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Full Chapter The Hussite Wars 1419 36 1St Edition Stephen Turnbull PDF
Full Chapter The Hussite Wars 1419 36 1St Edition Stephen Turnbull PDF
Stephen Turnbull
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHRONOLOGY
• Wagenburg tactics
THE PLATES
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
military point of view the Hussite Wars were also ahead of their time.
The Hussites’ innovative use of artillery and their famous war wagons
1419
First Crusade
1420
1421
Second Crusade
1422
Third Crusade
1423
1424
1426
Fourth Crusade
1427
1430
Fifth Crusade
1431
1433
1434
1436
Hussite Wars
1457
overall series of events. These actions also included civil wars between
arising from splits within the ranks of the Hussite movement itself. Yet
whatever the terminology, all the Hussite Wars had their origins in the
and continued to motivate all sides throughout the long and bitter
struggle. On one side (when they were not fighting each other) stood
heresy.
point in medieval history. From one point of view they were the last of
The society in which the Hussite Wars exploded was one that already
had within it a huge potential for civil war. By the beginning of the
within the cities and monasteries of Bohemia and Moravia. There was
one man: Jan (John) Hus, the Rector of Prague University. Jan Hus
first of many acts he performed that were to gain him the enmity of
happened at a time when the Papacy was in turmoil, with two, and for
Roman rival Gregory XII. The financing of this so-called crusade was
‘safe conduct pass’ to heaven for someone who had died; such
for sale for cash in order to finance a very questionable war was
The reaction to Hus’s criticism was severe. Pope John XXIII not
Jan Hus went into voluntary exile for two years, during which he
1415; this was one of the periodic meetings called by the Church to
intrigued, but there were few more fateful matters for discussion than
the heretical views of Jan Hus. Hus knew the bitterness of the
opposition he faced from the Church hierarchy, and rightly feared for
main ally.
and put on trial for heresy. King Sigismund’s pledge proved worthless,
and at Constance on 6 July 1415 Jan Hus was burned to death at the
stake. All Bohemia erupted at the news of the judicial murder of their
rebellion.
One of the first ways in which the Hussites expressed their outrage
was through a simple but defiant religious ritual. It had long been the
rule under Canon Law that when the congregation took Holy
consecrated bread, with the clergy alone partaking of the wine. One
Hus’s priestly followers had been to share the consecrated wine with
for Hus’s views. Priests who did not agree to give Communion in both
kinds were hounded from their churches, which were then taken over
Latin expression for ‘in both kinds’ – sub ultraque parte. The chalice
that held the wine became the symbol of the reformed Church of
Bohemia, and was an image that would soon be displayed upon the
For all the revolutionary fervour that was sweeping Bohemia there
were at first few signs of the reaction from outside that would soon
another three years and dissolved itself in 1418, having achieved one
of its main tasks: the resolution of the Great Schism that had given
the Church two Popes. The newly elected Pope Martin V represented
heresy that was providing him with the first challenge of his papacy.
but dangerous step of ejecting the Ultraquists from all but three
churches in Prague. Some Hussite priests, fearing for their lives, left
Bohemia, but others took more decisive action within the capital.
services, fiercely attacking the new city council and its oppressive
measures against the Hussites. After Mass, Zelivsky took the Sacred
Host from the church and led a protest march which was joined by
many armed men. The angry crowd eventually made its way to the
Town Hall in the New Town at the northern end of Prague’s Cattle
Hussite prisoners the crowd grew agitated, and it was claimed that
someone had thrown a stone from the window at the Sacred Host.
The enraged mob surged against the doors of the Town Hall and
burst in. The hapless town councillors were seized, and thrown from
Prague’, from the Latin de fenestra, ‘from a window’. (A similar act, the
The shock of this act of violent rebellion proved too much for King
Wenceslas IV, who promptly suffered a stroke and died, ‘roaring like a
lion’. His brother Sigismund, who had been responsible for putting
Jan Hus to death, saw his opportunity, and claimed the crown of
Bohemia for himself. When the Hussites opposed this cynical piece of
It was not long before the energy and fervour of the Hussite rebellion
determination of the man who became its first and greatest leader.
