Chemistry Laboratory Manual For Teachers To assist with Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate School Based Assessments. | 2017INTRODUCTION Laboratory Practicals are very important to the teaching and learning of Chemistry. The practical activities outlined in this document can be used as a guide in conducting School ssment (SBA) in Chemistry for the Caribbean Secondary Examination Based A: Certificate (CSEC). The mark schemes are included to give you guidance. Be reminded that the SBA component of this subject is valued at 20 % of your final grade and failure to submit the laboratory report in the SBA component will result in an automatic fail. These practical exercises are designed to give you hands-on experience to assist you in better understanding certain concepts in Chemistry and are to be completed in your laboratory practical book during class. Your books will NOT be taken home, as they are the property of Caribbean Examination Council. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerRATIONALE assist Chemistry teachers of CSEC. The manual This manual was designed as a guideline to here by they will develop competence in assessing seeks to provide teachers with the avenue w! Caribbean Examination practical skills in their students to the standards that is required by the Council (CXC). The manual includes suggested practical activities and mark schemes. 1d for skills other than those suggested where applicable. :ach practical activity may be The practical activities are drawn from the following compulsory topics: + Separation Techniques * Acids, Bases and Salts * Volumetric Analysis Redox reactions and Electrolysis + Rates of Reaction + Energetics Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons * Qualitative Analysis The objective of School-Based Assessments is to help students to develop both experimental and critical thinking skills. Hence, it is important for teachers to be able to provide students with hends-on activities that will enhance their ability to develop problem-solving approach to learning. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerSKILLS ASSESSED IN CHEMISTRY ) ulation and Measurement (MD Observation, Recording and Reporting (ORR) 3. Analysis and Interpretation (AN) 4. Planning and D ning (PD) ‘The criteria/expectation for each skill is briefly described below. This should provide general guideline for teachers. The suggested practical activities and mark schemes gives specific examples of what should be given to students in a practical based lesson, Observation, Recor g and Reporting (O/R/R) The ability to: elect observations relevant to the particular acti make accurate observations and minimise experimental errors; record observations, measurements, methods and techniques with due regard for precision, accuracy and uni © select and use appropriate methods of recording data or observations, for example, graphs, tables, (see appendix for rules of drawing graphs and tables) diagrams and drawings; * state a reflection for the lab ~ this is a description of what the student understood what the Jab was about and an interpretation of what was most important/ interesting or useful / relevant to the individual student. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerManipulation and Measurement (M/M) The ability to: * follow a detailed set or sequence of instructions; ion and accuracy; * make measurements with due regard for pre * handle chemicals and living organisms with care; * assemble and use simple apparatus and measuring instruments. (see appendix for the Proper use of typical instruments used in biology labs) Planning and Designing (P/D) The ability to: * identity problems, make predictions, develop hypotheses and devise means of carrying Out investigations to test the hypotheses; * plan and execute experimental procedures and operations in an appropriate sequence; * use experimental controls where appropriate; * modify an original plan or sequence of operations as a result of difficulties encountered in carrying out experiments or obtaining unexpected results; take into account possible sources of errors and danger in the design of an experiment; * select and use appropriate equipment and techniques. vil ‘Scanned with CamSeannerAnalysis and Interpretation (A/1) The ability to: * Hentiy and recognize the component pars of a whole and interpret the relationships between those parts; © identi causal factors and show how they interact with each other; infer, predict and draw conclusions; make necessary and accurate calculations and recognize the limitations and assumptions of data, ‘Scanned with CamSeanner10. 1 12. 13. 14 15. 