342 Note It M is the matrix of T in some ordered basis, then the Characteristic polynomial of T is given by |M~ xI|in which the Coefficient of x” is (-1)" which is not zero. We observe that atieast the characteristic polynomial of T is a non-zero Polynomial which annihilates T. Hence, the set of those ‘non-zero polynomials which annihilates T is not empty. Monic Polynomial A polynomial in x over afield F is called a monic polynomial if the coefficient of the highest power of xin it is unity For eg, x2) +30 +2 degree 3 over the field of rational numbers. X+7 is a monic polynomial of UGC-CSIR NET Tutor Mathematical Sciences Minimal Polynomial of a Linear Operator Let T is a linear operator on an n-dimensional voc, ViF}. The monic polynomial of lowest degree over the

R° be a linear transformation given by Thy, x2 Then, Rank T is ao oy 2 Solution. (6) Let (x, »3) €ker a3 Tix, x3 = 0,0,0) 0,0) u ker ={0,0)} Nallty T =dimiker 1) =0 Rank T =dimiR?) ~ Nullity T -0-2 Example 2. The linear transformation T:R’ > R* whose image is generated by {(, 2,0, ~ 4),(2,0,-\-3)} is (@) Tiny, 2) =(X-2y,%,-¥,-Ax-3) () Tixy, 2) =(1-2y, xy, -4x-39) (©) Thuy, 2) =(x+2y, xy, 4x4 3Y) () Thay, 2) =(x+2y,2x,-Y, 4-39) Solution. 4) Since, fe, =(1,0,01,¢, =,1,0),¢, = usual basis of Ry, Define the map T:{6,,¢,,} —» R* as follows 0,10} is a 10,0,1) =0,0,0,0) Now, such linear transformation T exists and is unique. Tix, y, 21 =Toxt,0,0)+ 0,1,0)+ 20,0,1)) 1,0, 0)+ ¥110,1,0)+ 2710,0,1) (,2,0, 4) + ¥2,0,~1,-3) + 20,0,0,0) = (i+ 29,24 -y, 4x39) which is required linear transformation, Example 3. if V and U be vector spaces of dimension 4 and 6, respectively. Then, dimhom\V, U) is a4 6 (10 Solution. (4) We have dim(V, U) =dimv dimmu = 4.6224 (24 Example 4. LetT and 5 be linear transformations on a finite dimensional vector space V, where $ is non-singular. Then, {a)’ rank (ST) = rank (TS) = rank T (o) ran {d) rank (ST Solution. (a) since, Im(sT) = pank (57) =dimn(S(T™)) © rs pobslder,tha fineatamem 00) aa wher Now, non-singular A, Tre Rank $ =dim(T) = dims(vy =dimT™) = jimT1V) Rank T ‘Again, $:V+V is non-singular = §:V > Vis injective = 5:V— Vis surjective (7 V is finite dimension Hence, S(V) = 1syy=T™) = (TS) =T) dim Im(TS) =dimT(V) => Rank (TS) = Rank T Hence, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have Rank (ST) = Rank (TS) = Rank T Example 5. Let T be a linear transformation on V such tt P-T?-T+I=0 Then, Tis (a) I-11? (ol4T+T? Solution. (b) We have, P-T-T+1=0 > isTePp =TU+T-1) i (b) 1+ 7-1? (@) None of these Now, O4T-TAT ST4 TAP oy . From Eqs. () and (i), we have TsisT 1? Ws =x 2y. Thy tansformation T on Riven by v TW = 2x— 3y,5x-+.2y) transpose of the lit is @ ~8x-7y (0 B+ 7 () 8x—7y (2) None of thesecary!) eon ie gax-3¥, 5x42) Fx 3y 2X4 2Y) 2-8x-7¥ ee bea linear transformation on R° giver, by 1 aye at b+ By + yz, cx Hey 46,2) mnt no of T relative 2 in od basis of R js ee, we ma " 7 [ae z wa bo ‘t me ah G 6 by] fa i (d) None of these ala ® go % have, jon (al We 10,0, 05 = (a4, By G) = a,0,0) + by0, 1,0)+ 40,0, T10,1,0) = (2p, By, Ca) (1,0, 0) + 01,0) + c,(0, 0,1) bs, G) 31,0,0) + by(0, 1,0) + c0,0,1) tence, the required matrix is fa a a b by by Ga G 70,0,1) ample 8. Let V be the vector space of polynomials in x (ete field F of degree <3 and ff, x, x2, x°} is a basis of V. ‘the matrix of differentiation transformation D:V—> V "eto the basis {1 x, x2, x} is | on on 00 a a 1 0 Pro 0} 2 0 0001 oo10 jo 100 1000 econo ° 5 ) 1 glo M003 (d) None of these P0006 Oy TOT O-x+ 0240.2 saniten, +O +008 Og) OT 40-x 4008 Meee *=9 13x40 40-08 Fequited matri 010 0} 2020 C003 S000 i Linear Transformations Exampk le 9, Tal lene The linear map whose matrix with respe oo 10 0 100 1000 Oo04 is © Ty, 2, =(2,y,%0) (0) Tha,y,z, 9) xm) © Texy, 2,0) =-y,0,y,0) (@) None of the above Solution, (a) Let T:¢* 5 F4 be linear map. Then, T0,0,0,0) =(0,0,1,0) T0,1,0,0) =(0,1,0,0) T0,0,1,0) =1,0,0,0) 10,0,0,1) =(0,0,0,1) = Ioxy,z,0) eF*, then Ty, 2,W) =x71,0,0,0)+yT(0, 1,0,0)+ 27(0,0,1,07 +wT(0,0,0,1) (0,0,1,0)+¥0,1,0,0) + z11,0,0,0) +0,0,0, 1) > Thy, ZW =(z,y,x,0) Which is required linear transformation Example 10. Let V be a vector space of all polynomial of degree $3. Then, the transition matrix from (x,x2, °} to ot x Bis 0007 foo 10} loo 10 ooo lo 100 Ol o00 1000 lo 100 [100] jo 110 (@) None ofthese ee 1001 Solution. (a) We have, aot 0-14 0-K4 00x FI’ PaO OK HOO XeOe EHO HO’ 1et140x+0-x8 40-0 Hence, the transition matrix from {Ix 0007 oot oro 100346 Example 11. let V= {fe Ris] degsins where R is field of real numbers. Define ej, ey:V Rby ejtfeo} = ffoade and eu = [fod Then, the basis of V whose dual bass is {e, 3} i fateuey tifa tol 0 frat} afte ce Solution. (b) Let e,,e3) be the requited basis of V given by qrarbwenatbx 1 le) = fla, + bei a +5 5, Then, 1 1 0 =cle) = ayt batdh= a+ 3b, 0 = fe) = fla, + bydd = 2a, + 26, 1=elle) = flay + bd= 2a, + 2b, On solving, we get . a+ 3b =0and a+ 562-0 2a+26=0 2ay+2b,=1 = a=2 and 42-4 b=? byat Hence {225-2 he required bass of whose dal q basis is fe, €3. Example 12. The dual of the basis fe, = (1-13), €,=(0, 4-1, €,=(0,3,-2)} of Ris (a) (x, 7x-2y -3z, 2x-y—2) ‘Type Il (One or more than one correct option) Example 14, Let T :Flx\— Fx be a map. Then, which of the following(s)isfre linear transformation? (a) Tifa) = ~fo © TH Solution. (a), tb, (0, d) Let (0, 809 € Fx] and a, F, then @ We have, Trost + Beta) ~(ofbd + Bat] ~ arf) Bg») Of-f08) + Bi-g(3)) =0T(f(X)) + BTIgta) [ Ted) = ~f60 and Tigh) Hence, T is linear transformation. UGC-CSIR NET Tutor Mathematica! 