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 CONTENTS

Preface
Introduction to the National Electrical Code®
Brief History of the National Electrical Code®
About the 2020 National Electrical Code®

Article
90. Introduction

Chapter 1
100. Definitions
110. Requirements for Electrical Installations

Chapter 2
200. Use and Identification of Grounded Conductors
210. Branch Circuits
215. Feeders
220. Branch-Circuit, Feeder, and Service Load Calculations
225. Outside Branch Circuits and Feeders
230. Services
240. Overcurrent Protection
242. Overvoltage Protection
250. Grounding and Bonding

Chapter 3
300. General Requirements for Wiring Methods and
Materials
310. Conductors for General Wiring
311. Medium-Voltage Conductors and Cable
312. Cabinets, Cutout Boxes, and Meter Socket Enclosures
314. Outlet, Device, Pull, and Junction Boxes; Conduit
Bodies; Fittings; and Handhole Enclosures
320. Armored Cable: Type AC
322. Flat Cable Assemblies: Type FC
324. Flat Conductor Cable: Type FCC
326. Integrated Gas Spacer Cable: Type IGS
330. Metal-Clad Cable: Type MC
332. Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Cable: Type MI
334. Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable: Types NM and NMC
336. Power and Control Tray Cable: Type TC
337. Type P Cable
338. Service-Entrance Cable: Types SE and Use
340. Underground Feeder and Branch-Circuit Cable: Type UF
342. Intermediate Metal Conduit: Type IMC
344. Rigid Metal Conduit: Type RMC
348. Flexible Metal Conduit: Type FMC
350. Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit: Type LFMC
352. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit: Type PVC
353. High-Density Polyethylene Conduit: Type HDPE Conduit
354. Nonmetallic Underground Conduit with Conductors:
Type NUCC
355. Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Conduit: Type RTRC
356. Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit: Type LFNC
358. Electrical Metallic Tubing: Type EMT
360. Flexible Metallic Tubing: Type FMT
362. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing: Type ENT
366. Auxiliary Gutters
368. Busways
370. Cablebus
372. Cellular Concrete Floor Raceways
374. Cellular Metal Floor Raceways
376. Metal Wireways
378. Nonmetallic Wireways
380. Multioutlet Assembly
382. Nonmetallic Extensions
384. Strut-Type Channel Raceway
386. Surface Metal Raceways
388. Surface Nonmetallic Raceways
390. Underfloor Raceways
392. Cable Trays
393. Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution
Systems
394. Concealed Knob-and-Tube Wiring
396. Messenger-Supported Wiring
398. Open Wiring on Insulators
399. Outdoor Overhead Conductors over 1000 V

Chapter 4
400. Flexible Cords and Flexible Cables
402. Fixture Wires
404. Switches
406. Receptacles, Cord Connectors, and Attachment Plugs
(Caps)
408. Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panelboards
409. Industrial Control Panels
410. Luminaires, Lampholders, and Lamps
411. Low-Voltage Lighting
422. Appliances
424. Fixed Electric Space-Heating Equipment
425. Fixed Resistance and Electrode Industrial Process
Heating Equipment
426. Fixed Outdoor Electric Deicing and Snow-Melting
Equipment
427. Fixed Electric Heating Equipment for Pipelines and
Vessels
430. Motors, Motor Circuits, and Controllers
440. Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Equipment
445. Generators
450. Transformers and Transformer Vaults (Including
Secondary Ties)
455. Phase Converters
460. Capacitors
470. Resistors and Reactors
480. Storage Batteries
490. Equipment Over 1000 V, Nominal

Chapter 5
500. Hazardous (Classified) Locations, Classes I, II, and III,
Divisions 1 and 2
501. Class I Locations
502. Class II Locations
503. Class III Locations
504. Intrinsically Safe Systems
505. Zone 0, 1, and 2 Locations
506. Zone 20, 21, and 22 Locations for Combustible Dusts or
Ignitible Fibers/Flyings
510. Hazardous (Classified) Locations—Specific
511. Commercial Garages: Repair and Storage
513. Aircraft Hangars
514. Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities
515. Bulk Storage Plants
516. Spray Application, Dipping, Coating, and Printing
Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Materials
517. Health Care Facilities
518. Assembly Occupancies
520. Theaters, Audience Areas of Motion Picture and
Television Studios, Performance Areas, and Similar
Locations
522. Control Systems for Permanent Amusement Attractions
525. Carnivals, Circuses, Fairs, and Similar Events
530. Motion Picture and Television Studios and Similar
Locations
540. Motion Picture Projection Rooms
545. Manufactured Buildings and Relocatable Structures
547. Agricultural Buildings
550. Mobile Homes, Manufactured Homes, and Mobile Home
Parks
551. Recreational Vehicles and Recreational Vehicle Parks
552. Park Trailers
555. Marinas, Boatyards, Floating Buildings, and Commercial
and Noncommercial Docking Facilities
590. Temporary Installations

