CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Dr. Vasantraodada Patil Shetkari Shiksha mandal’s
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology
Budhagaon
Department of Computer Science Engineering
SEMINAR REPORT ON :-
“QR CODE”
Under the guidance of
Mrs. Smita .P. Mandale
Submitted by:-
Roll no Student name
1229 Pandhurang Hade
Academic year:-2023-24
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of
Technology Budhgaon
Department of Computer Science Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that have satisfactorily submitted a report on
QR CODE
Submitted by :-
Name Pandhurang Hade
Roll no 1229
PRN no 23062691242083
Incharge H.O.D
Mrs.S.P.Mandale Prof.Dr.A.A.Patil
CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere gratitude to Mrs.S.P.Mandale. , Assistant Professor,
Department of First year. Engineering, PVP Institute of Technology Budhagaon , as the
mentor for my seminar. It is our great fortune that we have got opportunity to carry out
this seminar work under the supervision. We express our sincere thanks for the
encouragement, support and the guidance. We would further like to thank all the faculty
member for their cooperation and extended support in undergoing the project work. We
also would thank the department of F i r s t Y e a r Engineering to provide the
infrastructure and facility in carrying the seminars like these.
Mr.Pandhurang Hade
CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
INDEX
Sr. Content Page
no. no.
1. Abstract 5
2. Introduction 6
3. What is QRcode? 7 to 8
4. How QR code works 9 to 11
5. QR code symbol and versions 12
6. Types of QR code 13to 14
7. 15 t o 16
QR code generator
8. 17
Reading QR code
9. 18 to 19
Encryption
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Abstract
QR i.e. "Quick Response" code is a 2D matrix code that is designed by keeping two points
under consideration, i.e. it must store large amount of data as compared to 1D barcodes and it
must be decoded at high speed using any handheld device like phones. QR code provides
high data storage capacity, fast scanning, omnidirectional readability, and many other
advantages including, error-correction (so that damaged code can also be read successfully)
and different type of versions. Different varieties of QR code symbols like logo QR code,
encrypted QR code, iQR Code are also available so that user can choose among them
according to their need. Now these days, a QR code is applied in different application streams
related to marketing, security, academics etc. and gain popularity at a really high pace. Day
by day more people are getting aware of this technology and use it accordingly. The
popularity of QR code grows rapidly with the growth of smartphone users and thus the QR
code is rapidly arriving at high levels of acceptance worldwide.
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Introduction
Quick Response (QR) codes are versatile. A piece of long multilingual text, a linked URL, an
automated SMS message, a business card or just about any information can be embedded into
the two-dimensional barcode. Coupled with moderate equipped mobile devices, QR Codes
can connect the users to the information quickly and easily. In this paper, we explore how QR
codes can be used in education. The low technical barrier of creating and reading QR codes
allows innovative educators to incorporate them into their educational endeavours. The
operations to retrieve or store QR codes are incredibly simple and quick, and with mobile
devices, make them the ideal educational tools for teaching and learning.
Now mobile phones can implement many new kinds of applications such as taking
photos, and movie shooting by using embedded camera devices. So mobile phones with
embedded camera devices can be used to recognize the barcode.
This project proposes the use of QR codes more innovatively by deploying various
modules for various purposes. It also provides a module for encryption in order to make QR
code more secure and safe.
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
What is QR code?
Fig: Quick Response Code
The QR (Quick Response) Code is a two-dimensional (2-D) matrix code that belongs to a
larger set of machine-readable codes, all of which are often referred to as barcodes, regardless
of whether they are made up of bars, squares or other-shaped elements.
Compared with 1-D codes, 2-D codes can hold a larger amount of data in a smaller space,
and compared with other 2-D codes, QR Code Essentials.
The QR Code can hold much more data still. In addition, an advanced error-correction
method and other unique characteristics allow the QR Code to be read more reliably and
at higher speeds than other codes. Like written language, barcodes are visual representations
of information. Unlike language, however, which humans can read, barcodes are designed to
be read and understood (decoded) by computers, using machine-vision systems consisting of
optical laser scanners or cameras and barcode-interpreting software.
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To barcode-reading software, both of these 1-D barcodes are identical.
Changing the height of the bars does not change the information they contain.
Differences in the second, vertical dimension of the bars and spaces—whether they are taller
or shorter—does not matter; all that counts is how wide they are and what order they are
placed in.
From 1-D to 2-D codes
After the commercial introduction of 1-D barcodes in 1966, they quickly gained widespread
acceptance. In time, however, demand grew for new types of codes that could hold more
information and use more character types, yet occupy a smaller space. Attempts were
consequently made to increase the amount of data contained in barcodes by increasing the
number of bars or creating multiple-barcode layouts. These efforts, however, resulted in a
larger barcode area, complicated reading requirements and increased printing costs. To solve
these problems, two-dimensional (2-D) codes were developed, first as stacked barcodes,
which repeat the same linear symbology vertically, and then as matrix codes, composed of
small, symmetrical elements arranged in a square or rectangle.
