Zoothera 64
239
gullifer, Tringa 46
gutturalis, Saxicola 63
7 gulturosa, Tilapia 113
54 gwatkinsii, Martes 17
80 gyldenstolpei, Isopachys 82
Gyliotrachela 133
Gymnobelideus 5
gymnocephalus, Picathartes 63
Gymnocharacinus 99
Gymnochthebius 170
Gymnocrex 44
Gymnogyps 38
Gymnopholus 174
Gymnostinops 69
Gymnuromys 30
Gyps 39
GYRINIDAE 170
Gyrotoma 201
haasi, Barbus 94
haasi, Cobitis 98
haasi, Nesithmysus 173
57 habei, Ogasawarana 200
53 Habroptila 44
habroptilus, Strigops 50
217 Hacrochlamys 139
haddocki, Rhyacophila 175
hadenoecus, Stygobromus 155
258
Hadra 142
217 Hadramphus 174, 208
217 HAEMATOPINIDAE 165
Haematopinus 165
HAEMATOPODIDAE 226
Haematopus 195, 226
141 haematuropygia, Cacatua 48
haesitatus, Cisticola 60
hageni, Rhinocypha 158
hahajimana, Lamprocystis 139
hahajimana, Mandarina 142
hahajimana, Vitrinula 206
hahneli, Parides 179
Haideoporus 168
hainanus, Lepus 33
halakalae, Nesothauma 167
haleakalae, Ectemnius 187
haleakalae, Neseis 166
halei, Barbus 94
halei, Sicyopterus 115
Haliaeetus 39
HALIPLIDAE 168
Haliplus 168
hallae, Beddomeia 120
halli, Telmatobius 89
hamadryas papio, Papio 218
hamiltoni, Leiopelma_ 88
hamiltoni, Moxostoma 99
hamiltonii, Geoclemys 73
160 hamlini, Clytorhynchus 60
hamlyni, Cercopithecus 13
hammondi, Thamnophis 84
handlirschi, Acanthorutilus 94
Hannia 110
hansoni, Psilotreta 177
Hansonoperla 165
Hapalemur 10, 217
Hapalopsitiaca 49
haplochrous, Turdus 64
Haplonycteris 8
Haplophaedia 52
harai, Stygobromus 155
Harmogenanina 139, 206
haroldyoungi, Lygosoma 82
haroyi, Aegialia 170
Harpyhaliaetus 39
Harpyopsis 39
harrist, Phalacrocorax 36
harteri paucimaculata, Nerodia 228
harterti, Batrachostomus 51
harterti, Ficedula 61
hart, Rhagada 143
hartlaubi, Otus 51
hartlaubi, Pseudodacnis 67
hartmanniana, Goniobasis 201
hartungi, Caseolus 144
hartwigi, Praomys 30
hartwigi, Trithemis 162
hartwigschuetti, Alzoniella 119
harveyensis, Sinployea 206
harzt, Isophya 163
hasitata caribbaea, Pterodroma 226
hasitata, Plerodroma 36
hatchi, Eanus 172
hatinhensis, Lophura 42
Hauffenia 122
hawaiiensis, Chersodromia 175
hawatiensis, Corvus 71
hawaiiensis, Deinomimesa 187
hawaiiensis, Ithamar 166
hawaiiensis, Kalania 166
hawatiensis, Neritilia 117
hawequensis, Afroedura 78
hayi, Stygobromus 155
haysiana, Dysnomia 207
haysiana, Goniobasis 128
heavisidii, Cephalorhynchus
hebardi, Erythroecia 186
hebardi, Vertigo 133
hebe, Partula 134
hectori, Cephalorhynchus
hectori, Mesoplodon 23
Hedleya 119
Hedleyoconcha 137
Hedylepta 209, 213
heermanni morroensis, Dipodomys
heinertzi, Lacconectus 169
heinrichi, Cossypha 61
heinrothi, Puffinus 36
Helarctos 19
Heleia 65
Heleioporus 89
helena, Chilonopsis 204
helena, Perdicella 132
helenae, Craterocephalus
helenae, Hypothymis 61
Helenoconcha 137, 206
Helenodiscus 206
Heleophryne 87
HELEOPHRYNIDAE
heliaca, Aquila 39
Heliangelus 52
HELICELLIDAE 144
HELICIDAE 144, 206
heliciformis, Tropidoptera 132
HELICINIDAE 117, 200, 231
Helicodiscus 136
helicogyra, Cincinnatia
Heliconius 185, 236
Helicoverpa 210
heliobates, Camarhynchus
Heliopais 44
HELIORNITHIDAE 44
Helisoma 130
Helix 145
Helixarion 139
HELIXARIONIDAE 206
hellenicus, Eudontomyzon
hellenicus, Pungitius 109
hellmichi, Liolaemus 80
Helminthoglypta 145, 231
HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE 145, 231
Heloderma 82, 83
HELODERMATIDAE 82
helonomus, Allanaspides 153
hembeli, Margaritifera 146
HEMEROBIIDAE 167
Hemiandrus 163
Hemiargus 234
Hemicordulia 161, 232
Hemicycla 145
Hemidaina 163
Hemignathus 68
Hemigrammocapoeta 96
hemionus cerrosensis, Odocoileus 222
hemionus, Equus 24
hemionus hemionus, Equus
hemionus hemippus, Equus 221
hemionus khur, Equus 221
hemionus kulan, Equus
hemionus luteus, Equus 221
hemionus onager, Equus 221
Hemiphlebia 159
HEMIPHLEBIIDAE 159
HEMIRAMPHIDAE 106
Hemisaga 163
Hemispingus 67
Hemistena 147
20 Hemistoma 122
Hemitragus 28
Hemitremia 96
Hemitriccus 57
20 hendersoni, Rhyncogonus 174
hendersoni, Somatogyrus 125
Henicopernis 39
henningi, Poecilmitis 182
henrici, Ficedula 61
225 Heosemys 73
Hephaestus 110
HEPIALIDAE 177
HEPTAGENIIDAE 158
heptaptychius, Semperdon
herbertaxelrodi, Melanotaenia
herbertena, Amplirhagada
herberti, Stachyris 64
herculeana, Labidura 165
107 herculeanus, Polposipus 173
hercules, Alcedo 53
hercules glaseri, Dynastes
hercules hercules, Dynastes 233
hercules reidi, Dynastes 233
87 herioti, Cyornis 61
hermanni beettgeri, Testudo ie)
hermanni hermanni, Testudo iv
hermanni, Testudo 75
hermansi, Beddomeia 120
hermaphroditus lignicolor, Paradoxurus
220
hermes, Lycaena 181
121 herminae, Opheodrys 84
herminieri, Leiocephalus 197
HERPESTIDAE 17, 220
66 Herpsilochmus 56
herret, Puntius 97
Hesperia 177, 233
hespericum, Craspedoma 118
HESPERIIDAE 177, 233
Hesperilla 233
Hetaerina 159
93 heteracantha, Deinacrida
Heteragrion 159
Heteralocha 197
Heteramphus 174
Heterelmis 172
Heterexis 174
heterochir, Gambusia 105
Heterocleon 158
Heterocrossa 177
Heterocyclus 122
heterodon, Alasmidonta 146
heterodon, Leiostyla 203
Heteromirafra 58
HETEROMYIDAE 29, 225
Heteronympha 236
Heteropholis 78
HETEROPNEUSTIDAE 101
Heteropnuestes 101
heteropodus, Stygobromus 155
221 Heteropoma 126
heteropus, Machiloides 158
heterurus, Phyllodactylus 79
221 hettitorum, Gobio 96
hewitsonii, Ideopsis 183
hewitli, Heleophryne 87
Hexaprotodon 25, 221
HEXATHELIDAE 151
259
hexodon, Helicodiscus 136
hickmani, Allanaspides 153
hidamontanus, Hynobius 91
hieroglyphicum, Isomma 161
higginsii, Lampsilis 148
hilli, Scortum 110
hilliert, Divellomelon 141
hillii, Argonemertes 117
Himantopus 45
Himeroconcha 137
himeros, Papilio 179
hindei, Beamys 29
hindet, Turdoides 64
hineana, Somatochlora 162
hinkleyt, Somatogyrus 125
hinsbyi, Pleuroxia 143
hiostius, Typhaeus 170
138 Hippocamelus 26
107 Hippocampus 109
141 hippocrepis, Polygyra 140
hippophaes, Hyles 186
HIPPOPOTAMIDAE 25, 221
hippopus, Hippopus 150
Hippopus 150
233 Hipposideros 9
Hippotragus 192, 223
Hirasea 136, 204, 205
hiraseana, Boninena 133
hirasei, Mandarina 142
eo
oO hirasei, Ogasawarana 200
hirosei, Mortonagrion 160
hirsutissima, Cytora 119
hirsutus, Bulimulus 135
hirsutus, Hydroporus 169
hirsutus, Lagorchestes 4
hirticeps luteocincta, Perdita 236
HIRUDINIDAE 151
Hirudo 151
HIRUNDINIDAE 58
Hirundo 58
hispanica, Anaecypris 94
hispanica, Valencia 105
hispida botnica, Phoca 220
hispida ladogensis, Phoca 220
hispida saimensis, Phoca 220
163 hispidus, Caprolagus 32
histrio, Eos 48
histrio, Hyophryne 89
hobbit, Syconycteris 9
hobbsi, Crangonyx 155
hochstetteri, Leiopelma_ 88
hochstetteri, Paryphanta 136
hodgesi, Gomphus 161
hoedtii, Gallicolumba 47
hoesei, Glossogobius 114
hogei, Phrynops 77
Holcobius 172
holochlora brevipes, Aratinga 226
holosericea, Drepanoptila 47
holsingeri, Fontigens 122
holsingeri, Sphalloplana 117
holsti, Parus 64
holsti, Rana 9%)
holstonia, Lasmigona 148
holizi, Rana 90
homalonotus, Pachypanchax 103
Homarus 239
hombront, Actenoides 53
homerus, Papilio 179
HOMINIDAE 14, 219
Homoeoneuria 158
Homonota 78
Homopholis 78 hyalieioides, Gammarus 154 hypoxanthus, Neodrepanis 58
Homopus 74 hyalina, Diplommatina 118 Hypseleotris 113, 114
Homoroselaps 83 hyalina, Partula 203 Hypsipetes 196, 227
hongii, Placostylus 135 hyantis andrewsi, Euchloe 234 Hyridella 150
Hongolua 139 hyattiana, Carelia 202 HYRIIDAE 150
honoluluensis, Apterocychus 170 Hybognathus 96 Hysterocarpus 230
hookeri, Phocarctos 18 Hybopsis 96 hystricelloides, Thaumatodon 136
hoolock, Hylobates 14 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 236 hystricosus, Euastacus 157
hopkinsi, Pelomys 30 Hydaticus 168 tasonia, Idea 183
Hoplocephalus 84 hydei, Goniobasis 128 ibadanensis, Malimbus 70
Hoplodactylus 78, 197 Hydraena 170 Iberocypris 96
hoppingi, Lytta 173 HYDRAENIDAE 170 iberus, Aphanius 104
Horaglanis 101 HYDROBATIDAE 36 Icaricia 234, 235
hornbosteli, Lamprocystis 139 Hydrobia 122 icarioides missionensis, Icaricia 234
horridulum, Cyclophorus 200 HYDROBIIDAE 119, 200 icarioides missionensis, Plebejus 235
horridum, Heloderma 82 HYDROCENIDAE 117 icarioides moroensis, Icaricia 235
hosei, Diplogale 19 Hydrochara 170 icarioides pheres, Icaricia 235
hosei, Lagenodelphis 20 Hydrochous 52 ichikawai, Coreobagrus 100
hospes, Barbus 94 Hydrodamalis 192 ICTALURIDAE 100
hospiton, Papilio 179 Hydromantes 91 Ictalurus 100
houstonensis, Bufo 87 HYDROPHIIDAE 84 ICTERIDAE 69, 197
hova, Acraea 185 HYDROPHILIDAE 170 icterotis, Ognorhynchus 50
howarthi, Caconemobius 164 Hydroporus 168, 169 Icterus 69
howei, Ophiogomphus 161 Hydropotes 26 idaeoides, Graphium 178
howeinsulae, Omphalotropis 127 Hydropsyche 208 idahoensis, Brachylagus 32
howelli, Sylvisorex 7 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 208 idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix 231
howelli, Trox 170 Hydroptila 175 idahoensis, Pyrgulopsis 124
hoyi, Coregonus 102 HYDROPTILIDAE 175 idalia, Speyeria 185
hozgargantae, Agabus 168 Hydrosaurus 79 Idea 183
huacahuasicus, Liolaemus 80 Hydrotarsus 169 identatus, Stygobromus 155
huallagae, Aulacorhynchus 54 Hyetornis 51 Ideopsis 183
hubbsi, Coahuilix 121 HYGROMIIDAE 143 Idiomela 145
hubbsi, Lampetra 93 Hygrotus 169, 208 Idiostatus 163
hubbsi, Moxostoma 99 Hyla 87 idola, Donacia 173
hubbsi, Notropis 96 Hylaeus 213 Iglica 200
hubbsi, Novumbra 101 hylas freyi, Coenagrion 232 ignita, Lophura 42
hubbsi, Stygobromus 155 Hyles 186 Iguana 80
Hubbsina 105 HYLIDAE 87, 229 IGUANIDAE 79, 197, 228
hubrichti, Allocrangonyx 155 Hylobates 14 Iguanognathus 84
hubrichti, Phaeognathus 91 HYLOBATIDAE 14 iheringi, Formicivora 56
hubrichti, Stenotrema 140 Hylochoerus 221 ikei, Maccullochella 109
hucho, Hucho 103 hylocrius, Hemitragus 28 tlicifolia, Phyllodesma 186
Hucho 103 Hylocryptus 55 iliensis, Ochotona 32
hudsonicus grahamensis, Tamiasciurus Hylogomphus 161 illidgei, Acrodipsas 180
225 Hylomyscus 30 imatata, Phreatodrobia 123
hudsonius luteus, Zapus 225 Hylonympha 53 imbellis, Ammodillus 29
hugeli, Aulopyge 94 Hylorchilus 59 imberbis, Muriculus 30
Huleechius 233 HYNOBIIDAE 91 imbricata, Eretmochelys 76
hulensis, Acanthobrama 198 Hynobius 91 imbricata, Meladema 169
hullii, Beddomeia 120 Hyophryne 89 imbriferna, Tilapia 113
humbloti, Ardea 37 Hypena 210 imeldae, Notropis %%
Humblotia 61 hyperion, Poecilmitis 182 imitator, Accipiter 39
humedasae, Polyommatus 182 HYPEROLIIDAE 88 imitator, Tryonia 126
humei, Sphenocichla 64 Hyperolius 88 imitratix, Lampedusa 134
humerosus, Somatogyrus 125 Hyperoodon 23 immaculata, Deloneura 209
humiae, Syrmaticus 42 hyperythra, Brachypteryx 60 immaculata, Eremarionta 145
humilis, Hydroporus 169 hyperythrus, Cnemidophorus 81 impar, Delma 79
hungarica, Paladilhia 123 Hyphydrus 169 impennis, Alca 195
hungerfordi, Brychius 168 Hypnophila 132 imperator imperator, Saguinus 217
Hungerfordia 118 hypochroma, Sporophila 67 imperfecta, Caldwellia 138
hunteri, Damaliscus 27 Hypodryas 185 imperforata, Partula 203
hurdi, Cophura 175 Hypogeomys 30 imperialis, Amazona 49
hurdi, Metapogon 175 Hypolestes 159 imperialis, Campephilus 54
hurtadoi, Gambusia 105 hypoleucos, Falco 40 imperialis, Lophura 42
Huso 93 hypoleucus, Capito 54 imperialis, Microcreagris 152
hutchinsi, Kimberleyeleotris 114 hypolia, Hirasea 205 imperialis, Speleomantes 91
huttoni, Lyperobius 174 Hypolimnas 185, 236 imperialis, Teinopalpus 180
huttoni, Ptilinopus 48 Hypomesus 101 Imperturbatia 136
hyacinthinus, Anodorhynchus 49 hypomicrus, Nesophontes 191 implicata, Harmogenanina 139
hyaena barbara, Hyaena 220 hypopolia, Lepidochrysops 209 impressa, Goniobasis 201
Hyaena 17, 220 Hypopyrrhus 69 impressa, Manouria 75
HYAENIDAE 17, 220 Hypothymis 61 imula, Arubolana 154

260
Incaspiza 67
incisa, Paramiella 118
incisus, Glossolepis 107
incurvata, Somatochlora 162
incurvatus alleghaniensis, Ophiogomphus
232
incurvatus, Ophiogomphus 161
indica, Cylindraspis 197
indica dealbata, Ratufa 224
indica elphinstoni, Ratufa 224
indica, Eupodotis 44
INDICATORIDAE 54
indicus, Melanobatrachus 89
indicus, Tapirus 25
indigo, Peripatoides 188
indioensis cathedralis, Eremarionta
Indolestes 159
Indopacetus 23
Indotestudo 74
indri, Indri 11
Indri 11
INDRIDAE 11
inepta, Cylindraspis 197
inermis, Hydropotes 26
inermis, Nematogenys 101
inexpectata, Torreornis 68
inexspectata, Tyto 51
infernale, Ophisternon 109
infernalis, Styx 182
infirma, Assiminea 126
inflata, Beddomeia 120
inflata, Trochidrobia 125
inflatula, Diplommatina 118
inflatus, Potamilus 149
infuscata, Synallaxis 55
infuscatus, Henicopernis 39
ingens, Dipodomys 29
ingens, Macrotarsomys 30
ingrahami, Geocapromys 32
Inia 23
innesi, Omphalotropis 127
innotata, Aythya 38
inopinata, Thaumatoneura 159
inopinata, Westraltrachia 143
inornata, Bitis 85
inornata, Columba 46
inornata, Lophura 42
inornata, Uma 80
inornatus, Epicrates 83
inornatus psammophilus, Perognathus
225
insculpta, Carettochelys 76
inseperata, Lytta 173
insignis, Ardea 37
insignis, Hirasea 136
insignis, Polamonectes 169
insignis, Saxicola 63
insignis, Zenkerella 31
insolita, Newnhamia 153
insonus, Sylvilagus 33
Insuetophrymus 89
insulanus, Psacadonotus 164
insularis, Barkudia 81
insularis, Boninthemis 162
insularis, Bothrops 85
insularis, Eupsophus 88
insularis, Gerygone 196
insularis, Junco 67
insularis, Lepus 33
insularis, Macroperipatus 187
insularis, Nesidiolestes 166
insularis, Procyon 18
insularis, Pteropus 8&
insulata, Sporophila 67
insulatus, Platymantis 90
Insulivitrina 140
intercisa, Xerarionta 146
interioris, Lucania 104
intermedia, Bythinella 200
intermedia, Callithrix 12
intermedia, Gila 95
Intermedia ijimai, Leucorrhinia
intermedia, Psittacula 50
intermedia, Quadrula 149
intermedius, Crocodylus 78
intermedius, Glossogobius 114
intermedius, Micropteropus 8
231 Internigrans, Perisoreus 71
interrupta, Goniobasis 128
interstitialis, Speocirolana 154
interveniens, Goniobasis 128
intricatus, Carabus 168
inunguis, Trichechus 24
inustus, Dendrolagus 4
inutilis, Hemicycla 145
Io 129
lodopleura 56
Tolaus 234
Totichthys 9%
toxantha, Fletcherana 186
iphis, Pomarea 63
iphitas, Eurytides 178
Iranocypris 96
irena, Miramella 164
irene, Poecilmitis 182
ireneae, Olus 51
iridescens, Amphorella 204
iriomotensis, Chlorogomphus 161
iris, Amblysomus 6
iris, Melanotaenia 107
irregularis, Aaadonta 136
irregularis, Cycloptilum 164
irridescens, Leyuana 209
irvineanus, Bothriembryon 134
irvingi, Cesonia 152
irwint, Percilla 110
isabelae, Graellsia 186
isabellae, Oriolus 70
isarogensis, Rhynchomys 31
Ischnura 159
ishidai, Macromia 161
ishigakiana ishigakiana, Planaeschna 232
ishigakiana nagaminei, Planaeschna 232
ishikawae, Rana 90
ishikawai, Onchorhynchus 103
isletae, Napaeus 133
tsolata, Jardinella 122
isolatum, Cristilabrum 141
tsolatum, Tasmanoplectron 163
isolatus, Pyrgulopsis 124
Isolobodon 193
Isomma 161
Isonychia 158
Isoodon 3
Isopachys 82
Isophya 163
isseli, Pelomys 30
italowiana, Pleuroxia 143
iteratus, Mixophyes 89
ithaginis, Dorcus 170
Ithamar 166
ITHONIDAE 167
Itodacnus 213
ivelli, Edwardsia 117
261
twame, Onchorhynchus 103
twasakii, Pareas 84
Ixalodectes 163
Lxobrychus 194
Ixos 59
tzecksohni, Hyla 87
Jabouilleia 61
Jacamaralcyon 54
Jacksonena 142
233 jacksonense, Helisoma 130
Jacksoni, Bdeogale 17
Jacksoni, Steatomys 31
Jacksoni, Taenioides 115
jacobi, Bulimulus 135
Jacobita, Oreailurus 16
Jacutinga, Pipile 41
Jaegeri, Anetia 183
Jagara, Euastacus 157
Jamaicensis, Plicatoperipatus 187
Jamesae, Beloneuria 165
jamesi classensi, Lepidochrysops 235
Jamesi jamesi, Lepidochrysops 235
jJamoerensis, Varia 110
Janaslini, Glyptorhagada 142
janetta, Bathyergus 31
japonensis, Grus 43
Japonica, Luehdorfia 178
Japonicus, Andrias 91
japonicus, Glirulus 31
japonicus, Salvelinus 103
Jardinella 122
Jarutanini, Schistura 98
jaspert, Eleutherodactylus 88
Jasus 239
Javanicus, Bos 26
Javanicus, Lacconectus 169
javanicus, Leptoptilos 37
Javanus, Glischropus 9
Javensis, Megalaima 54
Jayakari, Hemitragus 28
Jayana, Lithasia 129
Jayensis, Elliptio 147
jJeanae, Kiwaia 177
Jeanneae, Discoglossus 87
Jeeba, Phasmodes 164
Jeffersoni, Orconectes 156
Jefferyi, Lepidochrysops 181
Jeffery, Pithecophaga 40
jemezanus, Notropis 96
jemlahicus, Hemitragus 28
Jenkinsi, Percina 112
Jentinkt, Cephalophus 27
Jerdoni, Paradoxurus 19
jesseana, Libellula 162
Jesswiseae, Jardinella 122
Jewetti, Farula 176
Johannae, Coregonus 199
johannis, Carduelis 69
Johnii, Trachypithecus 14
Johnstoni, Galaxias 102
johnstoni, Genetta 19
Joiceya 181
Jokajdon 137
jollyi, Daphnia 152
Jonesi, Goniobasis 201
Jonesi, Ptychobranchus 149
Jonesianus, Mesodon 140
Jjonklaasi, Lepidocephalichthys 98
Jonklaasi, Sicyopus 115
Jophon, Atrophaneura 178
Jordani, Papilio 179
Josephi, Tyrrheniella 145

jouyi, Columba 195
jubatus, Acerodon 7
jubatus, Acinonyx 16
jubatus, Eumetopias 18
jubatus, Rhynochetos 44
jubatus venaticus, Acinonyx
juddii, Achatinella 201
jugalis, Oreohelix 138
jugorum, Megalagrion 207
julianae, Amblysomus 6
julisia, Fundulus 104
jullieni, Probarbus 97