Chapter 6
600. Electric Signs and Outline Lighting
604. Manufactured Wiring Systems
605. Office Furnishings
610. Cranes and Hoists
620. Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, Moving Walks,
Platform Lifts, and Stairway Chair Lifts
625. Electrical Vehicle Power Transfer Systems
626. Electrified Truck Parking Spaces
630. Electric Welders
640. Audio Signal Processing, Amplification, and
Reproduction Equipment
645. Information Technology Equipment
646. Modular Data Centers
647. Sensitive Electronic Equipment
650. Pipe Organs
660. X-Ray Equipment
665. Induction and Dielectric Heating Equipment
668. Electrolytic Cells
669. Electroplating
670. Industrial Machinery
675. Electrically Driven or Controlled Irrigation Machines
680. Swimming Pools, Fountains, and Similar Installations
682. Natural and Artificially Made Bodies of Water
685. Integrated Electrical Systems
690. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
691. Large-Scale Photovoltaic (PV) Electric Supply Stations
692. Fuel Cell Systems
694. Wind Electric Systems
695. Fire Pumps

Chapter 7
700. Emergency Systems
701. Legally Required Standby Systems
702. Optional Standby Systems
705. Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources
706. Energy Storage Systems
708. Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)
710. Stand-Alone Systems
712. Direct Current Microgrids
720. Circuits and Equipment Operating at Less Than 50 V
725. Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling,
and Power-Limited Circuits
727. Instrumentation Tray Cable: Type ITC
728. Fire-Resistive Cable Systems
750. Energy Management Systems
760. Fire Alarm Systems
770. Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways
Chapter 8
800. General Requirements for Communications Systems
805. Communications Circuits
810. Radio and Television Equipment
820. Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution
Systems
830. Network-Powered Broadband Communications
Systems
840. Premises-Powered Broadband Communications
Systems

Chapter 9
Tables
Informative Annex A. Product Safety Standards
Informative Annex B. Application Information for Ampacity
Calculation
Informative Annex C. Conduit and Tubing Fill Tables for
Conductors and Fixture Wires of the
Same Size
Informative Annex D. Examples
Informative Annex E. Types of Construction
Informative Annex F. Availability and Reliability for
Operations Power Systems; and
Development and Implementation of
Functional Performance Tests (FPTS) for
Critical Operations Power Systems
Informative Annex G. Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)
Informative Annex H. Administration and Enforcement
Informative Annex I. Recommended Tightening Torque
Tables from UL Standard 486A-486B
Informative Annex J. ADA Standards for Accessible Design

Index
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Frederic P. Hartwell is a working electrician, is President of
Hartwell Electrical Services, Inc., and has been certified by the
International Association of Electrical Inspectors as a Certified
Master Electrical Inspector. He is the senior member of NEC® CMP
9. He is coauthor of McGraw-Hill’s American Electricians’ Handbook,
17th Edition.
 PREFACE