1 Sciences -3z, ax-y-2) -, 63) be dual basis given by oxt ey + F a (X,Y, 2) = OT ye to be determined hich win. b.geR are t basis of (R?) where 4 {6,688 Now, 5,-1.3) =) -@2 +3) 50,1, -0= a2 (0,3, -2) = 32-22 146) 0 = eile) = o=e(@) On solving, we get ‘aj =1,a, =0,& =0 atxtO-y+O-Z=% 0x ¥/2) Similarly, ells ¥,2) =7X-2Y -32 and 0x y, 2) =-2xty-z Hence, the required dual basis is (x, 7x—2y ~32,-2x+y-2 Example 13. The number of all nonsingular linez transformation T :R* > R? is @oy 3 4 Solution. (a) Since, T is non-singular. Hence, Rank T=dim R* or dimTiR*) =4 But TIR’) is a subspace of R°. = dimTiR4) $3 Henge, there exists no non-singular linear transform (0) We have, Thad + Belo) = Tet + Bg)(x) ' = (of +Bey—w =all-n+Bg(—9 = aT if) + BT(g(e) ; Ee Teo = fay go 84 Hence, T is linear ‘transformation. ‘ . (We have, Tafa + BBO) = Tat + Bg.) (of + Bevo) ‘2f0) + Baio) FOTHOd) + BTEg() ol Hence, T is linear lithe _ = FO), Tigts) = 81H gy = Mo + Bae) we Fr +80" 7 (a + BB) + (Of + Bana card + F-1+ BIRO + glad} THe) + BTIBOO) pe Te) = 109 # £8, TI) = 80 pear transformation 2-2) risli “gio R? be a map, then which of the Te tar transformation? (b). TO, 4) = 05, %) {d) None of these a wi o " eR? and o,BeR. Then, elle” = Tees + BY, 0% + By.) = (ax, + Bys)" + Bya) ll 09,4) + V9 (ong + Byi c+ By.) ni) Now pra, 19 +B V2 rom Eas.) and (i), we Bet ‘la 32) + BY yal] # Tl, Xa) + PAY yall so, Tis not linear transformation. Tati, 1) + BY Yad = TO By, 0% + By) = (0x, + By 21% * BY 1X) + BUY 21 9) AT (4,49) + BT) [+ Tom, 99) = 09070 Ty¥d =V2r¥) Hence, Tis linear transformation. © Trl, x9 + By, Yall = TO + By; @% + BY) = (ex, + By) (0% * BY?) 8 2 (a6, — 2) +B -¥» o maT, 9) + BT ¥2 ai Ee To, %) = 04 xy, 0), TeV) “Yar Hence, T is linear transformation ctor space: ple 16, Let V be a finite dimensional ve forthe identity linear map 1: V V+ a hiliv!=0 for " : Wale Gero, finear map 0:V7W a ie (@ or (b) is true Non her (a) nor (b) is true ny Wehave, 1:V > V given by =x,WxeV dimensional vector SPaC°* rank 1=dimv and pank 0-0 and kerT = fxeV: Tia =O} {0} Linear Transformations Hence, _CThlty 0 Rank I =dimv ~ Nuliy , =dimy (6) We have, 0: + V given by ven by O18 =0, eV where V is finite ¢ a te dimensional vector space kerO = feeV:0t0 =0} imV ~ Nullity 0 =dimV~dimv -0 Example 17. let T:V>W be a_ linear transformation, nee V is finite dimensional. Let B be 2 subspace of W (a) TB) is a subspace of V (b) 1G) is not a subspace of V (c) dimT™ 1B) 2dimtker 7) (d) dimT™ 16) U be a ine! ‘m348 Now, let T be surjective; UGC-csip NET Tuto, Mathematical Sciences = xey Hence, ry} Tis injective Now, let T be injective and sekert = x=0 : a (27s injective) Next let Ts injective, then ker T = fo) = Nally 7 ©. Hence, Rank T =dimy =, im = dimry = TW =u = Tis suriective, Now, let be surjective, TH =u Then, = Nullity T=9 = kerT= 40} = Tis injective, Example 19. Let V and U be vector Spaces of dimensions m andn respectively and T ‘V>Ubea linear map, Then, @ m>n=T is not injecive ©) m0 > ker T #{0} = Tis not injective, Also, we know that Rank T Nullity => Rank T=dimv =dimu = dimly) =dimu > ™) =u = Tis surjective. ~ mM = dimtv)=dimu =dimv => Rank =dimv = NulltyT=0 > ker ={0} = Tis injective. Example 20. Let T:R* — R? be the linear map ng, Te Maa d= = + am, 42, 5 Ata, Then, (@) dimirwy (b) dimirivy (0 {2,1,~1,01,0,2,0, 0) is basis of ker7 (©) dirmker 7) =2 Solution. (,(c, ) Since, {6,0,0,0),0,10,01,0,0,1,0),00,0,0, } ‘sabassorgy Now, 70,0,0,0=0,-1,-3) Sle ¥910,1,0,2,3),0,-1,-3)) oF es TM) and a basis of T1V) will be the maximal subse of pearly independent vectors of the sh enerating Peden and this will be the eines Set of inet Unependent rows ofthe mati a whan rows are: Wor of TV) that is, twill be the rove ho the mat 14 az[7 01 A 23 tee a lo 4 oa lo ~2 ua lor loo loo = Rank A=2 NOt, let 04,4335, 49) ker T Te tarts x , at nt 35 =0,0,0) FG tm Hy 20 N42 x <0 At%+34~3q 201. equations havi of linear ea iN8 two sot 0,10) and (1,2,0,1) waaineaty is 4 Sout h ch aie slutong rence wil settee Gimker D =2 ia be finite dimensional ve vur2 POF spaces se veo ple g and let TV U and §:u-.i7 pe rank 5 oF rank 1a Pan ace! tk Stgn ml i 3 a isn s nullity jon. (ah (©) gas oe TW gn 5) nes) sry) and Si monn isa subspace of StU) = amsniv) sdims) 2 pank (STS Rank S sein TW is subspace of U. sce, the restriction of S to T(V) may be considered as a tee nap 5:11) —> Z. Hence, we have dimserivy sim TV) = dims) Rank (ST) < Rank T isa linear map. (U) are both subspaces of Z. Ned let xeker T = T=0 = SIT) = S10) =0 = SNW=0 * xeker(ST) & ker ckensn iatrboth ker T and ker(ST) are subspaces of V. Hence, of ker(ST). & Sinker sim kent ST) Nullty T < Nullity (ST) ker 22. Let T: V+ U be a linear transformation. Then, Tis on singul ‘ dependent set ‘si ngular => image of a linearly indepet b ipate@tly independent indepen @ linearly independent set |S linearly b gppendent => Tis non-singular yet @ oF ) is true * (@) nor (b) is true ny BV y and let Mau be homesingular linear transforma | att B23 linearly independent set of V- Te Sag) Ma) + ...+a,Tlv,) =0 formation) nt 82 +...4 a,v,) =O (2 T is linear tran Example 23. i(1, ‘Example Linear Transformations 2 4-0, yj r 2 6 ).169, com istinearty cary Bava a) 18 linear independent? TW,)} 18 linearly independent so Suppose that image of» linearly independent lependent, Thus, ae where v #0 is tinealy independent = eat = Two : oe ve0sTMe0 o TH =05v=0 = Tis non-singular. hy Ty are invertible linear transformations on a vector space V, then @ This invertible and (755)? = 15°75" (©) (#0) €F, a1, is invertible and (a) (6) Either (a) or (bis true (4) Neither (a) nor (b) is true Solution. (a), ) Since, T, and T, are invertible linear transformations. Hence, Te" and Ty! exists Now, (TR) Tans" pT; vay TT, UT) =h Hence, Tj is invertible and hy =" Next, (aha) aia" =ala"TT" (aT 1 «ath, is invertible and (any =o" ain, STENT) 124, Let T be a linear transformation on a vector V such that space T-T+l=0 Then, (o) T is nonsingular (a) Tis singular is not invertible (o) Tis invertible (@) Tis not investi Solution. (b), (©) We have, perel=0 a —raW-n : S f : i in Weds Y igs (i ane (i We Bet .