juncea, Achatinella 201
Junco 67
jungermanniae, Pasmaditta 137
junoniae, Columba 46
junori, Eleutherodactylus 88
Juscelinomys 30
juvenisanguis, Moilessieria
kaaeana, Partulina 131
kaapori, Cebus 12
kaboboensis, Apalis 60
kabutarae, Hoplodactylus 78
kachuga, Kachuga 73
Kachuga 73,74
kaempferi, Hemitriccus 57
kahuziensis, Dendromus 29
kailolae, Craterocephalus
kalalauensis, Carelia 202
Kalania 166
kalawatseti, Oregonichthys 97
kalimna, Zonocypretia 153
kalinowskii, Nothoprocta 35
kanabense, Oxyloma 138
kanawhae, Etheostoma 111
kaplani, Aloeides 180
kaplani, Poecilmitis 182
kaplani, Thestor 182
kaputarensis, Cralopa 137
karamojae, Apalis 60
karKloof capensis, Charaxes 236
karlschmidtii, Eleutherodactylus 88
Karocolens 174
karokorum, Vespericola 141
kasneri, Scelotes 82
katalo, Puntius 98
Katechonemertes 117
kauaiensis, Nesomimesa 187
kauaiensis, Nesotocus 174
Kawanphila 163
kaznakovi, Vipera 85
keayi, Gallicolumba 47
Kedestes 177, 233
kelsoensis, Ammopelmatus
kelsoensis, Macrobaenetes
kemali, Hemigrammocapoeta
kempi, Pedostibes 87
kempii, Lepidochelys 76
kempseyensis, Rhophodon
Kenkia 117
KENKIIDAE 117, 199
Kerivoula 191
kerri, Agrotis 210
kerriae, Crypturellus 35
kerschneri, Hauffenia 122
kershawi, Beddomeia 120
kessneri, Beddomeia 120
Ketupa 51
KHULTIDAE 110
kiang holderi, Equus 221
Kiang kiang, Equus 221
kiang polyodon, Equus 221
kibalensis, Zoothera 64
kieneri, Paretroplus 112
kieneri, Teramulus 108
kikuzatoi, Opisthotropis
kiliani, Cheirodon 99
kilusa, Apaturopsis 185
219
Kimberleyeleotris 114
kimberleyensis, Barbus
kimberleyensis, Hypseleotris
kimberleyensis, Syncomistes
Kimboraga 142
Kimminsoperla 165
kinabaluensis, Spilornis 40
kingi, Cylindrovertilla 133
kinlochi, Aaadonta 136
KINOSTERNIDAE 73
Kinosternon 73
kintorei, Egernia 81
kirbyi, Parantica 184
123
kirtlandii, Dendroica 68
kishinouyei, Eumeces 82
kitae, Neotrichia 176
kitaiwojimanum, Elasmias
Kiunga 107
kivuana, Crocidura 6
Kiwaia 177
kiyi, Coregonus 102
107 kiyokoae, Kondoraphe 118
klagesi, Parides 179
klassika, Ideopsis 183
klatti, Tylognathus 98
kleinmanni, Testudo 75
kleinschmidti, Erythrura 69
klemmi, Pseudamnicola 123
klossii, Hylobates 14
Knipowitschia 115
knudseni, Carelia 202
koarana, Ruatara 205
Kobus 28, 223
kochi, Pitta 58
kocinus, Ramiheithrus 177
koepckeae, Cacicus 69
Kogia 22
kohchangae, Rana 90
KOKIRIIDAE 176
kollari, Synallaxis 55
koloana, Spelasorchestia 155
Komarekiona 151
KOMAREKIONIDAE 151
komenskyi, Belgrandiella 120
komodoensis, Varanus 83
kona, Chloridops 196
Kondoa 139
163 Kondoconcha 205
163 kondoi, Paramiella 118
96 Kondoraphe 118
kondorum, Hongolua 139
kondorum, Kondoa 139
137 Konia 112
koolanensis, Kimboraga 142
kooringensis, Glyptorhagada 142
koratense, Lygosoma 82
kororensis, Semperdon
koslowi, Ochotona 32
Kosswigichthys 105
kosteri, Tryonia 126
kraemeri, Spilocuscus
krefftii, Lasiorhinus 3 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 194
kretseri, Malpulutta
krishnai, Horaglanis
krueperi devia, Pieris
krumholzi, Gambusia
262
kruyti, Adrianichthys 106
krybetes, Beddomeia 120
kubaryi, Corvus 71
84 kubaryi, Kubaryiellus 137
kubaryi, Palaina 118
Kubaryia 126
Kubaryiellus 137
94 kubokaiya, Macromia 161
114 kuehni, Myzomela 66
110 kuehni, Zosterops 65
kuekenthali, Parantica 184
kuesteri, Trochomorpha 140
kuhli, Callithrix 12
Kuhlia 110
kuhlii, Axis 25
kuhlii, Vini_ 48
kuhlmanni, Liolaemus 80
kuhni, Libertictis 17
kuhnsi, Perdicella 132
kunigamiensis, Oligoaeschna 160
Kunsia 30
Kupea 185
131 kupeensis, Telophorus 59
Kupeornis 61
kuroiwae, Goniosaurus 78
Kusaiea 139
kusaieana, Sinployea 138
kuschei, Nesosydne 167
kusnotoi, Megaerops 8
kutikina, Phrantela 123
Labeo 96
labialis, Austrelaps 84
labialis, Delma 79
Labidura 165
LABIDURIDAE 165
labiosa, Paratherina 108
labiosus, Cyprinodon 104
labradorius, Camptorhynchus 194
labridens, Cichlasoma 112
labrusca, Partula 134
Lacconectus 169
laccophiloides, Lacconectus 169
lacera, Lagochila 198
lacernulata, Leucopternis 39
Lacerta 81
LACERTIDAE 80, 228
lacertosa, Woodfordia 65
lacheineri, Belgrandiella 120
lachneri, Noturus 100
laciniosa, Actinella 144
lacon, Euploea 183
lacus-coerulei, Tasmanophlebia 158
lacustra, Capnia 165
Lacustrelix 142
lacustris, Craterocephalus 107
lacustris, Melanotaenia 107
lacustris, Paranaspides 153
lacustris, Taskropsyche 176
ladigesi, Telmatherina 109
Ladigesocypris 96
Ladronellum 137
laeta, Goniobasis 201
138 laetissima, Ptychodon 205
laevigata, Georissa 117
laevigata, Leiostyla 132
laevigata, Omphalotropis 127
3 laeviusculus, Oclandius 174
115 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 44
101 Lagenodelphis 20
234 Lagenorhynchus 20, 21
105 Lagochila 198
Lagorchestes 4, 191
Lagostrophus 4
lagothricha, Lagothrix 13
Lagothrix 13, 218
lagotis, Macrotis 3
lagotricha lugens, Lagothrix 218
laidlawi, Epiophlebia 160
lakedownensis, Leggadina 30
lamellata, Diplommatina 118
lamellicosta, Taheitia 126
Lamellidea 131, 202
lamellosa, Leiostyla 203
Laminella 132
lamlanensis, Himeroconcha 137
LAMNIDAE 93
Lamnifera 134
lamottei, Micropotamogale 5
Lampadia 145
Lampedusa 134
Lampetra 93, 198, 229
Lamprocystis 139
lamproides, Rhytida 136
lampropeltis, Erpetogomphus 160
Lamprophis 84
Lampsilis 147, 148
LAMPYRIDAE 172, 233
lanaiensis, Drosophila 208
lanaiensis, Myadestes
lanaiensis, Oliarus 166
lanaoensis, Puntius 98
lancelini, Ctenotus 81
lanceolata, Elliptio 147
lanceolatus, Potamonectes
LANCIDAE 129
langbianis, Crocias
langei, Hyla 87
langei, Onchobarus 174
langfordi, Partula 134
langi, Pseudocordylus 81
langstoni langstoni, Shijimiaeoides
Laniarius 59
laniger, Avahi 11
lanigera, Chinchilla 31
LANIIDAE 59
Lantisoma 227
lanio, Meladema 169
lanioides, Lipaugus 57
Lanius 59
lanosa, Crocidura 6
Lanx 129
lanyoni, Phylloscartes 57
lanzai, Salamandra 92
laperouse, Megapodius 40
lapicida, Mordacia 93
lapponicus disjunctus, Dytiscus
laricis, Oecanthus 164
LARIDAE 46, 195
larselli, Plethodon 91
Larus 46
larvatus, Nasalis 14
laseroni, Georissa 117
LASIOCAMPIDAE 186
Lasiorhinus 3
Lasiurus 217
lasius, Bassaricyon 18
Lasmigona 148
lata, Hemistena 147
latastei, Rana 90
latens, Spirorbula 145
lateralis, Characodon 105
lateralis euryxanthus, Masticophis
lateralis, Petrogale
lateralis, Rheocles 108 lemmingii, Rutilus 98
Laterallus 44 lemniscatus, Liolaemus 80
latesignata obliviosa, Cicindela 233 Lemniscia 145
Lathrotriccus 57 Lemniscomys 30
Laticauda 84 lemosi, Cypseloides 52
laticincta, Platysteira 63 lemur, Pellophryne 87
laticosta, Omphalotropis 127 Lemur 10
Latidens 8 LEMURIDAE 10, 217
latifasciata, Euploea 183 lemurinus griseimembra, Aotos 217
latifasciatus, Cyprinodon 199 lendu, Muscicapa 62
latifii, Vipera 85 lenior, Dysnomia 207
latifrons, Mugilogobius 115 lenticula, Percina 112
latilabris, Omphalotropis 127 lentiginosus, Craterocephalus 107
latimaculata, Rhinocypha 159 leo persica, Panthera 219
Latimeria 116 leonard montana, Hesperia 233
LATIMERIIDAE 116 leonardi, Anomochilus 83
latipes, Borbonibis 194 leonardi, Austrocordulia 161
latipunctata, Poecilia 105 leonina, Peripatopsis 188
latissimus, Dyliscus 168 leoninum, Argiagrion 159
latona, Crocidura 6 Leontopithecus 12
latos concayus, Empetrichthys 230 leopardina, Helixarion 139
latos latos, Empetrichthys 230 leopardinus, Liolaemus 80
latos pahrump, Empetrichthys 230 Leopardus 16
latro, Birgus 157 leopoldi, Catostomus 99
laucaensis, Orestias 105 lepida, Leptachatina 132
laucaensis, Trichomycterus 101 Lepidocephalichthys 98
launcestonensis, Anoglypta 136 Lepidochelys 76
62 launcestonensis, Beddomeia 120 Lepidochrysops 181, 209, 235
Lauria 132 lepidodactylus, Procambarus 157
laurina, Ningbingia 142 Lepidodactylus 78
laurinea, Leiostyla 132 Lepidogalaxias 101
lawrencei, Cordylus 81 LEPIDOGALAXIIDAE 101, 176
169 layardii, Mesoplodon 23 Lepidomeda 96, 198, 229
laysanensis, Agrotis 210 Lepidopyga 53
61 laysanensis, Hedylepta 209 Lepidostoma 176
laysanensis, Hypena 210 Lepilemur 10, 11
laysanensis, Oedemasylus 208 Lepomis 230
leacockiana, Discula 144 LEPORIDAE 32, 226
leadbeateri, Gymnobelideus 5 leporides, Lagorchestes 191
235 leahi, Genophantis 209 Leporillus 30, 192
leaht, Nesosydne 167 leprosa, Canariella 144
leai cheatumi, Stenotrema 231 Leptachatina 132
leari, Anodorhynchus 49 leptalea, Helenoconcha 206
leche, Kobus 28 Leptasthenura 55
leche robertsi, Kobus 223 Leptaxis 145
Lechriodus 89 Leptobotia 98
ledanti, Sitta 65 LEPTOCERIDAE 177, 209
Lednia 165 leptoceros, Gazella 28
leechi, Chaetarthria 170 leptochila, Partula 203
leechi, Hydroporus 169 LEPTODACTYLIDAE 88
lefevrei, Dysnomia 207 Leptodactylus 89
legatus, Diplothrix 29 Leptodea 148
legendrei, Ratsirakia 114 leptodemas, Megalagrion 159
Leggadina 30 leptodon, Leptodea 148
233 leguati, Aphanapteryx 194 Leptogomphus 161
Leguminaia 148 Leptogryllus 164
lehutensis, Achatinella 201 Leptoneta 152
leichhardti, Scleropages 93 LEPTONETIDAE 152
Leimacomys 192 Leptonycteris 9
Leiocassis 100 Leptopelis 88
Leiocephalus 197 Leptoperla 165
LEIODIDAE 170 Leptoptilos 37
Leiolopisma 82, 197 Leptositiaca 49
Leiopelma 88 leptosomus, Brachypleracias 54
LEIOPELMATIDAE 88 leptostictus, Caseolus 144
leiopomus, Coltus 109 Leptotila 47
Leiopotherapon 110 Lepus 32, 33
Leiostyla 132, 203 Lepyrium 122
Leipoa 40 Lerista 82
Lemiox 148 lermaense, Ambystoma 9\
228 lemmeri, Lithophane 186 lervia, Ammotragus 26
4 lemmingti, Chondrostoma 95 lervia ornatus, Ammotragus wvi)i)
263
LESTIDAE 159
lesueur, Bettongia 4 Lichnanthe 171
lesueuri, Litoria 87
letha, Austroassiminea
Lethe 184, 235
letholepis, Poblana 108
letitiae, Popelairia 53
Leto 177
Letomola 137
letourneuxi, Valencia 105
leucas, Delphinapterus 22
Leuchocharis 135
leucichthys leucichthys, Stenodus
Leuciscus 96
leucocephala, Oxyura 38
leucochrysella, Coleophora 209
leucogeranus, Grus 43
leucolepis, Phyllastrephus 59
Leucopeza 68
leucophaeus, Collocalia 52
leucophaeus, Hippotragus
leucophaeus, Mandrillus 14
leucophoeus, Speirops 65
leucophthalmus, Larus 46
leucopogonis, Ceriferella 167
Leucopsar 70
leucoptera, Prosobonia 195
Leucopternis 39, 40
leucopterus, Pteropus 8
leucopus, Lepilemur 10
leucopus, Saguinus 12
leucorrhaphe, Achatinella 130
Leucorrhinia 162, 233
leucoryphus, Haliaeetus 39
leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 57
leucoryx, Oryx 28
leucotaenia, Papilio 179
leucothoe, Partula 134
Leuctra 165
LEUCTRIDAE 165
leucura, Macrotis 191
leukops, Rheodytes 77
leuraensis, Eulamprus 82
levassori, Graphium 178
levilineata, Partula 203
levistriata, Partula 203
levraudi, Laterallus
Levuana 209
Lewinia 44
lewisi, Prodontria 171
lewisti, Gyrotoma 201
lewisii?, Dysnomia 207
lewyana, Podocnemis 77
Lexingtonia 148
leytensis, Heosemys
lhoesti, Cercopithecus
Thuysii, Lophophorus
Liardetia 139
LIAREIDAE 119
Libellula 162
LIBELLULIDAE 162, 207, 232
Libellulosoma 161
Libera 205
liberatus, Laniarius
liberiensis, Brachythemis 162
liberiensis heslopi, Hexaprotodon
liberiensis, Hexaprotodon 25
Liberiictis 17
Libythea 209
LIBYTHEIDAE 209
lichenifer, Gymnopholus 174
lichenigera, Pseudemoia 82
Lichmera 66 lodderae, Beddomeia 120
Loddigesia 53
liemi, Taudactylus 90 Loentipes 115
126 lievreana, Westraltrachia 143 loewensteini, Lepidochrysops 181
ligata, Anculosa 200 lohbergeri, Sarotherodon 113
lignaria, Paryphanta 136 lomii, Typhlosaurus 82
lihue, Oliarus 167 longianalis, Bedotia 106
lila, Achatinella 130 longicaudata, Microgale 5
lilfordi, Podarcis 81 longicaudatus, Myosorex 7
lilliae, Lepidopyga 53 longicaudatus, Notomys 192
lima, Fundulus 104 longicaudatus, Spelaeornis 64
lima, Lithasia 129 longicaudis longicaudis, Lutra 220
230 LIMACIDAE 140 longimembris brevinasus, Perognathus
limbata albissima, Cicindela 233 225
limbatus, Rhantus 169 longipennis, Neduba 164
Limnebius 170 longipes, Canthocamptus 153
LIMNEPHILIDAE 176 longipes, Crocidura 6
Limnephilus 176 longipes, Nesosydne 167
Limnocythere 153 longipes, Potorous 4
LIMNOCYTHERIDAE 153 longipes, Stygobromus 155
192 Limnodromus 45 longipes, Xenicus 58
Limnogale 5 longipinnis, Acheilognathus 94
LIMULIDAE 151 longirostra, Rukia 65
Limulus 151 longirostris, Dasyornis 61
lindong, Puntius 98 longirostris, Stenella 22
linearis, Macrancylus 208 longispinis, Gambusia 105
lineata, Mogurnda 114 longistyla, Congothemis 162
lineata pinguicolla, Tympanocryplis 228 loochoensis, Pteropus 191
lineata, Rhyacophila 175 Lophophorus 41, 42
lineata, Stenopsychodes 176 "Lophopsittacus’ 195
lineatus, Acanthiops 81 Lophopsittacus 195
lineolata euzieriana, Macrogastra 231 Lophornis 53
lineolata, Moitessieria 123 Lophura 42
lineolatus, Hacrochlamys 139 Lophuromys 30
linnellii, Sarotherodon 113 lorata, Achatinella 130
linophora, Harmogenanina 206 lorenzmuelleri, Liolaemus 80
lintneri, Williamsonia 162 Loriculus 49
LINYPHIIDAE 152 LORIDAE 11
Liobagrus 100 LORIIDAE 48, 195
Liocichla 61 Lorius 48
Liolaemus 80 lotana, Lepidochrysops 181
Liophis 84 Lottia 199
Lioplax 119 LOTTIIDAE 199
liorus liorus, Chasmistes 230 lowei, Pseudocampylaea 206
liorus mictus, Chasmistes 230 lowei, Sheppardia 63
Lipaugus 57 loweryi, Xenoglaux 51
44 Lipotes 23 Loxioides 68
lira, Antrolana 154 Loxodonta 24
lirata, Anculosa 200 Loxops 68
lirata, Carelia 202 loyaltiensis, Aspastus 204
Lirceus 154 Lucania 104
Lissodelphis 21 LUCANIDAE 170
Lissodelphis 21 luchti, Atrophaneura 178
listeri, Lepidodactylus 78 luciae, Amazilia 52
73 Lithasia 129 luciae, Liza 113
13 Lithoglyphus 200 luciae, Megalomys 192
41 Lithophane 186 luciana, Urothemis 162
Litoria 87, 88 lucidus, Hemignathus 68
Litthabitella 122 lucifer, Acerodon 191
littoralis, Formicivora 56 lucifer, Hemisaga 163
littoralis, Lepidochrysops 181 Lucifuga 103
littoralis, Urocyon 15 lucifugus, Stygobromus 207
livida, Achatinella 201 lucina, Crocidura 6
59 lividus, Carunculina 146 lucius, Ptychocheilus 97
lividus, Paracentrotus 239 luckmanii, Planilaoma 137
221 livingstonei, Pleropus 8 luconensis, Prioniturus 50
Liza 113 ludia, Crocidura 6
lizardensis, Theskelomensor 137 ludlowi, Bhutanitis 178
lobata, Campephaga 58 Luehdorfia 178
Lobaunia 122 lugens, Haplophaedia 52
lobipennis, Pseudopsectra 167 lugoi, Mexipyrgus 123
locardi, Moitessieria 123 lugubris, Formica 187
264
luhuana, Mandarina 206
luizae, Asthenes 55
lullulae, Phalanger 3
lulua, Iolaus 180
lumbee, Semotilus 98
lunaris, Dirce 186
lunata, Onychogalea 191
lunatus korrigum, Damaliscus
lupus, Canis 15
lupus, Ictalurus 100
luschani, Mertensiella 92
Luscinia 61
lusitanica, Chioglossa 92
lusitanicum, Chondrostoma
lutaria, Brazieria 139
lutea, Diplommatina 118
lutea, Partula 203
luteirostris, Zosterops 66
luteofusca, Cupedora 141
luteovinctum, Etheostoma 111
lutescens, Aloeides 180
LUTODRILIDAE 151
Lutodrilus 151
lutosus, Polyborus 194
lutra lutra, Lutra 220
Lutra 17, 220
lutreola, Mustela 18
lutreolina, Mustela 18
lutzae, Liolaemus 80
luxatus, Deltistes 99
luzonensis, Archboldomys 29
luzonensis, Mistichthys 115
lyalli, Xenicus 196
Lycaeides 235
Lycaena 181, 235
LYCAENIDAE 180, 209, 234
Lycaon 15
lycodus, Bulimulus 135
Lycosa 152
LYCOSIDAE 152
lyelliana, Discula 206
LYGAEIDAE 166
lygdamus palosverdesensis, Glaucopsyche
234
Lygodactylus 78
Lygosoma 82
lymani, Carelia 202
LYMNAEIDAE 129
lyncurium, Poecilmitis 182
lyndseyae, Poecilmitis 182
lynnae, Gomphurus 160
Lynx 16
lyonetianus, Gibbus 204
lyonnetianum, Craspedoma
Lyperobius 174
Lyriothemis 162
Lyropupa 203
lysithous harrisianus, Eurytides 234
Lytta 173
Macaca 13, 218, 239
macaco, Eulemur 10
macaco flavifrons, Eulemur 217
macaco macaco, Eulemur
macclintock, Discus 138
Maccullochella 109, 110
macdonaldi, Totoaba 112
macdonaldii, Notopteris 8
macelfreshi, Driloleirus 151
macgillivrayi, Plerodroma
macgregori, Cyclodina
machadoi, Insulivitrina
machiki, Zoothera 64
MACHILIDAE 158 madagascariensis, Euxanthe 185
Machiloides 158 madagascariensis, Pantanodon 105
mackayi, Anomalopus 81 madagascariensis, Sanzinia 83
mackenziei, Stygobromus 155 Madanga 65
maclareni, Pungu 113 madeira, Pterodroma 36
macleari, Rattus 193 maderensis, Disculella 144
macleayi, Dorcopsulus 4 madgei, Colparion 206
223 macleayi, Hedleya 119 Madoqua 28
macleayi, Sphaerospira 143 magambae, Cymothoe 185
Macquaria 110 magazinensis, Mesodon 140
macquariensis, Maccullochella 109 magentae, Pterodroma 36
Macrancylus 208 maghrebi, Gerbillus 29
Macrobaenetes 163 Magicicada 167
95 macrocephala, Acanthochelys 77 magicus albiventris, Otus 227
macrocephala, Percina 112 magicus insularis, Otus 227
Macrocephalon 40 magna, Sitla 65
macrocerca, Hylonympha 53 magnidenta, Cryptomastix 140
Macroclemys 73 magnifica, Aegialia 171
macrodactyla, Oceanodroma 36 magnifica, Planorbella 130
macrodactylum croceum, Ambystoma 229 magnifica, Tulotoma 119
Macroderma 9 magnificus, Gorsachius 37
macrodon, Onychogomphus 161 magnirostris hypoxantha, Gerygone 227
Macrodontia 173 magou, Euploea 183
Macrogalidia 19 mahaganus, Pteropus 8
Macrogastra 231 maidae, Euastacus 157
Macrognathus 109 maituatensis, Orangia 205
macrolepidotus, Pogonichthys 97 major, Ameiva 197
