CHAPTER 5 Trigonometric Ratios NOTE: Answers are given to the same number of decimal points as the numbers in each question, Getting Started, p. 274 1a) 6 a mem A = By the Pythagorean theorem, c? = +12 oF = 25 + 144 c? = 169 oe 3m bd), am, ‘ Tm esp em From number 1, ¢ = 13 m. opposite sin = hypotenuse 9 = —Adjacent hypotenuse Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual adjacent tan =F . Tm Ol From number 1, f= V7 m. ‘ino = oposite | inp af 8 sap= 4 gx _adiacent hypotenuse cosD = £ _ vai cosD = it opposite = adjacent3.a) 8 aw —Wem From number 1, ¢ = 13 m. or pose ae hypotenuse sone? 7 2 snp -2 12 sant _ b), 8m f Tim 7 acjncen oe hypotenuse cored ‘ cor & eth ail = 43° 4,a) sin31° = 0.515 b) cos70° = 0.342 5.a) cos = 0.3312 = cos'0.3312 =71° b) sind = 0.7113, sin ?0.7113 = 45° 1114s tan 1.1145 52 ‘A “ As shown, the angles of sight to the bottom of, the tower and the top of the tower form two right triangles. The distance from the basket of the repair truck to the tower, 40 m, is the adjacent side to both given angles. If you split h into two heights, h and hi, then; ht = hy + hy. Ly 40 40 X tan 42 36m fa tan32° = 75 jy = 40 X tan32 h = 36 +25 7 oram 422547) b=18m e=352m ‘The tower and its shadow and the parking meter and its shadow form two similar right triangles. ‘The angle of the sun relative to the earth is equal to angle B. tanB 352 x tan35.8° 25.4 Chapter 5: Trigonomettic Ratiosa The Sine Law states, —*— < sina sinB~ sinC Se. fame T Fe ne [es |e Leen Gems) Ee tea | 5.1 Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles, pp. 280-282 Le 8 5 c 7 A opposite sin Fypotenuse sina = 4 ao sina = cos = ~aditeent hypotenuse b cosA = = © ct cos = 5 opposite {and ~ “adjacent tana = § tanA Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual hypotenuse ‘adjacent cot A = tiacent opposite 2 cota = a 53hypotenuse ses 0 =~ cpposite adjacent adjacent hypotenuse 10 sec 0 = = 4 8 cot = 5 a 3 2 il) cseo= 5S 2 sec 0 = 5 85 cote = 52 =10 36 30 12 36 20 18 20 cot = 55 2 3 w i csco= aw sec 0 = 32 5 coro = ) i From part a, ese @ = &, therefore: ese 0 = 1.67 sind 1.67 =3r i _B iy) From part a ese @ = 22, therefore: se § = 1.41 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiosfii) From part a, sec @ = 3 therefore: seco = cost) iv) From part a, cot 0 = % therefore: 8 cote = oo * 188 2 ato L tand = 33 tan @= 031 @= tan4031 =1F 1 ») escO = So esc = 12711 1 wm 1 sin = oT sind = 0.79 0 = sin 10.79 52° 1 ©) see 0= 4 sec 6 = 1.4536 1 536 = 14si6 = 1 os 0 = F536 cos # = 0.69 6 = cos"!069 = 46° ‘Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 1 4d) cot ind coto = 05814 ossig = ian 5.0m 8a) orem oem Method 1, for example: opposite ind =F potennes sin 35° = 97 x 55Case 3: Ifthe opposite side is reduced to zero, : 35° each time you calculate csc 6, you get a greater 07 and greater value until you reach infinity. So for = 057; all possible cases in a right triangle, cosecant is =12em always greater than or equal to Method 2, for example: b) For any right triangle with acute angle 6, By the Pythagorean theorem, cos = adjacent 2-07 +10 hypotenuse’ 49 + 1.00 Case 1: If neither the adjacent side nor the 49 opposite side is zero, the hypotenuse is always as greater than either side and cos @ <1. Case 2: If the opposite side is reduced to zero, » | oe cach time you calculate cos@, you get a greater \ Case 3: If the adjacent side is reduced to zero, each time you calculate cos6, you get a smaller x} \s8km and smaller value until cos0 = 0. So for all possible cases in a right triangle, cosine is always less than or equal to 1. B 10. 6 = 45° and adjacent side = opposite side 36km nL. Method 1, for example: 4 _ opposite . 