( From Eee Un 20-0350 Hence, Tis invertible and T=s-T Hence, T is non-singular Example 25. (et ©? be a vector space over @ the field of complex numbers. Let TC?» @* be a linear transformation defined by = (az, + Bz, 72) +82) Tzyz where a, By, 8 are fixed scalar, then T is non-singular, if (a) 0-8) ) o5-By #0 (© By-a=0 ) By-05 #0 Solution. (b), (a) Since, T is non-singular; = kerT={0} Now, let 25,2; €kerT = T2,,2)=0,0) = (az, +B2,, 12, +823)=(0,0) Example 26. Let T be a linear transformation on R° given by Tox y, 2)= x, 4x~y, 2x +3y—2) Then, (a) Tis singular (b) Tis nonsingular (© Tis invertible @ Pay ai=(Z,20-7,70-3-2) Solution. (), (0, (d Let x,y, 2) ekerT = Ty, 2) =(0,0,0) 3 Ox,4x-y,2443y~2) =10,0,0) = 2x=0,4x-y =0,244 37-2 =0 = x=0,y=0,7=0 Hence, ker = {(0,0,0)} = Tis oneone > Tisonto (asdim R? =3) Hence, T is non-singular = Tisinvertible. Now, let Tony, 2)=(r5,0) 2s, dx-y, 2x4 3y-2)=6,5,0) = Wxsr, Ax-y=5,2x+3y-2 = : XRD YR 5 2571-35 UGC-CSIR NET Tutor Mathematical 5 iences Hence, X oxy, 7x-3y - Pay aie (F207 ) Example 27. Let {e; = (10, 0), €2 = 0, 40), & =(0,0,4) example 27. Let {e1 and = 00,2 40H OOO} basis of R?. Then, , Ga) transition matrix a from fe} 10 this 11d efi 10 10 0 ransition matrix v from {f} t0{@} is 0) aston ma vr o 1 -t 1-10 ven (d) None of the above Solution. (a, (0), (2 We have, h=0,1,0=1e+tette f20,1,0)=1e+1e,+0-6 §,=11,0,0)=1-6,+0-€)+0-6, Hence, the transition matrix p from {@} to {fs fa n=l to 10 0. Nest @)=0,0,0)=310,1,0+ 60,10) + G(0,0,0) (ay +b, +6, a, +b, a) =O KHOR Similarly, fav hh “hh +04 Hence, the transition matrix v from {@} to {@} is joo velo 1 4 1 Now, qiv)=/1jt ye 10S men ey, 2+ Exercise 1 (Fo: part ‘8 Nos. 4-183) All questions have only one correct option. 5 is a _linear rk 04, ‘atement is correct? , 3x -3y), ¥ (x, ye R® + y, BX = BY, ® ty), V (x, ye R? nny, +3, XY W Os ye Re wy ko Yr 3K +3y), V(x, ye R? "Re be the linear transformation given by ety ¥ &Y DE Re standard basis of R? and the basic 2. What is the matrix representation fo 4 of 0 | 10) bee he | Ca) e rye jlnT:8? 9 R® be defined by T(x, y, 2)=(,y, 0) and 5-R +R be defined by S(x,y) = (2x, 3y), be linear tusiomations on the real vector spaces R? and R”, rsetivel, Then, which one of the following is ‘rect? it Tand§ are both singular. lb Tand S are both non-singular. [Tissular and $ is non-singular. i Sis singular and T is non-singular. ‘ fis the linear transformation T : R* —> R given petals toy 0, 0),Y (yy, z, we R* itch one of the following is correct? Bak of > Nutty of ‘ et > Rank of T @ Rk oT = Nullty of 7 =3 att =Nullity of T =2 Saag eC SPace ofall 22 matrix over the Xe "eal numbers and B= f ‘i LIT :V Vis 7 {formation defined. by T(A)= AB~ BA, ' dimensional of the kernel of T? (2 ® () 4 SA fark of the linear transformation $ ined by T(x,y, 2) = (y, 0, 2)? (2 0 sl ei transformation ful ard T(t =, 0, 2), then which one 7. Consider the vector space C over R and let T_: C be a linear transformation given by T(Z) = Z. which one of the following is correct? (a) Tis one-one, but not onto. (b) Tis onto, but not one-one (©) Tis one-one as well as onto. (@) Tis neither one-one nor onto. 8. Let TR? > R® be a linear transformation given by Ttx,y, 2) =(x, y, 0) Then, the null space is generated by which one of the following? (a) (0,1) (6) (0, 10) (© 10,0) (d) None of these 9. Let TR? = R? bea linear transformation given by Thy, a-(5 x o} What isthe rank of 7? (b) 3 (a4 @1 2 10. Consider the mapping () T:R2 3 R?, Thx, y, = +L +2) (i) T:R? OR, Th, y= xy (i) TR? > R?, Thx, y, 2)=(| x], 0) Which of the above are linear transformation? fa) (1), (WD) and (INN) &) (and only (©) (I) and (Ill) only {d) None of these 41. Let T : R? > R? be defined by Tix,y)= x+y, xy) Which one of the following is the matrix of 7 for (0, and (1, 0)as a basis for both domain and range of T? 14 ie “ey Gd 1 1a © ( a wl 1 12, Let T : R? > R? be a map defined by Tix, y)= (ty, XY) Which of the following statement is correct? {a) T is linear and its kernel has infinite number of clement of R* (b) Tis not linear. {o) The kernel of T consist of only two element of R?. (d) Nullty of Tis ze"0. 13. bet TR? >? be a linear transformation such that (CO 0) >354 45. Consider the two linear maps, and T, on Vy defined as Ty0%4, 9,44) = OA -%) and Ty 0y,43,%3) = y,0,0) then (a) Tis idempotent but 7, is not idempotent {b) J, is idempotent but T, is not idempotent (©) Both T, and T, are idempotent (d) Neither T, nor T, are idempotent 46. If the complex field C is the given vector space over the real field R and operator T on C is defined on Tiz)= 2, then the matrix of T wet the basis [1+i, + 2118 (d) None of these 47. The matrix of the linear transformation T on R?