macrolepis, Cyprinodon 104 major, Beamys 29
macrolepis, Leiopotherapon 110 major, Bradypterus 60
Macromia 161 major, Gryllotalpa 164
Macroperipatus 187 major, Hirasea 205
macropoda, Caecidotea 154 major, Phyllonycteris 191
MACROPODIDAE 4, 191 major, Zoothera 64
macrops, Breviceps 89 majusculus, Pseudomugil 108
macrops, Nothomyrmecia 187 makawai, Pogoniulus 54
macropterus, Vanellus 45 malabarica, Idea 183
Macropus 4, 191 malacense, Polyplectron 42
macrorhyncha, Saxicola 63 malachitacea, Triclaria 50
macrorhynchus, Globicephala 20 Malacochersus 74
MACROSCELIDIDAE 33, 226 Malacocincla 62
Macroscincus 197 Malacolimax 140
Macrosphenus 62 Malacomys 30
macrostoma, Lampetra 93 Malaconotus 59
macrostoma, Muticaria 134 malagrida cedrusmontana, Argyrocupha
macrostomus, Batrachophrynus 88 234
Macrotarsomys 30 malagrida malagrida, Argyrocupha 234
Macrothele 151 malagrida maryae, Argyrocupha 234
macrotis, Notomys 192 malagrida paarlensis, Argyrocupha 234
Macrotis 3, 191 malaitae, Rhipidura 63
macroura, Thripophaga 55 malapana, Euthalia 185
MACROVELIIDAE 166 malayanus, Helarctos 19
Macruromys 30 maldonadoi, Bullockia 101
macularius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 maleo, Macrocephalon 40
118 maculata, Allotoca 105 Malimbus 70
maculata, Colinga 56 mallacoota, Engaeus 157
maculata, Denisonia 84 malleata, Auriculella 131
maculata, Paroreomyza 68 Malpulutta 115
maculatum, Etheostoma 111 Malurus 62
maculatus, Callopistes 81 mamalak, Puntius 98
maculatus, Paretroplus 113 mammillifurca, Canthocamptus 153
maculatus, Sandracottus 170 manasa, Neptis 185
Maculinea 181, 235 manatus, Trichechus 24
217 maculosus, Caprimulgus 51 mandarina, Mandarina 142
maculosus, Geomalacus 146 Mandarina 142, 206
maculosus, Glossolepis 107 mandersi, Cyclyrius 180
maculosus, Stallingsia 178 Mandibularca 96
mada, Prioniturus 50 mandibularis, Dionda 95
madagascariensis, Acrantophis 83 Mandrillus 14
36 madagascariensis, Astacoides 157 Manduca 186
81 madagascariensis, Bedotia 106 manengubae, Crocidura 6
140 madagascariensis, Daubentonia 11 mangoura, Papilio 179
madagascariensis, Erymnochelys 77 mangshanensis, Trimeresurus 85
265
maniensis, Perdicella 202
manipurensis, Perdicula
manlius, Papilio 179
Manorina 227
manoro, Smerina 185
Manouria 74,75
mansfieldi, Bhutanitis 178
mansuetus, Sylvilagus 33
mantchuricum, Crossoptilon 41
mantelli, Porphyrio 44
MANTIDAE 162
manul, Otocolobus 16
Maoricicada 167
maquassiensis, Crocidura 6
maraena, Prototroctes 102
maraho, Papilio 179
marambaiae, Leptodactylus
marcellinus, Eurytides 178
marchei, Mydaus 18
marcia, Parantica 184
marcidum, Cupedora 141
margarita, Felis 16
margarita, Macromia 161
margarita scheffeli, Felis 219
margarita, Somatochlora 162
margaritacea, Alaena 180
margaritacea, Palaua 138
margaritae, Lethe 184
margaritifera durrovensis, Margaritifera
231
margaritifera, Margaritifera 146
margaritifera, Pinctada
Margaritifera 146, 231
MARGARITIFERIDAE 146, 231
Margaronia 185
marginata, Caperea 20
marginata, Cicindela 168
marginata, Kuhlia 110
marginata, Phrantela 123
marginata, Testudo 75
marginipennis, Cicindela 168
mariae, Etheostoma 111
mariae, Stomatepia 113
marialiciae, Eulonchus 175
marianae, Craterocephalus 107
mariannae, Hydroporus 169
mariannarum, Ladronellum 137
mariannarum, Taheitia
mariannus, Cervus 26
mariannus, Pteropus 8 Mazama 26
mariei, Cyclosurus 200
marieps, Charaxes 185
marinus, Aplochiton 102
maritimus, Ursus 19
Marmaronetia 38
marmorata, Catocala 186
marmorata, Pardofelis 16
marmorata, Uperoleia 90
marmoratus, Cynolebias 103
marmoratus, Oryzias 106
marmoratus, Rivulus 104
marmoratus, Turbo 239
marmorensis, Discus 138
Marmota 28
maroni, Papilio 179
marquesana, Taipidon 206
marrianae, Margaritifera 146
marroni carolus, Huleechius 233
marshalli, Badistes 141
marshalli, Pleurobema 148
marsupiobesa, Elliptio 147
martensiana, Partula 134
Martes 17, 220 Megacolabus 174
martigener, Engaeus 157 Megadendromus 30
42
martinensis, Neotoma 30 MEGADERMATIDAE 9
martinii, Euploea 183 Megadyptes 35
masafuerae, Aphrastura 55 Megadytes 208
mascaensis, Hemicycla 145 megaensis, Hirundo 58
mascaensis, Insulivitrina 140 megaera, Graphium 178
mascarinus, Mascarinus 195 Megaerops 8
Mascarinus 195 MEGALADAPIDAE 10
masoni, Fusconaia 147 Megalagrion 159, 160, 207, 232
MASTACEMBELIDAE 109 Megalaima 54
mastersi marakupa, Hesperilla 233 Megalanura 158
Masticophis 228 Megalaperyx 193
Mastomys 30 megalocephala, Natrix 84
matafaoi, Diastole 139 Megalomys 192
matanensis, Glossogobius 114 megalophylla, Scotorythra 209
89 matanensis, Oryzias 106 megalotis, Dorcatragus 27
matanim, Phalanger 3 megalotis limicola, Reithrodontomys 226
Matrona 232 megalotis ssp., Lepomis 230
matschiei, Dendrolagus 4 megalura, Dactylopsila 5
matschiei, Galago 11 Megalurus 62
maturna, Hypodryas 185 MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE 159
mauleanum, Cauque 106 MEGAPODIIDAE 40
maupiensis, Mautodontha 205 Megapodius 40
maura, Macaca 13 Megaptera 20
maureenae, Gymnochthebius 170 megarhynchus, Ploceus 70
maureenae, Hydraena 170 megarramphus, Dermogenys 106
mauriciana, Platycnemis 160 MEGASCOLECIDAE 151
mauritaniae, Gerbillus 29 Megascolides 151
mauritiana, Leiolopisma 197 megaspila civettina, Viverra 221
mauritianus, Alopochen 194 MEGATHYMIDAE 178
239 mauritianus, Lophopsittacus 195 Megaxenops 55
mauritianus, Nycticorax 194 megomphala, Opanara 205
Mautodontha 205 MEGOMPHICIDAE 136
mavornata, Aplonis 197 Megupsilon 105
mawii, Dermatemys 73 meinertzhageni ivoriensis, Hylochoerus
maxima, Paracrocidura 7 221
maxima, Pinctada 239 mekistocholas, Notropis 96
maxima, Tridacna 150 Meladema 169
maximus, Aepyornis 193 melaena griqua, Tuxentius 235
maximus, Celorhinus 93 Melaenornis 62
maximus, Elephas 24 melampoides, Amphorella 135
maximus, Priodontes 5 Melamprosops 68
maya, Cyprinodon 104 melampus petersi, Aepyceros 222
mayeri, Astrapia 70 melampus tsuensis, Martes 220
mayeri, Columba 46 melanjae, Cymothoe 185
maylandi, Melanotaenia 107 Melanobatrachus 89
126 maynardi, Procyon 18 melanocephalus, Cacajao 12
mayottensis, Gulella 204 melanocephalus, Carpornis 56
melanocephalus, Tragopan 42
mecubbini, Taskiria 176 Melanochelys 74
melachlani, Cordylus 81 melanochlamys, Bangsia 66
meneili, Ferrissia 130 melanogaster, Turnix 43
meadewaldoi, Haematopus 195 melanoides, Chilonopsis 204
meandri, Pararhodeus 97 melanoidus, Anculosa 127
meandricus, Acanthorulilus 94 melanoleuca, Ailuropoda 18
Mecistogaster 160 melanonotus, Touit 50
Mecodema 208 melanonyx, Lophuromys 30
Meda 96 melanops, Percichthys 110
medianalis, Leiocassis 100 melanops, Sporophila 67
medicaudatus, Lophuromys 30 melanops, Vimba 98
medicinalis, Hirudo 151 MELANOPSIDAE 127
medicus, Agapetus 175 melanopterus, Balantiocheilos 94
Medionidus 148 melanostictus, Phyllodactylus 79
meeki, Cyprinodon 104 melanostomus, Notropis 96
meekit, Graphium 178 Melanosuchus 77
meeki, Hybopsis 96 melanota, Palaemnema 160
meeki, Microgoura 195 Melanotaenia 107, 108
meeki, Zosterops 66 MELANOTAENIIDAE 199
megacephalus, Nycticorax 194 melanurus, Capromys 32
megaceros, Kobus 28 melas, Globicephala 20
MEGACHILIDAE 187 meleagrides, Agelastes 41
266
Melidectes 66
Melignomon 54
Meliobba 142
Meliphaga 66
MELIPHAGIDAE 66, 196, 227
melissa samuelis, Lycaeides 235
melitensis, Lampedusa 134
melitensis, Pseudamnicola 123
mellianus, Oriolus 70
mellis, Pseudomugil 108
melodus, Charadrius 45
Melogale 17, 220
MELOIDAE 173
Melomys 30
melones, Banksula 152
Melursus 19
melvillensis, Trochomorpha
menachensis, Turdus 64
menadensis, Parantica 184
menagei, Gallicolumba
menava maeroides, Pararge
mendana, Graphium 178
mendozae, Pomarea
Menidia 108
mento, Silurus 100
menzbieri, Marmota 28
mephistophiles, Pudu 26
merces, Aloeides 180
mercierit, Ptilinopus 195
mercuriale, Coenagrion 159
mergulus, Limnogale 5
Mergus 38, 194
meridianus, Serranochromis
meridionalis, Capromys
meridionalis, Ornithoptera
meridionalis, Pseudirion 158
merriami, Empetrichthys 199
merriami, Fluminicola 121
Mertensiella 92
meruensis, Aeshna
Merulaxis 56
Merycomyia 175
Mesacanthotelson 154
mesiboyi, Beddomeia
Mesitornis 42
MESITORNITHIDAE 42
Mesodon 140, 231
Mesodontrachia 142
mesoleuca, Conothraupis 66
mesoleucus telmalestes, Conepatus
Mesoperipatus 187
Mesoplodon 23
mesopotamica, Dama
mesotes, Paragalaxias 102
MESOVELIIDAE 166
Meta 152
Metabolus 62
Metacnemis 160
Metallura 53
metamorpha, Ogasawarana 200
Metapogon 175
metastriata, Dysnomia 147
Metatrichoniscoides 154
metcalfi, Pyrgulopsis 124
metcalfi, Sonorella 146
methueni, Lygodactylus 78
methymna dicksoni, Lepidochrysops
Metisella 177
Metrarga 166
Metrioptera 163
mexicanum, Ambystoma 91
mexicanus, Cynomys 28
mexicanus hualpaiensis, Microtus 225 millepunctata, Damochlora 141
mexicanus, Ictalurus 100 millerae, Victodrobia 126
mexicanus jordani, Astyanax 230 milleri, Cochliopina 121
mexicanus nayaho, Microtus 225 millert, Grallaria 56
Mexilana 154 milleri, Knipowitschia 115
Mexipyrgus 122, 123 milleri, Thermosphaeroma 154
Mexistenasellus 154 millestriata, Dupucharopa 137
Mexithauma 123 milleti, Garrulax 61
meyerdeschauenseei, Tangara 67 Miloderes 174
meyeri, Pachycephala 62 milvus, Milvus 40
meyeri, Xiphophorus 106 Milvus 40
meyricki, Hedylepta 209 Milyeringa 114
miamiensis, Cyclocephala 171 mimeticus, Dryotribus 208
mica, Cincinnatia 121 MIMIDAE 59
micanopy, Belocephalus 163 Mimodes 59
micans, Amastra 132 mimosa, Discocharopa 137
140 michaudi, Lemniscia 145 minckleyt, Cichlasoma 112
miconax, Aotus 12 minckleyi, Nymphophilus 123
micramyla, Palline 137 mindana nipponica, Hemicordulia 232
47 Micrarionta 145 mindorensis, Anonymomys 29
236 Micrarionta 145 mindorensis, Bubalus 27
Micrastur 40 mindorensis, Crocodylus 78
63 micristius, Cyprinus 95 mindorensis, Ducula 47
Microbatrachella % mindorensis, Olus 51
microblepharis, Celestus 82 minima, Batis 60
Microcebus 10 minima, Beddomeia 120
microcephalus, Barbus 94 minima, Lampetra 198
MICROCHAETIDAE 213 minima, Paludinella 123
Microchaetus 213 minimus atristriatus, Tamias 224
micrococcus, Pyrgulopsis 124 minimus, Cynolebias 103
Microcreagris 152 minor, Anculosa 128
Microcryptorhynchus 174 minor, Dobsonia 7
113 Microcylloepus 172 minor, Elapognathus 84
32 Microdillus 30 minor, Eliurus 29
178 microdon, Lepilemur 11 minor, Lacustrelix 142
Microgale 5 minor, Nothura 35
Microgoura 195 minor, Palaua 138
MICROHYLIDAE 89 minor, Platalea 37
microlepidotus, Basilichthys 106 minor, Platanista 23
160 microlepidotus, Phyllodactylus 79 minor, Procyon 18
microlepis, Leiolopisma 82 minuscula, Brazieria 139
microlepis, Tachygia 198 minuta, Hauffenia 122
micromphala, Kimboraga 142 minuta, Helicoverpa 210
120 Micronaspis 172 minuta, Libellulosoma 161
Micropanchax 105 minuta, Neohoratia 123
Microphis 109 minuta, Trochidrobia 126
microphylla, Tritoclets 209 minutissima, Helenoconcha 206
micropithecus, Sphaerodactylus 79 minulissima, Hemistoma 122
Micropotamogale 5 minutus, Lacconectus 169
220 microps, Catostomus 99 mirabilis, Campsicnemus 208
microps, Heteropnuestes 101 mirabilis, Carelia 202
microps leucotis, Dipodomys 225 mirabilis, Cyanolyca 71
26 Micropteropus 8 mirabilis, Eriocnemts 52
Micropterus 110, 230 mirabilis, Hemiphlebia 159
Microscolex 213 mirabilis, Loddigesia 53
microstoma, Lamellidea 131 mirabilis, Partula 204
microstoma, Partula 203 Mirafra 58
microstriata, Physa 130 Miramella 164
microtheca, Ogasawarana 117 mirandae, Hemitriccus 57
microtis, Dusicyon 15 Miratesta 130
Microtus 225 MIRIDAE 166
micrus, Nesophontes 191 mirifica, Lytta 173
middlekaufi, Idiostatus 163 mirificus, Lewinia 44
midgleyi, Pingalla 110 mirus, Mesoplodon 23
mighelsiana, Partulina 131 misella, Lamprocystis 139
migratorius, Ectopistes 195 misoolensis, Melanotaenia 107
235 migueli, Eupsophus 88 missouri, Glyphopsyche 176
mikado, Syrmaticus 42 Mistichthys 115
MILACIDAE 140 mitchellae, Thersites 143
milagros, Parantica 184 mitchelli mitchelli, Neonympha 236
militaris, Sturnella 69 mitchelli, Quincuncina 149
millepalmarum, Eremarionta 145 Mitoura 235
267

mitra, Euploea 183
miltendorfi, Lemniscomys 30
mitu, Mitu 41
Mitu 41
Mixogaster 175
Mixophyes 89
mlokosiewiczi, Tetrao 42
Moapa %
MOCHOKIDAE 101
modesta, Gila 95
modesta, Hemicycla 145
modestus, Gallirallus 194
modestus, Gomphurus 161
modestus, Zosterops 66
moerneri, Papilio 179
moesta, Lytta 173
Mogera 7
Mogurnda 114
mohaveana, Helminthoglypta 145
Moho 66, 196
Moitessieria 123
mojarralis, Mexipyrgus 123
mojavensis mojavensis, Crossidius
molesta, Lytta 173
mollispinis ssp., Lepidomeda 229
moloch, Hylobates 14
MOLOSSIDAE 10
molossinus, Pleropus 8
moluccensis, Cacatua 48
molurus, Python 83
momonga, Pteromys 29
MOMOTIDAE 53
monacha, Cyprinella 95
monacha, Grus 43
monacha, Poeciliopsis 106
monachus, Aegypius 39
monachus, Monachus 18
Monachus 18, 192
Monadenia 146, 231
monae, Typhlatya 156
Monarcha 62
Monardithemis 162
monas, Aphaostracon 119
monasa, Porzana 195
monax, Crocidura 6
monensis monensis, Epicrates
monensis, Typhlops 83
mongo, Stomatepia 113
mongoz, Eulemur 10
Monias 43
monica, Artemia 152
moniziana, Geomitra 144
monoceros, Monodon 22
monodon, Cristilabrum 141
Monodon 22
monodonta, Cryplazeca 132
monodonta, Lamellidea 202
monodonta, Margaritifera
MONODONTIDAE 22
monroensis, Cincinnatia
montagui, Partulina 202
montalentii, Discoglossus 87
montalivetensis, Amplirhagada
montana, Odontopodisma_
montana, Sheppardia 63
montana, Xenoligea 68
montani, Anthracoceros 54
montanus, Alsodes 88
montanus pictus, Thestor 235
montanus, Psephenus 172
montanus, Stygobromus 155
montecristoi, Abronia 82
monteiri, Malaconotus 59 Muriculus 30
monteithorum, Euastacus 157 MURIDAE 29, 192, 225
Monterissa 117 muriei, Chasmistes 198
montezumensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 murivora, ‘Athene’ 196
monticola, Archaeolacerta 80 murphyi, Ngairea 137
monticola, Leiostyla 132 Muscicapa 62
monticola, Melanotaenia_ 107 MUSCICAPIDAE 59, 196, 227
monticola, Nanocochlea 123 musculus, Balaenoptera 20
monticularis, Bunolagus 32 musicola, Hedylepta 209
moniisserrati, Diploglossus 82 MUSOPHAGIDAE 50
mooreana, Partula 204 musschenbroekii, Macrogalidia 19
moorei, Etheostoma 111 Mussonena 142
moralesi, Notropis 96 Mustela 17, 18
Mordacia 93 MUSTELIDAE 17, 220
mordax, Notomys 192 mustelina, Achatinella 130
moreaui, Orthotomus 62 mustelinus, Lepilemur 11
Morelia 228 mustersi, Batrachuperus 91
Morenia 74 mutica, Omphalotropis 127
moretonicus, Hyridella 150 Muticaria 134
Morimus 173 muticus, Pavo 42
mormo langei, Apodemia 235 MUTILLIDAE 186
Mormolyce 168 mutisii, Eremophilus 101
mormonum buttoni, Monadenia 231 mutus, Bos 26
233
mormonum hirsuta, Monadenia 231 muwu, Ammopelmatus 163
morondavana, Papilio 179 Myadestes 62
morongoana, Eremarionta 145 myadestinus, Myadestes 62
morrisoni, Lytta 173 myaka, Myaka 112
morrisoni, Pyrgulopsis 124 Myaka 112
morrisoni, Stygobromus 155 MYCETOPHILIDAE 174
Mortonagrion 160 Mycotrupes 171
mosana, Rhyacophila 175 Mycteria 37
moschata, Desmana 7 mydas, Chelonia 75
MOSCHIDAE 25 Mydaus 18
moschiferus, Moschus 25 myersi, Maoricicada 167
Moschus 25 Myiagra 62
mossambica, Croilia 114 Myioborus 68
mossii bayensis, Callophrys 234 Myiophonus 62
mostbento, Oligophlebodes 176 Mylothris 180
MOTACILLIDAE 58 MYOBATRACHIDAE 89
motebensis, Barbus 94 myoides, Xeromys 31
Mouldingia 142 Myomys 30
mourae, Ceriagrion 159 Myonycteris 8
mouroniensis, Zosterops 66 myopica, Leptoneta 152
moussoni, Palaina 118 myoporicola, Oliarus 167
Moxostoma 99 Myosciurus 28
228 mucronata, Quadrasiella 127 Myosorex 7
muelleri, Heleia 65 myotis, Myotis 10
muenninki, Tokudaia 31 Myotis 9, 10, 217
muensis, Noctepuna 142 MYOXIDAE 31
MUGILIDAE 113 Myoxocephalus 109
Mugilogobius 115 Myrmeciza 56
muhlenbergii, Clemmys 73 MYRMECOBIIDAE 3
muletensis, Alytes 87 Myrmecobius 3
muliensis, Ochotona 32 Myrmecophaga 5
mulleri, Homopholis 78 MYRMECOPHAGIDAE 5
multilamellata, Thaumatodon 206 MYRMELEONTIDAE 167
multilineatus, Mexipyrgus 123 Myrmosula 186
146 multiradiatus, Girardinichthys 105 Myrmotherula 56
multispinosus, Gronocarus 171 Mystacina 10, 192
121 multivesiculatus, Lutodrilus 151 MYSTACINIDAE 10, 192
multivolvis, Planorbella 130 mysticetus, Balaena 19
multocarinata, Bolyeria 198 Myxas 129
141 muluensis, Lacconectus 169 Myxus 113
164 mundas, Stygobromus 156 Myzomela 66
munggai, Pachysaga 164 Myzopoda 9
Mungos 19 MYZOPODIDAE 9
Mungotictis 17 mzymtiae, Cordulegaster 161
munionga larana, Oreisplanus 233 Nactus 78
munitus, Noturus 100 Naemorhedus 28
munroi, Nesotocus 174 naevosa, Stictonetia 38
Muntiacus 26 nahani, Francolinus 41
muriculus, Gerbillus 29 nahuelbutensis, Diplomystes 100
268
Naja 84
nakadai, Lamellidea
namiyei, Rana 90
nana, Cyanolyca 71
nana, Eurycea 91
nana, Stiobia 125
nancillus, Gerbillus 29
Nannatherina 110
Nannoperca 110
nannotis, Litoria 87
‘Nanocochlea’ 123
Nanocochlea 123
Nanodectes 163
nanodes, Napaeus 133
Nanoplectrus 176