the famous battle of Tannenberg in 1410, and he may even have been
the castle (Prague’s so-called ‘Small Side’) on the left bank of the
Vltava. The Charles Bridge was also seized, along with several strategic
points across the river in the Old Town. Cenek also gave strict orders
that a planned march on Prague by supporters of the Hussites was to
Jan Zizka moved quickly to occupy the one fortress left in Prague
that had not yet passed into anti-Hussite hands. This was the citadel of
battle broke out for control of Prague. Much of the Small Side was
fortresses. Such was the devastation within the city that a peace
return for the withdrawal of the Taborites and the surrender of the
Vysehrad, but this latter concession infuriated Zizka. Feeling that the
cause had been betrayed by the effete citizens of Prague who did not
Hussites were thrown down the shafts of the silver mines from which
the city derived its prosperity. Pilsen too became a focus of attack; and
in March 1420 Zizka decided to move his base further south, to where
the Taborites had rebuilt an old strategic fortress called Hradiste and
religious fanatics, was to provide the focus for the Hussite movement
Zizka’s march to Tabor was one of two very significant events that
took place in the fateful month of March 1420. The other was the
view the Hussite War had now become the Hussite Crusade; the
Long before any foreign crusaders appeared on the scene the local
Royalist forces had already been active. Raids were carried out around
Pilsen, as the Royalists had no intention of letting Zizka and his men
depart in peace for Tabor. They attempted to surprise him near the
village of Sudomer but, using the ‘war wagons’ which were to become
1420. The battle of Sudomer was a small affair, but was important as
the first significant Hussite victory in the field. It was also a triumph
that allowed Zizka to ride in to Tabor as a leader helped and blessed
Zizka’s assertion of his authority both on and off the battlefield led
elsewhere; and it was not long before an urgent request for help was
received from the very citizens of Prague who had previously spurned
him.
where the two main castles were still in Royalist hands (in spite of a
crusaders arrived failed miserably, and soon the rebels were being
left bank of the Vltava at the place now called the Letna.
Jan Zizka marched north with all the speed that a medieval army
could muster. Sigismund’s siege of Prague was making use of all the
strategic points around the city except one – the long prominent hill
to the east known as the Vitkov. Zizka’s eye for ground showed him
that if the Royalists also took the Vitkov then Prague would be cut off
from all sides and deprived of its supply lines. So Zizka’s army, about
9,000 strong, headed straight for Vitkov Hill and hastily erected
with great determination, Zizka led a surprise flank attack from the
south. Vitkov Hill is now called Zitkov in his honour, and sports a
building lies securely within the walls of Hradcany Castle it was hardly
First Crusade began to fall apart. His troops were suffering from
brutality towards the Czech people did nothing to endear the king to
the populace. By the end of July many of his German supporters had
laid siege. Zizka had by now withdrawn to Tabor, so this operation was
their position during 1421. Hradcany Castle fell to them; and Cenek
The castle of Rabi, where Zizka lost the sight of his other eye during the
siege of June 1421.
Hussite Wars for some time to come, but a fight in the immediate
movement of its greatest leader. Towards the end of June 1421 Jan
Zizka was directing the siege of the castle of Rabi when an archer
loosed an arrow from the ramparts and hit Zizka in his good eye.
Somehow he survived, to lead his armies in battle for four more years
suffered one of its few military defeats at the siege of Most, which
began on 22 July 1421. This, and the siege of Zatec that followed on
the Second Crusade. Zatec held out for three weeks before the news
arrived that the blind Zizka was on his way at the head of a relieving
had postponed the whole enterprise of the Second Crusade until the
following year. The campaigning season was now far advanced, but he
were not used. He had placed his troops under the capable control of
(mercenary captain) who had made his name fighting the Turks and
In spite of the lateness of the season King Sigismund’s force did not
before heading for their primary objective, the city of Kutna Hora.
positions on the hills to the west. This action kept the Hussites
occupied while Pipo Spano sent some units around Zizka’s right flank
from which Zizka was cut off in his wagon fortress on the hills above.
his moment and his target perfectly. Battering their way through the
Royalist ranks using firearms, the Hussites escaped towards the north.