(R) defined as Tix, y,2) = Qy +2, x—4y, 3x) wrt the basis B= {(L1D,(110),(10,0)} is [Ty is equal to 323 wy 3-6 6 (| 6 )|3 -6 5 6 5 7 3-2 -1 3-6 6 le 5 -2 (d) None of these 1303 48. Let T and S$ be two linear transformations form R? = R? such asT : R? -» R? defined as Six,y,2) = (x,4x —y,2x-+3y —2) To, v,2)= (:0050 — ysin®, xsin@ + y.cos®, z), 0<0< m2 Then, (a) Sis one-one but T is not (b) Tis one-one but S is not (c) Both S and T are one-one (d) Neither $ nor T is one-one 49. T is non-singular iff @) nullity 7) #0 (b) nullity (7 (©) nullity 7)=rankT —(d) rank (1)=0 50. Let C be the vector space of all complex numbers over complex field C and T:C—+C be defined by TiZ)=Z, Z €C. Then, (a) T is a linear mapping (b) T is not linear mapping but a well defined map (c) Tis not well defined (4) None of the above 51. Let TR’ — R’ be a linear transformation such that T? =0, Then, the rank of Tis fa) $3 (b) >3 (©) =5 (d) =6 52. Let a matrix A,,,, represents a linear mapping T :V, Vn. Then, range of T is generated by (a) Rows of A (b) Columns of A (6) Both (a) and (b) —_(d) None of these UGC-CSIR NET Tutor Mathematic .al Sciences be two linear operators on R (x, xt Ye XY -z) ‘paz y-ZX+Y +2) Let T, and 7 by HY? T%y.2) Then, ‘ot T stible but not Ty i Ue invertible but not Ty 7 1) Poth 7, and T, are invertible either T, not f, is invertible it linear? mong the following is no ee > R? such that Flx, y)=(2x~y, x) (a) FoR? such that Fis, ¥, Z)=(2, x+y) @ FR R? such that Flx)= (2x, 3x) (0 FR oo RE such that FOS ¥, Z)= +1 74 T:R? > R? iss the linear transformation wig 58. tt 2 2.3, Dand T(1 1) = (3,0,2) then (a) The, y)= (x+y, 2+ Y, x ~3y) b) Tx, y)= (x+y, 3x —3y, XFY) (c) Tix, y)=(2x— y, 3x + 3y, XY) (@) Te y= Wey, 2X~ Ys H43Y) The transformation TR? > R Thy, 2)= 0 +Y, ¥+2)iS {@) linear and has zero kernel (b) linear and has a proper subspace as kernel (c) neither linear nor one-one (d) neither linear nor onto For a linear transformation T : R'? — R°, the keels 53. 54. 56. defined 57. having dimension 7. Then, the dimension of the rng of Tis @s (b) 6 4 @ 2 Let T: R" > R” be a linear transformation-and A,. be its matrix representation. Then, choose be incorrect statement (a) columns of A are LI = T is onto (b) columns of A span R” => T is onto (© columns of A are LI = T is one-one (@) Tis one-one = columns of are LI IFT be a linear operator on a vector space V sucht T -T+1=0, then m (a) Tis one-one but may not be onto (0) Tis onto but may not be one-one (©) Tis invertible (d) no such T exists. Vite linear transformation on the vector 2% ihe lef ed Tla, b) = (a,0), the matrix of T relati® ordered is {(10), 0, D} of Vy (Fis 10) Oo 1 b) loo wf 0 0) o [ al © [a 1 oT he minimal polynomial of the real matrix [; i @ x2 44 (0 x41 58. 59. 60, @ (b) 2-1 )x-1| pe two linear operators On R® defined by L dT -y-z jee 2 wey +23 Then, yore eB 1's, =O ible but nay 1158 ele but not S TT are invertible t 5 eorT invertible jp ier 0120 1010 pierre matixM=1) 4 9 4} Then, in 0020 ues no real eigen val ; 7 ue igen values of M are positive » areal eigenvalues of M are negative al subset postive and negative real eigen values ‘sqare matix of order 10 has exact ly 4 distinct go vies, then the degree of its minimat saromials a) alas 4 (b) atmost 4 i ala 6 (4) atmost 6 ue\.W and X be three finite dimensional vector ses such that dimv = imX. Suppose, $:V > W TWX are two linear maps’ such that i8:V Xs injective, then & SandT are surjective Sisurjective and T is injective ' Sand are injective as injective and T is surjective STR be the linear transformation defined dosy, O23) = 0, + 3x, 2x3, 3x, 4X, +3, thom) "dimension of the null space of T? is ng (41 2 (d) 3 stot bess {uy,up,u,} of R?, where fda KA 10),uy (14D. Let (huh) be B58 of fususuy} and f bes linear ‘sag gamed by 1G, be)X a+b+c, abcde R. ings 2% +f, then (a,,0%,01,) 15 baat (b) 43,2) @) 6,2, 0 be defined _by it tee Then, the matrix representation “tna ps 4, the bases (1.x,x?,x?] and [1x,x!] [oo gt respectively is. ayo ol 0120 oa) (b)}0 0 2 6 6 | 900 3 lO fe? ly 00 0 0 001 a 0 OG lo 22 a6 0. Linear Transformations 105. Let the tine at transformations § and T : g? _, ps defined by a"sformations § and Tk? 5 p SOY, 2) = (ed — THY,2)= (xcos@ where 0. <9 < (3) $ i8 one to one but not T (b) Tis one to one but hot & (9 both S and T () neither nor T is one to one, 106. Let T be a linear transform. and 65, 5) = (0,1, Then, (2) Tis one-one (0) Tis isomorphism and +: (©) Tis not one-one and rank T is 1 (d) None of the above 107. The characteristic and 441 following matrix|o 4 Y, 2x4 3y 2) YSIN®, sin + ycos@, 2) 7/2, then ate one to one, ank of T = 2 1] are 004 (@) Ch)=(~4P, ma)=(4 4p () ChO)=( —4¥) maj=(a — 4p (9 Ch)=(~4P) ma)=( —4) (d) None of the above 108. The minimal polynomial of the matrix 4-22 A=|6 -3 lis 3-2 3 (@) C4342 ib) C ~ 342 ( O+243 de - 243 109. The minimal polynomial of the matrix ja a 0 0 9a a ol. O0aa 0004 of 3 aa? chee minimal polynomial 42) of 10. The 2800000 o2z200000 0040000 0013000 0000030 ooo0o0000 0000005 fa) te - 20-5) (b) C= 2-5) (o) (-2F@-5) (@) ee 27 &-5) be lation such that T11,1) = (10) Minimal polynomials of the 0Canonical Forms Syllabus Canonical Forms * Diagonal Forms «Triangular Forms Triangular Form Let T V3 V be a linear operator. Then, V has a basis Bsuch that air 412 iy ote on eee Dyce a Jordan Forms {Th=]9 0 4 an «Inner Product Space : E +» Orthonormal Basis 0 0 0 Amndpxn = Quadratic Forms ‘= Reduction and Classifcatond This matrix representation is called triangular form. Quadratic Forms The characteristic polynomial of the triangular form is (Chi) = (= a3) ~ ayy) = Ap) -fla-a) Note Let [A be a square matiix whose Chi) is product of linear factors. Then, atx is similar to triangular matrix Diagonal Form LetT : VV be a linear operator. Then, V has a basis B such that ay 0 0m 0 Diata®.0urn <0 (Th=}0 0 a 0 0 0 0 an pe This representation is called diagonal form. The characteristic polynomial of the diagonal form is HA) = (R= ay) = a2) ~ pm) =]]a-a)sa enres of the matrix are igen 4002789 clement of the basis are andthe veotor igen plock « definel as aad 9. 