16. LABORATORY RULES Working alone in the laboratory is strictly prohibited. Approved safety goggles provided must be worn at all times when in a laboratory. Students may only perform authorized experiments, Lit Bunsen burner must not be left unattended, Use every precaution to keep all chemicals off your skin and clothing, out of your nose, mouthand eyes, and away from flames. It is strictly forbidden to eat or drink anything (includingwater) in the laboratory. Long hair and loose clothing must be confined when in the laboratory. Sandals or open- toed shoes are not allowed, even if socks are worn, All laboratory workers must know the location and proper use of all laboratory safety Squipment, including eyewash, safety shower, fire extinguisher, and telephone. You should know how to exit the lab, in the event of an emergency. Allaccidents, including contact with chemicals, cuts, burns, or inhalation of fumes must be reported to an instructor. Failure to observe laboratory safety riles and procedures may result in injury to you or to fellow classmates. No eating, drinking or playing in the lab at any time. Always wear your lab coat during practicals. Report all accidents, injuries and breakage of glass or equipment to instructor immediately. Keep pathways clear by placing extra items (books, bags, etc.) on the shelves provided. Work quietly — know what you are doing by reading the assigned experiment before you start to work. Pay close attention to any cautions described in the laboratory exercises, ‘Scanned with CamSeanner17. 18. Do not taste anything in the laboratory. Wear safety goggles at all times, Never point a test tube being heated at another student or yourself, |. Keep solids out of the sink. + Always keep your work area clean and orderly. Do not lean, hang over or sit on the laboratory work benches. Handle all chemicals with care. . Follow all instructions given by your zeacher/ laboratory technician. Replace stoppers in reagents bottles immediately after use. IN LAB ‘Scanned with CamSeannerCHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT FORMAT The suggested format for the writing up of each of your experiment is given below, Experiment # Date: July 14, 2016 Topic: Acids, Bases and Salt Title: Identification of the gas formed from the reaction between an acid and a metal. Aim: States the objectives of the experiment to be conducted. Usually begins with “To” and includes the method to be used. Eg: To identify the gas formed during the reaction of an acid and a metal using magnesium and hydrochloric acid. ‘Apparatus/Materials: Includes all equipment and reagents (chemicals) to be used in the experiment. Diagram of Apparatus (when required): Line diagrams to be drawn using PENCIL. Labelling should be in upper or lower case letters ONLY os litsplint test-tube hydrochloric acid bubble of gas magnesium metal xi ‘Scanned with CamSeannerPAST tense Can be written in paragraphs o tabul far format, This includes use opt TAST Eg. When the magnesium strip was , effervescence was, Son and a colourless solution was formed, The test-tube became warm. A Popping sound was heard when the lit Splint was placed in the presence of the gas, Discussion/Analysis of Data/Answers to questions: This gives an explanation for the observations obtained from the experiments, Eg: Effervescence implies a gas was evolved. The popping sound hea i Presence of hydrogen gas Ting the reaction. The colourless solution im chloride salt. formed was as a result of the soluble magnesiu Conclusion: This is an answer to the aim, * Reaction of a metal and an acid produces hydrogen gas. Be careful, enjoy yourself and welcome to the study of CSEC Chemistry! xii ‘Scanned with CamSeannerco Experiment # : 1 Date : Topic : es of Matter Title: Diffusion in gases Aim: To demonstrate the rate of diffusion of two gases. Apparat Glass tubes, cotton wool, aqueous ammonia, concentrated hydrochloric acid, Tubber stopper, ruler, stop watch Method : 1. Place a piece of cotton wool in concentrated hydrochloric acid and place it at one end of, glass tube. Fee another piece of cotton woo! in aqueous ammonia and then place it atthe other end Of the glass tube. 3. Seal ends of the glass rod with rubber stopper. 4. Observe keenly and note the time at which a white ting becomes visible in the glass tube, 5. Measure and record the distance from cotton ball to the white ring, Calculation : Determine the diffusion rate for each gas. Distance travelled (cm) = Rate of Diffusion (cm/s) Time(s) Observation : Discussion : 1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, including state symbols. 2. Based on observations made, what process took place. 