nanus, Accipiter 39
nanus, Capromys 32
nanus, Pyrgulopsis 124
nanus, Somatogyrus 125
nanus, Spizaetus 40
nanus, Taoniscus 35
"Napaeus’ 133
Napaeus 133
Napothera 62
napu nigricans, Tragulus 221
narasingha narasingha, Erebia
narcondami, Aceros 54
nasalis, Philanthus 187
Nasalis 14
nasomaculatus, Addax 26
nassula, Goniobasis 128
Nasua 18
Nasuella 18
nasuta, Percina 112
Natator 76
nativitatis, Rattus 193
natricina, Physa 130
natrix cetti, Natrix 228
Natrix 84, 228
nattereri, Anthus 58
nattereri, Heliconius 185
nattii, Partulina 131
NAUCORIDAE 166
naumanni, Falco 40
nausithous, Maculinea
navajo, Stenopelmatus 163
nazas, Cyprinodon 104
NEANURIDAE 158
nearcticus, Nemapalpus 174
nebulosa, Neofelis 16
neckerensis, Nysius 166
neckerensis, Petrochroa
necra, Carelia 202
‘Necropsitiacus’ 195
Necrospar 197
Nectarinia 65
NECTARINIIDAE 65
Nectophrynoides 87
Necydalis 173
Neduba 164, 208
nefrens, Armatobalanus
Nehalennia 160
neislerti, Amblema 146
nelsoni, Miloderes 174
nelsoni, Nasua 18
nelsoni, Oryzomys
nelsoni, Terrapene
Nemacheilus 98
nemaeus, Pygathrix
Nemapalpus 174
Nematogenys 101
Nematostella 117
nemestrina, Macaca 239 Neurergus 92
202 nemestrina pagensis, Macaca 218 nevadae, Crenichthys 104
nemorale, Bradypodion 79 nevadensis ssp., Cyprinodon 230
Nemorhaedus 223 nevadica olmosa, Cicindela 233
nemoricola, Gallinago 45 nevilli, Erepta 206
Nemosia 67 nevilli, Gonospira 204
NEMOURIDAE 165 newberryi, Eucyclogobius 114
Nemours 165 Newcombia 202
NEOBALAENIDAE 20 newelli, Hypena 210
NEOBISHDAE 152 Newnhamia 153
Neochanna 102 newtoni, Coracina 58
Neodrepanis 58 newtoni, Ctenoglypta 206
Neofelis 16 newtoni, Fulica 194
Neohoratia 123 newtoni, Gonidomus 204
neomexicana, Pyrgulopsis 124 newtoni, Lanius 59
neomexicanus, Plethodon 91 newtoni, Thomea 135
Neomorphus 51 Newtonia 62
Neonympha 236 Ngairea 137
Neophema 50 ngarduaisi, Palaua 138
Neophoca 18 nghetinhensis, Pseudoryx 28
Neophocaena 22 nianguae, Etheostoma \\1
NEOPLANORBIDAE 130 nicefori, Thryothorus 59
Neoplanorbis 130 nickajackensis, Caecidotea 154
Neopleryx 8 nickliniana awania, Helminthoglypta 231
neosa, Cryptochia 176 nickliniana_ bridgesi, Helminthoglypta
235 Neosalanx 101 231
Neoseps 82 nickliniana contracosta, Helminthoglypta
Neosilurus 101 231
Neospiza 69 nicobarica, Caloenas 46
Neothramma 176 nicobariensis, Megapodius 40
Neotoma 30, 225 nicolli, Ploceus 70
Neotrichia 176 Nicrophorus 170
neoxenus, Euptilotis 53 nieuwenhuisti, Pycnonotus 59
Nephronaias 148 nigella, Elliptio 147
NEPHROPIDAE 239 niger cinereus, Sciurus 224
Nephrops 239 niger, Melanosuchus 77
Nephrurus 78 niger, Pleropus 8
NEPTICULIDAE 209 niger variani, Hippotragus 223
Neptis 185, 236 nightingaleensis, Katechonemertes 117
NERITIDAE 117 nigra, Macaca 13
Neritilia 117 nigra, Pomarea 63
Nerodia 228 nigra, Tandonia 140
Neseis 166 nigra, Trithemis 162
Nesidiolestes 166 nigrescens, Gila 95
181 Nesillas 62 nigrescens, Pacifastacus 207
nesioles, Deinocossonus 173 nigrescens, Russatus 138
nesiotes, Scotorythra 209 nigricans, Aspideretes 77
nesiotica, Hirasea 205 nigricans nigricans, Poecilmitis 235
nesioticus, Bulimulus 135 nigricans, Padogobius 115
nesiolis comeri, Gallinula 226 nigricans zwartbergae, Poecilmitis 235
nesiotis, Gallinula 43 nigricauda, Liobagrus 100
177 Nesithmysus 173 nigriceps, Ardeotis 44
Nesoclopeus 44, 194 nigriceps, Callithrix 12
nesocrabo bidecoratus, Ectemnius 236 nigricollis, Grus 43
Nesocryptias 166 nigrifrons rubidus, Cephalophus 222
Nesolagus 33 nigrigenis, Agapornis 49
Nesomantis 90 nigriloris, Estrilda 69
Nesomimesa 187 nigrimas, Oryzias 106
Nesomimus 59 nigrimentum, Ploceus 70
Nesophontes 191 nigripes, Dacnis 67
153 NESOPHONTIDAE 191 nigripes, Mustela 18
Nesopupa 133, 203 nigripinnis, Coregonus 102
Nesorestias 167 nigritella, Trochomorpha 140
Nesoryzomys 192 nigriventer, Discoglossus 198
Nesospiza 67 nigrivestis, Eriocnemis 52
193 Nesosydne 167 nigrobrunnea, Tyto 51
74 Nesothauma 167 nigrocoerula subtropica, Cicindela 233
Nesotocus 174 nigrofasciatus, Puntius 98
14 Nestor 196 nigrogularis, Psophodes 63
netscheri, Nesolagus 33 nigrohamatum, Megalagrion 159
nettingi, Plethodon 91 nigrolineatum, Megalagrion 159
neumoegeni, Papilio 179 nigromaculatus, Yunnanilus 99
269
nigropectus, Biatas 55
nigrorufa, Sporophila 67
nigrorufus, Centropus 51
nigrorum, Stachyris 64
nigrostriata, Galaxiella 102
nigroviridis, Allenopithecus 13
nihoae, Banza 163
nihoae, Nysius 166
nihoaensis, Eupelmus
nihoaensis, Sclerodermus
niihauensis, Odynerus 187
nikhili, Oligodon 84
nikolausi, Megadendromus 30
nilgiriensis, Parantica 184
nimbae, Crocidura 6
nimberlinus, Prymnbriareus
nimbus, Oreokera 137
ninae, Zaprochilus 164
Ningbingia 142
niobe, Orachrysops 181
nipalensis, Aceros 54
nippon grassianus, Cervus 222
nippon keramae, Cervus 222
nippon mandarinus, Cervus 222
nippon, Nipponia 37
nippon pseudaxis, Cervus 222
nippon sichanicus, Cervus 222
nippon taiouanus, Cervus 222
Nipponia 37
Nirodia 181
nitens, Cochlicopa 132
nitens, Haliplus 168
nitida, Ogasawarana 117
nitidissima, Alectroenas
nitidissima, Chlorochrysa
nitidus, Liolaemus 80
nitot, Atelognathus 88
nitratoides exilis, Dipodomys
nitratoides nitratoides, Dipodomys
nivalis, Daphnia 152
nivalis, Leptonycteris 9
Niveoscincus 82
nivicola borealis, Ovis 223
nobilis, Gambusia 105
nobilis, Moho 196
Noctepuna 142
noctitherus, Caprimulgus 52
NOCTUIDAE 186, 209
nodosa, Partula 204
nodosus, Alsodes 88
noguchii, Sapheopipo 54
nokomis caerulescens, Speyeria 236
nokomis nokomis, Speyeria 236
nollothi, Aloeides 180
Nomoramphus 106
nonpareil, Chilonopsis 204
norfolkensis, Posticobia 200
noricum, Bythiospeum 121
norrisi, Acicula 119
nortoni, Stygobromus 156
norvegicus, Nephrops 239
nossima, Amauris 183
notabilis, Binneya 146
notabilis, Lichmera 66
Notarthrinus 181
notata, Kimberleyeleotris 114
notatus, Coturnicops 43
Notechis 229
notera, Palline 137
Nothaldonis 174
Nothobranchius 103
nothofagi, Eusthenia 165
Nothomyrmecia 187 obsoleta neojuvenalis, Cicindela 233
Nothoprocta 35 obtecta, Spirorbula 145
Nothura 35 obtusifrons, Hephaestus 110
Notiomystis 66 obtusirostris, Calcochloris 6
notius, Micropterus 110 oblustrostris, Salmothymus 103
NOTODROMADIDAE 153 obtusus, Cylindrus 144
Notomys 30, 192 oblusus, Somatogyrus 125
NOTONEMOURIDAE 165 occidentalis, Daphnia 152
186 NOTOPTERIDAE 93 occidentalis, Dysithamnus 55
186 Notopteris 8 occidentalis, Glacidorbis 129
Notopterus 93 occidentalis lacusanserinus, Catostomus
notosaurus, Leiolopisma 82 230
Notropis 96, 97, 198 occidentalis, Leucopternis 40
nottensis, Cupedora 141 occidentalis, Mouldingia 142
Noturus 100 occidentalis, Nectophrynoides 87
143 novacaledoniae, Rhantus 208 occidentalis, Pezoporus 50
novacapitalis, Scytalopus 56 occidentalis, Poeciliopsis 106
novaeangliae, Megaptera 20 occidentalis, Pseudocheirus 4
novaeguineae, Harpyopsis 39 occidentalis, Pseudomys 31
novaeseelandiae, Charadrius 45 occidentalis, Triodopsis 140
novaesi, Philydor 55 occiduus, Celestus 198
novaezelandiae, Coturnix 194 Occirhenea 142
novaezelandiae, Himantopus 45 occulata, Anculosa 200
novaezelandiae, Ixobrychus 194 oceanicum, Megalagrion 160
novelta, Amplirhagada 141 oceanicus, Lacconectus 169
Noyvumbra 101 Oceanides 166
nubiana, Capra 27 Oceanodroma 36
nubila, Cyclura 80 ocellata, Leipoa 40
nubila, Polyphylla 171 ocellata lyncus, Lethe 235
nubilus, Aloeides 180 ocellata, Morenia 74
nubrica, Ochotona 32 ocellata, Phelsuma 79
nuchale, Etheostoma 111 ocellata, Rheinardia 42
nuchalis, Parus 64 ocellatus smithi, Rhodeus 229
195 nudicostata, Setomedea 138 Ochotona 32, 226
66 nudiventris, Typhlobarbus 98 OCHOTONIDAE 32, 193, 226
Numenius 45 ochraceiventris, Leptotila 47
nux, Bulimulus 135 ochreata brunnescens, Macaca 218
225 nyakalensis, Litoria 87 ochrogaster, Penelope 41
225 nycteas, Neptis 185 ochropectus, Francolinus 41
nyctelia, Cecilioides 135 Ochrotrichia 176
Nyclicebus 11 ochsneri, Bulimulus 135
Nycticorax 194 Ochthebius 170
Nyctimene 8, 191 ochthogyra, Omphalotropis 127
Nyctimystes 88 Oclandius 174
nylephtha, Ecchlorolestes 159 oconnori, Rhytida 136
nympha, Pitta 58 octava, Ningbingia 142
NYMPHALIDAE 185, 236 OCTODONTIDAE 32
Nymphophilus 123 octolamellata, Taipidon 206
nyoraensis, Boeckella 153 octomaculata, Dalla 177
Nysius 166 Octomys 32
oahuense, Megalagrion 160 octosetaceus, Mergus 38
oahuensis, Phyllococcus 208 oculifera, Graptemys 73
oasis, Hydroporus 169 ODOBENIDAE 220
oaxacae, Kinosternon 73 Odobenus 220
oberlaenderi, Zoothera 64 Odocoileus 222
oberthurii, Ideopsis 183 odomae, Metallura 53
obesa, Brazieria 139 ODONTOCERIDAE 177
obesiuscula, Boettgeria 133 Odontophorus 42
obesoductus, Arion 146 Odontopodisma_ 164
obeyensis, Cambarus 156 Odynerus 187
obliquata obliquata, Dysnomia 232 Oecanthus 164
obliquata perobliqua, Dysnomia 232 Oecetis 177
obliquicosta, Pupilla 203 Oedemasylus 208
obliquidens, Lagenorhynchus 21 oedippus, Coenonympha 184
Obovaria 148 oedipus, Saguinus 12
obscura, Edelia 109 oedipus, Schistura 99
obscura, Luscinia 61 oenanthe, Callicebus 12
obscura, Metrarga 166 oenax, Wilfredomys 31
obscura, Pentarthrum 174 oenops, Columba 47
obscurus, Hemignathus 68 Oveobia 209
obscurus, Lagenorhynchus 21 Oeoblia 185
obserata, Actinella 144 oerstedii, Saimiri 13
270
Offachloritis 142 oosthuizen, Lepidochrysops 181 orientalis, Uperoleia 90
offella, Boromys 193 opalescens, Cynolebias 103 orientalis vignei, Ovis 224
ogasawarae, Boninena 133 Opanara 205 orientissimus, Microcryplorhynchus 174
ogasawarae, Boninosuccinea 138 oparica, Ruatara 205 ortt, Crocidura 6
ogasawarana, Gastrocopta 203 operculina, Hirasea 136 ORIOLIDAE 70
ogasawarana, Lamellidea 131 Opheodrys 84 Oriolus 70
ogasawarana, Ogasawarana 117 Ophidiocephalus 79 oriplancta, Dirce 186
ogasawarana, Trochochlamys 139 Ophiogomphus 161, 207, 232 Orlitia 74
Ogasawarana 117, 118, 200 Ophisternon 109 ornata, Perdicella 132
ogasawarensis, Hemicordulia 161 Ophrysia 194 ornata, Urocissa 71
ogasawarensis, Rhinocypha 159 opiranus, Turgenitubulus 143 ornatus, Liophis 84
ogilbyi, Cepahlophus 27 Opisthopatus 188 ornatus, Pteropus 8
ogilbyi crusalbum, Cephalophus 222 Opisthotropis 84 ornatus, Tremarctos 19
ogilbyi, Melanotaenia 107 optima, Ogasawarana 118 Ornipholidotos 235
oglei, Stachyris 64 Optioservus 172 Ornithoptera 178, 179
Ogmodon 84 opuntia, Micrarionta 145 oron, Philocasca 176
ogmoraphe, Pyrgulopsis 124 Orachrysops 181 orostruthus, Arcanator 60
Ognorhynchus 50 oralis, Pseudomys 31 orramakunna, Engaeus 157
oheoheana, Spheterista 177 Orangia 205 ORTHALICIDAE 134, 204
Ohridohauffenia 200 oratrix, Amazona 49 Orthalicus 135
oinotheke, Eucrenonaspides 153 Oravelia 166 Orthetrum 162, 233
okalehubyi, Hydaticus 168 orbignyi, Rhantus 208 orthognathus, Oryzias 106
okaloosae, Etheostoma 111 orca, Notropis 198 Orthotomus 62
okatie, Elassoma 110 orca, Orcinus 21 ortizi, Incaspiza 67
okeana, Allocharopa 137 Orcaella 21 ortmanni, Villosa 149
okiensis, Hynobius 91 orcesi, Pyrrhura 50 Oryctes 171
okinawae, Gallirallus 44 ORCHESTUDAE 155 Oryx 28
okinawanus, Rhipidolestes 159 Orcinus 21 Oryzias 106
okinawensis, Hemicordulia 161 Orconectes 156 Oryzomys 193, 225
oktediensis, Melanotaenia 108 orcula, Pupisoma 133 osburni, Etheostoma 111
olallae, Callicebus 12 Orcula 133 oscitans, Potamopyrgus 123
oleacina, Videna 140 ORCULIDAE 133 osculus ssp., Rhinichthys 229
Oliarces 167 Ordtrachia 142 osgoodi, Tinamus 35
Oliarus 166, 167 Oreailurus 16 osimensis, Tokudaia 31
Oligoaeschna 160 oreas, Chrysoritis 180 osmana, Papilio 179
Oligodon 84 oreas oreas, Lepidochrysops 235 OSMERIDAE 101
oligolepis, Toxotes 112 oreas, Picathartes 63 Osmerus 101
OLIGONEURIIDAE 158 oregona, Dolophilodes 176 Osmoderma 171
Oligophlebodes 176 Oregonichthys 97 Ospatulus 97
Oligoryzomys 192 oreinos, Trichia 144 ostenta, Coracina 58
olivacea bocagei, Bostrychia 226 Oreisplanus 233 OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 93
olivacea, Carelia 202 Oreochromis 230 Ostodes 118
olivacea, Lepidochelys 76 Oreoglanis 101 otagense, Leiolopisma 82
olivacea, Nasuella 18 OREOHELICIDAE 138 otaheitana, Partula 204
olivacea, Pyrgulopsis 124 Oreohelix 138, 231 otareae, Sinployea 206
olivaceus, Criniger 59 Oreokera 137 OTARIIDAE 18, 220
olivaceus helleri, Turdus 227 Oreolyce 182 othcaloogensis, Dysnomia 147
olivaceus, Varanus 83 Oreomava 137 othnius, Kondoconcha 205
oliveri, Cyclodina 81 Oreomyslis 68 othus, Lepus 33
oliveri, Haematopinus 165 Oreonectes 98 OTIDIDAE 44
oliviae, Columba 47 Oreophasis 41 Otis 45
oliviert, Amaurornis 43 Oreothraupis 67 Otocolobus 16
olivii, Turnix 43 oreotragus porteousi, Oreotragus 223 Otomops 10
olivula, Goniobasis 128 Oreotragus 223 Otopteropus 8
ollula, Sylvisorex 7 Orestias 105 oltomana, Erebia 184
Oloplotosus 101 orgygia, Belenois 180 Otus 51, 227
olympiae, Carabus 168 orientalis arkal, Ovis 223 otwayensis, Oreomava 137
omeiensis, Liocichla 61 orientalis blanfordi, Ovis 223 oualanensis, Delos 136
Omphalotropis 126, 127, 200 orientalis bocharensis, Ovis 223 Ougapia 136
Onchobarus 174 orientalis cycloceros, Ovis 223 ourebi haggardi, Ourebia 223
Onchorhynchus 103, 230 orientalis gmelini, Ovis 223 Ourebia 223
Onchotelson 154 orientalis isphahanica, Ovis 224 ouleniqua, Lepidochrysops 181
Oncifelis 16 orientalis laristanica, Ovis 224 ovatula, Palaina 118
Onconotus 164 orientalis, Mogurnda 114 oviforme, Pleurobema 148
onondagaensis, Stygobromus 156 orientalis, Mouldingia 142 Ovis 223, 224
onslowi, Phalacrocorax 36 orientalis musimon, Ovis 224 ovuliformis, Cylichnidia 135
Onthophagus 171 orientalis ophion, Ovis 224 owent, Apleryx 35
Onychogalea 4, 191 orientalis orientalis, Ovis 224 owstoni, Chrotogale 19
Onychogomphus 161 orientalis, Paradelma 79 owstoni, Gallirallus 44
Onychorhynchus 227 orientalis, Poecilmitis 182 oxiana, Naja 84
Oodemas 213 orientalis punjabiensis, Ovis 224 oxleyana, Nannoperca 110
oophorus, Xenopoecilus 106 orientalis severtzovi, Ovis 224 Oxychaela 182

271
Oxychilus 140 pallipes, Austropotamobius 157 Paramesotriton 92
Oxyeleotris 114 palmeri, Myadestes 62 paramicrus, Nesophontes 191
Oxyethira 176 palmeri, Porzana 195 Paramiella 118
Oxygastra 162 palmeri, Rhodacanthis 197 Paranaspides 153
Oxylapia 112 Palmeria 68 Parantechinus 3
Oxyloma 138 Palpopleura 162 Parantica 183, 184
oxyrhynchus, Coregonus 102 palu, Atrophaneura 178 Paranyctimene 8
oxyrhynchus, Notropis 96 paludica, Cobitis 98 Paraphlebia 159
oxyrhynchus, Prototroctes 199 paludicola, Acrocephalus 60 Parapinnixa 158
oxyrhynchus ssp., Acipenser 229 Paludinella 123 Pararge 236
oxytropis, Discula 144 Paludiscala 123 Pararhodeus 97
Oxyura 38 palustre, Pellorneum 62 Parartemia 153
ozarkensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 palustris argentatus, Oryzomys 225 PARASTACIDAE 157
ozarkensis, Somatochlora 162 palustris, Crocodylus 78 paratactis, Scotorythra 209
ozarkensis, Stygobromus 156 palustris hefneri, Sylvilagus 226 Paratelmatobius 89
Ozotoceros 26, 222 palustris, Quiscalus 197 Paratherina 108
pachomai, Kawanphila 163 palustris, Sporophila 67 Paratilapia 112
Pachycephala 62 pan, Poecilmitis 182 Paravitrea 140
pachycephalus, Cyprinodon 104 Pan 14, 219 Paraxerus 29
pachycheilus, Cephalokompsus 95 panamintus, Gerrhonotus 82 Pardalotus 65
Pachypanchax 103 panarcys, Cyprinella 95 Pardiglanis 100
Pachyramphus 57 Panchala 235 pardinus, Lynx 16
pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta 50 pancheri, Leuchocharis 135 Pardofelis 16
Pachysaga 164 Pandaka 115 Pardosa 152
pachystoma, Ryssota 139 Pangasianodon 100 pardus japonensis, Panthera 219
Pachystyla 206 PANGASIIDAE 100 pardus kotiya, Panthera 219
pachyta, Pyrgulopsis 124 Pangasius 100 pardus melas, Panthera 219
Pacifastacus 157, 207 paniscus, Ateles 12 pardus nimr, Panthera 219
Pacifica, Drepanis 196 paniscus, Pan 14 pardus orientalis, Panthera 219
pacifica, Gallinula 194 pannonica, Sadleriana 125 pardus saxicolor, Panthera 219
pacifica, Myrmosula 186 Panoquina 177, 233 Pareas 84
pacifica, Syncaris 156 panoquinoides errans, Panoquina 233 Paretroplus 112, 113
pacificum, Megalagrion 160 Pantagenia 207 pariae, Myioborus 68
pacificus, Gallirallus 194 Pantanodon 105 PARIDAE 64
pacificus, Indopacetus 23 Panthera 16, 219 Parides 179, 180
Padogobius 115 pantheratus, Anetia 183 parinacotensis, Orestias 105
pagoda, Gyrotoma 201 pantherina, Percina 112 parkeri, Cylloepus 172
pagodula, Turgenitubulus 143 Pantinonemertes 117 parkeri, Herpsilochmus 56
pagodula, Videna 140 pantostictum, Cichlasoma 112 parkinsoni, Procellaria 35
paillona, Renea 119 Panulirus 239 parma, Macropus 4
Palacanthilhiopsis 123 Papasula 36 Parmacella 140
palaciosi, Iberocypris 96 Papilio 179, 234 PARMACELLIDAE 140
Paladilhia 123 PAPILIONIDAE 178, 234 parnaguae, Megaxenops 55
Paladilhiopis 123 Papio 218 Parnassius 180, 234
Palaemnema 160 papua, Hipposideros 9 Paroreomyza 68, 197
Palaemonetes 156 papuae, Melanotaenia 108 Parotia 71
Palaemonias 156 papuanus, Rhantus 208 parreyssi, Belgrandiella 120