0 0 " iain 0 p00 I p 0 Ow 0 sae the eigen values yoda Matrix ‘usa jordan matrix, IF Ais a block diagonal matrix 4 onal locks, Say, yy eyo are Jordan blocks. swing mati sa Jordan matrix 4 210 021 9.0.2) Az 741 0.7) a7 03 Jordan Canonical Form : \eT:V-4V be a linear operator whose characteristic and snindl polynomials are respectively OVA)= (A ay)... - a,” and minh) = (0 — ay). = 3,1, tive 4 are distinct scalars. Then, T has a unique Jordan "aepresentation A with the properties as follows Li Thee is atleast one block of order m; all other blocks ate of order < m, [8 The sum ofthe orders of the blocks corresponding to fi a ithe algebraic multiplicity of a, jum of number of blocks corresponding to a, is a Re to geometric multiplicity of a, onset of blocks corresponding to a; of each “ible order is uniquely determined by T. Let A be a matrix whose characteristic “dtomis er yt 18 a product of linear factors. Then, A is "ponies * Utique Jordan matrix A with the above four <———— 1 Sgage {TYP be a linear operator and the fp 2M my roma} Chit) = tt + 6)*¢-P and minimal Aoiy, = +6)"¢-1%, Find the Jordan canonical Quadratic Forms 4 Inner Product Spaces Golutlon, Sines, de CHA)=7, the onder of 4 yan 6h =D, A Bas FOU 65 and ina 7 faim Aso, sce rt) =1C+ OPV" there ny Hark of order 3 belonging tO 6 ad a block of gee, ® ek ng to 1 Hence, the Jordan canonical fom "2 61 0 0-61 0,0. -61.. j 1 i Bilinear Forms Let U and V be two vector spaces over the same field F. A bilinear form on W =U @¥ is a function f from W into F which assigns to each element (ct, B) in W a scalar f (cy B) in such a way that flac, + boty, B) = aflar,, B)+ bfla,, B) fla, aB, + bB,)= afla, By)+ ble, B2) Example 2. suppose, V is a vector space over the field F. Let L, and L, be linear functionals on V. Let f be a function from Vx into F defined as f(a, B) = L,(@)L,). Then, f is bilinear form on V. and Solution. ifo., B eV, then (6), LB) are scalars. We have, flac, + bey, B)= (acy, + ba.) LB) al (a,) + blo 8) L (oe) + BL er LB) let, B+ bflce, B) and fa, aB, + bB,) = LoL fap, + BB) (cal B,) + BL B.)) {COL B,) + BLL B) ice, B,) + bila, B) Hence, f is bilinear form on V. Matrix of a Bilinear Form Let V be a finite dimensional vector space and let B= {oly Ch,,...,04,} be an ordered basis for V. If fis a bilinear form on V, the matrix of f in the ordered basis B is the nxn matrix A=Laj ln St fl, &))= a), F= 1) 2,...,m and 2.50) j This matrix A is denoted by [fy Rank of a Bilinear Form ‘The rank of a bilinear form is defined as the rank of the matrix of the form in any ordered basis.376 Symmetric Bilinear Form A bilinear form is said to be symmetric ifthe corresponding matrix is symmettic. Example 3. Let f be the bilinear form on V,IR) defined by FU, Yade (gy Vall = Xs + V2 Find the matrix of f in the ordered basis. B={il -0, (1 0} of VAR. Solution. Let 8 = fr,, a3, where a, fd, -0, (, -t]=-1-1=-2 02 = C1, 0 flay, a4) flay, a3) flay Bilinear Form Corresponding to a Given Matrix LetV,, and V, be two vector spaces over the same field F and let A [a;],., be an m x n matrix over the field F. % v1 % Ye Let X =|. | and Y=|y3| be any two elements of Vm and Vy mn Yo. respectively, so that X7 = the transpose of the column matrix X, (A kl and Y7 =lys 2 You-Yal Then, an expression of the form fx, Y=XTAV=S DY apy; “ is called a bilinear form over the field F corresponding to the matrix A. “Note The matric Ais called the matrix ofthe bilinear | form Ea, (i) and the rank of the matrix Ais called the tank of the bilinear form Eq, (i) eae Example 4. Find the matrix A of each of the following bilinear forms f(X, Y)= X"AY. 0 By, Ya~ 27+ 343s Gi) Day + Hyams + 3H ~DeY + HY BHYr Which ofthe above forms is symmetric? Solution. () The element a, of the matrix Ais the coeficient of xy; in the given bilinear form 131. = [33 UGC-CSIR NET Tutor Mathematical Sciences Clearly, the matrix A isnot a symmettic may, « given bilinear form is not symmetric, a, (ii) The element aj of the matrix A which occur row and the jth column is the coefficient o given bilinear form p14 A=|3 0 -2 jo 1 -5. = The matrix A is not symmetric. So, the .. bilinear form is not symmetric. Bi S iM the ‘gin Quadratic Forms ‘An expression of the form YY D aexy where as a a in elements of a field F, is called a quadratic form in the, variables X,, X)..-/%» over the field F. Real Quadratic Form ‘An expression of the form )) }) ajxxXj- where a's are all a it numbers, is called a real quadratic form in the 1 varibls My Sar Myre ne eg, (3x? + Bxy +117? is a real quadratic form in the tw variables x and y. i) 32 — Sy? +32? — Byz — 52x + xy is a real quadratic form in the three variables x, y and z. Theorem Every quadratic form over a field F ina variables x, %, %y....%, can be expressed in the for XTAX, where X=4X, %,X3,-..%,}7 is a column vector and A is a symmetric matrix of order n over the field F. Matrix of a Quadratic Form Wf @= 3 Daixx; is a quadratic form inn variats am Xi Moy Xov- My, then 3 a unique symmetric matrix A of oe! fn such that @=X'AX, where X= {xy %, Xero) = symmetric matrix A is called the matrix of the quadratic fo" Quadratic Form Corresponding to 4 Symmetric Matrix Let A=1aj ln be a symmetric matrix over the field F and Hy Xr Xk}! be a column vector. Then va determines a unique quadratic form $5 3 ayy in 1 vOhence set of all sagopa eld Far the set of a ata ine rowed orm Corresponding to - square Matrix Mi {s vector in the Vector space V, over a field igs XyrXnk Let A=laylp., be any given iy idee mover the fidd"F. ‘thet 8 form GO ¥5% at OF emo the Fe caled a quadtatic form of order mover Fn the oral 5 iy. We can always find wo SB ln oF order m 5 X7AX 1 Jia + ap) pate 2 unique XTBx, pee esingular and Singular Quadratic Forms soe inminant of quadratic form XAX, it means det(A) ireaatic form X"AX is said to be’ non-singular, if x se0and if det =, then itis said to be singular. nple $. Write down the matrix of each of the following ata forms and verify that they can be written as matrix rts AK 01242852 — 4m + 49% — 335% Wid -18ax + 5x2 sen The given quadratic form can be writen as 1 SPS Fh + ty + 25 —Sa9 + 299, S98 Spo, isthe matrix of this quadratic form. Then, 1 ~y2~32) “2 2 “2 5 "Ais ymmetic fr wm oo A atrix = % 1 % aap 1 -y2 -3/2 % ml[-y2 2 2 -3/2 2 5 {2 Q-Syi) 2 ] BOOS Fg + Dept Dg Dy +2) 5 DODH ADA 23 $24 -9% | Ste wae ee) , p23 mln 92K +25 Fa 2 Ma ty 3 1 BPH 2a, +2) gate, 3 Moa 1 , 293 HL agg 20d Dey, ~ 3 F 2 M42e a Si 4,4 dey — Imm ID The given quadratic form can be written as Wh Iney Bip ge Suppose, A be the matrix of this quadratic form adl? 3] Ls fet sureoe Non acts aif, 2H [+] XTAK = 9x 94,4 5u,] : ls] = HO) -94) +695 +509 DOH 452 8 -1by +5 Diagonal and Unit Quadratic Forms. I the matrix of a quadratic form is diagonal, then iti called a diagonal uaa rn Sasa then scaled 8, XT diaglay, a), ay)K= ap tay¥d + ax} ++ ae is a diagonal quadratic form. In the diagonal quadratic form some of the a/s can be zero. Ifthe matrix of a quadratic form is unit, then its called unit quadratic form eg, XTX =x 433 +3 +4 is a unit quadratic form | Note 1 A be any n rowed symmetric matrix of he rank r. then | there exists a real non-singular matrix P si | Pap sdag(ttt.A-1-1-1.-taaa.g | s0 that t appears p times and —1appearsr-p tmes Signature and Index of a Real Quadratic Form Let yt yf tty 378 = UGC-CSIR NET Jytor mathe Important Theorems on Signature and Index Theorem 1 (Syivester’s Law of Inertia) The signatur® of @ real quadratic form is invariant for all norm reductions. Theorem 2 Two real quadratic forms inn variables are real equivalent if and only if they have the same rank and signature (or same rank and index.) ro of Classification of Quadratic Forms =X7AX be a real quadratic form in variables Suppose then the form / is said to be (i) Positive Definite (PD) ©, for all real values of the variables x, %p,..1%, and i 0 onky, if ee ) eg. The quadratic form x2 — 4x4, + 5x2 in two variables is positive definite because it’ can be written as 0, ¥ real values of x,, x) and Pad =0 2 =0, %) =0 x,=0, % =0 (i) Negative Definite (ND) If <0, for all real values of the variables x,, X,...,%, and f=0 only ifx, =x =% =... =X, =0. eg, --x -X is a negative definite form in three variables. (iii) Positive Semi-Definite (PSD) If £20, for all real values of the variables x, %, f =0 for some non-zero real vector X ie,, f= 0 for some real values of the variables x,, x), X,,..-,X, not all zero, eg. the quadratic form x} +x) + 2x) = 2xyy ~ 2xyX is positive semi-definite because it can be writen in the form (xy =P + ~ 57, which is greater than or equal to zero for all real values of x,, x, and x, but is zero for non-zero values. eg, Similarly, the quadratic form x; +x4 +0x4 in three variables Xy % and x, is positive semi-definite. It is non-negative for all real values of x,,x, and x, and it is zero for values 1 =0, % =0, x, = 2, which are not all zero. 1%, and xem =x 1 (iv) Negative Semi-Definite (NSD) fF$0, forall real values of the variables xy, ,....X, and f= 0 for some values of the variables x,, x,,...,%, not all zero. eg, the quadratic form -x; -— x ~Ox; in three variables Ay %, % is negative semi-definite. s matical science W ac well as negative val eg, the s indefinite (v) Indefinite roe nd only 08 (A nar, Jono a 30 i i ite Quadrati Non-Negative Definite Q ; atic Fay rm 9=X'AX in n variables x, Aa ina 0 Oe, hy alues forall real vals ff sn ba, ‘ ; nite, if f 20, for all rel op, Thus, fs non-negative definite i 12.0 er al a i-definite. If it takes the x,. A non-negati 0, then 1 a ite or postive Se Ely, when x; =% =% "= Fn definite. Criterion for the Value Class of a Re, Quadratic Form in Terms Of the Eige Values of its Matrix Let f = X"AX is a real quadratic form in a variables. Ther a real symmetric matrix of order n. Let r be the nuro= non-zero eigen values of A. Then, r= rank of the quae form f. If s= the number of positive eigen values of 4-» number of negative eigen values of A, then s = signature Theorem 1 A real quadratic form f=X"AK 2 variables is (positive definite iff all the eigen values of A= positive (W) positive semi-definite iff all the eigen valve # A are greater than or equal to zero and ates one eigen value is zero. (ill) negative definite iff all the eigen values o* are negative. (W) nogative semi-definite if all the elgen vies are less than or equal ind atleast eigen value of 4 is aero. () indefinite iff 4 hi i nega eigen values.” "35 Positive as well 5 Thearem 2 A real symmetric matrix is positive all its eigen values are positive, Theorem 3 8 amaloguhe A Positive definite real symmetric mao™ it oyQuadratic Forms & Inner Product Spaces positive Definiteness of 0 FU in Terms of wraic Frpall Minors of its Matrix April Sed | minors of a Matrix antes quare matrix of order. Then, ‘“¢ ay LA a ay M2 se ay An Ar oo al nr Ar os pe | minors of A, ing principal gine odin : cP tne matrix of @ positive definite form, | WAS Paro Criteria to Check the a bass of a Real Quadratic Form | mncipal Minors of a Matrix A=[ajhan #5 a Square matrix of order n, Any minors | cined' by. deleting the corresponding rows and “esd Aare called principal minors of A. ‘ow Abe a square matrix given by ay a2 ayy A=la1 8 aes a a as tpnipal minors of A of order 1are aj», a2, ayy. ‘omcpal minors of A of order 2 are fn = an = an =| Pel lar asl lap ay sna ttned by omitting the third row and the third Sadie Ganmd FOw and the second column and the first 24 he fist col "i gen pg Fspectively, the principal minor of A An ay ays] 21 a2 ay Br a ayy Soran “oe Theorem on Quadratic Form 