The 30th edition of McGraw Hill’s National Electrical Code®

Handbook has been thoroughly revised to reflect the changes given
in the 2020 National Electrical Code. This is a reference book of
commentary, discussion, and analysis on the most commonly
encountered rules of the 2020 National Electrical Code. Designed to
be used in conjunction with the 2020 NE Code book published by the
National Fire Protection Association, this Handbook presents
thousands of illustrations—diagrams and photos—to supplement the
detailed text in explaining and clarifying NEC regulations. Description
of the background and rationale for specific Code rules is aimed at
affording a broader, deeper, and readily developed understanding of
the meaning and application of those rules. The style of presentation
is conversational and intended to facilitate a quick, practical grasp of
the ideas and concepts that are couched in the necessarily terse,
stiff, quasi-legal language of the NEC document itself.
This handbook follows the order of “articles” as presented in the
NE Code book, starting with “Article 90” and proceeding through the
various “Informative Annexes.” The Code rules are referenced by
“section” numbers (e.g., “250.138. Cord- and Plug-Connected
Equipment”). This format ensures quick and easy correlation
between NEC sections and the discussions and explanations of the
rules involved. This companion reference to the NEC book expands
on the rules and presents common interpretations that have been
put on the many difficult and controversial Code requirements. A
user of this handbook should refer to the NEC book for the precise
wording of a rule and then refer to the corresponding section
number in this handbook for a practical evaluation of the details.
Because many NEC rules do not present difficulty in
understanding or interpretation, not all sections are referenced. But
the vast majority of sections are covered, especially all sections that
have proved troublesome or controversial. And particular emphasis is
given to changes and additions that have been made in Code rules
over recent editions of the NEC. Although this new edition, McGraw
Hill’s National Electrical Code® 2020 Handbook, does not contain
the complete wording of the NE Code book, it does contain much
greater analysis and interpretation than any other so-called
handbook contains.
Today, the universal importance of the NE Code has been
established by the federal government (OSHA and other safety-
related departments), by state and local inspection agencies, and by
all kinds of private companies and organizations. In addition,
national, state, and local licensing or certification as an electrical
contractor, master electrician, or electrical inspector will require a
firm and confident knowledge of the NEC. With requirements for
certification or licensing now mandated in nearly every jurisdiction
across the country, the need for Code competence is indispensable.
To meet the great need for information on the NEC, McGraw Hill has
been publishing a handbook on the National Electrical Code since
1932. Originally developed by Arthur L. Abbott in that year, the
handbook has been carried on in successive editions for each
revision of the National Electrical Code.
One final point—words such as “workmanlike” are taken directly
from the Code and are intended in a purely generic sense. Their use
is in no way meant to deny the role women already play in the
electrical industries or their importance to the field.

Frederic P. Hartwell
 INTRODUCTION TO THE
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL
CODE®

McGraw-Hill’s National Electrical Code® 2020 Handbook is based on

the 2020 edition of the National Electrical Code as developed by the
National Electrical Code Committee of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), sponsored by the National Fire Protection
Association® (NFPA®). The National Electrical Code is identified by
the designation NFPA No. 70-2020. The NFPA adopted the Code at
the NFPA Technical Meeting held in June, 2019 and the Standards
Council officially issued it in August, 2019.
The National Electrical Code, as its name implies, is a nationally
accepted guide to the safe installation of electrical wiring and
equipment. The committee sponsoring its development includes all
parties of interest having technical competence in the field, working
together with the sole objective of safeguarding the public in its
utilization of electricity. The procedures under which the Code is
prepared provide for the orderly introduction of new developments
and improvements in the art, with particular emphasis on safety
from the standpoint of its end use. The rules of procedure under
which the National Electrical Code Committee operates are published
in each official edition of the Code and in separate pamphlet form so
that all concerned may have full information and free access to the
operating procedures of the sponsoring committee. The Code has
been a big factor in the growth and wide acceptance of the use of
electrical energy for light and power and for heat, radio, television,
signaling, and other purposes from the date of its first appearance
(1897) to the present.
The National Electrical Code is primarily designed for use by
trained electrical people and is necessarily terse in its wording.
The sponsoring National Electrical Code Committee is composed
of a Technical Correlating Committee and 18 Code-making panels,
each responsible for one or more articles in the Code. Each panel is
composed of experienced individuals representing balanced interests
of all segments of the industry and the public concerned with the
subject matter. In an effort to promote clarity and consistency of
field interpretations of NEC passages, the National Electrical Code
Style Manual was completely rewritten in 1999, with the current
version effective in 2015. All Code-making panels have been asked
to review their articles for usability and editorial conformity to this
publication, and copies are available from the NFPA, Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
The National Fire Protection Association also has organized an
Electrical Section to provide the opportunity for NFPA members
interested in electrical safety to become better informed and to
contribute to the development of NFPA electrical standards. This
new handbook reflects the fact that the National Electrical Code was
revised for the 2020 edition, requiring an updating of the previous
handbook, which was based on the 2017 edition of the Code. The
established schedule of the National Electrical Code Committee
contemplates a new edition of the National Electrical Code every 3
years. Provision is made under the rules of procedure for handling
urgent emergency matters through a Tentative Interim Amendment
Procedure. The Committee also has established rules for rendering
Formal (sometimes called Official) Interpretations. Two general
forms of findings for such Interpretations are recognized: (1) those
making an interpretation of literal text and (2) those making an
interpretation of the intent of the National Electrical Code when a
particular rule was adopted. All Tentative Interim Amendments and
Formal Interpretations are published by the NFPA as they are issued,
and notices are sent to all interested trade papers in the electrical
industry.
NFPA is now incorporating interim changes in its electronic
versions available by subscription, along with printed versions issued
subsequent to the effective date of the change. As this is written,
there is no visual cue to the existence of changed text. However, the
online “free access” version visible to members of the public will
remain unchanged from when first issued. In 49 of the 50 states
(Wyoming being the exception), the electrical code adoption process
implements a version of the NEC specified at the time of adoption.
Therefore, as time goes forward, this creates a likelihood that
multiple users will literally be on different pages when attempting to
communicate. The very first page of the NEC contains a list of such
amendments organized by location and specified dates of issuance.
Code users should routinely consult this information and the postings
on the NFPA website to determine whether what they are reading is
in effect in their jurisdiction.
The National Electrical Code is purely advisory as far as the
National Fire Protection Association is concerned but is very widely
used as the basis of law and for legal regulatory purposes. The Code
is administered by various local inspection agencies, whose decisions
govern the actual application of the National Electrical Code to
individual installations. Local inspectors are largely members of the
International Association of Electrical Inspectors, 901 Waterfall Way,
Suite 602, Richardson, TX 75080-7702. This organization, the
National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the National Electrical
Contractors Association, the Edison Electric Institute, the
Underwriters’ Laboratories Inc., the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers, governmental groups, and independent experts
all contribute to the development and application of the National
Electrical Code.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL
CODE®