3. Indicate which gas diffused faster. Give a reason for your answer, Conclusion : NB. Safety gloves MUST be worn, = ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiment # : 3 Dai Topic: Periodic Table Title: Reaction of Group II elements Aim: ‘To investigate how Group | Acid. Apparatus) Materia Method: Aue Observation: and Group IT elements react with water and dij, (HCI), calcium pellets, zine distilled water, IM hydrochloric acid rene ; : Jem’ be: metal, aluminium metal, magnesium ribbon, 4 test tubes, 150cm" beakers, splint, matches, test-tube holders, measuring C -ylinder Measure 2cm? of 1M hydrochloric acid and pour in a test tube. ‘Add a small piece of magnesium ribbon to the test tube with the HCl Place a lighted splint over the mouth of the test tube Observe the reaction and record results Repeat steps 1-4 using the calcium pellets, zinc, aluminium and copper metal, Repeat steps 1 ~5 using water TABLE SHOWING RREACTION OF METALS WITH DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND WATER Element Hydrochloric acid | Lighted Splint _| Distilled water ‘Magnesium | Calcium = ] Zinc Aluminium [ Copper ‘Scanned with CamSeannerDiscussion: need chemi (a) calcium (b) magne: al equations for and water ‘sium and hydrochloric 4 2. Which element in Broup I is more reactive based on their reaction with water and hydrochloric acid? 3. What trend can be inferred from this observation as you descend group II? Give an Account for this trend, 4 How would you expect the reaction of Gro clements? Give areason for your answer? Arrange the following elements j Magnesium, Calcium, n order of reactivity starting with the least reactive: Potassium and Copper. Conclusion: ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment #: 4 Date: Topic: Periodic Table Title: Reactivity of group VII clements Aim: ‘To determine the reactivity of chlorine, bromine and iodine using displacemen reactions. chilorine, bromine, iodine, distilled water, 3 Apparatus/ Materials: Test tubes, 3 droppers, 150cm? beakers, potassium chloride solution, potassium bromide solution and potassium iodide solution Method: 1. Obtain and label three (3) test tubes as potassium bromide, potassium iodide and potassium chloride. Pour Scm? of each solution into their corresponding test tube. 2. 3. Using a dropper, add 2 drops of chlorine water to each test tube. 4. Record your observations in a suitable format. 5, Repeat steps 2 to 5 using bromine and iodine water. Observation: Discussion: Conclusion: ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiment : 5 Date : Topic: Structure and Bonding Title : Properties of lonic and Molecular Solids Aim; To distinguish benween ionic Properties, Apparatus/ Mater wire |. beakers, (simple molecu, Is : Test-tube racks, conduct Method : Solubility in water: a and molecular solids, using different physical ivity equipment( power source, ammeter, NaCl(ionic solid), graphite ( giant molecular solid), iodine crystals ar solid), water, hexane (organic solvent) Place a small amount of A, B and C in three separate test-tube; add water to about half full, shake well and observe 2. If the substance dissolves to form a solution, test to sec if the solution conducts electricity by placing the electrodes into the solution. Solubility in organic solvent 3. Repeat steps 1-2 using hexane instead of water. Observation : Record observation in a suitable table. Physical Propert SOLID A SOLID B SOLID C Solubility in water Conductivity of aqueous solution Solubility in hexane aqueous solution Discussion: Identify the three so answer. Conclu: lids as ionic, giant molecular arid simple molecular, giving reasons for your a ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiement # :7 Date : To} Mixtures and their Methods of Separation Title: Filtration and Evaporation Aim To separate a mixture of sand and salt using filtration and evaporation beaker, conical flasks, stirring rod, evaporating dish, spatula, wire gauze, filter paper, filter paper, filter funnel, tripod, Bunsen burner, sand and salt mixture, er 1, Place a sample of salt and sand in a beaker. 2. Add water to the beaker, 3. Filter the mixture into a conical flask 4. Pour the mixture into an evaporating dish and heat, Observation: Appearance of mixture before adding water What happens when water is added? ‘Appearance of substance in filter paper and conical flask Appearance of substance after heating in evaporating dish Discussion: Conclusion : 14) ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiment #: § Date : Topic : Mixtures and their Separation Title Paper Chromatography Aim: ‘To separate the components in a mixed food dye using paper chromatography Apparatus/Materials : Beakers, filter paper, dropping pipette, petri-dish Method : 1. Tfusing a circular filter paper find the centre of it. 2. Place two drops of food dye at the centre of the paper using a dropping pipette. 