1 sete gn form XAX is positive 2 4 nePal minors of A are positive, hag there quadratic form X"AX is negative 4 thoge gf “IPA! minors of A of even order are Odd order are negative. Theorem 3 4 real quadratic form XTAX is negative Samidefinite iff A is singular and all principal minors of even order a order are non-positive Theorem 4 4 real quadratic form XT AX is positive Semidefinite iff A is are non-negative Theorem 5 A teal symmetric atleast one of the following conditions is satisfied Theorem 6 A real quadratic form X" AX Semidefinite, if the Ay Ay, Example, 6. Write the matric A of 6x? + 35y? +1127 + zx. Find hhence, determine the value class of the given quadratic form of A are non-negative while those of odd singular and all its principal minors matrix A is indefinite iff (DA has a negative principal minor of even order (0 A has a positive principal minor of odd order and a Negative principal minor of odd order. |S positive leading principal minors An. Of A are positive and determinant A =O, the quadratic the eigen values of A and Solution. The matrix A of the given quadratic form is 6 0 2) aslo 35 0 2 0 1 ‘The characteristic equation of A is | A~ (6-2)5~AN1-) -2 2 (85-26-2901) = 4) 5-2) -172 +62) =0 G5-A)=0, 1720 +6: Buus The eigen values of A are 35, 7=¥4! v The eigen values of A are all positive, ++ The quadratic form is positive definite, Example 7. Prove that the quadratic form 6x0 4 3x9 +30 — Ay, — 2 + gy in three variables is positive definite. Solution, The matrix 4 of the given quadratic form is, 6 -2 2] a=|-2 3-1 213 The leading principal minors of A are = positiveical Sciences dimensional real INET pe pgidean space and a ey product Pace 1s calay® 380 UGC-CSIR NET Tutor mathemati pote (0) A ee an Eu RRR RR se cole LS itary sPaCe . the inner produc, ° 2 2 32 = positive mes i reat vector SPAC v, A. Produ 2403 Geired 3 apt tae The leading principal minors of A | positive B= a gx vector $262 Vo(O) 12 ing, Te nding, Per gundratic form fe postive definite we ydratic or 2 rine the value class of the real qua ped ji form a ayt af a Dany + 23h in three variables te inner proaucis Eas, (70 () uy Se date Mendard) inner produc! (standaro) idered column VECIOTS, then lution. The given quadratic form is rte conidered COM ec > Srosd fact own (oy aR on a0 ema OB aaa e ee a-B cen a 1d row vectors, then 01 -2yy re considered FO" ag aaa ty tOWS HY 2 ou (0) and Bae CO matrix product! orm 3 Gh, Xge-i%q) iS detnen f-d nm = Jaa eXTA where Ae[ 21 aed [ ' | and it read as norm ofa. {@) The norm ofthe vector, as iall= (1 fs 2 symmetric mats Pb o-+l! The leading principal minors of A are HI ive, Ar =| itive eee Hy vette mportant Theorems on Inner Produe ° Space A 1 os Theorem 1 LetV be an inner product space and a, 31 G9G4G be any three vector in V and ‘a’ is a scalar. Then, . @ (a+B) y4+Bey 7 Gi) a-(a-B) = a(a-B) Pas Gi) 0-a=0=«-0 We see that 4, <0, A,>0, A, <0 om is negative defini Theorem 2 Let V be an inner product space. Thea. * he shen usc form is negabe define arbitrary vectors o and B in V and scalar a, (@ {ac|} = Ja) |] Inner Product Space and 4) ol] > 0 and io! =0 iff =0 Orthonormal Basis 4 Ja-B} < Jol] Il] (Schware’s is inom Civ) Ile + BIL s Hall + IIBiL [Triangle inequalit Inner Product Orthogonal Vector LetV be a vector space. An inner product on V assigns to each ordered pair of vectorsy and v ina scalar complex. iV is 2 iV and B are two vectors in an inner product space V: complex vector space and real, if V is a real vector space) are s, waton as. sataying the following properties are said to be onhogona, if -B @aB+y=a pray Va, B yev Note Gi) tea) pata B)v w, BeV ard all alas a eee eee = Q then every scalar multiple ofS s a a8 a,¥ a, Be iy {0 The 207 vector fs othagonal io every ve sa el ©) The 201 (iv) @-420 and a-a=0 iff a=0. orthogonal eect the only vector which iS Inner Product Space orth se 18 A vector space V together with an inner product is called an logonal Set of Vectors inner product space. Set of vectors is said to be , asin vectors of the orthogonal, if each pair of Set is orthogonal.Quadratic Forms & Inner Product Spaces athogonal Set of non-ze) Vectors Any vo is linearly independont rs in an ct sae Not tue onthogona (Hin, 182 tineatly indepen ot (‘are not orthogonal endent ne petween Two Vectors, le 0 vectors {Nan inner Product space v, nia Con at and B is given by ee a ae oO Tear HABIT jection of One Vector to Another Ir x belong © an inner product space V and v0, then eto ae a8 a8 Holt ale the vector projection of o along B, orthogonal Basis 16 B={y, Oy,---0,} be am 'y basis of V,(K), such that B is stogual set of vectors. Then, B is called’ orthogonal Loic ke Theorem Every finite dimensio1 nal inner product space ‘ssa orthogonal basis, Normalization bea non-zero vector. Then, the vector jal is called turmalizer of u, orthonormal Set of Vectors "iothogonal set of non-zero vectors {01y, Uo, = | if\lal| =1 i= 2,...,n, 6 The set jk} is an orthonormal set of vectors in Vy. eet 1 Every finite dimensional inner product %’s an orthonormal basis, Stam Schmidt o wp "hogonalization Process nena d= By, iven basis of finite rl Baa) be a iven luct space V,. Let {0by fp, -- Mg} be an 1,} is said f fr Ye ich we are reuited ton Ina rai basis 8, The vectors ay, ¢t..c25-\wll be cbt the fallowing way tye Bi iB, t a, where y, =, ~(B, rier, inl Y =B, -6 =U where By aa a,\a. ini 1 =B, ~®, By a, = To where By -cey)et, ~ (B, 1, er, inl tr =B, ~ By cy)et, ~ B B,a,_,)a 8 We have 8={010, 0,110, -9,(0,3,4)} NBIP=B,-B\=1-140-041 1-2 Let ° *) Now let 42 =. -,, aye, We have, Bra) =1 240-046-129 Now, Let Now, let % =Bs ~ By, oa, -B,, ce), We have, Bsa 20, 3,47, Also, =0,3,4)-20,9+20, Now, F 3% =0-043.340 Let a= 10 3.020,10) Iall 3 1) 0, vo} ste waited orthonormal basis for V,(R).Type | (Only one correct option) the statements Bxample 1. Consider 2 R defined by (0 bee FRTXR fin yi =aB, taf; +.