The National Electrical Code was originally drawn in 1897 as a result

of the united efforts of various insurance, electrical, architectural,
and allied interests. The original Code was prepared by the National
Conference on Standard Electrical Rules, composed of delegates
from various interested national associations. Prior to this, acting on
an 1881 resolution of the National Association of Fire Engineers’
meeting in Richmond, Virginia, a basis for the first Code was
suggested to cover such items as identification of the white wire, the
use of single disconnect devices, and the use of insulated conduit.
In 1911, the National Conference of Standard Electrical Rules was
disbanded, and since that year, the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) has acted as sponsor of the National Electrical
Code. Beginning with the 1920 edition, the National Electrical Code
has been under the further auspices of the American National
Standards Institute (and its predecessor organizations, United States
of America Standards Institute, and the American Standards
Association), with the NFPA continuing in its role as Administrative
Sponsor. Since that date, the Committee has been identified as
“ANSI Standards Committee C1” (formerly “USAS C1” or “ASA C1”).
Major milestones in the continued updating of successive issues of
the National Electrical Code since 1911 appeared in 1923, when the
Code was rearranged and rewritten; in 1937, when it was editorially
revised so that all the general rules would appear in the first
chapters followed by supplementary rules in the following chapters;
and in 1959, when it was editorially revised to incorporate a new
numbering system under which each section of each article is
identified by the article number preceding the section number. The
1937 edition also included an introduction for the first time, and
many of its most important provisions survive, almost verbatim, in
Art. 90 today. That article number, together with much of what is
familiar about the Code today, began with the 1959 organizational
changes.
In addition to an extensive revision, the 1975 NEC was the first
Code to be dated for the year following its actual release. That is,
although it was released in September of 1974, instead of being
called the 1974 Code—as was done for the 1971 and all previous
editions of the NEC—this Code was identified as the 1975 Code.
That’s the reason there appears to be 4 years, instead of the usual
3, between the 1971 and 1975 editions. The purpose was to have
the named code year agree with the effective dates of adoption in,
at least, the early adopting jurisdictions.
Due to the proliferation of premises-owned medium-voltage
systems, the 1999 Code notably moved those requirements out of
the old Art. 710 and into Chaps. 1 through 4. The 2005 NEC made a
notable reorganization of almost all of Chap. 3, resulting in new
article numbers for almost every wiring method.
The 2020 edition contains four new articles, three of which simply
reorganize technical material in a more usable way. Article 242 is
largely a combination and relocation of former Art. 280 (Surge
Arrestors, Over 1000 V) and Art. 285 (Surge Protective Devices,
1000 V and Less). Article 311 separates medium-voltage coverage
from Art. 310, and in the process incorporates coverage of
Medium-Voltage cables formerly carried as Art. 328, now deleted.
Former Art. 800 on Communications Circuits relocates as Art. 805.
This makes room for a new Art. 800 covering general requirements
for communication systems as applicable to all of Chap. 8. All
material that was formerly repeatedly duplicated throughout Chap. 8
has now been relocated here. New Art. 337 covers Type P cable, a
highly specialized cable used primarily for land-based petrochemical
drilling rigs. This is the only new article in terms of technical content.
 For many years, the National Electrical Code was published by the
National Board of Fire Underwriters (now American Insurance
Association), and this public service of the National Board helped
immensely in bringing about the wide public acceptance that the
Code now enjoys. It is recognized as the most widely adopted Code
of standard practices in the United States. The National Fire
Protection Association first printed the document in pamphlet form in
1951 and has, since that year, supplied the Code for distribution to
the public through its own office and through the American National
Standards Institute. The National Electrical Code also appears in the
National Fire Codes, issued annually by the National Fire Protection
Association.
 ABOUT THE 2020 NATIONAL
ELECTRICAL CODE®

