Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands

1. Data Types formatting. - Lowercase : Returns a string in lowercase form

Integer iNum := 1; rMoney : variable to be converted sStr := Lowercase('dElPhi'); // sStr =
String sName := ‘myString’; ffcurrency : used to specify currency 'delphi'
Real rNum := -1.78; 5 : Number of digits for Integer part - Position : Returns the index value of the
Char cChar := 'b'; 2 : Number of digits after decimal point first character in a specified substring that
Boolean bBool := 5 > 4; occurs in a given string
4.3.2 Convert to Currency(ffcurrency) iInt := pos('p','Delphi'); // iInt = 4
- Char Data type can only hold 1 character at a procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: - Trim : removes whitesspaces from a string
time TObject); sStr := Trim(' Delphi '); // sStr =
var rMoney; 'Delphi'
2. Variables begin - Uppercase : Returns a string, in Uppercase
Variables are used to store data. They have to rMoney := 123.923858; format
created ('declared') before they can be edtOutput.Text := FloatToStrf(rMoney,ff sStr := Uppercase('dElPhi'); // sStr =
used('initialized') currency,5,2); // R123.92 'DELPHI'
end;
2.1 Declaration 4. Relational Operators
var sName, sSurname: string; 4.3.3 Convert to Fixed Decimal Place(ffFixed) = Equality iInt = 5
var iAge : integer; procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: <> Inequality iInt <> 5
var rHeight : real; TObject); < Less Than iInt > 5
var rMoney; > Greater Than iInt < 5
2.2 Initialization begin <= Less than or Eqaul to iInt <= 5
var sName := 'Goku'; rMoney := 123.923858; >= Greater Than or Equal To iInt >= 5
var iAge := 149; edtOutput.Text := FloatToStrf(rMon
var rHeight : 1.89; ey,ffFixed,5,4); { $123.9200 } 5. Boolean Operators
end; not NEGATION not X
3. Naming Components and AND X and Y
4. Mathematics Function or OR X or Y
Component Prefix Include the *Math Uni t to make use of some of
TButton btn these functions such as floor, ceil, and power. 6. Random Numbers
TLabel lbl iVar1 := Random(2); // 0s and 1
TEdit edt - Abs : Returns the absolute value of a integer iVar2 := Random(10); // 0 to 9
TRichEdit red or real number iVar3 := 1+ Random(10); // 1 to 10
TCheckBox chk rReal := abs(-123,45) // Returns 123,45 iVar4 := 50+Random(250); // 50 to 250
TComboBox cmb - *Ceil : Rounds the value up to the nearest
TGroupBox grp whole number 7. Loops
TListBox lst iInt := ceil(123,65); // iInt = 124 7.1.1 For Loop from 1 to 10
TRadioGroup rgp iInt := ceil(123,45); //iInt = 124 for iInt:= 1 to 10 do
TRadioButton rbt - Dec : decrements an Integer variable by 1. begin
TSpinEdit spn iInt := 5; ShowMessage('Count:'+IntToStr(iInt));
TTrackBar trk Dec(iInt); //iInt = 4 end;
TStringGrid sgd - Div : used for integer division. For real 7.1.2 For Loop from 10 to 1
numbers use / for iInt:= 10 downto 1 do
4. Scope iInt := 10 div 3; // iInt = 3 begin
Refers to where a variable can be used. rReal := 12.34 / 4; // rReal = 3,085 ShowMessage('Count:'+IntToStr(iInt));
Local : Variable can be used inside procedure, - Frac: Returns the fractional part of a real end;
or function only. number
rReal := frac(4.41); // rReal = 0.41 7.2 Repeat from 1 to 10
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender : - *Floor : Rounds the value down to the nearest iInt := 1;
TObject); whole number repeat
var sLocalVariable : string; iInt := floor(123.65); // iInt = 123 ShowMessage('iInt='+IntToStr(iInt));
begin iInt := floor(123,45); // iInt = 123 Inc(iInt);
sLocalVariable := 'sLocalVariable can be - Inc : Increments an Integer variable by until iInt = 11 ;
used in this procedure only'; specified value
end; iInt := 5; 7.3 While Loop from 1 to 10
Inc(iInt); // iInt = 6 iInt := 1;
Global : Variable can be used throughout whole - *Max: Determines maximum between two numbers while iInt <= 10 do
program, and will retain their value until iInt := Max(123,321); // iInt = 321 begin
program is closed. - *Min: Determines minimum between two numbers ShowMessage('iInt='+IntToStr(iInt));
iInt := Min(123,321); // iInt = 123 Inc(iInt);
unit Unit1; - Mod: The modulus, mods number1 by number2 end;
interface iInt := 10 mod 3; // iInt = 1
uses - *Power : Raises the first number to pwer of 8. Validation
SysUtils,; second 8.1 Validate a editbox for only strings
type Real := Power(2,3); // iInt = 8 procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
TForm1 = class(TForm) - Round function rounds a real-type value to an TObject);
private integer-type value var n : integer;
public iInt := Round(123.65); // iInt = 124; sInput : string;
end; iInt := Round(123.45); // iInt - 123; begin
var - Sqr: returns the square of a int or real sInput := Edit1.Text;
sGlobalVariable : string; iInt := srq(2); // iInt = 4 for n:= 1 to Length(sInput) do
implementation - Srqt: returns the square root begin
{$R *.dfm} iInt := sqrt(4); // iInt = 2 if not (sInput[n]
end. in['A'..'Z','a'..'z']) then
ShowMessage('Error! Letter at ' +
4. Data Type Conversions 4. Strings sInput[n] + ' not a character');
When worknig with different data types, a When indexing strings, the first character end;
conversion needs to be performed. starts at position 1. end;
- Copy: Returns a substring of a string