136 sgjacent ‘The kite, string, and ground form a right trian- gle. The length of the string is the hypotenuse of the right triangle and the height above ground the opposite side of the triangle, therefore: ‘Method 2, for example: By the Pythagorean theorem, 88 =x? + 3.67 opposite hypotenuse a) sind 2 = 88? ~ 3.6" x2 = 7144 — 12.96 2 = 6448 x= V6EAB 8.0em 9. a) For any right triangle with acute angle @, esc g = BYpotemuse: opposite Case 1: If neither the adjacent side nor the opposite side is zero, the hypotenuse is always greater than either side and esc > 1. Case 2: If the adjacent side is reduced to zero, cach time you calculate csc 6, you get a smaller and smaller value until ese @ = 1 56 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios‘The wheelchair ramp and the ground form a right triangle. The length of the ramp is the hypotenuse of the right triangle and the distance from the door is the adjacent side of the trian- gle, therefore: adjacent hypotenuse 71 cos 6 = cos5 7 ‘cos 15° Ta a97 =136m oa aa seca = 17105 : 7105 A= cos'0.5846 = 54° b) cos = 0.7512 A= cos!0.7512 =a 1 sinA 2.2703 13. a) secA occa = cA 1a Since b) has its angle A closest to 45°, it will have the greatest area of all the triangles (a 45° 45°-90° right triangle would have the largest possible area) Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 14, x b=371m A | ‘The TV antenna, guy wire, and ground form a right triangle. The length of the guy wire is the hypotenuse of the right triangle and the height that the guy wire is attached is the opposite side of the triangle, therefore: hypotenuse sinss*~ 371 ee 082 ~ 3.71 37 ** 082 45m a ca en Julie and the flagpole form a right triangle from ‘Tulies head, horizontally to the flag pole, and the tip of the flag pole to Julies head. If the angle from the top of Julies head to the top of the flagpole is 25°, then the opposite side of the triangle is 5.35 ~ 1.55 or 3.80 m. The adjacent side of the triangle is equal to the distance between Julie and the flagpole adjacent cot = Stlacent ‘opposite cota = 1 ands ee tants 38 — 0466 ~ 38 57_ 38 ** 0.466 = 815m 16. a=25m 2 A 12%6 slope has a ratio of 77 and can be represented at a right triangle with one side of 12 and one side 100. A similar triangle with sides 3 and 25, respectively, would have the same angles. a) Eg, 10° _ opposite eve adjacent = tne =4 3 tang = 25 @ = tan 0.12 . ©) By the Pythagorean theorem, c= a? + b* 2 +3 02549 634 x= Ve34 opposite hypotenuse sind sing = 4 a Ve3a adjacent hypotenuse sind = cos = 3 and = 55 cso 9 = Hypotenuse opposite exc =£ Ve esc = 3 seca ~ hypotenuse adjacent 35 \djacent cot = Sdiacent opposite cota = a 25 cot 9 => 17. For example: 18. 2 . /| ak As given, tan P = OSI, therefore: ZP = tan70.51 2P = 27° Since this is a right triangle, ZR = 90° and: 20-9 - 2P 20 = 9° - 27° = 6° Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiossnp =2 aoe. sinzr = 117 x sin27° 53cm ec 17 q= 117 x sin63* = 104.cm hypotenuse 19, Since see = , the adjacent adjacent side must be the smallest side, a sind 1 cos 1 tand se @ is undefined when sind = 0. @=sin"0 o=0 sec is undefined when cos @ = 0. 0 = cos 0 6 = 90° cot @ is undefined when tan8 = 0. @=tan'0 a= 0 20. ese cot 6 5.2 Evaluating Trigonometric Ratios for Special Angles, pp. 286-288 1a) =1 4) Using the special triangle 45°-45°-90°, a oe 2 v2 2 4, a) Using the special triangle 30° 60°-90°, ot , sin30° = 5, tan 60' therefore: sin30° x tan 60° ~ cos30° by) Using the special triangle 45°=45*- 90°, cos4s? = Land sinas* = Pp therefore: Doosas* x sings = 2x Tp x Te ©) Using the special triangles 30° 60°-90° and 45°~45°-90%, tan30° = J and 1 cos 45° = , therefore: sin 30° cos30" sn10. a) Use the proportions of the special triangle 45°—45°- 90°, given that the two smaller sides are 27.4 m, ») 274m Using the special triangle 45°-45°- 90°, sin 45° = Sing = 5, and tan = Te Given cosB PR RS cosp = [and sin = 5, therefore: V3 _ PR 20243 pr =o pe fo 2 B 3 r= 8 1 Nee a) Area of tingle PRO = 3 x BS x 13S sor 8 Area of tiangle Pos = #23 + = 2 x (3+ V3) square units 12a) sin4s°(1 ~ €0530°) +5 tan 60° (sin60° — tan30°) = 0095 +25 2.595 b) Using the special triangle 30°- 60°-90° 1 and 45° x 45° x 90°, sinds* = Jp, and a Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios30° = cos30" =“ and tan30° al therefore: sin45*(1 — c0s30°) + Stan 60° (sin 60° ~ tan 30") _2vi-Vi+20 a ©) Megan didn't use a calculator. Her answer is exact, not rounded off. 13. Given cot a = V3, then by definition, tan ws Using the special triangle from estions 1, sina = band cosa = ¥, a + a a 14, Given cscB = 2, then by definition, cing = 1, Use te ed ag fom questions 1, seep = ra and tan p= WF Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual vig ct st 15, a) Given 6 = 30°, then cot @ and esc @ = 2. 