+08 . where X= (ty py. ig) ¥ = Br Bs Bn) eR ‘Then, f is a bilinear form on Fi the field F Ait Let A=Taen be a7 n square matrix Over Let :F"xF” = F defined by fx] fu] sere lor Ix, vn Then, f i a bilinear form on F”. (a) Both (i) and (il) are true () Neither () nor (I) is true (©) Wis true but (is false (@) () is false but (I) is true Solution. (a) () Let a, b eR and 2 =(th, Tarr %o) ER” Then, flax bz,y) = filac, + by, acy + byy +--+ aly + bY), Br Ba» Ba) = (aon, + by)B, + (acl, + BY,)B 2 +--+ (ty + BYn)Bo = aa +f, + +B) + BB + 182+ 4 1H) = aftxyi+ bf1Z,) Hence, f is linear in the first variable. Similarly, fis linear in the second variable, Hence, f is a bilinear form on R”. a] dy Let Z=|“2/eF" and a,b €F Then, flaX + bZ,¥) =(aX + bZ'AY =(aX'+ bZVAY = AaX'AY) + Z'AY) = aflx,¥) + bf(Z,Y) Hence, f is linear in the first variable. Similarly, f is linear in the second variable. Hence, fis a bilinear form on F*. space of dimension vector set of all bilinear form apy (b) 8 (d) None of these 3 9 eVisay dimBV) =n’, where V /ECIOF soy, tet f be the bilinear form on R defined by i Yar Y2) + 5x1 relative to the basis (0,0, 0} is Example 3. F(x, Xa %9! = xy — 22 Then, the matrix of F + 7x2 ~ BY; + Mey, feat 0,0,04=10,8 ee lo 10 [5 7 -8 ool 04 -1 foo 1 3°20 wo 10 {5 -7 8 100 0-4 1 atrix A of f relative to the basis Solution. (b) Let the ms {e, =(1,0,0), €, =(0,1,0), & = (0,0, 0} A=lajho where a= flea, e).¥ i, /=1.2,3 ay = fle, @) (1,0, 0), (1,0,0)) =341 (1,0, 0), , 1,0)) 2 a Similarly, Hence, the required matrix is 3-2 0 A=[5 7-8 O44the bilinear form on R? yi) = 3x1 ~ 2xy, 4501 + PY, wet f me Aelined by Ye 4 i Buy, + ay, tn “ay, lo 4 ative t0 the basis of 65/0, 0). Then, the fe, =(10, 9) 10) 42 (4,1,0), ¢5 =(1,0, 1), gs Matrix BOF Fala = 0,015 130 8 (y}-5 -2 4 414 (d) None of these )+10,1,0)+00,0,9 1,0,0)+0(0,1,0)+10,0, 4 =0,0,9 =001,0,0)+000,1,0)+10,0.9 see fetantion matrix p from basis fe} tof 11007 10 ‘| ord 110 004 Yo, Beptap 11 013 -2 o1f1 1 0 fois 7 “hk °° 0 0 tflo 4 flo 11 1101 3 a] t; Orla -3 6 00 tila wy 130 Wg 15 2 4 4a nate quired matrix leas ge method, appt OFF relative to the basis Buty) 2=0.0,9, 65 =0,0,0} is given by hee ily 4. Se Vi pta,3 ay ae 4(0,1,0),0,1,0)) .0-1-0-0 a3 S144 7-41-8.4-044. Qu; ‘adratic Forms & inner Product Spaces 383 ba = 0,1,0,4,0,1) Mag Simitaty, b, b, "1474.0-8414060 = 10,1.0),0,0,y = 10,0.,1),4, 1.07 b= 10,0,41.44,0,19 bn = 10,0,0,0,6.1y b= 0,000,109 Du H0,0,,050,1) ~ by = 0 Hence, th 4 1 9,0,1),00,0,1) = 4 ¥ required matrix is [13 0 9 “| Example 5. the matrix of quadratic form q on R* given by Woy Xa) = xd = +3, 6x, 1300 1 32 0 (Jo a + (32 0 3) Oo 0 o 3 4 1 (© Jo (B) None of these ood Solution. ) Let F be the symmetic bilinear form on 2 associated with q. Then, tan =Haceyi-at-a vere x=) Y=Wr¥or¥y) = ay =H +9449) 3499 H+ Val + 9) ~ Of 9 + 34) Or ~ 08-8 +397. 6y 99) > HO 08), Vs-¥ae¥)) Rants 3 vin yi sada bass is hose mati lave to ta . 132 0 aspao = ot 1m of quadratic form 6. The canonical form o ca eysiee sy sea ye cover the field Ris ta)? vay! ~92 @xr-y +z (bye ~ ay! +927 We syeetrix of g ‘elative to the standard basis 0,0) of RY = {9,0,0),0,1,0),0 ft 1-2) Now, the block Matrix is es a O10 [! 2 3 one oa: oftoes Biehar Swarr eae f1oo loo TO 4 2b 1 g|G4G-c bidd2 iiss. i oo 10 ol eee Shands 3-4 ! | “frets 1 Type Il (One or more than one correct option) Example 9. Let f be a bilinear form on V over F. If characteristic of F #2 i.e.,1+120 and Lk fu,w=—fv,u) fw M=0,VveVv Then, @ =a ©) dh >) © Wet (d) Neither (1) = (Il) nor (i) = (i) Solution. (a), ), ©) Let characteristic of F #2i.e.,1+1#0 in F. Now, flu,v) =-fv,u) = (t+0fv,v) => flv,=0,VveVv (as 14140 inf) => Ww Now, W fv,W=0,VveVv Hence, the required normal form is x + Ay? 977 Example 7. tet xand y be vectors in an inner y then é (a)||x+y IP +ile—yIP =F +ilylP tbo x+ YIP + Ile yIP =2ULAIP + ilyip COllx+ yIP + Ile—yIP =21lx11-IIy|] (d) None of the above Solution. (b) We have, Ilx+y|P = =i + <4Y>4 Sy xD Hye ae and Ix-y|P = Hall’ ~[IxIP+llyIP (by [Ix a YIP =20 Now, Ilx-y|P= FSX SKY > Ky KDE eyys Mx>4 byes IAP + ly? faery, x4) <0 xy eV £3,994 fle, y)+ fly,8+ fy,y) <0 f+ fy,9=0 [es fo, =0, fy, yal fo = ~fy,9 0 Hence, () = () and (i) => () and hence Oem s Uuuyy 12 -3 Example 10. tet a=| 2 5 4] be a symmetric mat 3-4 8 Then, (@) the diagonal matrix congruent to Ais 100 B=/0 1 9 jo 2-5385 ces Quadratic Forms & Inner Product SP Now, ifeu.v > 20,¥v eV Then, 20 . v0 product jensional inner pro Example 12. let V be a finite dit space and S, $,, 5, are subset of V Then, >. (Sc5, 05 cSt NS (bigs! (isi- Solution. (a), (bi, ©), fa) let 5,<5, and vest svi Vee ° uly ¥r65 [R22 ovad 1 [Ri B+ 3R maa ° Hence, p | -20 Coe a cd 1J572 O30 (b) Since we know that, Sets} . ° = istest fby Ea. «oh 0 ‘ oe ee Now, let vest, then : dl evu>=0,¥ ues iio 10 20) If we(S] then jo |G 96-26, weEay, a eFues oo 7-2) evw>= es, te required diagonal matrix is Ea cvu> - by Eq, lil, =0.4 4 «ST - viw,wwels} 0 o} 1-27 = vets . VSP [8.1 2 Hence, vest = velst a pot = Steir wr imple 11, Let be an inner product space. Then, ++ From Eqs. (i) and (i), we have £eivs-0,¥veV st =isF Bee uevs (© Let veIS} Then, v is linear combination of finite 2uy>-0, vv eV sue0 numberof elements of SM weSt, then Wi SOW eV ued orthogonal to every vector in S and $0 w is ort 4, 9,04 tov hogan weg Me Hee, v dedwes Ov >ecouy> = vest Hence, vals = ves a) = lest a ) Since, shes MO>m 2 tant sDeuys aa =0 (Since, W =[S]'s a subspace of V and W = W=*)