4.1 String sStr := Copy('Delphi',4,6); // sStr = phi 8.2 Validate a editbox for only numbers
- Convert a String into a Integer - Delete : Deletes a substring from a string procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
iNum := StrToInt(edtInput.Text); beginning at a specified point TObject);
- Convert a String into a Real Number sStr := 'Deplphi'; var n : integer;
iNum := StrToFloat(edtInput.Text); Delete(sStr,3,1); // sStr = 'Delphi' sInput : string;
- Insert : Inserts a substring into a string begin
4.2 Integer beginning at a specified point sInput := Edit1.Text;
- Convert a Integer into a String sStr := 'Dephi'; for n:=1 to length(sInput) do
edtInput.Text := IntToStr(iNum); Insert('l',sStr,3); // sStr = 'Delphi' begin
- Length : Returns the number of characters in a if not (sInput[n] < '0') or (sInput[n] >
4.3 Float string '9') then
- Convert a Float into a String iInt := Length('Delphi'); // iInt = 6 ShowMessage('Error! Letter at ' +
edtInput.Text := FloatToStr(rHeight); - LastDelimiter : Returns the position of the sInput[n] + ' not a number');
last occurence of a substring in a string. end;
4.3.1 FloatToStrf iInt := LastDelimiter('1','12341'); // iInt end;
Used to convert a Real Number to a String with = 5

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Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands
9. Conditional Statements 10.8 Read 10 Names from Keyboard into an array,
9.1.1 If...then 10.3 Retrieving Values from Array and display the names in alphabetic order
if iAge >= 18 then ShowMessage(Names[1]); // Don var
ShowMessage('Adult'); ShowMessage(IntToStr(Numbers[5])); //5 i,j : integer;
s: string;
9.1.2 If..then...else 10.4 Assign a value into an array in the arrNames: Array[1..10] of string;
if iAge <= 18 then declaration: begin
ShowMessage('Teenager') var arrDays : array[1..7] of string = for i:=1 to 10 do
else ('Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday', begin
ShowMessage('Adult'); 'Friday','Saturday','Sunday'); arrNames[i] := InputBox('Names','Type in
arrScore : array[1..3] of integer = (4,5,2); a name','');
9.1.3 Else If end;
if iAge >= 18 then 10.5 Insert a value into an array for i := 1 to 9 do
ShowMessage('Adult') for j:= i+1 to 10 do
else if(iAge < 18) and (iAge >= 12) then 10.5.1 Using a while loop: if arrNames[i] > arrNames[j] then
ShowMessage('Teenager') var i : integer; begin
else arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; s := arrNames[i];
ShowMessage('Child'); begin arrNames[i] := arrNames[j];
i := 1; arrNames[j] := s;
9.1.4 If Statement with Begin and End while i <= 10 do end;
if iAge >= 18 then begin for i:=1 to 10 do
begin arrNumbers[i] := i; redOut.Lines.Add(arrNames[i]);
ShowMessage('Adult'); i:=i+1 ; end;
sStr := 'In Matric or Campus'; end;
end end; 10.9 Search an Array
else if(iAge < 18) and (iAge >= 13) then const Marks : array[1..5] of real =
begin 10.5.2 Using a for loop: (85.34,86.74,75.43,76.23,95.23);
ShowMessage('Teenager'); var i : integer; var iInt : integer;sStr : string;
sStr := 'In High School'; arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; bFound : boolean;rFound : real;
end begin begin
else for i := 1 to 10 do sStr := InputBox('Enter in Search
ShowMessage('Child'); arrNumbers[i] := i; String','Enter string','');
sStr := 'In Primary School'; end; rFound := StrToFloat(sStr);
bFound := false;
9.2.1 Case Statement 10.5.3 Using a Repeat Loop iInt := 1;
case iAge of var i : integer; while (iInt <= High(Marks)) and (bFound =
14 : sStr := 'Grade 8'; arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; false) do
15 : sStr := 'Grade 9'; begin begin
16 : sStr := 'Grade 10'; i := 1; if Marks[iInt] = rFound then
17 : sStr := 'Grade 11'; repeat begin
18 : sStr := 'Grade 12'; arrNumbers[i] := i; ShowMessage('Found Item: ' + sStr + ' at
else i := i+1; pos ' + IntToStr(iInt));
sStr := 'Unknown Grade'; until i&lt;= 10; bFound := true;
end; end; end
else
9.2.2 Case Statement, with Number range 10.5.4 Using User Input ShowMessage('Not Found!');
case iAge of var Names : array[0..9] of string; inc(iInt);
0 .. 1 : sStr:= 'Infant'; iIndex : integer; end;
2 .. 4 : sStr:= 'Toddler'; begin end;
5 .. 13 : sStr:= 'Child'; for iIndex := 0 to 9 do
14 .. 18 : sStr := 'Teenager'; begin 10.10 Sort an Array ascending order
19 .. 60 : sStr := 'Adult'; Names[iIndex] := Input- const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
61 .. 100: sStr := 'Senior'; box('Names','Enter In A Name Below',''); (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
101 .. 140 : sStr := 'Super'; end; var i,j,temp : integer;
141 .. 1000: sStr := 'Lengendary'; end begin
else for i := 1 to length(arrNum) -1 do
sStr := 'Immortal'; 10.6 Using the High / Low Functions for j := i + 1 to length(arrNum) do
end; Marks : array[1..5] of real = if (arrNum[i] &gt; arrNum[j]) then
(85.34,86.74,75.43,76.23,95.23); begin
9.2.3 Case Statement, with Begin and End - Low : The lowest value within the range of the temp := arrNum[j];
case iProvince of index type of the array. arrNum[j] := arrNum[i];
1 : begin ShowMessage('Low : ' + IntTStr(Low(Marks))); arrNum[i] := temp;
sProvince := 'Gauteng'; // 1 end;
sCapital := 'Johannesburg'; - High: The highest value within the range of end.