1+ eots0" = 1+ (v3) a4 esc? = 2? 4 ‘b) Given @ = 45°, then cot @ = 1 and ese @ =~ 1+ cot?4s?=14 1 o2 ne = hen cod = 5B5.3 Exploring Trigonometric Ratios for Angles Greater than 90°, pp. 292 1. a) By definition, sin(180° ~ 6) = sina, therefore: sin43® = sin(180°—45°) 0 = 135° b) By definition, cos(180° ~ 6) = ~ cos, and cos(180° + 6) = ~ cos0, therefore: — cos(—60°) = cos(180° — (—60°)) cos(~ 180° + 60°) 240°, and cos (180° + (~60°)) cos (180° ~ 60°) @ = 120° ) By definition, tan(180° + 6) = tand, therefore: tan 30 ~ cos(—60" tan(180° + 30°) = 210° 4) By definition, tan(180° — @) = ~tané and tan(180° + 6) = tan8, therefore: tan135° = tan(180°~6) = ~tand tan45° = — tan45° 0 = 45°, and tang = tan(180° + 45°) @= 225° 2.8) 514 3.) Given tan(180° + @) = 1 and tan(180° + 8) = tan@ a b Sine he angle sn gua 3,0 = 258 a 2 tano = 1,c080 = 2, sing = 2 4 Quadrant TigononarieRaio] 1 [2 [3 [4 5.4 Evaluating Trigonometric Ratios for Any Angle between 0° and 360°, pp. 299-301 La) F From the sketch, sin315° is in quadrant 4 Since 20 is in quadrant 4, B = 360° ~ 6. 360° - 315° 45° sing =~, where y is negative and r is positive, therefore sind is negative. Dy ms 10" Chapter 5: Trigonometric RatiosFrom the sketch, tan 110” is in quadrant 2. Since Zé is in quadrant 2, 8 = 180° — 0. B= 180° ~ 110° = 70° tano =, where yi pov nds negative, therefore tan 0 is negative. ° 7 =e" A From the sketch, cos 285° is in quadrant 4. Since 20 is in quadrant 4, B = 360° ~ 0. B= 360° — 285° =15° x - cos = *, where x is positive and ris positive, therefore cosd is positive. a From the sketch, tan225° is in quadrant 3 Since £0 is in quadrant 2, B = @ ~ 180°. B = 225° - 180° = 45° tan 2, were sng andi pte, therefore tan is positive, 2.a)i) Wye Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 55iv) tano “8 180° ~ 21° 159° iv) tang = 8 = 180+ tan 3 8 = 180° + 58° = 238° ai) 516 P=e+y P=6+ (-8F ? iv) tand @ = 180+ tan 0 = 360° — 53° 307° Na Since P(-1,0);x = —1,y = 0, and r= 1 Using the definitions of sine, cosine, and tangent: sin 180° = sik Selene Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiossince PQ, — Dex =O.y = —andr=1 Using the dfnton of sn, corn nd tangent sing =2 sin => sinz70° = cosa == 0 cos = T cos2t0" = 0 tone =2 tno == tan 270° is undefined. ° ¥ Pop Since P(1, 0); x O,and r= 1 Using the definitions of sine, cosine and tangent: sing = sing = Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual sin360° = 0 cos == r 1 cos = 5 cos360° = 1 tang =% x 0 tano = ¢ tan360° = 0 4. a) For example: A related acute angle of sin 160° is 180° — 160° = 20°. sin20° b) For example: A related acute angle of cos 300” is 360° ~ 300° = 60°. cos 60° ©) For example: A related acute angle of tan 110? is, 180° + 110° = 290°, tan 290° 4) For example: A related acute angle of sin350° is 360° — 350° + 180° = 190°, sin 190° 5.a) y @ z 5 i) sing ii) @ = 180° ~ 15° = 165° sin 165° = 0.26 cos 165° = ~0.97 tan 165° = -0.27 b) y i) tano ii) 9 = —180° + 55° = ~125° sin (— 125°) = -0.82 517cos (—125°) = -0.57 tan (—125°) = 1.43 9 y 1 d 4) sind fi) 9 = ~180° — 71° @ = -251° sin (—251°) = 0.95 cos (~251°) = -0.33, tan (~251°) = -2.90 a) 6, a) i) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, xis negative. Therefore: sind 518 ii) oye Niet] ‘it 1 fil sing = 5 al Basin 19° 180° — B 180° — 19" 161° 1b) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, x