PALAEMONIDAE 156 Papuensis, Clupeoides 94 Partula 134, 203, 204
palaemophagus, Ospatulus 97 Papuensis, Spilocuscus 3 Partulian 131, 132, 202
Palaina 118, 231 Papuexul 142 PARTULIDAE 134, 203
palata, Spratellicypris 98 Papustyla 143 PARULIDAE 68
Palaua 138 Papyracea, Achatinella 201 Parus 64
palauensis, Assiminea 126 Paracentrotus 239 parva, ‘Nanocochlea’ 123
Paleoxenus 172 Paracoenia 175 parva, Cincinnalia 121
palfreymani, Niveoscincus 82 Paracrocidura 7 parva, Deinacrida 163
Palikirus 137 Paracymus 170 parva, Dubiraphia 172
PALINURIDAE 239 Paradelma 79 parva, Melanotaenia 108
pallasi hamica, Ochotona 226 Paradigalla 71 parva, Oecetis 177
pallasi sunidica, Ochotona 226 Paradisaea 71 parviceps, Scortum 110
palliata aequatorialis, Aloutta 217 PARADISAEIDAE 70 parvidens, Cynomys 28
palliatus, Cinclodes 55 paradisea, Ornithoptera 179 parvidens, Hylogomphus 161
pallida, Jardinella 122 paradoxa, Carelia 202 parvidens, Mautodontha 205
pallida, Vulpes 15 Paradoxornis 62 parvula, Microgale 5
pallidiceps, Atlapetes 66 Paradoxurus 19, 220 parvula, Taheitia 126
pallidiceps, Columba 47 paradoxus, Solenodon 5 parvulus, Medionidus 148
pallididorsum, Etheostoma 111 Paragalaxias 102 parvulus, Somatogyrus 125
pallidigaster, Anthreptes 65 Paragomphus 161 parvus, Burramys 4
pallidipectoris, Acanthochelys 77 Parahelicops 84 parvus, Galaxias 102
pallidistylus, Diaphlebia 160 Paralucia 182 parvus, Hylomyscus 30
pallidula, Nehalennia 160 Parambassis 109 parvus, Stygobromus 156
pallidus, Conolophus 79 paramelanotos, Calidris 45 Paryphanta 136
Palline 137 PARAMELITIDAE 207 parzefalli, Mexistenasellus 154

272
pasadenas, Syncaris 207
paskai, Pseudomugil 108
Pasmaditta 137
pasonis, Ashmunella 140
pastazae, Galbula 54
pathirana, Danio 95
pattersoni, Trogloglanis
patula, Palaina 118
paucidentata, Alionycteris7
pauli, Bassaricyon 18
pauli, Lamnifera 134
pauliani, Apaturopsis 185
pauliani, Otus 51
paulicoba, Palaemnema 160
paulinae, Liolaemus 80
paulistus, Phylloscartes
paulsoni, Epigomphus 160
paulus, Crateromys 192
pauxi, Pauxi 41
Pauxi 41
Pavo 42
pawpela, Glacidorbis 129
peaci, Nothaldonis 174
pearsei, Typhliasina 103
pearsoni, Uramphisopus 154
pearsoniana, Litoria 87
pecatonica, Acanthometropus 207
peck, Glyphyalinia 140
pecki, Stygobromus 156
pecos, Assiminea 126
pecos, Gammarus 154
pecosensis, Cyprinodon 104
pecosensis, Pyrgulopsis 124
pectoralis, Aphelocephala 60
pectoralis, Herpsilochmus 56
pedderensis, Galaxias 102
pedderensis, Romankenkius
pedderensis, Westriplectes
pedderi, Glacidorbis 129
pedester, Mycotrupes 171
PEDIONOMIDAE 43
Pedionomus 43
pedo, Saga 164
Pedostibes 87
pedunculatus, Zyzomys 31
peeli, Microdillus 30
pefauri, Telmatobius 89
pege, Oravelia 166
Pegias 148
pelagicus, Haliaeetus 39
PELECANIDAE 36
Pelecanoides 36
PELECANOIDIDAE 36
Pelecanus 36
pelewana, Aaadonta 136
pelewensis, Hungerfordia 118
pellegrini, Rheocles 108
Pellorneum 62
pellucida, Amastra 202
pellucida, Ammocrypta 111
pellucidus, Allocrangonyx 155
Pelobates 229
PELOBATIDAE 229
Pelocoris 166
PELOMEDUSIDAE 77
Pelomys 30
peltastes, Cylindraspis
PELTOPERLIDAE 165
Peltophryne 87
Peltotrupes 171
Pelusios 77
pelzelni, Aplonis 197
pelzelnii, Tachybaptus 35 personata, Dysnomia 207
pembertoni, Peromyscus 193 personata, Heliopais 44
Penelope 41 personata orientalis, Melogale 220
penicillata, Bettongia 4 personatus barbarabrownae, Callicebus
penicillata, Petrogale 4 218
penicillatus, Panulirus 239 personatus, Callicebus 12
100 penita, Dysnomia 147 personatus melanochir, Callicebus 218
penningtoni, Capys 180 personatus nigrifrons, Callicebus 218
penningtoni, Lepidochrysops 181 personatus personatus, Callicebus 218
penningtoni, Poecilmitis 182 perspicax, Penelope 41
pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis, Microtus perspicillata, Lutra 17
225 perspicillata, Malacocincla 62
pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli, Microtus perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax 193
225 pertricosa, Dipnelix 137
Pentalagus 33 peruviana, Tangara 68
57 Pentarthrum 174, 208 peruviana, Vini 48
penai, Homonota 78 peruvianus, Mesoplodon 23
pephredo, Lepidochrysops 181 peruvianus, Telmatobius 89
Peponocephala 21 Petalura 161
perahuensis, Opanara 205 PETALURIDAE 161
Perameles 3, 191 Petasina 143
PERAMELIDAE 3, 191 petasus, Armsia 132
Perca 111 PETAURIDAE 5
PERCICHTHYIDAE 109 Petaurus 5
Percichthys 110 petersi, Rhynchocyon 33
PERCIDAE 111, 199 petiti, Glyptophysa 130
Percilia 110 peliti, Heterocyclus 122
Percina 111, 112 petiti, Paretroplus 113
Perdicella 132, 202 Petrochroa 177
Perdicula 42 Petrodromus 226
perdita, Hirundo 58 Petrogale 4
Perdita 236 Petroica 63
perdix, Partulina 131 PETROMYZONTIDAE 93, 198, 229
peregrina, Polygyra 140 petterdi, Beddomeia 120
peregusna peregusna, Vormela 220 petterdi, Fluvidona 122
perexilis, Campolaemus 203 peucetia penningtoni, Ornipholidotos
199 perfuscus, Liophis 84 235
177 periglenes, Bufo 87 Pezophaps 195
peringueyi, Ecchlorolestes 159 Pezoporus SO
peringueyi, Phyllodactylus 79 pfefferi, Calamaria 83
PERIPATIDAE 187 Pfeifferi, Bythiospeum 200
Peripatoides 188 pfeifferi, Hedleya 119
PERIPATOPSIDAE 188 Phacochoerus 221
Peripatopsis 188 Phaenicophaeus 51
periscelis, Carelia 202 Phaenomys 30
Perisoreus 71 phaeocephalus, Pteropus 9
perjurus, Eidoleon 167 Phaeognathus 91
perkensi, Oceanides 166 phaeopygia, Plerodroma 36
perkins, Nesomimesa 187 phaeosoma, Melamprosops 68
perkinsi, Machiloides 158 phaeozona, Achatinella 130
PERLIDAE 165 phaeura, Crocidura 6
perlonga, Lyropupa 203 Phaeus, Optioservus 172
Pernagera 137 Phalacris, Triaenodes 209
pernanus, Mastomys 30 PHALACROCORACIDAE 36, 193
Perognathus 29, 225 Phalacrocorax 36, 37, 193
Peromyscus 193, 225 Phalanger 3
peronii, Dobsonia 7 PHALANGERIDAE 3
peronii, Lissodelphis 21 PHALANGODIDAE 152
peronii, Zoothera 64 Phalanta 185
Peroryctes 3 PHALLOSTETHIDAE 108
PERORYCTIDAE 3 Phallostethus 108
perovalis, Lampsilis 148 Phaner 10
perovatum, Pleurobema 149 Phascogale 3
perpallidus, Notropis 96 Phasianella, Beddomeia 120
perplexa, Tischeria 209 PHASIANIDAE 41, 194
perpurpurea, Villosa 149 Phasis 182, 235
197 perpusilla, Auriculella 131 PHASMATIDAE 208
perroquini, Heterocyclus 122 Phasmodes 164
persephone, Aeshna 160 Phaulomys 30
persephone, Petrogale 4 Phelsuma 78, 79, 197
persephone, Rhadine 168 Phenacobius 97
persoluta, Ptychodon 205 Phenacolimax 140
273
phenosa, Ochrotrichia 176 PHYSETERIDAE 22
Philanthus 187 PHYSIDAE 130
Phildoria 177 Phytotoma 57
Philemon 66 PHYTOTOMIDAE 57
PHILEPITTIDAE 58 piacentinii, Madoqua 28
Philesturnus 70 Picathartes 63
philiberti, Phalanta 185 piceus, Colymbetes
philippensis, Pelecanus 36 piceus, Unas 174
philippiana, Newcombia 202 PICIDAE 54
philippii, Arctocephalus 18 pickeringii, Ducula 47
philippinica, Succinea 138 pickersgilli, Hyperolius 88
phillipsi, Garra 95 Picoides 54
phillipsi, Tangara 68 picta, Anculosa 128
philo, Parantica 184 picta, Anguispira 136
Philocasca 176 picta, Omphalotropis 127
Philodryas 84 pictus, Lycaon 15
PHILOPOTAMIDAE 176 Picus 54
PHILORHEITHRIDAE 177 PIERIDAE 180, 234
Philoria 89 Pieris 234
philorites, Acalyphes 186 pigra, Alouatta 12
Philotiella 235 pihaptha, Ponapella 127
Philydor 55 pikoensis, Holcobius 172
philyrina, Caldwellia 206 pileatus, Hylobates 14
phlegethon, Pseudobarbus 97 pileatus, Piprites 57
phlegethontis, lotichthys 96 pilikia, Kubaryia 126
phleophaga, Ectodemia 209 pilligaensis, Pseudomys 31
Phloeomys 30 Pillomena 137
Phoboscincus 82 pilosa, Omphalotropis 127
Phoca 18, 220 pilosus, Hydrotarsus 169
phocaenoides, Neophocaena 22 pilosus, Pteropus 191
Phocarctos 18 pilsbryanus, Somatogyrus 125
PHOCIDAE 18, 192, 220 Pilsbrycharopa 137
Phocoena, Phocoena 22 pilsbryi, Carelia 202
Phocoena 22 pilsbryi, Goniobasis 201
PHOCOENIDAE 22 pilsbryi, Stenotrema 140
Phocoenoides 22 Pilula 137
Phodilus 51 pimanensis, Melanotaenia 108
Phoedon, Amauris 183 pimatuae, Craterocephalus 107
Phorbanta nana, Papilio 234 PIMELODIDAE 101
Phorbanta, Papilio 179 pinaleno, Eumorsea
Phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 234 pinchaque, Tapirus 25
Phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 234 Pinctada 239
photophila, Agrotis 210 pindu, Stomatepia 113
Photuris 233 Pingalla 110
Phoxinellus 97 pinguis, Cyclura 80
Phoxinus 97 PINNOTHERIDAE
Phrantela 123 piperata, Litoria 88
Phreatodrobia 123 PIPIDAE 90
PHREATOICIDAE 154 pipile, Pipile 41
Phreatophila, Prietella 100 Pipile 41
Phrygia, Xanthomyza 66 Pipistrellus 191
Phrynomedusa 88 pipra, lodopleura 56
Phrynops 77 Pipra 57
Phrynosoma 228 PIPRIDAE 57
Phyciodes 185 Piprites 57
Phyle, Parantica 184 piratarum, Succinea 138
Phyllastrephus 59 pisciculus, Cheirodon 99
phyllocercus, Engaeus 157 PISIDIIDAE 151
Phyllococcus 208 Pisidium 151
Phyllodactylus 79 pisteri, Pyrgulopsis 124
phyllodes, Mormolyce 168 Pithecia 13
Phyllodesma 186 Pithecophaga 40
Phyllonycteris 9, 191 Pithys 56
Phylloscartes 57 Pitla 57, 58
Phylloscopus 63 PITTIDAE 57
phyllostegiae, Cyrtopeltis 166 pittospori, Karocolens 174
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE 9, 191 Pitymys 193
Phylolestes 159 pityusensis, Podarcis 81
physa, Partulina 131 pizarro, Parides 180
Physa 130 pizzinii, Stygobromus 156
physalus, Balaenoptera 20 placidus, Noturus 100
Physeter 22 Placidus, Sosippus 152
274
Placostylus 135
Plagigeyeria 123
Plagiodontia 32, 193
plagiota, Hypena 210
Plagithmysus 213
Plagopterus 97
168 Planaeschna 232
planicauda, Pyxis 75
planiceps, Prionailurus 16
planifrons, Hyperoodon 23
Planilaoma 137
Planispira 143
Planorbella 130
PLANORBIDAE 130
planospira, Sinployea 206
plantarius, Dolomedes 152
plantii, Gulella 136
planulata, Hirasea 205
Platalea 37
Platanista 23
PLATANISTIDAE 23
platenae, Gallicolumba 47
plateni, Aramidopsis 43
platycephalus, Euproctus 92
platycephalus, Salmo 103
platycheilus, Palaina 118
PLATYCNEMIDAE 232
PLATYCNEMIDIDAE 160
Platycnemis 160
Platyla 119
Platymantis 90
Platynectes 169
platynota, Geochelone 74
platyops, Potorous 191
Platyrinchus 57
Platysaurus 81
platysayoides, Triodopsis 141
Platysteira 63
PLATYSTICTIDAE 160
164 Plebejus 182, 235
PLECOGLOSSIDAE 230
Plecoglossus 230
Plecotus 10
PLECTROTARSIDAE 176
Plegma 139
158 pleione, Taudactylus 90
Plentusia 143
plenum, Pleurobema 149
Plerotes 8
Plethobasus 148
Plethodon 91
PLETHODONTIDAE 91
Pleurobema 148, 149
Pleurocera 129
PLEUROCERIDAE 127, 200
Pleurodytes 169
Pleuropoma 231
pleurotaenia, Puntius 98
pleurotoma, Paladilhia 123
Pleuroxia 143
PLEXAURIDAE 117
plicaria, Hemicycla 145
plicata, Anculosa 128
Plicatoperipatus 187
plicosa, Omphalotropis 200
PLOCEIDAE 69, 197
Ploceus 70
PLOTOSIDAE 101
plumbeus, Dysithamnus 55
plumbeus, Micrastur 40
pluto, Chalicodoma 187
Poblana 108
Podarcis 81, 228 poptae, Xenopoecilus 106 pritchardiae, Stenotrupis 174
PODARGIDAE 51 porcata, Westraltrachia 143 pritchardias, Pentarthrum 174
Podiceps 35 porcellana, Partulina 131 pritchardii, Megapodius 40
PODICIPEDIDAE 35, 193 porcellanus, Hippopus 150 Proandricus 213
Podilymbus 193 porcus, Amastra 202 Probarbus 97
Podismopsis 164 porosus, Crocodylus 78 Problema 177
Podocnemis 77 porphyretica, Limnocythere 153 problematica, Rhophodon 137
Podogymnura 6 Porphyrio 44, 195 Procambarus 156, 157
Poecilia 105 porphyrocheila, Aspastus 204 Procapra 28
POECILIIDAE 105, 199 porrectus, Helixarion 139 PROCAVIIDAE 25
Poeciliopsis 106 portoricensis, Isolobodon 193 Procellaria 35
Poecilmitis 182, 235 portosanctana, Pseudocampylaea 145 PROCELLARIIDAE 35, 193, 226
poecilops miyajimaense, Orthetrum 233 portosanctt, Leptaxis 145 procellaris, Agrotis 210
poecilopterus, Nesoclopeus 44 Porzana 44, 195 procles, Graphium 178
poeyi, Phyllonycteris 9 poseidon, Lepidochrysops 181 Procolobus 14, 218, 219
Pogonichthys 97, 198 Posorites 143 Procyon 18, 192
Pogoniulus 54 posteri, Pleurocera 129 PROCYONIDAE 18, 192
Poiana 220 Posticobia 200 Prodontria 171
polia, Crocidura 7 postvectis, Galaxias 102 producta, Amphorella 135
poliocerca, Eupherusa 52 Potamilus 149 producta, Partula 204
polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus 225 Potamonectes 169 productus, Hydroporus 169
polionotus ammobates, Peromyscus 225 Potamopyrgus 123 productus, Nestor 196
polionotus niveiventris, Peromyscus 225 potenziani, Presbytis 14 Profelis 17
polionotus phasma, Peromyscus 225 POTERIIDAE 118 profundicola, Oryzias 106
polionotus trissyllepsis, Peromyscus 225 POTOROIDAE 4, 191 Progomphus 161
poliopareia, Estrilda 69 Potorous 4, 191 Prolagus 193
polita, Mandarina 142 pottsi, Etheostoma 111 pronoti, Mecistogaster 160
polleni, Paratilapia 112 potulentus, Stylurus 161 propinqua, Dysnomia 207
polleni, Xenopirostris 59 pouchet, Hemicycla 145 Propithecus \1
polli, Congosorex 6 poulsoni, Speoplatyrhinus 103 proserpina, Cyprinella 95
polli, Oxylapia 112 powellii, Lampsilis 148 proserpina, Proserpinus 186
polops, Ameiva 81 poyntoni, Cacosternum 90 Proserpinus 186
Polposipus 173 praecelcus, Bothriembryon 134 Prosobonia 46, 195
Polyborus 194 praeclarus, Joiceya 181 protea, Partula 204
POLYCENTROPODIDAE 176 praeconis, Pseudomys 31 PROTEIDAE 92
polychromaticum, Enallagma 159 praecox, Melanotaenia 108 Proterhinus 213
polyctena, Formica 187 praecox, Mordacia 93 Proteus 92
Polygyra 140 praerosa, Aculopsis 200 Protoploea 184
POLYGYRIDAE 140, 231 praetumida, Pilula 137 Protoptila 175
Polygyriscus 140 Praomys 30 Prototrachia 143
polykomos, Colobus 13 pratensis/nigricans, Formica 187 Prototroctes 102, 199
Polylamina 171 prattorum, Rhynchomeles 3 protracta, Partula 204
polylepis, Anabarilius 94 pratiorum, Troides 180 protuberata, Beddomeia 120
polymorpha, Pseudopalaina 118 Premnoplex 55 provocax, Lutra 17
polyodon, Helenoconcha 206 Presbylis 14 provosti, Ochrotrichia 176
Polyodon 93 prespensis, Barbus 94 proxima, Partulina 131
POLYODONTIDAE 93 pretiosa, Catocala 186 proxima, Sinployea 206
Polyommatus 182 pretrei, Amazona 49 prunellei, Coeligena 52
polyphemi, Onthophagus 171 preussi, Cercopithecus 13 pryeri, Megalurus 62
polyphemus, Gopherus 74 Priapella 199 Prymnbriareus 143
polyphemus, Limulus 151 pricei, Craterodiscus 141 przewalski, Paradoxornis 62
Polyphylla 171 pricei, Ictalurus 100 przewalskii, Procapra 28
Polyplectron 42 Prietella 100 Psacadonotus 164
Polytelis 50 prigoginei, Chlorocichla 59 PSAMMASPIDIDAE 153
Pomarea 63 prigoginei, Nectarinia 65 Psammobates 75
Pomatias 119 Prigoginei, Phodilus 51 psammophila, Sminthopsis 3
POMATIASIDAE 119, 200 primum, Cristilabrum 141 psarolena, Solatopupa 133
Ponapella 127 princeps, Cottus 109 pselaphon, Pteropus 9
ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 139 princeps, Melidectes 66 PSEPHENIDAE 172
ponapensis, Tornatellinops 132 principalis, Campephilus 54 Psephenus 172
ponapica, Nesopupa 133 pringlei, Aloeides 180 Psephotus 50, 196
ponapicus, Palikirus 137 pringlei, Lepidochrysops 181 Psephurus 93
ponceleti, Solomys 31 pringlei, Phasis 182 Pseudacris 229
ponceleti, Tribolonotus 82 pringlei, Thestor 182 Pseudagrion 160
ponderosa, Cincinnatia 121 Prinia 63 Pseudalmenus 235
ponderosa, Mandarina 142 Priodontes 5 Pseudamnicola 123
Pongo 15 Prionailurus 16, 17, 219 Pseudanodonta 149
pontica, Vipera 85 Prioniturus 50 Pseudemoia 82
Pontoporia 23 Prionomys 30 Pseudemydura 77
pontvillensis, Fluvidona 122 Prionops 59 Pseudemys 74
Poospiza 67 Pristidactylus 80 Pseudibis 38
Popelairia 53 Pristoceuthophilus 163 Pseudirion 158

275
Pseudobagrus 100
Pseudobarbus 97
Pseudocalyptomena 54
Pseudocampylaea 145, 206
PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE 4
Pseudocheirus 4
Pseudochelidon 58
PSEUDOCOCCIDAE 208
Pseudocolopteryx 57
Pseudocopaeodes 233
Pseudocordylus 81
Pseudocossyphus 63
Pseudocotalpa 171
Pseudodacnis 67
pseudodolium, Orcula 133
Pseudogobiopsis 115
pseudoincisus, Glossolepis 107
Pseudois 28
pseudomelaneus, Parantica
Pseudomugil 108
Pseudomys 31, 193
Pseudonestor 68
Pseudopalaina 118
Pseudophoxinus 97
Pseudophryne 89
Pseudopsectra 167
pseudopulchella, Aprasia 79
Pseudorasbora 229
Pseudorca 21
Pseudoryx 28
PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE 160
Pseudotricula 123
pseudotrolli, Vitrea 140
pseustes, Helenoconcha
Psilotreta 177
psittacea, Psitlirostra 68
psittacea, Treron 48
PSITTACIDAE 49, 195, 226
Psittacula 50, 196
Psittaculirostris 50
Psitlirostra 68
Psophodes 63
PSYCHODIDAE 174
Psychomastatix 164
psychopompus, Scytalopus 56
Pteralopex 8&
PTERIIDAE 239
Pterodroma 35, 36, 193, 226
Pteromys 29
Pteronura 18
PTEROPODIDAE 7, 191, 217
Pteropus 8, 9, 191, 217
plerotropiana, Spheterista
pthonera, Canariella 144
Ptilinopus 48, 195
PTILONORHYNCHIDAE
Ptychalaea 133
Ptychobranchus 149
Ptychocheilus 97
Ptychochromoides 113
Ptychodon 205
pubescens, Polylamina 171
puda, Pudu 26
Pudu 26
Puffinus 36, 226
pulchellus, Acrolophitus 164
pulchellus, Caprimulgus 52
pulcher, Lacconectus 169
pulcherrima, Achatinella 131
pulcherrima, Papustyla 143
pulcherrima, Petalura 161
pulcherrimus, Psephotus 196