end; the index type of the array. For empty arrays,
2 : begin High returns –1. 10.11 Sort an Array descending order
sProvince := 'Kwa-Zulu-Natal'; ShowMessage('High: ' + IntStr(High(Marks))); const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
sCapital := 'Pietermaritzburg'; // 5 (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
end; var i,j,temp : integer;
else * Note : The High and Low Functions are not begin
sProvince := 'Unknown'; limited to being used only with arrays, and can for i := 1 to length(arrNum) -1 do
sCapital := 'Unknown'; be used with Ordinal Types(integers) and for j := i + 1 to length(arrNum) do
end; strings. if (arrNum[i] &gt; arrNum[j]) then
begin
* Note : Both the if and case statement do the temp := arrNum[j];
same thing, with the exception that the case 10.7 Read 10 names from the keyboard into an arrNum[j] := arrNum[i];
statement only supports ordinal types. array and display the names in a rich edit arrNum[i] := temp;
case sStr of var i: Integer; end;
'kzn' : sProvince := 'Kwa-Zulu-Nata; nameArray : Array[1..10] of string; end.
end; begin
for i:=1 to 10 do 10.12 Find highest in an Array
begin const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
10. Arrays nameArray[i] := inputBox('Names','Type in (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
10.1 Array Declaration a name',''); var
Numbers : array[1..10] of Integer; end; max,i : integer;
Names: array[1..5] of string; for i:= Low(nameArray) to High(nameArray) begin
Marks: array[0..4] of real; do max := arrNum[1];
begin for i := low(arrNum) to high(arrNum) do
10.2 Assigning Values to Array redOut.Lines.Add(nameArray[i]); begin
Names[1] := 'Don'; // string array end; if arrNum[i] > max then
for iInt:= 1 to 10 do // integer array end; max := arrNum[i];
begin end;
Numbers[iInt] := iInt; ShowMessage('Highest = ' + inttostr(max));
end; end;

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Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands
9. Conditional Statements 10.8 Read 10 Names from Keyboard into an array,
9.1.1 If...then 10.3 Retrieving Values from Array and display the names in alphabetic order
if iAge >= 18 then ShowMessage(Names[1]); // Don var
ShowMessage('Adult'); ShowMessage(IntToStr(Numbers[5])); //5 i,j : integer;
s: string;
9.1.2 If..then...else 10.4 Assign a value into an array in the arrNames: Array[1..10] of string;
if iAge <= 18 then declaration: begin
ShowMessage('Teenager') var arrDays : array[1..7] of string = for i:=1 to 10 do
else ('Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday', begin
ShowMessage('Adult'); 'Friday','Saturday','Sunday'); arrNames[i] := InputBox('Names','Type in
arrScore : array[1..3] of integer = (4,5,2); a name','');
9.1.3 Else If end;
if iAge >= 18 then 10.5 Insert a value into an array for i := 1 to 9 do
ShowMessage('Adult') for j:= i+1 to 10 do
else if(iAge < 18) and (iAge >= 12) then 10.5.1 Using a while loop: if arrNames[i] > arrNames[j] then
ShowMessage('Teenager') var i : integer; begin
else arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; s := arrNames[i];
ShowMessage('Child'); begin arrNames[i] := arrNames[j];
i := 1; arrNames[j] := s;
9.1.4 If Statement with Begin and End while i <= 10 do end;
if iAge >= 18 then begin for i:=1 to 10 do
begin arrNumbers[i] := i; redOut.Lines.Add(arrNames[i]);
ShowMessage('Adult'); i:=i+1 ; end;
sStr := 'In Matric or Campus'; end;
end end; 10.9 Search an Array