Multiple-barcode 2-D stacked barcode 2-D matrix code
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Because 2-D matrix codes contain information in both the horizontal and vertical direction,
they met the need for high data density and small size, yet further improvements were still
to follow, including those introduced by the QR Code. The following table summarizes the
features and characteristics of some typical 2-D codes.
The following table summarizes the features and characteristic of some typical 2-D codes.
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
How the QR Code works
Unlike 1-D barcodes, the QR Code is a 2-D matrix code that conveys information not by the
size and position of bars and spaces in a single (horizontal) dimension, but by the
arrangement of its dark and light elements, called “modules,” in columns and rows, i.e. in
both the horizontal and vertical directions.
Each dark or light module of a QR Code symbol—a specific instance of a code—represents a
0 or 1, thus making it machineintelligible.
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
The QR Code modules perform several functions: Some contain the actual data itself, while
others are grouped into various function patterns that improve reading performance and allow
symbol alignment, error correction and distortion compensation. The timing pattern lets the
scanning device know the size of the symbol. There is also a required “quiet zone,” a four-
modulewide buffer area containing no data, to ensure that surrounding text or markings are
not mistaken for QR Code data.
Conventional 2-D matrix codes required a considerable amount of time to be spent searching
a symbol’s code to determine its angle of orientation, position (x and y coordinates) and size.
To address this problem, the QR Code was designed with special position-detection patterns
located in three corners of each symbol. The patterns have a symmetrical scan-line ratio of
1:1:3:1:1, which allows them to be scanned from any direction within a full 360 degrees. In
addition, the positional relationship of the patterns allows quick access to the relevant
angle, position and size information contained in the code’s periphery.
As a result, the QR Code does not require lengthy code searching, enabling reading speeds 20
times faster than those of conventional matrix codes. Also, searching the position detection
patterns can be performed by the scanning hardware, further increasing overall speed by
allowing image reading and data processing to be carried out simultaneously.
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QR Code Symbol Versions
QR Codes can be generated in 40 different symbol versions, from 21 x 21 modules (version
1) to 177 x 177 modules (version 40).
Each higher symbol version has 4 additional modules per side (16 additional modules per
symbol), and can contain a proportionally larger amount of data. The maximum amount of
data that can be contained by a given symbol is determined by its version, type of characters
and error-correction level.
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Types of QR codes.
URL:
These are the codes that redirect the user to a website. As soon the code is scanned, the phone
browser will open and load the company website. Company can put URL QR codes on their
promotional materials so that their customers who are looking for more information can land
on their website.
meCard: Containing contact details, these codes automatically save information in a user’s
phone address book. This saves users from the hassle of entering the information manually
and from making input mistakes. These codes are very useful in an event such as
conventions, conferences, and seminars where there is a need to exchange business card.
vCard: A vCard QR code can store more data than meCard QR code, like a salutation, job
title, mobile number, work details, address, zip code, and country. Such information is useful
if a person is working on a global level and needs to share more information about to
consumers.
Calendar Event: Usually found on invitation cards and movie or concert tickets, these
codes have information regarding the event date, time, and location. They can also hold event
descriptions. These codes also have an option to automatically save the event in the phone’s
calendar.
Email: When scanned, email QR codes will have an email address to provide. Email QR
codes can also open email composition window on a user’s phone, with the email address
field already filled in. These codes can prompt users to send an email.
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SMS: This type of QR code prompts an SMS message from the user’s phone, automatically
addressing and composing the text message. An SMS QR code is best used for subscription
services.
GPS Map Coordinates: Information regarding the location of a particular place or an
object is stored using latitude and longitude coordinates and can be displayed on a
smartphone. This code can also provide directions.
Social Media: Use this code to get a person to like a Facebook page or retweet on Twitter.
You can also use this code to share information on social networking websites.
Plain Text: This code displays a text message to the code’s scanner, and is useful for
communicating short messages.
YouTube Video: Embedding a YouTube video in your QR code directs users to
promotional or how-to videos about your company.
LinkedIn Share: Creating a QR Code for LinkedIn lets clients and customers find your
profile easily on this popular business networking site.
FourSquare Venue: You can create a QR code to capitalize on the popularity for the
FourSquare app, which entices customers to check in at your location and tell their friends.
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QR Code Generator
As the inventor of the QR Code and owner of the QR Code trademark, DENSO Wave
Incorporated has allowed the patents for the code to be freely available to the public.
Consequently, many websites now feature online QR Code generators or
downloadable code-generating software. Such code generators and software are not certified
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), however, so there is no way of
telling if they adhere to the relevant ISO Standard 18004, which is based on the DENSO
Wave patent. As a result, the code symbols they create may not be readable by all devices or
the reading quality may be reduced. (An easy test is to create the same code symbol with two
or more online generators and compare the results. Differences in the arrangement of the
modules—similar to the differences in language translation—will be immediately apparent.)