pulcherrimus, Psephotus 50
pulchra, Auriculella 131
pulchra longicauda, Egernia
pulchra nigra, Anniella 228
pulchra, Pteralopex 8
pulchrus, Empicoris 166
pulitzeri, Macrosphenus 62
pulla, Microgale 5 pyrenaica, Belgrandiella 120
pullus, Carunculina 147
Puma 219, 220
pumila, Gyrotoma 201
pumila, Parantica 184
pumila ssp., Pseudorasbora
pumila, Videna 140
pumilio, Myosciurus 28
pumilus, Pteropus 9 pyriforme, Pleurobema
pumilus, Tarsius 11
punae, Deinomimesa 187
184 punctatissima, Knipowitschia
punctatus, Falco 40
punctatus, Lacconectus 169
punctatus, Sphenodon 78
punctellum, Mecodema 208
PUNCTIDAE 137
punctipennis, Lacconectus 169
punctiperforata, Mautodontha 205
punctulispira, Boninosuccinea
Pungitius 109
Pungu 113
punicea, Columba 47
punicea, Trochidrobia 125
Puntius 97, 98
pupa, Palaina 118
206 pupaeformis, Goniobasis 201
pupiformis, Phrantela 123
Pupilla 132, 203
PUPILLIDAE 132, 203
Pupina 119
PUPINIDAE 119
Pupisoma 133
pupoides, Bythinella 121
pupoides, Nanocochlea 123
pupukanioe, Achatinella 131
pupula, Belgrandiella 120
pupula, Pupilla 132
puritana, Cicindela 168
purpurea, Gila 96
pusilla, Austrochloritis 141
pusilla, Galaxiella 102
pusilla, Ochotona 32
pusilla, Palaina 118
pusillior, Hemistoma 122
177 pustulatus, Hydrosaurus 79
putealis, Stygobromus 156
puteana, Moitessieria 123
70 puinamensis, Ochthebius 170
PYCNONOTIDAE 59, 196, 227
Pycnonotus 59
pycnum, Aphaostracon 119
Ppycrofti, Plerodroma 36
Pygathrix 14,219
Pygmaea, Goniobasis 201
pygmaea, Melanotaenia 108
Pygmaea, Pandaka 115
pygmaeus, Cottus 109
pygmaeus, Napaeus 133
pygmaeus, Nycticebus 11
pygmaeus, Pongo 15
Pygmaeus, Procyon 18
pygmaeus, Somatogyrus
pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus
Pygmeus, Phalacrocorax
276
PYGOPODIDAE 79, 228
PYRALIDAE 185, 209, 213
228 pyramidata, Gyrotoma 201
pyramis, Diplommatina 118
pyramis, Heteropoma 126
pyramus, Poecilmitis 182
Pyreferra 186
pyrenaica ornata, Rupicapra 224
pyrenaica pyrenaica, Capra 222
pyrenaica victoriae, Capra 222
pyrenaicus, Galemys 7
229 pyrenella, Pleurocera 129
Pyrgina 135
Pyrgulopsis 124, 125
149
Pyriglena 56
pyroeis hersaleki, Poecilmitis 235
115 pyrohypogaster, Hypopyrrhus 69
pyrrhocephalus, Phaenicophaeus 51
pyrrhops, Hapalopsittaca 49
Pyrrhura 50
Python 83
Pyxis 75
quadragintus, Pardalotus 65
quadrasi, Elasmias 131
138 quadrasi, Heteropoma 126
quadrasi, Himeroconcha 137
quadrasi, Nesopupa_ 133
quadrasi, Omphalotropis 127
quadrasi, Succinea 138
Quadrasiella 127
quadricolor, Dicaeum 65
quadricornis, Myoxocephalus 109
quadricornis, Tetracerus 28
quadrioculatum, Pseudagrion 160
quadripaludium, Mexithauma 123
quadrivittatus australis, Tamias 225
Quadrula 149
quadrulus, Somatogyrus 125
quagga, Equus 192
quarlesi, Bubalus 27
quathlambae, Pseudobarbus 97
quenstedti, Bythiospeum 121
questroana, Amplirhagada 141
quickelbergei, Lepidochrysops 181
quimperiana, Elona 144
Quincuncina 149
Quiscalus 197
quitobaquitae, Tryonia 126
rabieri, Picus 54
rabinoi, Liolaemus 80
rabori, Napothera 62
rabori, Nyctimene 8
raddei, Vipera 85
radiata, Geochelone 74
radiata, Partula 204
radiatus, Erythrotriorchis 39
radiceus, Carpococcyx 50
Radiocentrum 138
radiolata, Partula 134
radiolosus, Neomorphus 51
radiosus, Cyprinodon 104
rafflesia, Euscheman 177
raffrayana, Emballonura 9
rafinesqueana, Lampsilis 148
rahmi, Lophuromys 30
raiatensis, Partula 204
raimondii, Phytotoma 57
125 raineyi, Crocidura 7
45 rakiurae, Hoplodactylus 78
37 RALLIDAE 43, 194, 226
Rallus 44
ramadeya, Lethe 184
Ramiheithrus 177
RAMPHASTIDAE 54
Ramphocinclus 59
Ramphodon 53
Ramphotyphlops 83
ramsayi, Aspidites 83
ramsayi, Fluviopupa 122
ramuensis, Glossolepis
Rana 90, 198
Rangifer 222
RANIDAE 90, 198
raniformis, Litoria 88
RAPHIDAE 195
Raphiomydas 175
Raphus 195
raptor, Paranyctimene
raricosta, Pomatias 119
rarum, Aciagrion 159
Rasbora 98
raspaili, Tacheocampylaea 145
rastellus, Syncomistes 110
rathbuni, Typhlomolge 92
Ratsirakia 114
rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 90
Rattus 31, 193
Ratufa 224
raveneliana, Alasmidonta 146
ravidus, Turdus 196
raviventris, Reithrodontomys 31
rayi, Moitessieria 123
razae, Alauda 58
reapert, Farula 176
recta, Westraltrachia 143
recticulus, Ochthebius 170
rectum, Cristilabrum 141
rectunguis, Centropus 51
recurvatum, Enallagma 159
RECURVIROSTRIDAE 45
reddelli, Rhamdia 101
reddelli, Stygobromus 156
redfieldi, Partulina 131
Redigobius 115
redimita, Xerarionta 146
Redunca 224
REDUVIIDAE 166
reevesii, Syrmaticus 42
regalis, Heliangelus 52
regalis, Hypseleotris 114
regani, Chirostoma 106
regani, Neosalanx 101
rehsei, Acrocephalus 60
reibischi, Bulimulus 135
reighardi, Coregonus 102
reisalpense, Bythiospeum 121
Reithrodontomys 31, 226
relevata, Leiostyla 132
relicta, Helenoconcha
relicta, Myonycteris 8
relictus, Larus 46
relictus, Platysaurus 81
Relictus 98
remota, Partula 204
remotus, Conocephaloides 163
remyi, Hypnophila 132
remyi, Suncus 7
Renea 119, 200
res, Ningbingia 142
reses, Orthalicus 135
resinus, Mandibularca 96
restrictus, Cisticola 60
reticulata, Amastra 202 Rhynochetos 44
reticulata, Eos 48 Rhysoconcha 205
reticulata, Eusthenia 165 Rhytida 136
reticulata, Insulivitrina 140 RHYTIDIDAE 136
reticulatus, Coeranoscincus 81 richardsoni liberiensis, Poiana 220
retiformis, Bufo 87 richardsoni, Phrantela 123
Retinella 140 rickseckeri, Hydrochara 170
RETROPINNIDAE 102, 199 ricordi, Cyclura 80
retusa, Obovaria 148 ricta, Hemidaina 163
107 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5 ridgwayi, Buteo 39
reventazoni, Palaemnema 160 ridgwayi, Thalurania 53
reverberii, Atelognathus 88 ridleyi, Hipposideros 9
rex, Balaeniceps 37 riedelii, Tanysiptera 53
rex, Ogasawarana 200 Riekoperla 165
rex, Percina 112 rijersmai, Alsophis 83
reyniesit, Bythinella 121 rileyi, Cyclura 80
reynoldsi, Neoseps 82 rileyi, Poecilmitis 182
8 reynoldsiana, Spheterista 177 rimiculus ssp., Catostomus 230
Rhabdornis 65 rimosus, Lemiox 148
RHABDORNITHIDAE 65 ringens, Diplommatina 118
Rhachis 203 RIODINIDAE 235
Rhadine 168 risi, Progomphus 161
Rhagada 143 rist sakishimana, Planaeschna 232
Rhagomys 31 risora, Alectrurus 57
Rhamdia 101 rita mattonii, Eupkilotes 234
Rhantus 169, 208 ritsemae, Lacconectus 169
RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE 163 riversiana, Xantusia 79
Rheinardia 42 rivulatus, Trichomycterus 101
rhencola, Litoria 88 Rivulus 104
Rheobatrachus 89 roberti, Alloperla 208
Rheocles 108 roberti, Gymnuromys 30
Rheodytes 77 roberti, Nesidiolestes 166
rheophilus, Taudactylus 90 robertsi, Euastacus 157
Rhincodon 93 robertsi, Zenacrchopterus 5
RHINCODONTIDAE 93 robusta, Actinella 144
Rhinichthys 198, 229 robusta, Alasmidonta 207
Rhinoceros 25 robusta, Dubiraphia 172
RHINOCEROTIDAE 25, 221 robusta, Mystacina 192
Rhinoclemmys 74 robusta, Pantagenia 207
RHINOCRYPTIDAE 56 robusta, Pyrgulopsis 124
Rhinocypha 158, 159 robusta ssp., Gila 229
Rhinoderma 90 robustus, Rivulus 104
RHINODERMATIDAE 90 rochussenti, Scolopax 46
RHINOLOPHIDAE 9 rockefelleri, Nectarinia 65
Rhinomyias 63 rockhamptonensis, Sphaerospira 143
Rhinonicteris 9 rodericana, ‘Alectroenas’ 195
Rhinoptilus 45 rodericana, Geonemertes 117
Rhipidolestes 159 rodericanus, ‘Necropsittacus’ 195
Rhipidura 63 rodericanus, Bebrornis 60
Rhithrodytes 170 rodericanus, Necrospar 197
Rhizosomichthys 199 rodolphei, Stachyris 64
Rhodacanthis 197 rodricensis, Pleropus 9
Rhodacmaea 130 rodriguezensis, Plegma 139
Rhodeus 229 rogersi, Atlantisia 43
rhodocorytha, Amazona 49 Roimontis 137
Rhodonessa 194 rolandiana, Moitessieria 123
rhombifer, Crocodylus 78 Romanichthys 112
rhombosomoides, Cairnsichthys 106 Romankenkius 199
137 RHOPALIDAE 166 Romerolagus 33
Rhophodon 137 ronaldi, Beddomeia 120
Rhopornis 56 roosevelti, Anolis 79
Rhyacophila 175, 208 roquettei, Phylloscartes 57
RHYACOPHILIDAE 175, 208 rosae, Amblyopsis 103
Rhyacornis 63 rosalia, Leontopithecus 12
rhynchida, Kenkia 117 Rosalia 173
Rhynchochydorus 152 rosalinda, Gerbillus 29
Rhynchocyon 33, 226 rosea, Achalinella 201
Rhynchomeles 3 rosea, Partula 134
Rhynchomys 31 rosei, Capensibufo 87
Rhynchopsitta 50 rosei, Heleophryne 87
Rhyncogonus 174, 208, 213 roseicapilla, Ptilinopus 48
RHYNOCHETIDAE 44 rosenbergii, Gymnocrex 44
277

roseus, Opisthopatus 188
rosmarus laptevi, Odobenus 220
rossi, Apatalestea 174
rossi, Trigonoscuta 208
rossiana, Paryphanta 136
rossmaessleri, Chilostoma 144
rossouwi, Aloeides 180
rossouwi, Thestor 182
rostrata rostrata, Aprasia 228
rostratus, Galaxias 102
rostrogaleatus, Engaeus 157
roswellensis, Pyrgulopsis 124
rotanus, Semperdon 138
rothschildi, Leucopsar 70
rothschildi, Ornithoptera 179
rothschildi, Phalanger 3
rotula, Himeroconcha 137
rotulata, Obovaria 148
rotundata, Parantica 184
rotundatus, Sandracottus
rotundicauda, Carcinoscorpius 151
rotundicollis, Dysticheus 174
rourei, Nemosia 67
rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 29
rowelli bakerensis, Eremarionta 231
rowelli mccoiana, Eremarionta 231
Rowetlia 67
rowleyi, Eutrichomyias 196
roxellana bieti, Pygathrix 219
roxellana, Pygathrix 14
Ruatara 205
rubecula, Poospiza 67
rubella, Palaina 118
rubellum, Pleurobema 149
rubens, Amastra 132
rubens, Orthetrum 162
rubescens, Gallicolumba 47
rubicundus, Helixarion 139
rubida, Rhinoclemmys 74
rubiginosa, Prionailurus 16
rubra, Foudia 69
rubranura, Felexamia 167
rubricollis, Charadrius 45
rubripes, Odontopodisma 164
rubritorques, Anthrepltes 65
rubriventer, Eulemur 10
rubrogenys,
Ara 49
rubrum, Etheostoma 111
rubrum, Pleurobema 149
rucki, Cyornis 61
ruddi, Heteromirafra 58
rudei, Necydalis 173
rudis, Hetaerina 159
rudis, Heteropholis 78
rudis, Jacksonena 142
rudis, Sinployea 206
rueppelli, Vulpes 15
rufa, Formica 187
rufa nigra, Aplodontia 224
rufa phaea, Aplodontia 224
rufa, Trichocichla 64
rufescens, Atrichornis 58
rufescens, Rhagomys 31
ruficauda, Myrmeciza 56
ruficaudatus, Lepilemur 11
ruficeps, Eucerceris 187
ruficeps, Luscinia 61
ruficeps, Paradoxornis 62
ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 53
ruficollis, Automolus 55
ruficollis, Branta 38
ruficollis, Madanga 65
rufifrons, Formicarius 55
rufifrons, Gazella 28
rufigularis, Hyetornis 51
rufina, Gazella 192
rufipectus, Arborophila 41
rufipennis, Nectarinia 65
rufipes, Phrynops 77
rufiventris, Alsophis 83
rufiventris, Sallator 67
rufocinerea, Grallaria 56
rufogularis, Pachycephala 62
rufolavatus, Tachybaptus 35
rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus
rufomerus, Chrysococcyx 51
rufoniger, Spilocuscus 4
rufozonata, Pachystyla 206
rufula, Georissa 117
rufum, Rhinoderma 90
rufus, Canis 15
170 rugensis, Metabolus 62
rugiferus, Bulimulus 135
rugosa, Deinacrida 163
rugosiceps, Oceanides 166
ruki, Rukia 65
Rukia 65
rulieni, Miloderes 174
rumppi, Agabus 168
rupicapra asiatica, Rupicapra 224
rupicapra balcanica, Rupicapra 224
rupicapra cartusiana, Rupicapra 224
rupicapra caucasica, Rupicapra 224
rupicapra tatrica, Rupicapra 224
Rupicapra 224
rupicola, Lacerta 81
ruppi, Myomys 30
ruschi, Abrawayaomys 29
ruspolii, Tauraco 50
Russatus 138
rustica, Partula 204
Rutilus 98
ruwenzorii, Micropotamogale 5
Ruwenzorisorex 7
ruweti, Ploceus 70
ryakyuensis amamii, Coeliccia 232
ryakyuensis ryukyuensis, Coeliccia 232
Ryssota 139
ryukyuensis asatoi, Stylogomphus 232
ryukyuensis watanabei, Stylogomphus 232
sabahensis, Lacconectus 169
sabrinus coloratus, Glaucomys
sabrinus fuscus, Glaucomys
sacramento, Anthicus 173
Sadleriana 125
sadonis, Sorex 7
saeronius, Bulimulus 135
Saga 164
Sagitiatus, Otus 51
Sagittirostris, Viridonia 197
Saguinus 12, 217
Saiga 224
Saimiri 13
saintjohni, Mautodontha
sakaramyi, Pachypanchax 103
saladonis, Notropis 96
Salamandra 92
SALAMANDRIDAE 92
salamandroides, Lepidogalaxias
Salamis 185, 236
salamonis, Gallicolumba 47
SALANGIDAE 101
Salanoia 17
salaziensis, Ctenophila 138
278
salebrosa, Lithasia 129
salifana, Partula 204
salimalii, Latidens 8
salinasensis, Lampsilis 148
salinus milleri, Cyprinodon 230
salinus salinus, Cyprinodon 230
Salmo 103
salmoides ssp., Micropterus 230
SALMONIDAE 102, 199, 230
salmonis, Beddomeia 120
Salmothymus 103
Saltator 67
57 saluposi, Mexilana 154
salvadorii, Psittaculirostris 50
salvanius, Sus 25
Salvelinus 103, 199
sambavae, Acraea 185
Samoana 134, 204
samoensis, Pleropus 9
sampsoni, Dysnomia 207
sanctacrucis, Nyctimene 191
sanctaecrucis, Zosterops 66
sanctaehelenae, Charadrius 45
sanctaehelenae, Succinea 138
sancticrucis, Alsophis 198
sandawanum, Graphium 178
sandbergeri, Bythiospeum 121
Sandelia 115
Sandracottus 170
sandrius, Gomphus 161
sandvicensis, Branta 38
sandwicensis, Eleotris 113
sandwichensis, Porzana 195
sandwichensis, Pterodroma 36
sanfelipensis, Capromys 32
sanfordi, Cyornis 61
sanguinea, Laminella 132
sanguineus, Rhachis 203
sanguinichristi, Pisidium 151
sanitwongsei, Pangasius 100
sankara nar, Neptis 236
santaanae, Catostomus 99
santaecrucis, Gallicolumba 47
santamariae, Cyprinella 95
santovestris, Aplonis 70
Sanzinia 83
Sapheopipo 54
sarasinorum, Tamanka 115
Sarasinorum, Xenopoecilus 106
224 saratogae, Belostoma 165
224 sardus, Prolagus 193
Sarotherodon 113
Sarothrura 44
Sasakia 185
Satan 100
satanas, Colobus 13
Satanas satanas, Chiropotes 218
satanas utahicki, Chiropotes 218
SATURNIIDAE 186
satyavati, Lethe 184
SATYRIDAE 184, 235
205 Satyrodes 236
saundersi, Larus 46
sauveli, Bos 27
?Sauzieri 196
savesi, Aegotheles 196
101 sawtelli, Collocalia 52
Saxicola 63
sayi, Zoraena 161
scalarina, Palaina 118
scamandri, Hydrobia \22
Scaphirhynchus 93
SCARABAEIDAE 170, 233
Scaturiginichthys 108
Sceloglaux 196
Scelotes 82
Scepomycter 63
schadenbergi, Atrophaneura 178
schadenbergi, Crateromys 29
schaeferi, Pseudois 28
schalleri, Myosorex 7 semicostata, Omphalotropis
schauinslandi, Caconemobius 164
schauinslandii, Monachus 18
schaumi shenandoah, Sphaeroderus
Schayera 164
scheepmakeri, Goura 47
Schismatogobius 115
schistacea, Coracina 58
schistacea, Zoothera
Schistura 98, 99
schlegeli, Pseudocheirus 4
schlegelii, Tomistoma 78
schleiermacheri, Polyplectron
schneideri, Bitis 85
schneideri, Pitta 58
Schneideri, Tiradelphe
schoelleri, Micropanchax
schoenigi, Parantica 184
schomburgki, Cervus 192
Schoutedenapus 52
schoutedeni, Schoutedenapus
schreiberi, Lacerta 81
schrencki, Acipenser
schrenki, Perca 111
schulzi, Cinclus 59
schweizeri, Vipera 85
SCIAENIDAE 112
SCINCIDAE 81, 197, 228
scindocataracta, Geminoropa
sciopleryx, Nesomimesa
scipio, Erebia 184
scitula antiochensis, Perdita
SCIURIDAE 28, 224
Sciurus 224
sclateri, Austroglanis 100
sclateri, Cercopithecus
sclateri, Chlorotalpa 6
sclatert, Lophophorus 42
Sclerodermus 186
Scleropages 93
SCOLOPACIDAE 45, 195
Scolopax 46
‘Scops’ 196
Scortum 110
Scotopelia 51
Scotorythra 209
scotiae, Dendrolagus 4
scratchleyi, Thryssa 94
Scripta callirostris, Trachemys
scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 221
Sculptiferussacia 135
sculpturatus, Bulimulus 135
sculpturatus, Megacolabus 174
scutula, Discus 138
scutulata, Cairina 38
Scytalopus 56
secedens, Hyla 87
sechellarum, Copsychus 61
sechellarum, Foudia 69
sechellensis, Bebrornis 60
sechellensis, Sooglossus 91
sechurae, Dusicyon 15
seclusus, Paracymus 170
sedula, Prototrachia 143
seeberi, Labeo 96
Selasphorus 53
Selenarctos 19, 220
selina, Crocidura 7
selium, Nesidiolestes
sellare, Etheostoma
semicarinata, Partulina 131
semicaudata, Emballonura 9
semilirata, Tropidophora 200
semipalmatus, Eleutherodactylus 88
233 semipalmatus, Limnodromus 45
semiplumbeus, Rallus 44
semoni, Helixarion
Semotilus 98
Semotrachia 143
64 semperasper, Notropis 96
Semperdon 138
semperi, Leucopeza 68
semperi, Paludinella 123
42 senegalensis, Trichechus
senex, Todirostrum 57
senicula, Hypena 210
184 senilis, Gambusia 105
105 sentaniensis, Chilatherina 106
Sephanoides 53
seplendecim, Magicicada 167
septendecula, Magicicada 167
52 septentrionalis, Lepilemur 11
septentrionalis, Ordtrachia 142
93 seplima, Gomphus 161
sequoicola consors, Helminthoglypta
sergenti, Somatogyrus 125
seriatus, Psacadonotus 164
Serica 171
SERICOSTOMATIDAE 176
137 Sericulus 70
187 Serinus 69
serpensinsula, Nactus 78
236 serra, Barbus 94
Serranochromis 113
servillei, Onconotus 164
SESIIDAE 177
13 setaroi, Bradypodion 79
selicostatus, Heterexis 174
selifrons, Xenornis 56
setiliris, Ctenophila 138
Setobaudinia 143
Setomedea 138
selosa, Monadenia 146
selosis, Mesacanthotelson
setosus, Euastacus
setubalensis, Candidula 144
sexdentata, Helenoconcha 206
sexlineata, Melanotaenia 108
sexnotatus, Dryobius 173
227 sextuberculata, Podocnemis 77
seychellensis aldabrensis, Pteropus
seychellensis, Coleura 9
seychellensis, Pelusios 77
seychellensis, Tachycnemis 88
Seychellibasis 232
shafferyi, Meliobba 142
sharpei, Terenura 56
shastae, Hydromantes 91
shenandoah, Plethodon 91
shepardiana, Elliptio 147
shepherdi, Tasmacetus
Sheppardia 63
Shijimiaeoides 235
shortridgei, Pseudomys 31
Shoshone, Pelocoris 166
shoupt, Orconectes 156
showalteri, Anculosa 200
showalteri, Gontobasis 128