is negative, Therefore: x cot == y x=n4 y=3 From the Pythagorean theorem, Party (-#) +3 iti) cot 6 3 tanp =F a p= tant p=3r @ = 180° ~ 8 180° - 37° 143° Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios©) i) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, x is negative. Therefore: ooso = xerl a By the Pythagorean theorem, 7? = x? + y’, iii) cosp = 4) i) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, x is negative, Therefore: 5 2 2 5 Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual iii) csc 6 sing = B= sin = B= 24° @ = 180°- 0 = 180° — 24° 56° ©) i) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, x is negative. Therefore: By the Pythagorean theorem, P= 32 + Perty P= (-10) +12 2 0 = 180° ~ 48° = 132" 549£4) Since the angle lies in quadrant 2, x is negative. Therefore: the Pythagorean theorem, ?° = x? + y’. pax fe ee) 45 7. a) From 6a, 6 = 161° 161° — 360° = ~199° 1b) From 6b, @ = 143° 143° — 360° ) From 6c, 104° ~ 360° 4d) From 64, 156° — 360° €) From 6e, 6 132° — 360° = ~228° £) From 6c, @ = 107° 107° — 360° = ~253° 8.a) sind = 0.4815 = sin” 04815 5-20 tan ~"(—0.1623) -9 6 = 360° + (-9°) = 351" 180° + (-9°) 71° 08722 cos (0.8722) oe an5i6 6 = tan (0.1227) =: 180° + (7°) 87° ©) ese = ~2,3424 1 1s = sin 1(—0.4269) oe @ = 360° + (25°) = 335° 9 = 180° ~ (-25°) 05° fy seco = 0 at cos 8 = 5 @ is not possible. 9.2) cos = 0.6951 = cos *0,6951 = 46° 360° — 46° 6 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios= 314 -0.7571 tan“"(—-0.7571) “3 360° + (=37°) 323° 180° + (~37°) = 143" ° 7 sind = 03154 cos = —0.2882 = cos *(—0.2882) = 107° @ = 360° — 107° = 253° Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual ° TF 23151 tan 12.3151 or 180° + 67° aT? 0.7503 sin (~0.7503) 49° 360° + (—49°) 311° 180° - (—49°) 29° ji y 10.a) i) tang = % =1 tano= 6 = 225°, and 225° ~ 360° == 135° ii) x = —1, y = —1, andr = V2, therefore: cos = 521tané and = tan@ in undefined r at i) tand => tand 6 = 180°, and 180° ~ 360° 180° fi) x = ~1, y = 0, and r = 1, therefore: sing = 52 4) i) tang == 0 tno => 0°, and 0° = 360" —360° 0, and r = 1, therefore: sing =* =0 oO sing =f =0 cos == 1 cos = 5 “1 tang =~ 0 tano = 2 =o 11. You can’t draw a right triangle if @ = 90°. 12, a) Quadrant 2 or 3 b) Given cosa = -3 and by definition, cond = thro By the Pythagorean theorem, ? = 2° + y* -Pog 1 - (-5) 144 — 25 y= 119 y= 2Vi19 Quadrant 2 pena sind = Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios5 cos = 55 vii9 tang = “=F Quadrant 3: vio 12 0 = 115%, and 360° — 115° 245° 180° For cxanple sins end = ul be nie wn @ tn the eve as 14, For example, given P(x, y) on the terminal arm of angle @, sin 5 and tang =% x 15, a) cos20 = Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 0 + 20° = 180° - 12° = 168° — 20° = 148° ) tan (90° = 26) = 1.6443, 90° = 28 90° — 20 tan (1.6443) = 16° 180° + 59° 90° — 239° = 149° +2 -145° 286° 90° — 29 = 360° + 59° 90° ~ 419° —329° +2 164.5" 196° 360° + 180° + 59° 90° — 599° 16, a) @ could lie in quadrant 3 or 4. 8 or 307". 1b) 6 could lie in quadrant 2 or 3. @ = 139° or 220°. 17a) 233° b) y 523Mid-Chapter Review, p. 304 1 Layaco = osc 20° = F030" 29238 1 by seca = 1 Se075° = 57 = 3.8637 d) se cil” = ae = 1.0125 1 tand cot @ = 0.8701 2.a) cot = 1 08701 = "06 = Dero 9 = tan 1.1493 a 1 by seed = 2 sec@ = 4.1011 4.1011 = 1 cos 1 0089 = Fo 5-24 @ seco = sec = 2.4312 1 2asiz = Le 1 os = 34313 0 = cos” 104113 = 66° 3. Since the hypotenuse must be the longest side, the denominator of Z cannot be the 7 hypotenuse. Therefore = cannot be a ratio for Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiosa=83m A d ‘The rope and mast form a right triangle. Since Claire needs 0.5 m to tie the rope, the length of rope, x, needed is ¢ + 0.5. opposite ino = sin? ™ hypotenuse 5. Angle 0 is acute and therefore 0° <@< 90° esc = Tand see @ > For esc @ < sec8x Sine sin? x (1 ~ 2sin2x) T= sine __ sin?x = 2sin'x "T= sin®e LS., sin? #1 i) 1 — 2086 = sin‘# ~ cos‘ LS. = 1 2cos’8 1 cos*6 ~ cos" = 1 — cos*# ~ (1 ~ sin*4) sin20— cos*@ sin‘0 ~ cos‘9 (sin + cos"0)( sin’0 ~ c0s"9) 1x (sin% — cos") sin°0 — cos*# LS, for all angles @ where 0 = = 360° jy) Lt 2sin Boss _ aca 7 SMB + cos LS. I+ 2sinBoosp sinB + cosB sin?B + cos*B + 2sinBcosB sing + cos (sing + cos )(sinB + cos) ‘sing + cos sing + cosB =RS., sinB #-cosp Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual = cos sing 1+ cosp cos np — (i= cosp)(1 + cos) sin (1 + cos) 1— cos’B in BC + cos) sin} Sin + cosB) __sin’p T+ cosp =RSS., sing # 0, cosB # -1 sing y) W) Tey = SEH cote RS. = csex ~ cotx aie car sinx ‘sinx _ i= cosx ° Sine cosx)(1 + cosx) Sinx(1 + cosx) 1 = cos*r Sinx(1 + cosx) sin?x sinx(1 + cosx) T+ cose =LS, cosx #1 ¢ 5.6 The Sine Law, pp: 318-320 1 A o> i 15cm A 8 205m © a) Sind _ sins05° ISS 205 sno =139( 2) 531D gem Tem A 38s e F sing _ sin38° Poe a, sino = 9 = 0:79 sin\(0.79) = 52° Since this is the ambiguous case of the sine law and the angle 6 is oblique, @ is 180° — 52°, or 128°, 2a) ‘nis less than both of the two given sides, ©) There are two possible lengths for the third side since h < 6.6 < 9.8. 3.a) h = 5.2(sin 65°) 47 Since h is greater than the side measuring 2.8 em, no triangle exists b) h = 6.7(sin63°) 6 Since h is greater than the side measuring 2.1 em, no triangle exists. h = 85(sin36") 99 Since h < 5.0 < 85, two triangles exists. ‘sinC _ sin36° 85 5 532 0.9992 88°, or oe 52°, or sin~*(0.9992) 180° — (36° + 92°) = 180° = (36° + 88°) 56° b= (sins2 (s3e) = 6.7 em, or b+ (sins6( 710m Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiossind __sin4s® 742 7108 sind = 4a = 093 sin-1(0.93) 68° This is an ambiguous case of the sine law and / is 14.2(sin45°), or about 10.0 cm, which is less than either of the given sides. Therefore, @ can also be equal to 180° ~ 68°, or 112°, Sea) cc a 93mm 72mm aA 25mm This is an ambiguous case of the sine law and his 9.3( sin 35°), or about 5.3 mm, which is less than either of the given sides. Therefore, there are two possible triangles. snd =93(22) 72 +074 sin1(0.74) 48°, or 180° — 48° B = 1 or 97", and cis given by the following equation: eueraira) nf_72. (sao (aas) 125 mm or 13%, and cis given by the following equation: emeuair2 If ZB is 48°, then ZC is 180° ~ (48° + 35°), singT® — sin35 If ZB is 132°, then £C is 180° (132° + 35°), sint3® sin35° Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual c= (sin13°) = 2.8mm Dy A \ 2.6mm 146mm ab De 73mm This is not an ambiguous case of the sine law, and h is 14,6( sin 30°), or 7.3, which is equal to a. Therefore, there is only one possible triangle, and itis aright triangle with LB = 90" 12.6m ©) This is an ambiguous case of the sine law, and h is 2.8(sin33°), or about 1.5 em, which is greater than a, so no triangle exists. a) A d 22em Wan 34 Ac 23cm This is not an ambiguous case of the sine law, so only one triangle exists. £C = 180° = (75° + 43°) a 533222 Tn Gin sans (222 = 243m 222 Sn * Gn? (222 Patek i 2%) =17.1em sino _ sin7e? oe sin 78°) sino = 2( S222) 06 sin *(0.56) 34° ‘The angle made by P, the top of the building, and Q must be 180° ~ (32° + 140°), or 8°. Let -xbe the distance from the top of the building to the point P. ety sins sin32 x= (sin32%( £3998 m 10: 2) sins sind? * 355 = 399,8(sin 40°) = 257.0 m 534 In the triangle formed by the plane, shore A, and shore B, the angle opposite the width AB of the lake is equal to 45° ~ 32°, or 13°. By the sine law, the width AB of the lake will be given 50 A by the equation 48 . Since B is the sins sin B altemate interior angle to the angle of depression ‘measuring 32°, B is also 32°. 