else if(iAge < 18) and (iAge >= 13) then const Marks : array[1..5] of real =
begin 10.5.2 Using a for loop: (85.34,86.74,75.43,76.23,95.23);
ShowMessage('Teenager'); var i : integer; var iInt : integer;sStr : string;
sStr := 'In High School'; arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; bFound : boolean;rFound : real;
end begin begin
else for i := 1 to 10 do sStr := InputBox('Enter in Search
ShowMessage('Child'); arrNumbers[i] := i; String','Enter string','');
sStr := 'In Primary School'; end; rFound := StrToFloat(sStr);
bFound := false;
9.2.1 Case Statement 10.5.3 Using a Repeat Loop iInt := 1;
case iAge of var i : integer; while (iInt <= High(Marks)) and (bFound =
14 : sStr := 'Grade 8'; arrNumbers : array[1..10] of integer; false) do
15 : sStr := 'Grade 9'; begin begin
16 : sStr := 'Grade 10'; i := 1; if Marks[iInt] = rFound then
17 : sStr := 'Grade 11'; repeat begin
18 : sStr := 'Grade 12'; arrNumbers[i] := i; ShowMessage('Found Item: ' + sStr + ' at
else i := i+1; pos ' + IntToStr(iInt));
sStr := 'Unknown Grade'; until i&lt;= 10; bFound := true;
end; end; end
else
9.2.2 Case Statement, with Number range 10.5.4 Using User Input ShowMessage('Not Found!');
case iAge of var Names : array[0..9] of string; inc(iInt);
0 .. 1 : sStr:= 'Infant'; iIndex : integer; end;
2 .. 4 : sStr:= 'Toddler'; begin end;
5 .. 13 : sStr:= 'Child'; for iIndex := 0 to 9 do
14 .. 18 : sStr := 'Teenager'; begin 10.10 Sort an Array ascending order
19 .. 60 : sStr := 'Adult'; Names[iIndex] := Input- const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
61 .. 100: sStr := 'Senior'; box('Names','Enter In A Name Below',''); (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
101 .. 140 : sStr := 'Super'; end; var i,j,temp : integer;
141 .. 1000: sStr := 'Lengendary'; end begin
else for i := 1 to length(arrNum) -1 do
sStr := 'Immortal'; 10.6 Using the High / Low Functions for j := i + 1 to length(arrNum) do
end; Marks : array[1..5] of real = if (arrNum[i] &gt; arrNum[j]) then
(85.34,86.74,75.43,76.23,95.23); begin
9.2.3 Case Statement, with Begin and End - Low : The lowest value within the range of the temp := arrNum[j];
case iProvince of index type of the array. arrNum[j] := arrNum[i];
1 : begin ShowMessage('Low : ' + IntTStr(Low(Marks))); arrNum[i] := temp;
sProvince := 'Gauteng'; // 1 end;
sCapital := 'Johannesburg'; - High: The highest value within the range of end.
end; the index type of the array. For empty arrays,
2 : begin High returns –1. 10.11 Sort an Array descending order
sProvince := 'Kwa-Zulu-Natal'; ShowMessage('High: ' + IntStr(High(Marks))); const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
sCapital := 'Pietermaritzburg'; // 5 (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
end; var i,j,temp : integer;
else * Note : The High and Low Functions are not begin
sProvince := 'Unknown'; limited to being used only with arrays, and can for i := 1 to length(arrNum) -1 do
sCapital := 'Unknown'; be used with Ordinal Types(integers) and for j := i + 1 to length(arrNum) do
end; strings. if (arrNum[i] &gt; arrNum[j]) then
begin
* Note : Both the if and case statement do the temp := arrNum[j];
same thing, with the exception that the case 10.7 Read 10 names from the keyboard into an arrNum[j] := arrNum[i];
statement only supports ordinal types. array and display the names in a rich edit arrNum[i] := temp;
case sStr of var i: Integer; end;
'kzn' : sProvince := 'Kwa-Zulu-Nata; nameArray : Array[1..10] of string; end.