showalleri, Lepyrium 122
166 showalteri, Pleurocera 129
199 Siacella 166
siamensis, Crocodylus 78
siamensis, Oreoglanis 101
127 sthayi, Silhouettea 115
sicki, Terenura 56
Sicydium 115
Sicyopterus 115
Sicyopus 115
139 sidamoensis, Heteromirafra 58
siemtradzkii, Carduelis 69
sierrana, Tetrix 165
Siettitia 208
Sigmodon 226
signata, Belontia 115
signata, Emydura 77
24 signifer, Stypodon 198
sijuensis, Schistura 99
sikorae, Rheocles 108
silenus, Macaca 13
Silhouettea 115
silindensis, Aethomys 29
SILPHIDAE 170
SILURIDAE 100
Silurus 100
silus, Gambelia 80
silus, Rheobatrachus 89
231 silvatica, Geoemyda 73
silveri, Glyptorhagada 142
silvestris, Gallinula 43
simalus, Batrachoseps 91
simensis, Canis 15
similis, Engaewa 157
similis, Troglohyphantes 152
simoni, Aneuretus 186
simoniana, Moitessieria \23
simonyi, Gallotia 80
Simoselaps 84
Simoxenops 55
simplex, Branchinella 153
simplex, Cristilabrum 141
simplex, Pyrgulopsis 124
Simpsoniconcha 149
simrothi, Arion 206
simsoniana, Fluvidona 122
simulator, Leiostyla 203
154 simum, Ceratotherium 25
157 simum cottoni, Ceralotherium 221
simus, Cyprinodon 104
simus, Hapalemur 10
simus, Kogia 22
simus, Notropis 97
sinailicus, Paragomphus 161
217 sinclairi, Carelia 202
sinensis, Alligator 77
Sinocyclocheilus 98
Sinployea 138, 206
Sinumelon 143
sinuosa, Hirasea 205
sinus, Phocoena 22
sipedon insularum, Nerodia 228
SIPHLONURIDAE 158, 207
Siphonorhis 52
24 siquijorensis, Ixos 59
sirang, Puntius 98
sirintarae, Pseudochelidon 58
sirtalis tetrataenia, Thamnophis 228
SISORIDAE 101
279

sisyphodemus, Eleutherodactylus
Sitta 64, 65
SITTIDAE 64
situla, Elaphe 83
sivalikensis, Burmagomphus
sjoestedti, Papilio 179
Skiffia 105
sleighti, Belocephalus 163
sloatianus, Nephronaias 148
smaragdilis, Tinostoma 209
Smerina 185
Sminthopsis 3
smithi, Euathlus 151
smithi, Nemacheilus 98
smithi, Siacella 166
smithi, Thermosphaeroma 154
smithi, Trochidrobia 125
smithii, Stygobromus 156
smlthi, Neoplanorbls 130
snelli, Thapsia 139
snelsoni, Notropis 97
snowi, Myrmotherula 56
snyderae, Tilapia 113
snyderi, Catostomus 99
sodalis, Myotis 10
soemmerringii, Gazella 28
sokokensis, Anthus 58
solangiae, Sitta 65
solaris, Dirce 186
Solatopupa 133
solatus, Cercopithecus 13
Solenodon 5
SOLENODONTIDAE 5 Speothos 15
Soliperla 165
solitaria, Argiocnemis 159
solitaria, Pezophaps 195
solitaria, Samoana 134
solitarius, Atelognathus 88
solitarius, Buteo 39
solitarius, Raphus 195
solitarius, Relictus 98
solitudum, Cristilabrum 141
Solomys 31
solus, Pyrgulopsis 125
soluta, Wrayanna 127
Somatochlora 162
Somatogyrsus 125
Somatogyrus 125
somphongsi, Barbus 94
somuncurensis, Somuncuria
Somuncuria 89
sondaicus, Rhinoceros 25
Sonorella 146
SOOGLOSSIDAE 90
Sooglossus 90, 91
Sorex 7
sorghophilus, Acrocephalus
SORICIDAE 6
soror, Odynerus 187
sororcula, Tyto 51
Sosippus 152
Sotalia 21
soumagnei, Tyto 51
Sousa 21
sowerbyana, Achatinella 131
spadiceus, Dyacopterus 7
spadix, Cephalophus 27
spadix, Dendrolagus 4
spaldingi, Achatinella 201
spaldingi, Ougapia 136
spana, Epargyreus 177
spangleri, Hydroporus 169
Spanglerogyrus 170 spinosus, Pseudocordylus 81
88
sparsa, Quadrula 149 spirizona, Amastra 132
Spirorbula 145
spathula, Polyodon 93
spatulatus, Clinus 113 spirulina, Disculella 144
spixii, Acanthochelys 77
160 spatulatus, Onchotelson 154
235 spixii, Cyanopsitia 49
speciosa bohartorum, Philotiella
speciosa, Gambusia 105 Spiza 197
speciosa, Geothlypis 68 Spizaetus 40
speciosa, Stachyris 64 Spizocorys 58
speciosus, Pleropus 9 splendens, Ameca 105
spectaculum, Cristilabrum 141 splendens, Buprestis 171
spectrum, Osmerus 101 splendens, Cynolebias 103
spectrum, Tarsius 11 splendens, Macromia 161
Speirops 65 splendens, Pupina 119
spekei, Gazella 28 splendida, Neophema 50
spelaea, Amblyopsis 103 splendida, Partulina 131
Spelaeodiscus 132 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 57
Spelaeornis 64 spongotroktis, Tilapia 113
spelaeotes, Lucifuga 103 sporadica, Orangia 205
spelaeus, Platymantis 90 Sporophila 67
spelaeus, Speleoperipatus 187 spp., Cyprinodon 199
spelaeus, Typhlotriton 92 spp., Itodacnus 213
Spelasorchestia 155 Spratellicypris 98
Speleomantes 91 spratti, Trochoidea 144
Speleoperipatus 187 spurca, Ptychodon 205
spelunca, Physa 130 squalida, Spirorbula 145
Spelungula 152 squamata, Poblana 108
spenceri, Bothriembryon 134 squamatus, Mergus 38
spenceri, Litoria 88 squamigera, Brachypteracias 54
spenceri, Opisthotropis 84 squamosa, Tridacna 150
Speocirolana 154 squamulosa, Baccalena 141
Speoplatyrhinus 103 srilankensis, Puntius 98
stabilei, Retinella 140
Speyeria 185, 236 Stachyris 64
Sphaerodactylus 79 stacyi, Zelotypia 177
Sphaeroderus 233 Stagnicola 129
SPHAEROMATIDAE 154 Stallingsia 178
Sphaerospira 143 stamineus, Awaous 114
Sphalloplana 117 stanauli, Noturus 100
Spharagemon 164 standingi, Phelsuma 79
SPHECIDAE 187, 236 stapes, Quadrula 149
SPHENISCIDAE 35 starki, Alabamaubria 172
Spheniscus 35 starki, Taeniopteryx 165
Sphenocichla 64 Starnoenas 48
Sphenodon 78 starostini, Troglocobitis 99
SPHENODONTIDAE 78 Steatomys 31
Spheterista 177 stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 91
SPHINGIDAE 186, 209, 236 steerii, Centropus 51
sphinx, Mandrillus 14 steerii, Pitta 58
89 sphyurus, Underwoodisaurus 79 stegaria, Cyprogenia 147
spiculosa, Ceratella 158 steinbachi, Parides 180
spilocephalus stresemanni, Otus 227 steinbachi, Sarotherodon 113
Spilocuscus 3, 4 steindachneri, Cichlasoma 112
spiloptera, Porzana 44 steinstansana, Elliptio 147
Spilornis 40 stejnegeri, Hynobius 91
spilota imbricata, Morelia 228 stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys 227
60 spilota, Mogurnda 114 stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 23
spilota, Tasmanoplegas 176 stellmacki, Stygobromus 156
spina, Damochlora 141 STENASELLIDAE 154
spinachoides, Microphis 109 Stenella 21, 22
spinata, Rhyacophila 175 Stenelmis 172, 233
spinatus, Stygobromus 156 Steno 22
Spindasis 182 Stenobothrodes 165
spinicaudatus, Engaeus 157 stenocephala, Crocidura 7
spinifer, Austrosaga 163 Stenodus 230
spinifera, Acanthinula 132 STENOPELMATIDAE 163
spinifera, Paralucia 182 Stenopelmatus 163
spinipennis, Hadramphus 174 STENOPSYCHIDAE 176
spinipes, Troglohyphantes 152 Stenopsychodes 176
spinipinnis, Phocoena 22 Stenotrema 140, 231
spinosa, Elliptio 147 Stenotrupis 174
spinosa, Heosemys 73 stephani, Heterelmis 172
280
stephanidisi, Cobitis 98 Stygobromus 155, 156, 207 superficialis, Ataenius 171
stephenensis, Anagotus 173 stylodon, Erepta 206 supramontes, Speleomantes 91
stepheni, Poecilmitis 182 Stylogomphus 232 surda, Touit 50
stepheni, Thestor 182 STYLONISCIDAE 154 Sus 25, 192, 221
stepheni, Vini 48 Styloniscus 154 suspectum, Heloderma 83
stephensi, Dipodomys 29 Stylurus 161 sulerit, Omphalotropis 127
stephensi, Hoplodactylus 78 stymphalicus, Pseudophoxinus 97 suteri, Peripatoides 188
Sterkia 133 Stypodon 198 sutilosa, Cupedora 141
Sterna 46 styriaca, Belgrandiella 120 suttkust, Scaphirhynchus 93
sternalis, Engaeus 157 Styx 182 suturalis, Omphalotropis 127
sterrhopteron, Wetmorethraupis 68 subangulata, Lampsilis 148 suluralis, Partula 204
stewardsoni, Dysnomia 207 subaspera, Rana 90 swalesi, Turdus 64
stewartii, Achatinella 131 subcalliferus, Caseolus 144 swanepoeli, Lepidochrysops 181
sthenele sthenele, Cercyonis 235 subcavernula, Libera 205 swanepoeli, Poecilmitis 182
sthennyo, Erebia 184 subcristatus, Conolophus 80 swanepoeli, Thestor 183
Stictonetta 38 subcylindrica, Cryptazeca 132 swazicus, Lamprophis 84
stictoptera, TouitSO subcylindrica, Lamellidea 131 swezeyi, Aeschrithmysus 173
stilbocarpae, Hadramphus 174 subdetecta, Harmogenanina 206 swezeyi, Nesithmysus 173
stimpsoni, Sicydium 115 subequalum, Thermosphaeroma 154 swezeyi, Pseudopsectra 167
Stiobia 125 subflayus, Epicrates 83 swezeyi, Zorotypus 165
stiversiana miwoka, Helminthoglypta 231 subgulturosa marica, Gazella 223 swierstrai, Chiloglanis 101
stiversiana_ williamsi, Helminthoglypta sublaevis, Canthocamptus 153 swierstrai, Francolinus 41
231 sublevata, Semotrachia 143 swiftit, Achatinella 131
stocki, Argonemertes 117 submaritima, Omphalotropis 127 swinhoei, Capricornis 27
stocktonensis, Tryonia 126 submissus, Helixarion 139 swinhoil, Lophura 42
Stomatepia 113 subniger, Pleropus 191 swynnertoni, Swynnertonia 64
Stonemyia 208 subpersonatus, Ploceus 70 Swynnertonia 64
stormi, Ciconia 37 subplicata, Idiomela 145 Syconycteris 9
stormi, Plethodon 91 subplicatus, Chilonopsis 204 sylhetensis, Kachuga 73
straminea, Palaua 138 subrostrata, Amastra 202 sylvanus, Hygrotus 169
strauchi, Neurergus 92 subruficollis, Aceros 54 sylvanus, Macaca 13
streber, Zingel 112 subsimilis, Epigomphus 160 sylvestris, Gallirallus 44
streckeri illinoensis, Pseudacris 229 subsoror, Amastra 202 Sylvilagus 33, 226
streckeri, Lampsilis 148 subspinosus, Chaetomys 31 Sylvisorex 7
strengi, Somatogyrus 125 sublecta, Petasina 143 Sympetrum 207
strenuus, Zosterops 196 subtila, Westraltrachia 143 Synallaxis 55
STREPTAXIDAE 135, 204 subtilis, Mautodontha 205 Synanthedon 177
Streptocitia 70 subtilis, Sphalloplana 117 SYNBRANCHIDAE 109
stresemanni, Graphium 178 subtilis, Stygobromus 156 Syncaris 156, 207
stresemanni, Merulaxis 56 subtruncatus, Chilonopsis 204 Syncomistes 110
stresemanni, Zaratornis 57 SUBULINIDAE 204 SYNGNATHIDAE 109, 199
stresemanni, Zavatiariornis 71 subviridis, Lasmigona 148 Syngnathus 199
striata, Coxiella 121 Succinea 138, 206 SYNLESTIDAE 159
striata, Paratherina 108 SUCCINEIDAE 138, 206 Syntheosciurus 29
striata, Vitrea 140 sudetica, Erebia 184 Synthliboramphus 46
striatipila, Omphalotropis 127 suenoae, Mandarina 142 syriaca, Calopteryx 159
striatulum, Etheostoma 1\1 suevica, Vallonia 133 Syrichtus 177, 178
striatum, Leiolopisma 82 SUIDAE 25, 192, 221 syrinx, Melisella 177
striatus, Chaetornis 60 sukatschewi, Garrulax 61 Syrmaticus 42
striatus fosteri, Epicrates 228 sula, Coracina 58 SYRPHIDAE 175
striatus, Simoxenops 55 sulcata, Nesosydne 167 szezytkot, Leuctra 165
strigata kororensis, Palaina 231 sulewattan, Parantica 184 TABANIDAE 174, 208
Strigata, Palaina 118 sulfusus, Nysius 166 tabellata, Discula 144
STRIGIDAE 51, 196, 227 SULIDAE 36 Tacheocampylaea 145
Strigidorsa, Mustela 18 sulphuraria, Poecilia 105 tacheoides, Tacheocampylaea 145
strigirostris, Didunculus 47 sulphurata, Emberiza 67 Tachybaptus 35
Strigops 50 sulphurea, Cacatua 48 Tachycnemis 88
strigosa goniogyra, Oreohelix 231 sulphurius, Hydroporus 169 Tachygia 198
striolata, Palaina 118 sumatraensis, Capricornis 27 TACHYGLOSSIDAE 3
strobila, Pachysaga 164 sumatraensis sumatraensis, Capricornis Tachypleus 151
STROMBIDAE 239 222 taczanowskii, Nothoprocta 35
Strombus 239 sumatrana, Lutra 17 taczanowskii, Podiceps 35
strophium, Odontophorus 42 sumatrensis, Dicerorhinus 25 Tadorna 38
strutti, Thestor 182 sumichrasti, Bassariscus 18 taeniabronchum, Bradypodion 79
Strymon 182, 235 sumichrasti, Hylorchilus 59 taeniata, Anculosa 128
Stupidogobius 115 sumnerensis, Cygnus 194 laeniata, Partula 204
Sturanyella 118 suncoides, Ruwenzorisorex 7 taeniatus, Ophidiocephalus 79
sturdeei, Pipistrellus 191 Suncus 7 Taenioides 115
sturio, Acipenser 93 Sundoreonectes 99 taeniolata, Achatinella 131
Sturnella 69 superba, Pitta 58 taeniolata, Palaina 118
STURNIDAE 70, 197 superbum, Spharagemon 164 TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 165
Stygionympha 184 superciliosa, Ophrysia 194 Taeniopteryx 165

281

tagmichensis, Napaeus 133
tagulichensis, Napaeus 133
Taheitia 126
tahitiensis, Numenius 45
Taipidon 206
laitianum, Pleurobema 149
takedai, Hynobius 91
TALPIDAE 7
talpina, Partulina 131
Tamanka 115
lamaragense, Conirostrum
tambusisiana, Idea 183
Tamias 224, 225
Tamiasciurus 225
tanago, Tanakia 98
Tanakia 98
tanasi, Percina 112
Tandanus 101
Tandonia 140
Tangara 67, 68
tanmurrana, Turgenitubulus
tanneri, Bulimulus 135
tanneri, Utabaenetes 163
tansaniana, Crocidura 7
tantilus, Neoplanorbis 130
tantula, Serica 171
tanycephalus, Galaxias 102
Tanysiptera 53
Taoniscus 35
Taphrolesbia 53
TAPIRIDAE 24
Tapirus 24, 25
tappaniana, Partulina 131
taprobana, Parantica 184
tarabinii, Pardiglanis 100
tarandus pearyi, Rangifer 222
tarapacensis, Tropidurus 80
tarda, Otis 45
tarichi, Chalcalburnus 95
tarnerianus, Napaeus 133
tarravillensis, Allocharopa
TARSIIDAE 11
Tarsius 11
tasanae, Rana 90
Taskiria 176
Taskropsyche 176
Tasmacetus 24
tasmaniae, Canthocamptus
tasmaniae, Megalanura 158
fasmanica, Aplteropanorpa 174
tasmanica, Beddomeia 120
tasmanicus, Bothriembryon 134
tasmaniensis, Arachnocampa 174
tasmaniensis, Edwardsina 174
Tasmanipatus 188
Tasmanophlebia 158
Tasmanoplectron 163
Tasmanoplegas 176
latarica mongolica, Saiga
tatei, Dactylopsila 5
tatei, Premnoplex 55
tatricus, Spelaeodiscus 132
tattawuppana, Glyptorhagada
tattersalli, Propithecus 11
Taudactylus 89, 90
Tauraco 50
tavala, Apatania 176
tawitawiensis, Rattus 31
taxicolor bedfordi, Budorcas 222
taxicolor taxicolor, Budorcas 222
taxicolor tibetana, Budorcas 222
taxicolor whitei, Budorcas 222
TAYASSUIDAE 25
taylori, Arius 101
taylori, Noturus 100
tectiformis, Discula
TEDDAE 81, 197
Teinopalpus 180
teita, Cymothoe 185
telegrapha, Hedylepta 209
teleius burdigalensis, Maculinea
teleius, Maculinea 181
68 Telespiza 68
telfairii, Leiolopisma
telfordi, Crocidura 7
Telmatherina 108, 109
TELMATHERINIDAE 108
Telmatobius 89
Telmatobufo 89
Telophorus 59
temmincki, Caltopuma 16
temminckii, Macroclemys 73
143 tempe, Thestor 183
tenax, Somatogyrus 125
TENEBRIONIDAE 172
tenebrosa, Carelia 202
tenebrosus, Phyllastrephus
tenella, Auriculella 131
tenerifensis, Parmacella 140
Tengchiena 139
tennentii, Ceratophora 79
tennesseensis, Phoxinus 97
tennesseensis, Somatogyrus 125
TENRECIDAE 5
tenuicostata, Sinployea 206
tenuimanus, Cherax 157
tenuirostris, Numenius 45
tenuis, Cottus 109
tenuis, Pseudobarbus 97
tenuisculpta, Liardetia
tenuispira, Amastra 202
Teramulus 108
137 TERAPONTIDAE 110
terebra, Partulina 131
Terenura 56
teretulus, Phenacobius 97
Terpsiphone 64
terrapen felis, Trachemys 227
Terrapene 74
153 terrestris, Zoothera 196
terrisi, Rhynchopsitia 50
terryi, Aeschrithmysus 173
tessellata, Partulina 131
tessellatus, Cualac 104
tessellum, Syrichtus 178
testudinalis, Discula
TESTUDINIDAE
Testudo 75, 227, 228
Tetracentrum 109
Tetracerus 28
224 tetradactyla, Allactaga
tetradactylus sangi, Petrodromus
Tetradactylus 81, 198
Tetranesodon 101
142 Tetrao 42
tetrax, Tetrax 45
Tetrax 45
tetrica, Discula 206
TETRIGIDAE 165
Tetrix 165
Tetligarcta 167
TETTIGARCTIDAE 167
Tettigidea 165
TETTIGONIIDAE 163, 208
teuszii, Sousa 21
tevoroa, Tridacna 151
texana, Cochliopa 121
144 texana, Microcreagris 152
texanus, Asaphomyia 175
texanus, Haideoporus 168
texanus, Limnebius 170
texanus, Xyrauchen 99
235 textilis, Amytornis 60
teydea, Fringilla 69
teysmannii, Treron 48
82 Thaanumella 127
thaanumi, Achatinella 201
thaidina, Bhutanitis 178
thalia, Crocidura 7
thalia, Partula 204
Thalurania 53
thamnobates, Bradypodion 79
THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 153
Thamnomys 31
Thamnophis 84, 228
Thapsia 139
Thaumatodon 136, 206
Thaumatogryllus 164
59 Thaumatoneura 159
thedana, Torresitrachia 143
theodori, Anas 194
Theodoxus 117
THERAPHOSIDAE 151
thermae, Zaitzeva 172
thermalis, Pyrgulopsis 125
thermophilum, Thermosphaeroma 154
Thermophis 84
Thermosphaeroma 154
thermydromis, Speocirolana 154
thero cedarbergae, Phasis 235
Theropithecus 14
139 Thersites 143
Theskelomensor 137
thessala, Knipowitschia 115
Thestor 182, 183, 235
thetis, Partula 134
thibetana huangensis, Ochotona 226
thibetana, Macaca 13
thibetana sikimaria, Ochotona 226
thibetanus gedrosianus, Selenarctos 220
thibetanus, Selenarctos 19
tholloni, Mesoperipatus 187
thomasetti, Edentulina 204
thomasi bethune-bakeri, Hemiargus 234
thomasi, Galagoides 11
thomasi, Microgale 5
thomasi, Ochotona 32
144 thomasi, Urothemis 162
74, 197, 227 thomasseti, Nesomantis 90
Thomea 135
thomensis, Columba 47
thomensis, Crocidura 7
29 thomensis, Nectarinia 65
226 thomensis, Thyrophorella 135
Thomomys 225
thompsoni, Pyrgulopsis 125
thonglongyai, Craseonycteris 9
thoracicus, Charadrius 45
THRESKIORNITHIDAE 37, 194, 226
Thripophaga 55
Throscodectes 164
Thryothorus 59
Thryssa 94
thurstoni, Samoana 134
THYLACINIDAE 191
Thylacinus 191
282
Thylogale 4
Thyrophorella 135
THYROPHORELLIDAE
thysi, Tilapia 113
tiarella, Geomitra 144
Tiaroga 98
ubialis, Anomala 171
ubiospina, Deinacrida
ligerellus, Gobius 115
tigrinum californiense, Ambystoma
ligrinus, Leopardus 16
ligris, Panthera 16
Tijuca 57
Tilapia 113
Tiliqua 82
timorensis, Ficedula 61
TINAMIDAE 35, 226
Tinamus 35
Tinostoma 209
tiomanensis, Sundoreonectes
Tiradelphe 184
Tirumala 184
Tischeria 209
TISCHERIIDAE 209
titei, Lepidochrysops 181
tithonus, Ornithoptera 179
lithys, Synallaxis 55
litteya, Puntius 98
tityoides, Parantica 184
Wahuacensis, Evarra 198
tlaloci, Rana 198
tobiasi, Hydropsyche 208
tobleri, Euploea 183
toboroi, Papilio 179