The trend for very large numbers of proposals for changes and
adopted changes in successive editions of the NEC has not reversed
itself. The 2020 NEC is based on 3730 public inputs and 1930 public
comments that have resulted in literally hundreds of additions,
deletions, and other modifications—both minor and major. There are
completely new articles covering equipment and applications not
previously covered by the Code. There are also new regulations and
radical changes in old regulations that affect the widest possible
range of everyday electrical design considerations and installation
details.
The process of development of the 2017 NEC made it a
watershed edition as NFPA moved to an electronic future in terms of
standards development. The process was transformed into one that
is almost entirely based on internet transactions. Instead of the
former “proposals,” suggestions for NEC changes are now styled as
“public inputs” (or, if developed at a panel meeting, as “panel
inputs”). The panels still meet in an open session to consider the
inputs, and a two-thirds vote on a subsequent ballot (now submitted
electronically) is still required to advance a change in the NEC. The
result (after the customary Correlating Committee review) is a “First
Draft Report” instead of the former “Report on Proposals.” A
customary comment period then opens, and as previously, the
panels meet again to consider them prior to issuance of a “Second
Draft Report” instead of the former “Report on Comments.” This
documentation represents the principal source of information relative
to the motivation for changes in the Code. This book contains
literally thousands of explanations for how Code sections are
intended to be applied, and in the vast majority of cases, those
explanations were developed from the first and second draft reports,
or their predecessors in prior cycles.
The change of title for the reports is of no consequence, but the
format is. Both draft reports, as well as all submitted inputs,
comments, and related documentation, are only available for review
online. NFPA does not make these reports available for download, so
even printing them out as a collected report (single inputs and
actions can be downloaded) from one’s computer is not possible.
They can be worked only from an active online connection. Another
procedural issue relates to the expanded use of task groups prior to
the panel meetings under the new process. All public inputs and
comments received initial evaluation by appointed task groups that
comprised of subsets of the panel membership, which met online
and through conference telephone calls prior to the meetings. The
task groups were not balanced by interest categories, and their
reports lacked transparency and frequently had a disproportionate
influence on the final results. In general, the task group process was
popular because it significantly reduced the workload during the
meetings, but proved problematic in terms of the quality of the final
product. The 2020 edition benefited from actions in the Correlating
Committee that better organized the task group process.
Even the input submittal process continued, in the 2020 cycle, to
be a work in progress. The software is plainly not yet up to the task.
The submittals must be formulated using legislative text with
changes underlined and deletions struck out, but frequently the
software would underline additional text that was unaffected by the
input. As a result, many submitters had to resort to explaining in
plain English in the substantiation field exactly what they were
intending to change in the text field. The software is also
problematic for the panel process, presenting such annoyances as
not allowing for carriage returns in a ballot comment. This resulted
in carefully crafted, properly punctuated voting comments being
posted as a single run-on paragraph, and in addition legislative or
other formatting options were unavailable as well. The software also
imposes restraints on the length of comments, which means some
get relegated to separate Microsoft Word documents almost
impossible for the public to find. In the 2017 cycle, frequently the
software carried errors that were difficult to detect in the ballot
process due to the presentation, and then into print. Because they,
technically, were balloted, a TIA was required to correct them. The
new (for the 2017 edition) Art. 425 was a case in point, with no
fewer than six missed paragraph divisions spread throughout the
article, each having substantive impact and in one case making an
entire section unusable. Code panels in the 2020 cycle, based on the
2017 experience and with the active support of the Correlating
Committee, were better able to anticipate and prevent these errors