Of particular concern is the fact that non-ISO-compliant code generators do not determine the
minimum printable size of a given QR Code symbol. If a symbol is printed at a size that is
below the ISO-specified minimum—which takes into account the amount of data contained
in that symbol, the symbol version and the resolution of the printing device—readability
will be dramatically reduced.
Using QR Code-generating software that is not ISO compliant can be especially problematic
if the QR Code is to be read by smart phones, whose quality may greatly vary. Also, the QR
Code-reading software used by smart phones, like code generating software, is not
necessarily based on ISO specifications.
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CSE FY 2023-24 SEM II
Only ISO-compliant QR Code-generating software can ensure
maximum symbol readability and specify the minimum printable
size for a given symbol
To ensure that a QR Code will be successfully read by the highest percentage of devices,
therefore, it is essential to use code-generating software offered only by a reputable
manufacturer who can be trusted to comply with ISO specifications.
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Reading QR Codes
High-speed reading:
Faster scanning and the ability to scan barcodes from a distance increase operator efficiency.
Look for devices with advanced CCD scanning technology, which enables even high-density
or poorly printed barcodes to be read at high speed and from a distance.
Ease of use:
Lightweight, ergonomic designs, featuring large display screens and easy-to-hold grips,
reduce operator fatigue, a key factor in productivity.
Durability:
In the field, hand-held scanners and terminals are vulnerable to harsh environments and rough
handling, including being bumped or dropped. Devices featuring rugged, drop-resistant
construction and resistance to water and dust protect your equipment investment.
Long battery life:
Scanners are available with power-saving features that result in longer operating time,
eliminating frequent, time-consuming battery changes.
Experience and reputation of the manufacturer:
Look for a manufacturer that has established itself as an industry leader and innovator, and
whose products have stood the test of time.
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Encryption
Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a ciphertext, that cannot be easily
understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data
back into its original form, so it can be understood.
The use of encryption/decryption is as old as the art of communication. In wartime, a cipher,
often incorrectly called a code, can be employed to keep the enemy from obtaining the
contents of transmissions. (Technically, a code is a means of representing a signal without the
intent of keeping it secret; examples are Morse code and ASCII.) Simple ciphers include the
substitution of letters for numbers, the rotation of letters in the alphabet, and the "scrambling"
of voice signals by inverting the sideband frequencies. More complex ciphers work according
to sophisticated computer algorithms that rearrange the data bits in digital signals.
In order to easily recover the contents of an encrypted signal, the correct decryption key is
required. The key is an algorithm that undoes the work of the encryption algorithm.
Alternatively, a computer can be used in an attempt to break the cipher. The more complex
the encryption algorithm, the more difficult it becomes to eavesdrop on the communications
without access to the key.
Encryption/decryption is especially important in wireless communications. This is because
wireless circuits are easier to tap than their hard-wired counterparts. Nevertheless,
encryption/decryption is a good idea when carrying out any kind of sensitive transaction,
such as a credit-card purchase online, or the discussion of a company secret between different
departments in the organization.
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In recent years, a controversy has arisen over so-called strong encryption. This refers to
ciphers that are essentially unbreakable without the decryption keys. While most companies
and their customers view it as a means of keeping secrets and minimizing fraud, some
governments view strong encryption as a potential vehicle by which terrorists might evade
authorities. These governments, including that of the United States, want to set up a key-
escrow arrangement. This means everyone who uses a cipher would be required to provide
the government with a copy of the key. Decryption keys would be stored in a supposedly
secure place, used only by authorities, and used only if backed up by a court order.
Opponents of this scheme argue that criminals could hack into the key-escrow database and
illegally obtain, steal, or alter the keys. Supporters claim that while this is a possibility,
implementing the key escrow scheme would be better than doing nothing to prevent criminals
from freely using encryption/decryption.
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Conclusion
The analysis of QR codes and their applications have been covered in this essay. These codes
have a large amount of data storage capacity and are also damage-resistant, which helps them
get around one of the main security issues. The use of QR codes has rapidly risen over the
past few years in public spaces like supermarkets and for educational reasons like book
scanning or stationary scanning. As awareness grows, it will continue to flourish in additional
industries. The QR code technique is growing in popularity day by day while also becoming
more secure as technology advances. When people are more aware of these codes, a wider
range of people will be able to assess their importance. This technology will soon be utilized
in several public spaces. Originally, QR codes were meant to hold data about inventory items,
but they are now widely utilized in fields including marketing, safe payment methods,
advertising, and even educational systems.
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References
1)https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/qr-code-
analysis#conclusion
2)
https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/polity/differe
nces-between-quick-response-code-and-barcode/
3) https://toolsense.io/technology/qr-code-systems-for-inventory/
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