Todirhamphus 53, 227
Todirostrum 57
tohiveana, Partula 204
tokudae, Mogera 7
tokudae, Pteropus 191
Tokudaia 31
tolotomensis, Roimontis 137
Tolypeutes 5
tomentosus, Kunsia 30
Tomistoma 78
tomsetti, Cupedora 141
tonkeana hecki, Macaca 218
topsiae, Beddomeia 120
tormentosa, Tettigarcta 167
Tornatellinops 132
tornieri, Malacochersus 74
torobo, Oloplotosus 101
torosus, Dinornis 193
torquata, Delma 79
torquatus, Bradypus 5
torquatus lucifer, Callicebus 218
torquatus, Pedionomus 43
torquatus torquatus, Cercocebus 218
torrei, Boromys 193
torrentium, Austropotamobius
Torreornis 68
Torresitrachia 143
torreya, Cyclocosmia 152
torridus, Attila 57
torringtoni, Columba 47
TORTRICIDAE 177
torulosa gubernaculum, Dysnomia 232
torulosa rangiana, Dysnomia 232
torulosa torulosa, Dysnomia
totae, Rhizosomichthys
Totoaba 112
Touit 50
towert, Alaeniobius 105
townesi, Stylurus 161
townsendi, Arctocephalus
135 townsendi, Spiza 197
townsendii, Plecotus 10
toxopei, Charmosyna 48
toxopei, Parantica 184
Toxotes 112
163 TOXOTIDAE 112
trabalis, Villosa 149
229 Trachemys 74, 227
Trachypithecus 14
Tragelaphus 28, 224
Tragopan 42
TRAGULIDAE 221
Tragulus 221
tranquebarica viridissima, Cicindela
transpacificus, Hypomesus 101
transsylvanica, Podismopsis 164
transsylvanicus, Bienkotetrix
99 transvaalensis, Xenocalamus
transyersalis, Theodoxus 117
tras, Puntius 98
traski pomo, Hysterocarpus 230
trautmani, Noturus 100
traversi, Paryphanta 136
traversi, Petroica 63
treculi, Micropterus 110
Tremarctos 19
Treron 48
treurensis, Barbus 94
trevelyani, Barbus 94
trevelyani, Chrysospalax 6
Triaenodes 209
Tribolonotus 82
tricarinata, Melanochelys 74
tricellulare, Heteragrion 159
Trichastoma 64
TRICHECHIDAE 24
Trichechus 24
Trichia 143, 144
Trichocichla 64
TRICHOMYCTERIDAE 101, 199
Trichomycterus 101
trichonis, Economidichthys
TRICHONISCIDAE 154
trichopus, Zygogeomys 29
trichotis, Allocebus 10
tricinctus, Tolypeutes 5
Triclaria 50
tricolor, Ara 195
tricolor, Lyriothemis 162
Tridacna 150, 151
Tridacna derasa 150
TRIDACNIDAE 150
tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 54
tridactyla, Myrmecophaga 5
tridentata ssp., Lampetra 229
tridentatus, Tachypleus 151
157 tridonata, Triaenodes 209
trifasciatus, Nesomimus 59
Trigonopelastes 171
Trigonoscuta 174, 208, 233
trimaculatus, Hephaestus 110
trimen, Poecilmitis 182
trimeni southeyae, Aloeides 234
Trimenia 183
Trimeresurus 85
232 Tringa 46
199 trinitatis, Hypolestes 159
trinotatus orarius, Zapus 225
triochilus, Raphiomydas 175
Triodopsis 140, 141
283
TRIONYCHIDAE 77
18 (ripartitus, Saguinus 12
triplex, Ephemera 158
tripunctata, Euploea 183
triquetra, Dysnomia 147
trisella, Etheostoma 111
triserrata, Cylindraspis 197
Trissexodon 145
tristis, Partula 204
tristrami, Oceanodroma 36
Trithemis 162
Tritocleis 209
Tritogenia 213
trivialis, Pyrgulopsis 125
fivirgata trilineata, Arctogalidia 220
233 trivittata, Kachuga 74
trocaz, Columba 47
Trochidrobia 125, 126
165 trochiformis, Beddomeia 120
84 TROCHILIDAE 52, 196
Trochochlamys 139
Trochoidea 144
Trochomorpha 139, 140
TROCHOMORPHIDAE 139
TROGIDAE 170
troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 98
Troglocobitis 99
troglodytes, Aphodius 17\
troglodytes, Monadenia 146
troglodytes, Pan 14
troglodytes verus, Pan 219
TROGLODYTIDAE 59
Trogloglanis 100
Troglohyphantes 152
TROGONIDAE 53
Troides 180, 234
tropica, Bettongia 4
tropicalis, Monachus 192
Tropidophora 119, 200
Tropidoptera 132
Tropidurus 80
Trox 170
truchnast, Nanoplectrus 176
114 truei, Podogymnura 6
trukana, Trukcharopa 138
Trukcharopa 138
Truncatella 126
TRUNCATELLIDAE 126
Truncatellina 133
truncatus, Chlamyphorus 5
truncatus, Ospatulus 97
truncatus, Tursiops 22
Truncilla 149
tryoni, Xerarionta 146
Tryonia 126
tschapecki, Bythiospeum 200
Tsitana 178
tuberculata, Insulivitrina 140
tuberculata, Mystacina 10
tuberculatum, Heteropoma 126
tuberculatus, Hadramphus 208
tuberculosus, Pedostibes 87
tuerosi, Laterallus 44
tularosa, Cyprinodon 104
Tulotoma 119
tumana, Lednia 165
tumba, Puntius 98
tumida, Beddomeia 120
tumida, Pilsbrycharopa 137
tumidula, Omphalotropis 127
tumidulus, Jokajdon 137
tumuloides, Libera 205

tumultuosos, Alsodes 88
turbinata, Westraltrachia 143
TURBINIIDAE 239
Turbo 239
turbotti, Anagotus 173
Turdoides 64
Turdus 64, 196, 227
Turgenitubulus 143
turgida, Achatinella 131
turgida, Partula 204
turgidula, Dysnomia 147
turgidula, Gonospira 136
Turnagra 196
turnerae, Beddomeia 120
turneri, Eremomela 61
turneri, Hubbsina 105
turneri, Posorites 143
TURNICIDAE 43
Turnix 43
turretella, Fontigens 122
turricula, Carelia 203
turricula, Discula 144
turriplana, Gittenbergeri 145
turritum, Heteropoma 126
Tursiops 22
turtoni, Chilonopsis 204
turtoni, Nesopupa 203
turtoni, Unio 149
tuscumbia, Etheostoma 111
Tuxentius 235
Tylognathus 98
Tympanocryptis 228
tympanum, Eulamprus 228
Typhaeus 170
Typhlatya 156
Typhliasina 103
Typhlobarbus 98
Typhlogarra 98
Typhlomolge 92
TYPHLOPIDAE 83, 198
typhlops, Iranocypris 96
Typhlops 83, 198
Typhlosaurus 82
Typhlotriton 92
typica, Coracina 59
lypicus, Gerrhosaurus 81
typus, Rhincodon 93
TYRANNIDAE 57, 227
Tyrannus 57
Tyrrheniella 145
Tyto 51
TYTONIDAE 51
tytonis, Chlorotalpa 6
Udeina 213
uenoi, Rhinocypha 159
ulietanus, Cyanoramphus 195
ultima, Telespiza 68
ultramarina, Vini 48
ultramontanum, Pisidium 151
Uma 80
umbargae, Argiocnemis 159
umbilicata, Amastra 202
umbilicata, Lithoglyphus 200
umbilicata, Phrantela 123
umbilicata, Pyrgina 135
umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis 130
UMBRIDAE 101
umbrina, Pseudemydura 77
umbrinus emotus, Thomomys 225
Unas 174
uncatus, Semperdon 138
uncia, Uncia 17
Uncia 17
Underwoodisaurus 79
undulata, Chlamydolis 44
unicolor chathamensis, Haematopus
unicolor, Corvus 71
unicolor, Crotalus 85
unicolor, Cyanoramphus
unicolor, Mesitornis 42
unicornis, Pauxi 41
unicornis, Rhinoceros 25
unifasciatus, Bulimulus 135
unifilis, Podocnemis 77
unilamellata, Mautodontha
Unio 149
UNIONIDAE 146, 207, 231
uniplicata, Auriculella 202
unipunctata, Rhyacophila 175
Uperoleia 90
uralensis, Formica 187
Uramphisopus 154
urania, Macromia 161
uranidea, Percina 112
Uranothauma 183
Uratelornis 54
Urocissa 71
Urocyon 15
urophtalmus ericymba, Cichlasoma
urophthalmus, Acanthocobilis 98
uropygialis, Zosterops 66
urospinosus, Euastacus
Urothemis 162
URSIDAE 18, 220
ursina, Lichnanthe 171
ursinii rakosiensis, Vipera 229
ursinus, Dendrolagus’ 4
ursinus, Melursus 19
Ursus 19, 220
usambarae, Charaxes 185
usambarae, Crocidura 7
usambarae, Uranothauma 183
usdagalun, Lirceus 154
usingeri, Pseudopsectra 167
ussheri, Scotopelia 51
ustulata, Baetica 163
ustulata, Partulina 131
ustulatus, Bulimulus 135
Utabaenetes 163
utahensis, Chaetarthria
utahensis, Hydroporus
ulahensis, Limnebius 170
utahensis, Physa 130
utahensis, Stagnicola
utahensis, Valvata 119
uvula, Gonospira 136
vae, Felovia 31
vagans, Conacmella 200
Valencia 105
valeriae, Pristidactylus 80
valgum, Macrobaenetes 163
valida, Achatinella 201
validus, Dendrohyrax 25
Vallonia 132, 133
VALLONIIDAE 132
valsanicola, Romanichthys 112
Valvata 119
VALVATIDAE 119
vancouverensis, Marmota 28
vanderbilti, Malacocincla 62
Vanellus 45
VANGIDAE 59
vanheurni, Melanotaenia 108
vanhyningi, Cincinnatia 121
284
vanuxemiana, Goniobasis 129
vanzoi, Cnemidophorus 81
vanzolinii, Alsodes 88
226 vanzolinii, Saimiri 13
VARANIDAE 83, 228
Varanus 83, 228
49 Varecia 10
varia, Partula 134
Varia 110
variabilis, Partula 204
variabilis, Partulina 131
varians, Goniobasis 201
205 variata, Goniobasis 129
Varicorhinus 98
varicosa, Alismodonta 146
variegata, Mesitornis 42
variegata, Mogurnda 114
variegata, Nannoperca 110
variegata, Tryonia 126
variegata, Varecia 10
variegaticeps, Alcippe 60
variegatus, Dicranopselaphus 172
variegatus, Thaumatogryllus 164
variumbilicata, Rhysoconcha 205
varius, Caconemobius 164
varius, Fregilupus 197
230 vasta, Hyla 87
vaterifloris, Rasbora 98
vectensis, Nematostella 117
157 vejdorskyi, Arion 146
velata, Brazieria 139
vellerosus, Colobus 13
velozi, Plagiodontia 193
venaticus, Speothos 15
vendia, Plentusia 143
venezuelensis, Diglossa 67
venus, Leto 177
venustus, Telmatobufo 89
venustus, Thamnomys 31
vepreculae, Hemisaga 163
verecundus, Cyprinodon 104
veritas, Milyeringa 114
vermeilipinnis, Scaturiginichthys 108
Vermivora 68
vernalis, Archaeophylax 176
vernoni, Helenodiscus 206
verreauxi, Propithecus 11
170 verreauxii, Litoria 88
169 verrucosa, Eunicella 117
verrucosa, Lithasia 129
verrucosus, Sus 25
129 verschureni, Malacomys 30
versicolor, Amazona 49
versicolor, Columba 195
vertebralis, Rana 90
verticornis, Epigomphus 160
VERTIGINIDAE 133, 203
Vertigo 133
vertreesi, Ceraclea 177
vertreesi, Ochrotrichia 176
verum, Pleurobema 149
verus, Procolobus 14
vervieril, Palacanthilhiopsis 123
vesontiana, Bythinella 121
Vespericola 141
VESPERTILIONIDAE 9, 191, 217
VESPIDAE 187
vestitus, Phalanger 3
vetiprovidentiae, Poecilia 105
velulus, Dusicyon 15
velulus, Pleropus 9
vexillarius, Paraxerus 29
vexillifer, Lipotes 23
vicina, Meliphaga 66
Victaphanta 136
Victodrobia 126
victori, Lepidochrysops
victoria, Acanthaeshna
victoria, Goura 47
victoriae, Ploceus 70
victoriae, Sitta 65
victoriana, Setobaudinia 143
victoriensis, Victodrobia 126
victus, Oligoryzomys 192
vicugna, Vicugna 25
Vicugna 25
Videna 140
Vidumelon 143
vigil, Buceros 54
vilasboasi, Pipra 57
villosa, Nesocryptias 166
Villosa 149
villosus, Chrysospalax 6
Vimba 98
vinacea, Amazona 49
vinaceigula, Egretta 37
vincenti, Chironius 83
vincta, Leiostyla 132
Vini 48
violescens, Imperturbatia
Vipera 85, 229
VIPERIDAE 85, 229
vipio, Grus 43
Vireo 69
VIREONIDAE 69
virescens, Lampsilis 148
virgata, Anculosa 128
virgata, Sterna 46
virginianus clavium, Odocoileus
virginianus, Polygyriscus 140
virginiensis, Artogeia 180
virgulata, Partulina 132
viridans, Achatinella 131
viride, Windbalea 164
viridifacies, Erythrura 69
viridigenalis, Amazona 49
viridis, Aeshna 160
viridis, Bythinella 121
viridis, Elaphrus 168
viridis, Eunice 151
viridis, Heterocrossa 177
Viridonia 197
visagiei, Chrysochloris 6
vitellina, Geocrinia 89
vitellinus, Rheobatrachus
vitianus, Ogmodon 84
vitiensis, Brachylophus 79
vitiensis, Platymantis 90
vitrea, Paludinella 123
Vitrea 140
VITRINIDAE 140
Vitrinula 206
vitta, Mogurnda 114
vittata, Achatinella 201
vittata, Amazona 49
vittata, Anculosa 200
vittata, Lepidomeda 96
vittata, Lerista 82
vittata, Partula 204
vitulina mellonae, Phoca
vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca
Viverra 221
VIVERRIDAE 19, 220
viverrinus, Prionailurus
VIVIPARIDAE 119
viviparus, Girardinichthys
Viviparus 119
vociferoides, Haliaeetus
181 voeltzkowi, Pleropus 9
160 volans goldmani, Glaucomys
volans guerreroensis, Glaucomys 224
volans oaxacensis, Glaucomys 224
volutina, Stonemyia 208
VOMBATIDAE 3
voratus, Brotomys 193
Vormela 220
vortex, Oreohelix 138
vorticella, Ctenophila 138
vosmaeri, Cylindraspis
vulcanorum, Sylvisorex
Vulpes 15
vulpina, Achatinella 131
waccamawensis, Elliptio
waccamensis, Fundulus 104
wagneri, Calagonus 25
wagneri, Vipera 85
wahkeena, Nemours 165
wahnesi, Parotia 71
wakensis, Gallirallus 194
waldent, Dicrurus 70
walia, Capra 27
136 walkeri, Gyrotoma 201
walkeri, Liolaemus 80
walkeri, Pleurocera 129
walkeri, Potamonectes 169
walkeriana, Helminthoglypta 145
wallacei, Megapodius 40
wallacii, Habroptila 44
wallengrenii, Trimenia 183
wallichii, Catreus 41
222 wallicus, Pezoporus 50
waltoni, Oreohelix 138
wanamensis, Glossolepis 107
wapili, Etheostoma 111
wardi, Psittacula 196
warnerensis, Catostomus 99
warreni, Diploglossus 82
waterhouseae, Beddomeia
walermayeri, Syngnathus
walersi, Sarothrura 44
wattii, Vidumelon 143
watuliki, Aethiothemis 162
wawona, Atractelmis 172
webbiana, Lampadia 145
weberi, Dermogenys 106
Weberogobius 115
89 wegneri, Parantica 184
weiskei, Parantica 184
wekiwae, Cincinnatia 121
welaka, Notropis 97
wellardi, Branchinella 153
wellsi, Leptotila 47
wengerorum, Stygobromus 156
werner, Achalinus 83
werneri, Iguanognathus 84
wesselensis, Planispira 143
westermanni, Elachistodon 83
westlandica, Procellaria 35
Westraltrachia 143
Westriplectes 177
wetmorei, Buthraupis 66
220 wetmorei, Rallus 44
220 Wetmorethraupis 68
wewalkai, Deronectes 168
weymeri, Papilio 179
17 whartoni, Ducula 47
285
whartont, Sphaerospira 143
105 wheeleri, Arkansia 146
wheeleri, Somatogyrus 125
39 whilakert, Cyclodina 81
whitei, Ditropis 118
224 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 122
whitneyi, Pomarea 63
widdowsoni, Typhlogarra 98
wiedit, Leopardus 16
wiesti, Euproserpinus 186
wigginsi, Catostomus 99
wiktori, Malacolimax 140
Wilfredomys 31
wilkawillina umbilicata, Glyptorhagada
197 231
7 wilkenst, Mexistenasellus 154
wilkesiella, Phildoria 177
wilkinsi, Nesospiza 67
147 willardi obscurus, Crotalus 229
williamsi, Kimminsoperla 165
Williamsonia 162
williamsoniana, Aeshna 160
willkommii, Chondrostoma 95
wilmotensis, Beddomeia 120
wilsoni, Hadra 142
wilson, Hemignathus 68
wilsont, Palaina 118
wilsoni, Palaua 138
wilsont perkinsi, Celerio 236
wimmert, Crocidura 7
Windbalea 164
winifredae, Scepomycter 63
winneckeana, Semotrachia 143
wintoni, Cryptochloris 6
wiseae, Beddomeia 120
wisselensis, Oxyeleotris 114
wolft, Bulimulus 135
wollastoni, Leptaxis 145
wolterecki, Paratherina 108
Womersleymeria 158
woodfordi, Nesoclopeus 194
Woodfordia 65
woodi, Trichastoma 64
120 woodruffi, Ataenius 171
199 woosnami, Zelotomys 31
worcesteri, Turnix 43
Wrayanna 127
wrightae, Rheocles 108
wrightiana, Alasmidonta 146
wroughtoni, Otomops 10
wumizusume, Synthliboramphus 46
wykehami, Lepidochrysops 181
wykehami, Poecilmitis 182
wyvilliana,
Anas 38
xanthicara, Cyprinella 95
xanthomelas, Megalagrion 160
xanthomus, Agelaius 69
Xanthomyza 66
xanthophrys, Crossleyia 61
xanthophrys, Pseudonestor 68
xanthops, Forpus 49
Xantusia 79
XANTUSIIDAE 79
xederoides, Throscodectes 164
XENICIDAE 58, 196
Xenicus 58, 196
Xenocalamus 84
xenodactylus, Leptopelis 88
Xenoglaux 51
Xenoligea 68
Xenoophorus 105
Xenopirostris 59
Xenopoecilus 106 yorbalindae, Trigonoscuta 208 Zenaida 48
xenopterus, Laterallus 44 yosemitensis yosemitensis, Monadenia 231 Zenarchopterus 106
Xenopus 90 yoshiwarana, Ogasawarana 200 zenithicus, Coregonus 102
Xenornis 56 youngi, Peltotrupes 171 Zenkerella 31
Xenospingus 68 youngi, Sinployea 206 zerda, Fennecus 15
Xenospiza 68 Ypthima 236 zerene behrensii, Speyeria 236
xenothorax, Leptasthenura 55 yunnanensis, Cuora 73 zerene hippolyta, Speyeria 236
Xenuromys 31 yunnanensis, Sitta 65 zerene myrtleae, Speyeria 236
Xerarionta 146 Yunnanilus 99 zetides, Battus 178
xerces, Glaucopsyche 209 Zaglossus 3 zibellina brachyura, Martes 220
Xeromys 31 Zaitzeva 172 ziczac, Agarodes 176
xianggensis, Nemacheilus 98 Zalophus 220 ziegleri, Chilostoma 206
xiphares desmondi, Charaxes 236 zamicrus, Nesophontes 191 zigzac ponapense, Pleuropoma 231
xiphares xiphares, Charaxes 236 zanzibaricus, Galagoides 11 zigzac zigzac, Pleuropoma 231
xiphidium, Palaina 118 zapahuirensis, Telmatobius 89 zimmeri, Synallaxis 55
Xiphocolaptes 55 zapallarensis, Liolaemus 80 zimmermanni, Crocidura 7
Xipholena 57 zappeyi, Paradoxornis 62 Zingel 112
Xiphophorus 106 Zaprochilus 164 zionis, Physa 130
xiphos, Throscodectes 164 Zapus 225 ZIPHIDAE 23
xyleborus, Semperdon 138 Zaratornis 57 Ziphius 24
Xylotoles 208 zaslictus, Clenotus 81 zoe, Paraphlebia 159
xynoelictus, Aphaostracon 119 Zavatiariornis 71 zonatus, Bostrichthys 113
Xyrauchen 99 zealandicus, Cyanoramphus 195 ZONITIDAE 140
yammerana, Kimboraga 142 zebra, Cephalophus 27 Zonocypretia 153
Yaquicoccus 126 zebra, Equus 24 Zoothera 64, 196
yarrellii, Carduelis 69 zebra, Perdicella 202 zophonastes, Cambarus 156
yarrellii, Eulidia 52 zebra zebra, Equus 221 Zoraena 161
yatesti, Ammonitella 136 zebrina, Eua 134 ZOROTYPIDAE 165
yayeyamensis, Asiagomphus 160 zebrina, Mautodontha 205 Zorotypus 165
yayeyamensis, Leptogomphus 161 zebrina, Perdicella 202 ZOSTEROPIDAE 65, 196
yerelinana, Lacustrelix 142 zechi, Cryptomys 31 Zosterops 65, 66, 196
yersini, Garrulax 61 zeehanensis, Beddomeia 120 Zubovskia 165
yessabahensis, Coenocharopa 137 zeidleri, Fonscochlea 122 zuliae, Phrynops 77
yildizae, Thestor 183 zeidlerorum, Jardinella \22 zullichi, Agriades 180
yilongensis, Cyprinus 198 zelichi, Sporophila 67 ZYGAENIDAE 209
yinnietharra, Clenophorus 79 Zelotomys 31 Zygogeomys 29
yniphora, Geochelone 74 Zelotypia 177 zyli, Cryptochloris 6
Zenacrchopterus 106 Zyzomys 31

286
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 IUCN Species Survival Commission

The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is one of six volunteer commissions of |UCN
= The World Conservation Union, a union of sovereign states, government agencies
and non-governmental organizations. IUCN has three basic conservation objectives:
to secure the conservation of nature, and especially of biological diversity, as an
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