3. Add a drop of water to the centre and leave for a minute. Observation: Chromatogram Calculation: Retention Factor = Distance travelled by solute Distance travelled by solvent Discussion Explain the results obtained from the experiment using the principle of paper chromatography. Conclusion : iteria for Assessment and Mark Scheme SKILL ASSESSED A/I i Principle — separation of the components in the mixture is based on how soluble they are in the particular solvent mark the most soluble component in the water (1) will travel the furthest (1) 2 marks 1x each Celculation of retention factors 1 mark each 16 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment #: 9 Date Topic : Mixtures and their Separation Title : Solubility ” To investigate the efte Apparatus! Materials ; bath), potassium nitrate, water Method : 1. Place 10 em? w ‘cr in each of the five test-tubes labelled ‘cl of temperature on the solubility of potassium nitrate, ‘esttube, est-tube racks, thermometer, test-tuber holder, beaker ( water Add the mass of potassium nitrate to each test-tube as specified in the table below. Test ~ tube # | 1 2 3 | [Mass of KNOA@) | 4 5 6 + Place the test-tube into a test-tube rack using a test-ube holder, Place a thermometer into the solution while it is cooling. Record the temperature at the first sign of crystallisation, Repeat steps 3-6 for test-tube 2, 3, 4 and 5, ee ‘Use the formula mx 100 to determine the solu 10 i. Mis the mass of the potassium nitrate used, 9. Plot a graph of solubility versus temperature. Results: Table of results ‘Warm the test-tube in a water bath and stir the contents until all the solid bility per 100g of water, where Mass of KNOs (g) | Mass of water (g) | Solubility (@ per 100g of | Temperature ©) water) 4 10 3 10 6 10 | 7 I 10 8 10 Discussion : Conclusion ; 7 ‘Scanned with CamSeannetent #: 10 Date Topic Acids, Bases and Salts Title: Preparation of Insoluble Salts To prepare barium sulphate using copper (Il) sulphate and barium chloride, Apparatus/Materials: 100cm’ beakers, measuring cylinder, filter funnel, filter paper, conical ask, stirring rod, copper (II) sulphate solution, barium chloride. Method: 1. Measure 25 cm? of copper sulphate solution and add to the beaker. 2. Wash out the measuring cylinder thoroughly, and measure 25cm? of the barium chloride, Add the barium chloride to the beaker containing the copper (Il) sulphate and stir. Filter the mixture, retaining the residue in the filter paper. Wash r Rw lue with distilled water and allow to dry. Observation : Record appearance before and after mixing Record observation after filtering Discussion ; 1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, including state symbols. 2. Explain how the insoluble salt was formed. 3. Explain why the salt was washed with distilled water. Conclusion : 19 ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiment #: 11 Date: Topic : Mole Concept Title: Aim: Apparatus/Materials: funnel, carbonate Acid/ Base Titration To determine the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid using a Standard solution of 0.5 mol/dim? sodium carbonate, = Burette, 25 ml pipette, retort stand, 3 conical flask, 3 beakers, filter Pipette fller,tile, methyl orange indicator, hydrochloric acid, 0.5 mol/dm * sodium Method : Place burette in a retort stan : id and wash burette using some hydrochloric acid or distilled water. Using the filter funnel fil the burette with hydrochloric acid, after which remove funnel from the burette, Rinse pipette with sodium carbonate and then discard. Pipette 25 cm’ of sodium carbonate into a dry conical flask and add a few drops of methyl orange indicator. If the level of the acid is not at zero record the reading as initial reading, then run acid into the conical flask until a sudden colour change is observed, Note the final reading of the acid in the burette. Refill burette if necessary and repeat titration until there is consecutive reading of +/- 0.1em’. Results: Table of results Burette Reading 1 2 3 (cm?) Titration ] Initial Reading I Final Reading Volume of HCI used 2a) ‘Scanned with CamSeannetConclusion 212 ToPIc: Redox Reactions TITLE: .g and reducing agents AIM: To identify if samples W, Xs ¥» 2 a#° oxidizing oF reducing agents using reactions with KMnO, and jdified Potassium permanganate 4 Z, Aci van cck, dropper, Splint, Bunga, APPARATUS, PRIAL: sw, X, MATERIAL: Samples W. X: ¥ 80% {e5t tube ra Potassium Iodide, 4 test tubes, burner cg [Test Observation Inference 1a) Addlcm® of sample W toa test tube with Lem’ of H'/KMnOs Tb) Addicm® of sample W to a test tube with 1cm? of KI. 2a) Addicm’ of sample X toa test tube with lem’ of H'/KMn0O4 2b) Addicm’ of sample X toa test tube with lem’ of KI. 3a) Addicm’ of sample Y to a test tube with lem’ of H'/KMn0.. 