from making it all the way into the first printing.
Everyone involved in the layout, selection, estimation,
specification, inspection, as well as installation, maintenance,
replacement, etc., of electrical systems and equipment must make
every effort to become as thoroughly versed in and completely
familiar with the intimate details related to the individual change as
is possible. And, this must be done as soon as possible.
Clearly, compliance with the NEC is more important than ever, as
evidenced by the skyrocketing numbers of suits filed against
electrical designers and installers. In addition, inspectors everywhere
are more knowledgeable and competent and they are exercising
more rigorous enforcement and generally tightening control over the
performance of electrical work. Another factor is the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration’s Design Safety Standards for
Electrical Systems. That standard, which borrowed heavily from the
rules and regulations given in the NEC, is federal law and applies to
all places of employment in general industry occupancies. Although
the OSHA Design Safety Standards for Electrical Systems is based
heavily on the NEC, due to the relatively dynamic nature of the NEC,
there will eventually be discrepancies. But, for those instances where
a more recent edition of the Code permits something that is
prohibited by the OSHA standard, OSHA officials have indicated that
such an infraction—although still an infraction—will be viewed as
what OSHA refers to as a “de minimus violation,” which essentially
boils down to no fine. Of course that is not always the case. “Listing”
and “labeling” of products by third-party testing facilities is always
permitted but frequently not required by the NEC, but it is made
mandatory in most places of employment by the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) Design Safety Standards for
Electrical Systems. The OSHA requirement for certification may take
precedence over the less stringent position of the NEC regarding
listing of equipment. The impact of the NEC—even on OSHA
regulations, which are federal law—is a great indicator of the Code’s
far-reaching effect.
The fact that the application of electrical energy for light, power,
control, signaling, and voice/data communication, as well as for
computer processing and computerized process-control continues to
grow at a breakneck pace also demands greater attention to the
Code. As the electrical percentage of the construction dollar
continues upward, the high-profile and very visible nature of
electrical usage demand closer, more penetrating concern for safety
in electrical design and installation. In today’s sealed buildings, with
the entire interior environment dependent on the electrical supply,
reliability and continuity of operation has become critical. Those
realities demand not only a concern for eliminating shock and fire
hazards, but also a concern for continuity of supply, which is
essential for the safety of people, and, in today’s business and
industry, to protect data and processes, as well.
And, of course, one critical factor that, perhaps, emphasizes the
importance of Code-expertise more than anything else is the
extremely competitive nature of construction and modernization
projects, today. The restricted market and the overwhelming
pressure to economize have caused some to employ extreme
methods to achieve those ends without full attention to safety. The
Code represents an effective, commendable, and, in many instances,
legally binding standard that must be satisfied, which acts as a
barrier to any compromises with basic electrical safety. It is a
democratically developed consensus standard that the electrical
industry has determined to be the essential foundation for safe
electrical design and installation; and compliance with the NEC will
dictate a minimum dollar value for any project.
In this handbook, the discussion delves into the letter and intent
of Code rules. Read and study the material carefully. Talk it over with
your associates; engage in as much discussion as possible. In
particular, check out any questions or problems with your local
inspection authorities. It is true that only time and discussion provide
final answers on how some of the rules are to be interpreted. But
now is the time to start. Do not delay. Use this handbook to begin a
regular, continuous, and enthusiastic program of updating yourself
on this big new Code.
This handbook’s illustrated analysis of the 2020 NEC is most
effectively used by having your copy of the new Code book at hand
and referring to each section as it is discussed. The commentary
given here is intended to supplement and clarify the actual wording
of the Code rules as given in the Code book itself.
INTRODUCTION