end; begin
for i:=1 to 10 do 10.12 Find highest in an Array
begin const arrNum : array[1..7] of integer =
10. Arrays nameArray[i] := inputBox('Names','Type in (2,4,6,1,0,9,6);
10.1 Array Declaration a name',''); var
Numbers : array[1..10] of Integer; end; max,i : integer;
Names: array[1..5] of string; for i:= Low(nameArray) to High(nameArray) begin
Marks: array[0..4] of real; do max := arrNum[1];
begin for i := low(arrNum) to high(arrNum) do
10.2 Assigning Values to Array redOut.Lines.Add(nameArray[i]); begin
Names[1] := 'Don'; // string array end; if arrNum[i] > max then
for iInt:= 1 to 10 do // integer array end; max := arrNum[i];
begin end;
Numbers[iInt] := iInt; ShowMessage('Highest = ' + inttostr(max));
end; end;

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Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands
11. 2D Array -FileExists: The fileexists function returns
11.1 Declare a 2D Array True if the given FileName file exists. 13.3 Loop through all records in a table
var arrNums : array[1..3,1..4] of integer; if not fileexists('Test.txt') then procedure TfrmCarRent.btnTotalStartKmC-
- arrNums : name of 2D array Showmessage('File does not exist'); lick(Sender: TObject);
- 1..3 : number of rows -ReWrite : Opens file as new var iSum : integer;
- 1..4 : number of columns ReWrite(myFile); begin
-Reset : Opens a file for Read Access iSum := 0;
11.2 Intialize 2D array with random values Reset(myFile); tblRentals.First;
procedure TForm1.btnInitializeClick(Sender: - Append : Opens a file for appending at end while not tblRentals.Eof do
TObject); Append(myFile); begin
var row,col : integer; - Read : Read one Letter at a time iSum := iSum + tblRentals['Start_Km'];
begin read(myFile,cChar); tblRentals.Next;
for row := 1 to 3 do - ReadLn : Reads a Line of Text and goes to Next end;
for col := 1 to 4 do Line redOutput.Clear;
begin readln(myFile,sStr); redOutput.Lines.Add('Total Start_Km = ' +
arrNums[row,col] := random(9)+1; - Rename : Changes the name of an external file. inttostr(iSum) + ' Kms');
end; Rename(myFile, 'Test1.txt'); end;
end; - Write : Writes to A File
write(myFile, 'Some Text Here '); 13.4 Count all the records in a table
11.3 Print the elements inside of the 2D - WriteLn : Writes to a File in a New Line procedure TfrmCarRent.btnTotalRecord-
Array writeln(myFile, 'Hello World'); sClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure TForm1.btnPrintElementsClick(Send- var iTotalRecords : integer;
er: TObject); begin
var row,col : integer; 12.2 Reading from a Text File iTotalRecords := 0;
str : string; - Sample Data Contained in the text file will tblRentals.First;
begin look like this. while not tblRentals.Eof do
for row := 1 to 3 do begin
begin elinks#Free Text-Based Console Browser inc(iTotalRecords);
str := ''; lynx#Customizable Web Browser tblRentals.Next;
for col := 1 to 4 do w3m#Open Source Web Browser end;
begin Note the delimiter (#) redOutput.Clear;
str := str + inttostr(arrNums[row,col]) + redOutput.Lines.Add('TotalRecords = ' +
' '; var inttostr(iTotalRecords));
end; myFile : textFile; end;
redOutput.Lines.Add(str); sStr,sBrowserName,sDescription : string;
end; iIndex : integer; There is a built-in method that does the exact
end; begin same thing called RecordCount:
if Not FileExists('sample-data.txt') then
11.4 Get the sum of rows in a 2D Array ShowMessage('File does not exist') procedure TfrmCarRent.btnRecordCount-
procedure TForm1.btnAddRowClick(Sender: else Click(Sender: TObject);
TObject); begin begin
var row,col,rowSum : integer; AssignFile(myFile,'sample-data.txt'); redOutput.Clear;
begin Reset(myFile); redOutput.Lines.Add('TotalRecords = ' +
for row := 1 to 3 do while not eof(myFile) do inttostr(tblRentals.RecordCount));
begin begin end;
rowSum := 0; Readln(myFile,sStr);
for col := 1 to 4 do iIndex := Pos('#',sStr); 13.5 Modify Commands
begin sBrowserName := Copy(sStr,1,iIndex-1); The modify commands, correspond to the SQL
rowSum := arrNums[row,col] + rowSum; sDescription := Copy(sStr,iIndex+1); Update, Insert and Delete, and allow you to make
end; end; changes to the table.
redOutput.Lines.Add('Sum of row:' + intto Closefile(myFile);
str(row) + ' = ' + end; tblPlayers.Edit // Puts the dataset in edit
inttostr(rowSum)); end mode
end; tblPlayers.Insert // Puts the dataset in
end; 12.3 Wrinting to a Text File insert mode
procedure TForm1.btnWriteClick(Sender: tblPlayers.Delete // Puts the dataset in
11.5 Get the sum of columns in a 2D Array: TObject); delete mode
procedure TForm1.btnAddColumnsClick(Sender: var myFile : textFile; tblPlayers.Post // Writes the change to
TObject); sLine : string; current record to the database
var row,col,colSum : integer; begin
begin AssignFile(myFile, 'output.txt'); 13.6 Inserting a Record into the table
for col := 1 to 4 do Append(myFile); The Insert statement is responsible for putting
begin sLine := edtInput.Text; the table into insert mode, and Post statement
colSum := 0; Writeln(myFile,sLine); is responsible for saving any changes.