9750 ) 139 m 9. Let xbe the length of the aqueduct. The closest end will be the one with an angle of depression of 71°. Following what was done in problem 8, x _ 2700 sin32, z= (inir( 22) 10. The height of the tower is given by the oo formula cos34° = 55, s0 his about 25 m. 11. Assume Carol ison the same side as the person with the 66° angle of elevation only and is 11 m from that person. a) 37(sinS0°) = 28 m wen cintey( gig) s0999( rs) 64m Assume Carol is on the same side as the person with the 66° angle of elevation only and is 11m away from the other person. a) 6(sin50°) = 5m il ox (sm169(55) sin 1, 42m Assume all people are on the same side and Carol is 11 m from the person with the 66° angle of elevation. a) 37(sinS0°) Ox= 8m ‘Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratioswx (intie( he or cmn() =16m Assume all people are on the same side and Carol is 11 m from the person with the 35° angle of elevation. a) 24.4( sin 50°) = 19 m we onli) =24m (a) 12. The triangle formed by the tower, the ‘ground, and one’s position relative to the tower has one side of 47 m, two unknown sides of length x (since the goal is to be equidistant from the top and bottom of the tower), and two angles measuring 87.2° (since the tower leans at an angle of 2.8°) opposite each side x. That ‘means the remaining angle opposite the 47 m side will be 180° — (2(87.2°)), or 5.6°, x 47 872° sinS.6 ay(_47 gue i¢ aie) = 481m 13, "The 35° angle must be opposite the 430 m sin __sin35° io” 430 = tof 51038° sino =n $23) 0.47 sin“1(0.147) e ‘The remaining angle is 180° — (35° + 8°), or 137°, and the remaining side is given by the equation: in Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 14.2) N Mt L (eh tangle <4 » 7 TN h< Lm, (height) h= sin L i L im ZN (acute triangle) I> m, height) a Lighthouse 8 a) Since the bearing to lighthouse A is 285° and the bearing to lighthouse B is 237°, from the sailor's point of view, the angle between the lighthouses is 285° — 237° or 48°, So the angle between lighthouse B and the sailor, when viewed from lighthouse A is 180° — 48° — 12° or 120°, Let AS represent the distance from the sailor to lighthouse A and BS represent the dis- tance from the sailor to lighthouse B. BS. i ‘sin 120° ~ sins ul BS = (sin 120°) Se =13km AS. ul sin 12° ~ ‘sin 48* AS = (sin) Se =3km 535b) The distance to the shore, represented by d, is the length of a side of a right triangle with BS as its hypotenuse, 0? + 7.0? ~ 2(4.0)(7.0)(cos 62°) a sin 12 = 35 BS(sin12) = d a (¢sin i209, R20 d=27km R 90 4) Let s represent the distance to the stern. S| 2. @ sin 160° sin 12" 12.0? + 9.07 ~ 2(9.0)(12.0) (cos 125°) 7 2225 348.89 5 = (sin 160°): ae en 187 b) The shortest distance between the cargo ship 9, gy as 60 and you is represented by d in the figure above, i Z dis the length of a side of a right triangle with 4 ils hypotenuse. o singe = 4 0 s d= s(sin8°) 7 - (¢sins60°y = sins") sin = 509m Since the Algomarine never gets any closer than 50.9 m to you, you won't get swamped js 455 17. The lower wire has a length of <>. or about 264 m. The upper wire has a length 9.0? + 7.0% — 2(6.0)(7.0)(cos 4) Aga 6h 1 ~~ =2(6.0)(7.0) of 22, or about 408 m. sins 5.7 The Cosine Law, pp. 325-327 1a) a 2 + 4.7 ~ 2(5.2)(4.7)(cos @) 34-522 -4.P (5.2)(4.7) cos = 70 536 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios= 4818.85 p= Va8i8.885 = 604 4a) 75m mM Tem 78% + 11.2" ~ 2(7.5)(11.2)(cos 105°) 225.17 vnsi7 15.0em 11.2? + 15.0 ~ 2(11.2)(15.0)(cos N) 18-12-1508 =2(11.2)(05.0) = 08756 LN * cos *(0.8756) = 29° 30 EL = 180° ~ (105° + 29°) 180° ~ 134° = 46° 20 De, m2 v 105? + 112° — 2(10.5)(11.2)(cos 43°) 63.68 40 256em v 4.0? = 2.0? + 3.07 — 2(2.0)(3.0)(cos 0) > ia 40° — 20? - 3.0% 2(2.0)(3.0) LR = 180° ~ (120° + 28°) = 180° — 148° 32° =e sin 120° = 2956 San 29.56(sin 32°) = 83? + 667 ~ 2(8.3)(6.6)(cos A) 57 em cs Oe 1ST + 25.6 ~2(83)(6.6) — 2(15.7)(25.6)( cos 28°) eat) 192.10 Q Vi9210 13.9 em 7 cos = LA = cos” 100° d) p= 25.1 + 1.3? ~ 2(25.1)(71 33) Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 537D4 sem Bem “o.em 8 5? = 8 + 10° — 2(8)(10)(cos B) B 7 8-10 008 B =" =3(8)(10) = 139 * 160 LB ~ cos 30° 10? = F + 8 ~ 2(5)(8)(cos A) cosa On -8 ~265)(8) eu 30 — 80° — (30° + 98°) 80° — 128° a ee Teyem 180° — (21° + 35°) 180° ~ 56° = 100° z 