There was no pursuit, so they rested at nearby Kolin to plan their next
move.
jammed with fleeing troops. The order was given for others to cross
on the ice, but after initial success the ice gave way and many were
destroyed it so thoroughly that ‘wolves and dogs ate the corpses in the
town square’, as one chronicler put it. Sigismund fled to the safety of
Brno in Moravia, smarting from his greatest defeat since the battle of
third crusade would be the only way to settle matters with the Hussites
armies entered Bohemia from the north and the west in October
1422, and the first city to fall was Chomutov. The next objective was
the relief of the siege of the great castle of Karlstein, the only strong
Prince Korybut of Lithuania was currently sitting outside it, and found
Third Crusade promptly ended, the only one of the five not to end
Internal rivalries
Following this peaceful settlement the Hussites were left alone for a
longer period than before, but this relative safety in fact threatened to
under threat from outside they had stood united, but when that
this was that Jan Zizka left Tabor and established himself in eastern
rival Hussite armies took place on 7 June 1424 at Malesov, where Zizka
victory Zizka confirmed his leading role in the movement; soon the
Orebites and Taborites were reconciled, and played leading roles for
Une des choses qui m’ont frappé davantage, et dès les premiers
temps, chez mon ami Caillou, c’est qu’il se montre d’une délicatesse
aiguë et scrupuleuse sur le chapitre de la probité. Il en a, si j’ose
dire, le sentiment mystique. Prendre ce qui n’est pas à lui, mais
évidemment à d’autres, lui inspire une espèce d’horreur. J’en fus tout
d’abord assez étonné, et même vexé ; car cette probité enfantine est
contraire à mes théories.
Comme tout Français mâle et adulte qui se respecte, je suis en
effet matérialiste. Je crois que l’homme a commencé par la barbarie,
la cruauté, la lubricité, la gourmandise, qu’il avait instinctivement le
goût des rapines et des déprédations, qu’il a fallu bien du temps
pour qu’il ne se montrât point, avec ingénuité, un loup féroce et
déchaîné à l’égard des autres hommes. Et l’on sait qu’on doit
retrouver, dans les enfants, l’âme toute nue de l’humanité primitive.
Justement Caillou me paraissait, à bien des égards, justifier cette
vue de l’esprit. S’il n’est pas sensuel, c’est qu’il n’a pas encore de
sens ; mais il rêve de guerre et de meurtre ; les plus belles histoires
pour lui sont les histoires où l’on tue — où un enfant tue des géants
— et il n’a nulle pitié pour les bêtes qu’il chasse, les papillons, les
mouches et les vers. Il n’est pas naturellement propre ; tout au
contraire, il semble éprouver une joie particulière à salir ses
vêtements et lui-même. Enfin pour la gourmandise et même la
voracité, il ne craint personne, car il est encore à cet âge heureux où
l’estomac est si frais et solide qu’il n’avertit jamais de son existence.
Caillou a, vous le savez, dans l’idée que ce viscère est une grande
poche qui part de son cou pour aller jusqu’à ses cuisses, et par
conséquent presque impossible à remplir. Il y ferait d’ailleurs tous
ses efforts, mais on l’en empêche ; de lui-même il ne penserait pas à
s’arrêter. C’est ainsi, je pense, chez les sauvages et les enfants qui
se portent bien. Mais voilà qu’en même temps Caillou respecte le
bien d’autrui ; cela ne va plus d’accord !
J’ai failli passer d’un extrême à l’autre, et croire aux idées innées
ou acquises par l’hérédité. Mais lui et moi vivons maintenant trop
fréquemment ensemble, nous sommes trop amis pour que mes
hypothèses résistent longtemps aux effets de l’expérience. Et j’ai fini
par découvrir qu’à l’origine de la probité de Caillou, il y a l’instinct de
propriété. C’est d’abord parce qu’il y a des choses qui sont à lui qu’il
comprend qu’il y en a d’autres qui sont au voisin. Il souffre quand on
prend ce qui lui appartient, donc les autres ont le droit de crier quand
on leur prend ce qui est à eux, puisqu’ils ont de la peine. Et Caillou,
qui est logique, est aussi sensible.
Pourtant, cela ne suffirait pas. Les enfants ont un tel besoin
d’avoir dans les mains ce qui attire leurs yeux, de goûter ce qui se
mange, de jouir en des jeux personnels de ce qui les entoure ! Mais
ils sont aussi tout pénétrés d’un instinct d’imitation. Ils font ce qu’ils
voient faire, ils ne font pas ce qu’ils ne voient pas faire. Or, on ne
vole pas autour de Caillou ! Aussi n’a-t-on guère besoin avec lui
d’user là-dessus de commandement ou de suggestion. A peine lui a-
t-on dit deux ou trois fois : « Il ne faut pas voler ! » Les grandes
personnes n’ont presque jamais à user de pression que pour
empêcher les petits de faire ce qu’elles font elles-mêmes. C’est
pourquoi on est si souvent obligé de répéter aux enfants qu’il ne faut
point mentir — ils nous voient si souvent altérer la vérité — ni se
mettre en colère : ils nous sentent parfois si laidement hors de nous-
mêmes !