for row := 1 to 3 do redOutput.Lines.Add(sLine);
begin CloseFile(myFile); procedure TfrmCarRent.btnInsertClick(Sender:
colSum := arrNums[row,col] + colSum; end; TObject);
end; begin
redOutput.Lines.Add('Sum of col:' + intto 13. ADO tblRentals.Insert;
str(col) + ' = ' + 13.1 Accessing a single column in the table tblRentals['Vehicle_ID'] := strtoint(edtVe
inttostr(colSum)); - Rental_ID is a column of integer values hicle_ID.Text);
end; - Start_Date is a column of data values tblRentals['Driver_ID'] := strtoint(edt-
end; redOutput.Lines.Add('Rental_ID:' + #9 + Driver_ID.Text);
inttostr(tblRentals['Rental_ID'])); tblRentals['Start_Km'] := strtoint(edt-
12. Text Files redOutput.Lines.Add('Start_Date:' + #9 + Start_Km.Text);
Text files stores ASCII Text, and are read as datetostr(tblRentals['Start_Date'])); tblRentals['Stop_Km'] := strtoint(edt-
strings. Stop_Km.Text);
13.2 Navigational Commands tblRentals['Start_Date'] := strToDate(edt-
12.1 Text File Functions Allows you to navigate records in the table Start_Date.Text);
-AssignFile : Assigns your Text File to a tblRentals.First // Moves pointer to the tblRentals['Stop_Date'] := strToDate(edt-
variable for Use first record Stop_Date.Text);
AssignFile(myFile,'Test.txt'); tblRentals.Prior // Moves pointer to record tblRentals.Post;
-CloseFile: Closes the file one before current record end;
CloseFile(myFile); tblRentals.Next // Moves pointer to the next
-EOF: Tests whether the file position is at the record
end of a file. tblRentals.Last // Moves pointer to the last
while not EOF(myFile) do record
begin
ReadLn(myFile,text); procedure TfrmCarRent.btnRentalsFirst-
ShowMessage(text); Click(Sender: TObject);
end; begin
tblRentals.First;
end;

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Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands
13.7 Edit Recrods in a table
procedure TfrmCarRent.btnEditClick(Sender:
TObject);
begin
tblRentals.Edit;
tblRentals['Vehicle_ID'] := strtoint(edtVe
hicle_ID.Text);
tblRentals['Driver_ID'] := strtoint(edt-
Driver_ID.Text);
tblRentals['Start_Km'] := strtoint(edt-
Start_Km.Text);
tblRentals['Stop_Km'] := strtoint(edt-
Stop_Km.Text);
tblRentals['Start_Date'] := strToDate(edt-
Start_Date.Text);
tblRentals['Stop_Date'] := strToDate(edt-
Stop_Date.Text);
tblRentals.Post;
redOutput.Clear;
redOutput.Lines.Add('New Record Succesfully
Edited');
end;
13.8 DELETE A RECORD FROM THE TABLE
procedure TfrmCarRent.btnDeleteYearTwenty-
Click(Sender: TObject);
var iCount : integer;
begin
iCount := 0;
tblRentals.First;
while not tblRentals.Eof do
begin
if pos('2020',datetostr(tblRen-
tals['Start_Date'])) > 0 then
begin
tblRentals.Delete;
inc(iCount);
tblRentals.First;
end;
tblRentals.Next;
end;
redOutput.Lines.Add(inttostr(iCount) + '
Records Deleted');
end;
14.SQL
14.1 Aggregate Functions
An aggregate function performs some mathe-
matic operations on a column.
Usage :
SELECT AggregateFunction(ColumnName) FROM
tableName;
Min : Returns the minimum value from a column:
SELECT MIN(Score) from tblResults;
Max : Return the maximum value from a column:
SELECT MAX(Score) from tblResults;
Sum : Returns the sum from a column :
SELECT SUM(Score) from tblResults;
Avg : Returns the average from a column :
SELECT AVG(Score) from tblResults;
Count : Counts the Number of values in a column:
SELECT Count(Song) from tblResults;
When using Aggregate functions on more than one
column, you must use the Group By Statement
14.1.1 Find how many times the "Cha-Cha" was
danced per week :
SELECT Week,Count(TypeOfDance) from tblRe-
sults where TypeOfDance='Cha-Cha' GROUP BY
Week;
14.1.2 Find how many couples where Eliminated
per week:
SELECT Week,Count(Result) from tblResults
WHERE Result="Eliminated" GROUP BYWeek;
14.1.3 Find which TypeOfDance yielded the
highest score :
SELECT TypeOfDance,AVG(Score) FROM tblRe-
sults GROUP BY TypeOfDance ORDER BY AVG(-
Score) desc;
14.1.4 Display the names and average skill
levels of all teams with an average skill level
of more than 6 :
SELECT TeamName, Round(Avg(SkillsLevel),1)
AS AverageSkillsLevel FROM tblPlayers GROUP
BY TeamName HAVING Avg(SkillsLevel) > 6;
14.2 As
The as statement renames a column in the output:
Usage:
SELECT column AS renameHere FROM table;
14.2.1 Renaming the output Column:
SELECT Song AS renameSong from tblResults ;
14.3 Between
The between statement selects values in a
certain range.
