6. General-purpose equipment: Job shops use general-purpose equipment that can be easily adjusted or reconfigured for different manufacturing tasks. Advantages: 1. Customization: Job shops excel at producing custom-made products tailored to the specific needs and preferences of individual customers. 2. Flexibility: Job shops can quickly adapt to changes in demand, product specifications, or production processes, making them well-suited for volatile or uncertain markets, 3. High-quality products: With a focus on customization and attention to detail, job shops can deliver high-quality products that meet or exceed customer expectations. 4. Utilization of skilled labor: Job shop manufacturing relies on the expertise of skilled workers who can handle diverse production tasks and address complex manufacturing challenges. 5. Cost-effective for small batches: Job shops are cost-effective for producing small batches of custom-made products since they avoid the overhead costs associated with mass production. Disadvantages: 1. Higher costs: Job shop manufacturing tends to have higher per-unit costs compared to mass production due to factors such as setup time, labor-intensive processes, and specialized equipment requirements. 2. Longer lead times: Customization and small batch sizes can lead to longer lead times for product delivery, especially if there are delays in material procurement or production scheduling. 3. Complexity in scheduling: Managing a diverse range of products with varying production requirements can make scheduling and production planning challenging in job shop environments. 4, Limited economies of scale: Job shops may struggle to achieve economies of scale since they operate at lower production volumes compared to mass production, resulting in higher unit costs. 5. Skill dependency: Job shop manufacturing relies heavily on skilled labor, and the availability of skilled workers can be a limiting factor in scaling up production or meeting increased demand, Overall, while job shop manufacturing offers flexibility and customization, it requires careful ‘management of costs, lead times, and production processes to remain competitive in the market. Certainly! Let's discuss the characteristics, benefits, and disadvantages of Batch Production and Mass Production: 1. **Characteristies:‘Wire rod is out to length, sightly larger than the volume ofthe fnizhed ball The cut slug is cold forged in tool steall abide dies to produce a col-headed ball Flashing removes the "equator" @ oles” oiving the ball 3 rough fish Heat treating, through hardens the ohrome steel ball The bal i ground to achieve approximate size ‘The six production steps for a grade 24 chrome steel bearing Ball (production steps may vary depending Lapping glves a beilant fish, as ‘on the material and grade required)” the allis polished to exact size Describe with neat sketch the steps of production of ‘Connecting Rod’ from raw material ‘The production of a connecting rod involves several steps, from raw material to the finished component. Here is a description of the key steps involved in the production process: 1. **Raw Material Selection:** High-quality stee! or aluminium alloy is typically used as the raw material for connecting rods. The material is selected based on factors such as strength, durability, and weight. 2. **Cutting and Shearing:** The raw material, usually in the form of bars or billets, is cut to the required length using sawing or shearing machines. This step ensures that the material is in the appropriate size and shape for further processing 3. **Forging:** The cut blanks are then heated to a specific temperature to make them malleable and place forging die. The die contains the negative shape of the connecting rod. Hydraulic or mechanical presses exert high pressure to deform the material, forcing it to take the shape of the die cavity. This process is known as closed die forging and forms the basic shape of the connecting rod. 4. "*Trimming:** ‘After forging, the connecting rod undergoes trimming to remove excess material and achieve the desired dimensions. This can be done through machining processes such as milling or turning,- Methods: Inspection can be conducted using various methods, including visual inspection, dimensional measurement, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and non-destructive testing techniques, - Timing: Inspection can occur at different stages of the production process, including incoming inspection (of raw materials or components}, in-process inspection (during manufacturing), and final inspection (before shipment to customers). = Outcome: The outcome of inspection is typically a pass/fail decision based on whether the item meets the specified requirements. Defective items may be rejected, reworked, or repaired to bring them into compliance. 2. **Quality Control:** - Definition: Quality control (QC) refers to the systematic activities, processes, and procedures implemented within an organization to ensure that products or services meet established quality standards and customer requirements. - Purpose: The primary purpose of quality control is to prevent defects, errors, or deficiencies from occurring in products or processes. It involves implementing measures to monitor, evaluate, and improve the quality of products throughout the entire production process, - Scope: Quality control encompasses a broader range of activities beyond inspection, including process control, statistical analysis, corrective and preventive actions, supplier quality management, and continuous improvement initiatives. = Methods: Quality control methods may include statistical process control (SPC), quality audits, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis, and quality management systems such as ISO 9001. - Continuous Improvement: Quality control emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring, analysis, and feedback to identify opportunities for improvement and drive continuous improvement efforts throughout the organization. In summary, while inspection focuses on identifying defects through examination and testing, quality control encompasses a broader set of activities aimed at preventing defects, improving processes, and ensuring consistent quality throughout the organization's operations. Inspection is a component of quality control but represents only one aspect of the broader quality management framework.