… L’honnête Caillou est donc sorti avec sa sœur Lucile, qui est
son aînée. Il est allé encore une fois aux Tuileries, il est revenu par
le marché Saint-Honoré et les boulevards. A cette heure, qui est
celle du grand déjeuner de midi, le voici bien calé sur sa haute
chaise ; mais il est préoccupé.
C’est très facile de voir quand les enfants sont préoccupés. Ça
leur met une barre entre les deux yeux, sur le front, parce qu’ils n’ont
pas l’habitude de réfléchir. Caillou est bien élevé, il ne parle jamais à
table, mais il a la barre. Et sa mère le regarde avec un peu
d’inquiétude. Qu’est-ce qu’il a ? Il mange et il a bonne mine. Faut-il
l’interroger ? C’est toujours un problème de savoir s’il faut interroger
les petits.
Mais Caillou est un homme, il ne sait pas garder ce qu’il a sur le
cœur. (Ça serait peut-être différent s’il était une petite fille.) Au
dessert, quand on lui a permis de descendre de sa chaise, il se
rapproche tout doucement. Il n’a plus la barre ; depuis qu’il a décidé
de demander à ceux qui savent, son souci s’en est allé. Il croira ce
qu’on lui dit, et voilà tout. Alors il commence :
— Maman, tu ne sais pas ce qu’elle a fait, Tili ?
Tili, qui s’entend mettre en cause, prend subitement l’air très
sage. La maman de Caillou écoute.
— Eh bien, continue Caillou, quand on a passé devant l’épicier
qui est près du marché, il y avait deux fraises tombées par terre de
l’étalage, deux grosses fraises… Alors Tili les a ramassées et les a
mangées.
— Oh ! dit la maman de Caillou.
Elle a dit « oh ! » parce qu’il faut bien répondre quelque chose, et
aussi parce qu’elle trouve que ce n’est pas très propre, de manger
des fraises qui out traîné sur le trottoir.
— C’est voler, n’est-ce pas ? fait Caillou.
C’est ça qui le préoccupait. Et c’est la seule chose à quoi sa
mère n’avait pas pensé.
— Non, dit-elle, embarrassée, ça n’est pas voler, pas
précisément… Mais enfin c’est sale, c’est vilain.
— Mais ça n’est pas voler ? répète Caillou.
— Non, répond sa mère. Elles étaient par terre ces fraises…
Alors Caillou, subitement furieux, jette le poing vers Lucile. Et il
lui crie :
— Pourquoi tu ne m’en as pas donné une, alors !
C’est ainsi qu’il croit sentir, entre lui et le monde extérieur, des
correspondances mystérieuses, des participations singulières. Il
n’observe pas pour connaître ce qui est. Il fait une espèce de magie.
Une fois revenu à Paris, on décide que, pour garder le souvenir de
ses jeunes années, on demandera à une amie, qui est artiste, de
modeler son effigie dans la glaise ou la cire, et tous les jours,
maintenant, le matin, on conduit Caillou chez madame Marcelle
Luze, qui est statuaire. L’atelier de madame Luze, là-bas, très loin
dans Paris, plus haut que la gare Montparnasse, est au fond d’une
espèce de rue d’ateliers tout pareils, en briques roses, et qui
ressemblent à des joujoux bien rangés dans une boîte. Le long des
murs, il pousse une chose qui grimpe. Caillou ne sait pas son nom ;
il ne sait le nom d’aucune plante : il ignore que c’est de la clématite.
Mais il sent que c’est joli. C’est même tout ce qu’il y a de plus joli
pour une âme enfant. On dirait que ce n’est pas arrivé, ou du moins
que ce n’est pas tout à fait vrai, qu’on a mis ces choses en cet
endroit rien que pour jouer, pour voir le décor végétal et vivant,
quand il a grimpé, retomber comme un dais au-dessus de ceux qui
passent. En hiver, le dais est tout plein de graines blanches et
floconneuses, comme les cheveux d’une vieille dame très douce. Au
printemps, c’est tout vert, si vert que l’air même devient vert à la
hauteur des yeux ; et plus tard il n’y a plus que des fleurs. C’est en
hiver que Caillou est venu, et il entre dans cette ombre candide
comme un petit berger dans une crèche de Noël.