Usage:
SELECT column1 FROM table BETWEEN value1 and
value2
14.3.1 Show those DanceCoupleIDs that have a
score in the range of 20 and 30:
SELECT DanceCoupleID,Score FROM tblResults
WHERE Score BETWEEN 20 AND 30;
Which could have also been rewritten as:
SELECT DanceCoupleID,Score FROM tblResults
WHERE Score >= 20 AND Score <= 30;
14.3.2 Show those Videos that where published
beteween the dates 23 January 2015 and 31
December 2015:
SELECT VideoTitle, DatePublished FROM Video
WHERE DatePublished BETWEEN
#2015/01/23# AND #2015/12/31#
14.4 Dates
You can make use of Date in the following
ways
14.4.1 Select a Date from the table based on
some criteria:
SELECT GameDate FROM tblGames WHERE
GameDate=#2016/01/11#
14.4.2 Select the current Date using NOW():
SELECT NOW();
14.4.3 Select the Day from a Date using DAY():
SELECT DAY(#2016/01/11#);
14.4.4 Select the Month from a Date using
MONTH():
SELECT MONTH(#2016/01/11#);
14.4.5 Select the Year from a Date using YEAR():
SELECT YEAR(#2016/01/11#);
14.4.6 Select those Players born in September:
SELECT Name, DateOfBirth FROM tblPlayers
where Month(DateOfBirth) = 9;
14.4.7 Show the age of each Dam:
SELECT DamName, (Year(Now()) - YearComplet-
ed) as Age from tblDams;
14.4.8 Insert a New Date into the table:
INSERT INTO tblGames VALUES (76,
#2017/12/24#, "HM008", 250, 5566);
14.5 Format
The Format statement, formats a number into a
specific format.
Usage:
SELECT FORMAT(column1,1) FROM table;
14.5.1 Format a column to 2 Decimal Places:
SELECT FORMAT(Score,"0.00") from tblGames;
14.5.2 Working out the Average Score, and
displaying to three decimal places
SELECT DanceCoupleID, FORMAT(AVG(-
Score),"0.000") AS AverageScore FROM
tblResults GROUP BY DanceCoupleID;
14.5.3 Using Format with "Currency":
SELECT MONTH(PaymentDate) as MonthNum
FORMAT(Sum(GrossSalary-
Deductions),"Currency") AS TotalAmountPaid
FROM tblPayments GROUP BY MONTH
(PaymentDate);
14.6 Having
The Having statement is similar to the WHERE
statement, allowing columns to be filtered based
on a criteria, but with a few differences. The
HAVING statement is applied after the GROUP BY
Statement, whilst the WHERE statement is applied
before the GROUP BY. Another difference is that
the HAVING STATEMENT can filter aggregrate
results. The syntax for this statement is as
follows:
Usage:
SELECT column FROM table_name WHERE condi-
tion GROUP BY column HAVING
condition;
14.6.1 For every TypeOfDance, get the Max Score
that is greater than 35:
SELECT TypeOfDance,MAX(Score) FROM tblRe-
sults GROUP BY TypeOfDance HAVING MAX
(Score) > 35;
14.7 Delete
The DELETE statement will delete a row within a
table.
Usage:
DELETE FROM table WHERE condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM tblResults WHERE TypeOfDance
LIKE('%Swag%');
14.8 Distinct
The Distinct statement eliminates duplicate
values from a column, and only returns distinct
values.
Usage:
SELECT DISTINCT column1, colum FROM table;
14.8.1 Show the different dance types:
SELECT DISTINCT TypeOfDance FROM tblResults;
Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Province FROM tblTowns,
tblDams WHERE tblTowns.DamID =
tblDams.DamID AND River = "Vaal River";
14.9 In
The IN statement allows us to state which values
we would like to see for a certain column.
Usage:
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column
IN('value1','value2');
14.9.1 All couples that used the Cha-Cha and
Salsa Dance :
SELECT DanceCoupleID,TypeOfDance FROM
tblResults WHERE TypeOfDance
IN('Cha-Cha','Salsa');
14.10 Group By
The Group By statement is used when you have the
repeating values occuring in Columns. It groups
these multiple occurence of values, into
disctinct values. It is often used with aggre-
gate functions.
Usage:
SELECT columnsFROM table WHERE condition
GROUP BY column.
Example:
SELECT Week,Count(TypeOfDance),TypeOfDance
FROM tblResults WHERE
TypeOfDance='Cha-Cha' GROUP BY Week;
SELECT Endangered, Count(*) AS CountAnimals
FROM tblCarnivores Group By
Endangered;
SELECT Month(PaymentDate) AS MonthNum
FORMAT(Sum(GrossSalary-
Deductions),"Currency") AS TotalAmountPaid
FROM tblPayments GROUP BY MONTH
(PaymentDate);
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Grade 10 - 12 Delphi Commands
14.11 Insert 14.16 Where 15.6 Add 10 Days
The INSERT statement allows us to add a row into The Where clause allows us to specify criteria, procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
a table. to narrow down our results to what we want. TObject);
Usage: Usage: var myDate : TDateTime;
INSERT INTO table(column1,column2) SELECT column FROM table WHERE criteria; begin
VALUES(value1,value2); myDate := EncodeDate(2021,01,30);
15.Dates and Time myDate := incday(myDate,10);
Example : Getting the current date and time Richedit1.Lines.Add(datetostr(myDate));
INSERT INTO tblResults //2021/02/09
(RoutineNo,Week,Round,DanceCoupleID,TypeOf- procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: end;
Dance,Song,Score,Result) VALUES TObject);
('120','13','2','15','Classical','Symphony var 15.7 Subtract 10 days
5','40','Eliminated'); myDate,myTime : string; procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