3b) Addicm’ of sample ¥ to a test tube with Lem’ of KI. Ga) Addicm’ of sample Z toa test tube with Lem’ of H'/KMnOg 4) Addicm’ of sample Z to a test tube with 1m’ of KI. 23 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerConclusion: Wis a/an is wan Y is aan. 24 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment # : 13 Date : TOPIC: Redox Titration TITLE: Determining the volume of 0.1mol/dm* potassium permanganate required 19 bring an unknown concentration of hydrogen peroxide to the end point AIM: To determine the volume of 0.1mol/dm’ potassium permanganate required to bring an unknown concentration of hydrogen peroxide to the end point. APPARATUS: Bureite, pipette, conical flask, funnel, clamp stand, pipette filler, Acidified Potassium Manganate (KMnO,/H"), unknown concentration of iron (II) ammonium sulphate, white tile, METHOD: 1. Place the burette into the clamp on the retort stand. the burette with H'/KMnQ, and record the initial volume. 3. Pipette 25cm? of the iron (11) ammonium sulphate into a clean conical flask 4, Titrate the acidified potassium manganate (VII) against the iron (II) sulphate solution until the end-point is reached. 5. Record the final volume in the table below. 6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 until the volumes differ by no more than +/-0.1cm> 26 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerResults Table of Results Titration number | Final barette reading jem? Initial burette Teading Jen Volume of KMn0, Used /em’ 3 Average volume of KMn0, used em Calculation: Conclusion : 7 ‘Scanned with CamSeannetExperiment #: 14 Date: Topic: Determining the amount of copper deposited from a 1M copper sulphate solution, Title: Aim: To determine the amount of copper deposited from a 1 M copper sulphate solution. Apparatus/Materials: beaker, graphite electrode, copper sulphate (1M), timer, wire, measuring cylinder, batteries, ammeter, switch. —$—$———_———— __ power supply Diagram ammeter beaker cathode (copper) anode (copper) copper sulphate solution Diagram of Copper Sulphate Electrolytic Cell 29 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerMethod: 1. Select two clean graphite Clectrades, Record the masses of both electrodes. 2. Attach the wires and ammeter to the electrodes to form a suitable circuit as diagram above, 3. Measure 30 em of shown in the 41M copper sulphate solution into a beaker. 4. Place the electrodes into the 1M copper sulphate solution and pass a steady current on the ammet \ - 7 i rd the reading ‘er through the solution, while starting the timer. Recot on the ammeter. 5. Continue the process for fifteen (15) minutes. Remove the cathode and rinse in distilled water, air dry and weigh the eathode. Record the mass. 6. Return the cathode to the circuit and repeat the method at intervals of fifteen minutes until the total time is 60 minutes, 7. Re ‘cord the information in the table below and note all changes. 8. Plot the graph showing the mass of copper deposited against the time. Results : Table of results ER TIME/s | CURRENT/A CHARGE/C MASS OF MASS OF COPP! | CATHODE/g DEPOSITED/g 30 | ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment #15 Date: Topie: Rates of Reaction “ Pr ‘COs and HCI Title: Effect of surface area on the rate of reaction between CaCOs ant Aim: To determine the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction using CaCO, of HCI. Materials) Apparatus: Chalk (Calcium Carbonate), dilute hydrochloric acid (0.5 M), measuring cylinder, stopwatch, gas syringe, delivery tube, conical flask, rubber, bung scalpel, watch glass, mortar and pestle. Method: 1. Collect 3 samples of chalk each weighing 1g. 2. Place one stick into a conical flask and label the flask ‘A’, 3. Pour 30cm? of HCI into flask starting stop watch simultaneously. 4. Record time taken for effervescence to cease. 5. Cut another 1g of chalk into four equal 6. Repeat steps 2-4 for this sample of chalk. 7. Crush using mortar and pestle the last 1g of chalk. 8. Repeat step 2-4 using crushed chalked sample. 9. Record results in a suitable table, Observation: Results : Discussion: Conclusion: 33 ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: m3 Date: Topic: Rates of Reaction Aim: To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of a chemical reaction, Apparatus: Sepw ‘atch, measuring cylinder, beaker, sheet of paper with a cross drawa on it. ‘Chemicals: Soi themical Sodium thiosulphate solution, sulphuric acid, distilled water. Procedure: i jure: 2, Use a measuring cylinder to place ‘50cm? of sodium thiosulphate into a 2. dtd Sen” of sulphur aia to tis sotion, Note the me when this 3. Place the beaker over jhe cross and record the time taken for the cross to disappear. 