187 sin 124° 2.56 22.56(sin 35°) 12.9 em 12.9 + 18.7 = 2(12.9)(18.7)(cos 21°) 65.68 V65.68 8.1.cm By the cosine law, the angle 6 within which the shot must be made is given by 2.0? = 65? + 8.0? = 2(6.5)(8.0)(cos 4). cos 9 = 2 = 65 ~ 8 =2(65)(80) 409 416 (408 0 (52) =u ‘The shot must be made within an angle of about 11°. By the cosine law, the distance d from the ball to the hole is given by & = 270? + 160 ~ 2(270)(160)(cos 23°). # = 1896838 d= Vi8 96838 = 138 ‘The distance from the ball to the hole is about 138m. a In ~ 8 5 c *#——20——+ Since ZADB is 45°, you know that ADC is 180° ~ 45°, or 135°. Therefore, ZCAD is 180° — (135° + 30°), or 15°. Chapter 5: Trigonometric RatiosA 10 By the sine aw, =O Se; is equal to =z or about 3.86. = 3,86(sin 135°) 273 By the cosine law, (ABY = 2.0? + 2.73? ~ 2(2.0)(2.73)(cos 30°) 2 AB=V2 4 8. Using the information given, tower A, tower B and the fire form a triangle with the following properties (call this triangle ABF): ZA is 45Y, 2B is 95Y, ZPis 40Y and the length of side AB is 20.3 km. By the sine law, the distance from tower A to the fire (F) is AF 203 sin9SY ~ sin 40Y 203 AF = sin9SY x singoY = 31.5km Again using the sine law, the distance from tower B to the fire is BF. 203 sin4SY — sin40Y a BF = sin sy x OS =23km 9.2) D 20m ——<] mae Oe — IM ‘Answers may vary. For example, Mike is standing on the other road and is 71 m from Darryl. From Darry’s position, what angle, to the nearest degree, separates the intersection from Mike? b) D — am : M ‘Answers may vary. For example, how far, to the nearest metre, is Mike from the intersection? X= TE + 210 — 2(71)(270)(cos 85.2") 4 732.79 74 73 m 79 Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 10, Let d be the distance from the top of the tower to the top edge of its shadow. By the cosine law, & = 55.9? + 90.0" ~ 2(55.9)(90)(cos 84.5*). @ = 10 275.94 Vi0 275.94 = 1014 ‘The distance from the top of the tower to the top edge of its shadow is about 101.4 m Ia) © 8 ‘The minimum information required to use the cosine law is the values of a, b, and or the values of b, ¢, and ZA. ‘The cosine law is a = b + — 2ab(cos A). 1b) The minimum information required to use the sine law is the values of a, b, and ZA. sinB ‘The sine law is “TA = a bee sind sinB sin 12. The longest side of the triangle will be ‘opposite the 120° angle, and the shortest side (all the length of this side 2) of the triangle will be opposite the 20° angle, so the unknown side will be opposite the 40° angle. : x _ x+10 By the sine law, 7 = sin 20 xo + 10S = (& + 10)(03949) 03949" + 3949 x ~ 03949 = 3.949 x(1 ~ 03949) = 3.949 _ 3.949 ** T= 03989 = 66 So the shortest side is about 6.6 cm long, and. the longest side is about 16.6 cm long. 539Call the remaining side y. By the cosine law, y is given by the equation ¥ = 6.6 + 16.6" ~ 2(6.6)(16.6)(cos 40°). = 150.5 y= 123 So the perimeter of the triangle is about 6.6 + 16.6 + 12.3, or about 47.4. 13.8) > 10.0 50 b DS 3 You know that the 45° angle cannot be opposite the side measuring 10.0 cm, or else the other two angles opposite the shorter sides ‘would have to be less than 45°, and the interior angles of the triangle would not add up to 180°. Similarly, the 45° angle cannot be opposite the side measuring 5 em, or else, by the sine law, the angle opposite the side measuring 10 cm would have to be 90°, and the angle opposite the side measuring 7.4 cm would have to be greater than 45°, However, then the interior angles of the triangle would not add up to 180°. So assume the 45° angle is opposite the side of length 7.4 cm, Let A be the angle opposite the side measuring 10.0 cm, By the cosine law, A is given by the following equation: 10.0? = 7.4 + 5.0? ~ 2(7.4)(5.0)(cos A) PP - 74 - 50 cos A = 507.4)(5.0) ‘The remaining angle opposite the side ‘measuring 5.0 cm will be about 180° — (106° + 45°), or about 29°, ») nS 5-40 In the first triangle, the side measuring 11.5 is opposite the side