- Methods: Inspection can be conducted using various methods, including visual inspection, dimensional measurement, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and non-destructive testing techniques, - Timing: Inspection can occur at different stages of the production process, including incoming inspection (of raw materials or components}, in-process inspection (during manufacturing), and final inspection (before shipment to customers). = Outcome: The outcome of inspection is typically a pass/fail decision based on whether the item meets the specified requirements. Defective items may be rejected, reworked, or repaired to bring them into compliance. 2. **Quality Control:** - Definition: Quality control (QC) refers to the systematic activities, processes, and procedures implemented within an organization to ensure that products or services meet established quality standards and customer requirements. - Purpose: The primary purpose of quality control is to prevent defects, errors, or deficiencies from ‘occurring in products or processes. It involves implementing measures to monitor, evaluate, and improve the quality of products throughout the entire production process, - Scope: Quality control encompasses a broader range of activities beyond inspection, including process control, statistical analysis, corrective and preventive actions, supplier quality management, and continuous improvement initiatives. = Methods: Quality control methods may include statistical process control (SPC), quality audits, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis, and quality management systems such as ISO 9001. - Continuous Improvement: Quality control emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring, analysis, and feedback to identify opportunities for improvement and drive continuous improvement efforts throughout the organization. In summary, while inspection focuses on identifying defects through examination and testing, quality control encompasses a broader set of activities aimed at preventing defects, improving processes, and ensuring consistent quality throughout the organization's operations. Inspection is a component of quality control but represents only one aspect of the broader quality management framework.DRILLING JIGS Plate type Jig + This is an improvement over the template type of jig. In place of simple holes, drill bushes are provided in the plate to guide the drill. The workpiece can be clamped to the plate and the holes drilled Work Piece Open type JigExhibit Il Movement of parts through a job shop and a cell shop. Job sho i 7 y T T T xf ‘6 we FT ¥ en —! : ™ fe | ms - x } BS |: «fe Le Ue o t \ returning I t ‘inaing $= eurtace T 7 ennaing oa © eam | I r = 2 r ° ee 86 6 x 6Whaat is ‘Statistical Quality Control’ and where is it applied? Statistical Quality Control (SQC) is a set of statistical methods and techniques used to monitor, control, and improve the quality of products or processes in manufacturing and service industries. QC involves collecting and analyzing data from production processes to assess variation, identify defects, and make data-driven decisions to enhance quality and consistency. SQC is applied in various industries, including: 1. Manufacturing: SQC techniques are widely used in manufacturing industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and pharmaceuticals to ensure that products meet quality standards and specifications. These industries employ SQC methods to monitor key process parameters, control variation, and reduce defects in production processes. 2. Healthcare: In the healthcare sector, SQC is applied to monitor and improve the quality of medical services, patient care, and clinical processes. Hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities use SQC methods to track patient outcomes, reduce medical errors, and enhance the efficiency of healthcare delivery, 3. Financial Services: SQC techniques are utilized in the financial services industry to monitor and control the quality of banking, insurance, and investment services. Financial institutions use SQC methods to analyze transaction data, detect fraud, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, 4. Retail and Consumer Goods: SQC is employed in retail and consumer goods industries to monitor product quality, manage supply chain processes, and improve customer satisfaction, Retailers use SQC techniques to assess product performance, analyze customer feedback, and optimize inventory ‘management practices. 5. Food and Beverage: In the food and beverage industry, SQC methods are applied to ensure the safety, quality, and consistency of food products. Food manufacturers use SQC techniques to monitor production processes, detect contaminants, and comply with food safety regulations. Overall, Statistical Quality Control is a versatile and widely used approach for enhancing quality, reducing costs, and increasing customer satisfaction across various industries and sectors.Illustrate the concept of UCL, CL and LCL in the context of Statistical Quality Control In Statistical Quality Control (SQC), the concepts of Upper Control Limit (UCL), Central Limit (CL), and Lower Control Limit (LCL) are used in control charts to monitor the variation in a process over time, ‘These control limits help identify whether a process is operating within acceptable limits or if itis exhibiting unusual variation that may indicate the presence of special causes of variation. Here's an illustration of these concepts: 1. **Central Limit (CL):** - The Central Limit (CL) represents the central or average value of a process parameter being monitored. - Itis typically calculated as the mean or average value of the process parameter over a defined period of time. Cl serves as the target or reference value for the process and represents the desired level of performance. - Itis located at the center of the control chart and provides a reference point for evaluating process performance. 2. "Upper Control Limit (UCL):** - The Upper Control Limit (UCL) is a threshold above the central limit that indicates the upper boundary of acceptable variation in the process. - Itis calculated based on statistical methods, such as standard deviation or process capability analysis, and is typically set ata specified number of standard deviations above the central limit. - UCL helps identify when the process is exhibiting unusually high levels of variation that may indicate the presence of special causes of variation, such as machine malfunctions or operator errors. = When data points on the control chart exceed the UCL, it signals the need for investigation and corrective action to address the sources of variation. 3. **Lower Control Limit (LCL):** - The Lower Control Limit (LCL) is @ threshold below the central limit that indicates the lower boundary of acceptable variation in the process. Similar to the UCL, LCLis calculated based on statistical methods and is typically set at a specified number of standard deviations below the central limit. ~ LCL helps identify when the process is exhibiting unusually low levels of variation that may also indicate the presence of special causes of variation, - When data points on the control chart fall below the LCL, it signals the need for investigation and corrective action to address the sources of variation.In summary, CL represents the average or target value of a process parameter, while UCL and LCL define the acceptable upper and lower boundaries of variation, respectively, Control charts are used to visually display these limits along with actual process data to monitor and control the performance of a process over time.