4, Repeat the procedure ysing the thiosulphate and water mixture provided and record the t|me for the cross to disappear completely in each Results ‘Experiment Volume of ‘Volume of Volume of Time/s TTC) # H,SOg/em* | _NagS,O3/em?_|_water/ cm? 1 50 50 0 2 50. 45 5 3 50 40 10 4 50 35 15 5 50 30 20 6 50 25 25 7 50 20 30 Draw a graph of Time ¥: Interpretation: Conclusion: 1, Include an equation 2. Explain the shape of the graph 3, Explain how concentration affects the ‘Scanned with CamSeanner rate of a reaction. s Volume of thiosulphate and on of Rate vs Volume of thiosulphate.Experiment: a4 Date: Topie: Energetics co “To determine endothermic and exothermic changes during chemical reactions. ees “Thermometer, insulated cup, measuring cylinder, petsi-dish, spatula. Chemteats: Water, solid ammonium nit Procedure: 1. Measure 25 em? of water and poor into the int 2. Weigh out 5g of ammonium nitrate ina petsi-dish- 3, Stir the water and record the temperature, 44, Add all the solute and stir using the thermometer (0 dissolve the solute as quickly as possible 5, Record the lowest temperature reached by the solution. 6. Repeat steps 1-4, using 5g sodium hydroxide. 7, Record the highest temperature reached by the solution. Results: Ammonium nitrate | Sodiun il Ammonium nitrate | Sodium hydroxide Tnitial temperature of water Final temperature of solution | “Temperature difference Calculations: specific heat capacity of water = 4.25 g1K* ig=1cm* Heat Change = m x Cx i ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: Date: Top Aim: Apparatus: Chemicals: Procedure: Observation: #16 Heating of substances To observe the effects of heat on different substances. “Test-tube, Bunsen burner, test-ube holder, dropping pipette, Copper (11) carbonate, iodine crystals, 1. Place a sample of copper (II) carbonate into a dry strongly. 2. Test any gas evolved, 3. Repeat the procedure using iodi splint. ead ({1) nitrate, limewater- test-tube and heat ine and then lead nitrate crystals. 4, Record all observation in a suitable table ‘Substance | Interpretation Conclusion: Explain the observations Write equations for all the reactions ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: #15 Date: Topic: Qualitative Analy Aim: ‘To identify the cation(s) and anion(s) present in an aqueous solution of compound ¥ Apparatus; ‘Vest-tube, test-tube rack, dropping pipettes, Bunsen bumer. Chemicals: Solution of Y, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, aqueous ammon Potassium iodide solution, red and blue litmus paper. Procedure/ Observations/ Inferences: . barium chloride solution, silver nitrate solution, Asmall amount of solution Y was placed in five test-tube and the following test carried out. f - - = TEST OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE. i) A few drops of silver nitrate, followed by a little nitric acid were added. ii) A few drops of barium nitrate, followed by a little nitric acid was added, iii) Sodium hydroxide was added until in excess; the mixture was wormed and any gas was tested using red and blue litmus. iv) Aqueous ammonia was added until in excess v)_A few drops of potassium iodide were added. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: Date: Topic: Aim: Apparatus: mu Thermometric Titration To find the endpoint of /-base reaction using temperature change. Pipette, pipette filter, burette, test-tube, thermometer, polystyrene Cup. Chemicals: 2.0 moldny” Sodium hydroxide solution, 2 moldm? Sulphuric Acid solution Procedure: 1. Use a pipette to transfer 25cm" of NaOH solution to a polystyrene Cup. Allow the Solution to stand for five (5) minutes or until a steady temperature is obtained, 2. ‘Use the burette to run Sem” of sulphuric acid in a test tube and transfer it all at once in the cup containing NaOH. 3. Stir the mixture well and record the maximum temperature reached. 4. Repeat the steps above using increasing volumes of sulphuric acid by Sem’ up to 40cm’ 5. Display your results in a format. Skill Assessed — Analysis and Interpretation > What is the volume of acid required to neutralize the base? 1 mark > What is the temperature at which this is achieved? 1 mark > Explain the shape of the graph. 2 marks > Chemical equation for the reaction. 