ARTICLE 90. INTRODUCTION

90.1. Purpose.
(A). PRACTICAL SAFEGUARDING. The intent of this section is to
establish a clear and definite relationship between the National
Electrical Code® and electrical system design as well as field
installation. Basically stated, the NEC is intended only to ensure that
electrical systems installed in commercial, industrial, institutional,
and residential occupancies are safe. That is, to provide a system
that is “essentially free from hazard.” The Code (throughout this
manual, the words “Code,” “NE Code,” and “NEC®” refer to the
National Electrical Code) sets forth requirements, recommendations,
and suggestions and constitutes a minimum standard for the
framework of electrical design. As stated in its own introduction, the
Code is concerned with the “practical safeguarding of persons and
property from hazards arising from the use of electricity” for light,
heat, power, computers, networks, control, signaling, and other
purposes.
The NEC is recognized as a legal criterion of safe electrical design
and installation. It is used in court litigation and by insurance
companies as a basis for insuring buildings. The Code is an
important instrument for safe electrical system design and
installations. It must be thoroughly understood by all electrical
designers and installers. They must be familiar with all sections of
the Code and should know the latest accepted interpretations that
have been rendered by inspection authorities and how they impact
the design and/or installation of electrical systems. They should keep
abreast of Formal Interpretations, as well as the issues addressed by
Tentative Interim Amendments (TIA) that are issued, periodically, by
the NEC committees. They should know the intent of Code
requirements (i.e., the spirit as well as the letter of each provision)
and be familiar with the safety issue at the heart of the matter. And,
most important, they should keep a copy of the NEC and this Code
handbook close by for ready reference and repeated study.
The NEC is not written for nor intended to be used by untrained
individuals. Qualified electricians and engineers spend many years
reviewing and thinking about its provisions. It should be noted that
the language in Art. 90, although considerably embellished over the
years, has changed little substantively over the years since this sort
of introduction was first presented in the 1937 edition.
(B). ADEQUACY. It’s worth noting that compliance with the
provisions of the National Electrical Code can effectively minimize fire
and accident hazards in any electrical system. A code-compliant
installation will be “essentially free from hazard,” but not absolutely
so. This provision is essentially unchanged since the 1937 edition
and has stood the test of time. Many installations with substantial
code violations exist for protracted periods of time without loss
experience through good fortune and the fact that protective
systems frequently overlap. On the other hand, occasionally a fully
compliant installation can fail, usually due to an unforeseen
circumstance. Perfect safety is only achievable at infinite cost. Every
3 years the National Electrical Code Committee wrestles with the
concept of “essentially free” as it considers proposed changes to the
next edition.
Although the Code ensures minimum safety provisions, actual
design work must constantly consider safety as required by special
types or conditions of electrical application. For example, effective
provision of automatic protective devices and selection of control
equipment for particular applications involve engineering knowledge
above routine adherence to Code requirements. Then, too, designers
and installers must know the physical characteristics—application
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
his cannibal's thought-pattern, torrents of perfectly stable electricity,
slowly influencing his own pattern as he had expected to influence
the impulse, influencing his into a frozen, stable, inflexible pattern of
continuous hunger-satisfaction.
His crystalloid jaws spread wide, Rahll floated in the black void of
space, motionless, unable to move, unable to twist into new thought-
patterns, and therefore unable to think. The inflexible current of
electricity poured steadily into his body....

Slowly the effects of the morphine wore off, and the haze lifted from
Brenner's mind. As his power to think returned, he began to realize
that his plan had worked, and that the alien had been overcome; and
he was glad of this only because it removed him, Brenner, from
danger. He no longer cared that the creature might have absorbed
the impulses of every living being in existence; the thing was frozen,
and he was safe from it—that was all that mattered to him.
Of course he could not see, or feel, or hear the motionless crystalloid
pattern outside. But he knew it was there. He could sense it.
He could sense it because his heretofore unmethodical hub-impulse
pattern, in its close association with Rahll's, had been slowly twisted
and molded into a form very much like the alien's, giving him Rahll's
powers of sightless observation of other impulses and objects.
Brenner no longer had any need for his lost powers of sight, hearing,
taste, smell and touch.
He groped his way back to the nose seat, sensing his way as he
could not feel it. He would find Base—he would be able to sense the
way back to it as soon as it was close enough. He would go back to
Base, because, naturally, his basic thought-form had also been
molded into the shape of Rahll's; and Brenner was hungry, and he
knew he could find food at Base.
Food. He pictured Hale, and the other men at the station.
Food. His jagged cannibal's pattern contracted in ecstacy at the
thought of it.
He activated the atomic generator and whirled the ship around.
THE END
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