begin TObject);
You can also use the INSERT statement like this myTime := TimeToStr(Time); // 18:45:19 var myDate : TDateTime;
Usage: myDate := DateToStr(Date); // 2020/09/01 begin
INSERT INTO table values(value1, value2); Richedit1.Lines.add(myTime + ' ' + myDate := EncodeDate(2021,01,30);
Example: myDate); myDate := incday(myDate,-10);
INSERT INTO tblGames VALUES (76, end; Richedit1.Lines.Add(datetostr(myDate));
#2017/12/24#, "HM008", 250, 5566); //2021/01/20
15.1 Isolating the Day, Month and Year end;
14.12 Like procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
The Like operator allows us to search for a TObject); 16. OOP
matching pattern within a column. var Class Definition
Usage: myDate,myTime,sYear,sMonth,sDay : string; type
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column LIKE begin TVideo = class
pattern myTime := TimeToStr(Time); // 18:45:19 private
myDate := DateToStr(Date); // 2020/09/01 fvideoname : string;
It works alongside two wildcards: sYear := copy(myDate,1,4); // 20 fcomments : string;
% – The percent sign represents zero, one, or sMonth := copy(myDate,6,2); // 09 flikes : integer;
multiple characters sDay := copy(myDate,9,2); // 01 fdislikes : integer;
_ – The underscore represents a single character Richedit1.Lines.Add(sDay + ' ' + sMonth + frating : integer;
' ' + sYear); public
14.12.1 Find all Songs that start with B: end; constructor create(sname : string);
SELECT Song from tblResults where SONG procedure AddNewComment(scomment,sdate :
LIKE('B%'); 15.2 Formatting the Output string);
15.2.1 Format Example 1 procedure SetRating;
14.12.2 Find all the songs that contain the word procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: function GetRating : string;
‘Love’ within them: TObject); procedure addLike;
SELECT Song from tblResults where SONG begin procedure addDislike;
LIKE('%LOVE%'); Richedit1.Lines.Add(formatdate- function tostring : string;
time('d/m/y',Date)); // 1/9/20 end;
14.12.3 Find all RoutineNos that obtained a end;
score of 30 or greater: 16.1 Class Constructor
SELECT RoutineNo,Score from tblResults WHERE 15.2.1 Format Example 1 constructor tvideo.create(sname: string);
Score LIKE('3_'); procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: begin
TObject); fvideoname := sname;
14.13 Order By begin flikes := 0;
The order by statement is used to arrange output Richedit1.Lines.Add(formatdatetime('dd/m- fdislikes := 0;
in alphabetical order. When the order by m/yyyy',Date)); //01/09/2020 end;
statement is not specified, results from the end;
table are displayed in the order they are found. 16.2 Class Procedure with Parameters
With order by you can specify Ascending or 15.2.1 Format Example 1 procedure tvideo.AddNewComment(scomment:
Descending order: procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: string; sdate: string);
Usage: TObject); begin
SELECT column FROM table WHERE criteria begin fcomments := #13 + scomment + #9 + sdate +
Order By column Richedit1.Lines.Add(formatdatetime('dd mm #13;
yyyy',Date)); //01 09 2020 end;
Example: end;
SELECT DanceCoupleID,TypeOfDance from 16.3 Class Function
tblResults where result = 15.2.1 Format Example 1 function tvideo.GetRating;
"Safe" ORDER BY TypeOfDance desc; procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: var i : integer;
TObject); sline : string;
14.14 Select begin begin
The select statement retrieves data from the Richedit1.Lines.Add(formatdate- sLine := '';
table, based on the column you specify. time('hh:mm',Time)); //18:56 for i:= 0 to frating do
Usage: end; begin
SELECT column FROM table; sline := sline + '*';
15.3 Add DateUtils to uses clause to use: end;
14.14.1 Select Single Column from a Table: bLeapYear := isLeapYear(2009); // returns result := sline;
SELECT Song FROM tblResults ; true or false for a leap year end
bIsValid := isValidDate(2014,2,29); // true
14.14.2 Select Specific Column : or false if valid date in the month and year 17. Misc
SELECT TypeOfDance,Song,Score FROM tblRe- NumDays:=DaysInAMonth(2013,2);
sults; lblMsg.caption:=dateToStr(Today); Getting a value from a comboxbox, or listbox:
lblMsg.caption:=dateToStr(Tomorrow);
14.14.3 Select All Columns from a Table : lblMsg.caption:=dateToStr(Yesterday); String name := cmblist.text or
SELECT * FROM tblResults ; cmbList.Items[cmbList.ItemIndex] – retrieve
the selected item in the combo box.
14.15 Update 15.4 Isolate as an integer
The UPDATE statement allows us to update a field iYear:= YearOf(date); 18. Escape Sequences for formatting output
value within a table. iMonth:=MonthOf(Date);
Usage: iDay:=DayOf(Date); #9 – tab spaces in output
UPDATE table SET column WHERE condition; #13#10 – new line in output
15.5 Using EncodeDate to set custom date
Example: procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender:
UPDATE tblResults SET TypeOfDance='Swag' TObject);
WHERE RoutineNo='120'; var myDate : TDateTime;
begin
myDate := EncodeDate(2021,01,30);
Richedit1.Lines.Add(datetostr(myDate));
//2021/01/30
end;

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