2 marks > What is the purpose of thermometric titration? L mark > The fact that temperature increases, what does that tell you about this reaction occurring? A mark > Why is a Styrofoam cup used? mark > What is the importance of stirting the mixture? 1 mark ‘Total - 10 marks ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: Date: Topic: Aim: Apparatu: Chemicals: Procedure: #12 Electrolysis ated at an electrode is demonstrate that the amount if substance libera through the electrolyte. proportional to the quantity of electricity passing 1 ammeter, power source, wires, beaker, electronic ‘Two copper electrodes balance. Copper (iI) sulphate solution set up in the diagram below. 1. The apparatus is Weigh the cathode and anode, and place into the circuit R igh the circuit for 15 minutes. 3. Runa current of __ A throu 1, allow to dry and weigh. 4. Remove the cathode, 1}se with a little alcoho! the circuit and repeat steps 3 & 4 three times 5. Replace the cathode i more. 6, Reweigh the results in the table with the following headin, ‘Current (A) Mass of Wass of eoppet | Time (s) Quantity of ean Coy | cathode (e) | deposited en She | ode Plot a graph State the initial and final mass of 0 Interpretation: Conclusion: showing of copper against quantity 0 if electricity. he anode and calculate the change n mass Of the anode- 1. Explain the share of the graph the anode what was expecte 4? Explain your 2, Was the change in mass of answer. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerwe Experiment: Date! Topic: Diffusion of gases Aim: ro demonsteate the rate of diffusion of two gases ~ . entrated Apparatus: Glass tubes, cotton woo!, ammonium hydronide, te hydrochloric acid, rubber stopper, pipette roppet jc acid and then Method: 1. Place a piece of cotton woo! in concentrated hydrochlone place it at one end of a glass rod. ‘ous Ammonia and then 2, Place another piece of cotton wool in Aquet place ita the other end of the glass rod +5, Scal end of the glass rod with rubber stopper and record your observations. DIAGRAM SHOWING DI ‘FUSION O) AMMONIA. FYDROGEN CHLORIQE. ammonia pad white ring hydrogen chloride pad 1, Define diffusion 2, Explain why the white ring formed nearest to the end of the hydrogen chloride pad 3, Account for the explanation given in Q2. You should include ‘a’ The nature of matter. b, How matter is transported in different media. 4, Relate this phenomenon to an everyday life activity. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: Date: Topie: Aim: Apparatus: Method: Diagram: #3 Osmosis To demonstrate osmosis in plant tissue 2 beakers, 2 Irish potatoes, equal volume of distilled water, sugar solution 1. Peel the two Irish potatocs. 2. Use a cork borer to get equal diameter of potato strip 3. Use a ruler to determine equal length of the strips. 4, Place one strip in concentrated sugar solution and the other in pure water. 5. Note what happens, Questions and analysis: Define the term Osmosis 2. State TWO general deductions about the mature of matter which can be made from your observations. 3. Using your deductions made above account for observations. ‘Scanned with CamSeannerExperiment: Date: Topic: Apparatus: Chemicals: Procedun Observation: Results: Calculation: Conclusion: #10 Acid/ Base Titration To determine the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid using a standard solution of 0.1 mol dm® sodium hydroxide. Burette, 25cm’ pipette, pipeite filter, clamp and sand, 3 conical flasks, 2 beakers, funnel, white tile, 0.1 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution, hydrochloric acid, methyl orange indicator. 1. Wash out burette with some acid and disgard acid. Using funnel, fill burette with acid, and place burette vertically in the clamp. Remove funnel and adjust meniscup to zero. 2. Rinse pipette with sodipm hydroxide, and disgard alkali. Pipette 25cm? of sodium hydroxide soluton into a dry conical flask. Add a drops of methyl orange indicator, (add one or two drops more if a definite colour cannot be seen with four drops). 3. (If level of acid is not at zero, note level of acid ~ 1" reading). Add acid from the burette until end point is reached, (indicator is orange). Note final reading of acid in burette. 4, Refill burette if necessary. Repeat tibration twice more; record results ina table. Record colour of indicator in alkaline, acidic and neutral (end-point) conditions. Record results in a table as follows: Titration Final reading/ em* First reading/ om ‘Vol. of acid use i) Calculation average volume of acid used/cm* ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction taking place, (including state symbols). iii) Showing all steps, calculate the concentration of the acid in mot dm State the concentration of the acid in mol dm* ‘Scanned with CamSeanner