of 70°, and there are two sides ¢ 180° — 70° 2 55° angle are (sin 40° LS ns, m5: or 55°. The sides opposite the is Ly A 132 In the second triangle, the sides measuring 11.5 are opposite the 55° angles, and the side opposite the 70° is 45 (sin 70°), or about 13.2. sin 55° ms us NN a 9 In the third triangle, there are two angles of 70° and one of 180° — 2(70°), or 40°, The sides ‘measuring 11.5 are opposite the 70° angle, and us ea about 7.9 A 168, 168 A A TS In the last triangle, the side measuring 11.5 is ‘opposite the 40° angle, and the sides opposite the 1 nes (070 (5 a ), or about 16.8 ‘Chapter 5: Trigonometric RatiosConsidering the triangle formed by balloon A, balloon B, and the intersection of the lines from each balloon to the observer on its opposite side, you can find the distances of the various line segments in the above picture. ‘The remaining angle in the middle triangle is 180° ~ (20 + 25), or 135°. By the law of sines, 2 Spgs 80% the bottom sin 135° segment of the left triangle, is about 1.2 km. Its ‘opposite angle is 180° — (45° + 80°), or 55°. Therefore, the top part of the line segment from balloon A to its opposite observer is cans G5 bottom segment of the rightmost triangle, orate Attn Te sin 135° sin 20" 50 is about 0.98 km. Since its opposite angle is also 55°, the top part of the line segment from balloon B to its opposite observer is (0.98 = (sin 80 (25). oor about 1.18 km, ‘Then, by the cosine law, the distance between A and B squared is equal to about (1.44)? + (1.18? ~ 2(1.44)(1.18) (cos 135°), or about 5.87. V587 = 24 So the distance between A and B is about 2.4 m. 'b) By what was done in part a), the distance from balloon A to its opposite observer is about 1.44 + 0.98 = 2.42 km. The distance from bal- loon B to the opposite observer is about 1.2 + 1.18 = 2.38 km. So the height of balloon A is f= 242 X sin25Y 1.02 km by the sine law, is given by Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual ‘The height of balloon B is f= 238 X sin20Y 181 km So balloon A is higher by about 1.02 ~ 081 = 0.2 km 5.8 Solving Three-Dimensional ™ Problems by Using Trigonometry, pp. 332-335, : 1, Use primary trigonometric ratios to calculate the hypotenuse of each right triangle. Add the results together to get the length of line needed. 2. a) Answers may very. Sine law, given information for angle, side, angle; need to find a side, b) Answers may vary. For example, use a right triangle with acute angles 40° and 50°. Then, solve: 25 0850? 3.) 90° — 35° DE nas pr sin3s* x PF sin90° x x sings * 90° x= 1484 © 15 em ) Use the cosine law to find the length of the segment opposite D; call this length d. Since there are tick marks on two of the sides, BD also has length 15 cm. & = 15? + 15? — 2(15)(15)eos 70Y 96.1 d= 17em Use d to find the value of x. sin27¥ 5-41©) Find angles for triangle EBD: h ZEBD = 180° ~ (65° + 55°) a2 ~ 7 eg jig «1492 149.2 « tne Find 2DBC: h = 1492 x tan74° ZDBC = 180° ~ (90°+60°) h=5203m ZDBC = 180° ~ (150°) 'b) Yes, use the sine law. ZbBC = 30° ZDAC = 80° ~ (90°+74") BD___10 sin 115° “sin30° = BD. sorts x BD BD= EB ans es sinsse x EB EB EB = 90° ww sin 90° = Beamville x 2S wane A a2 un x8 d) tan 2BAD = 5 ee tan 2BAD = 12 aes ZBAD = 50.19 = 50° arr) 7. B= 6471.80m tan zpac= 14 aoe tan ZDAC = 0933 28 an ZDAC = 4303" = 43° eo ZBAC = 50° + 43° vx 28 a tan3t xv ZBAC = 93° 206 = tan?’ x V 4.) BDC = 180° — (66° + 50°) oe ZBDC = 64 Bs v= 43123 m BV? = 6471? + 4321? — 2(6471) (4321)(cos80°) BY = 71266 = 7127 m DC = 149.2 m 5-42 Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios6 Obseration Deck " soo 166 x 166 . A 166 = tan60° x A tan 40? x A A 166 B Bx MS nse xB 166 = tan34° x B 166 ans B= 246.11 m = 198° + 246? — 2(198)(246) 00570" "x = 257.69 = 258 m h Te tanie = 4 ? ok ‘ani tanzoe = A wan0° P+ p= 1008 nY (oh (aan) * Gate)" ke B (ian 20°F * (ean 8°} ee 36 * 93 = 10" 2 1296 * danza ~ 1° o1ozsi? | 012961" 00133. * o0133.~ 107 0.10244" + 0.1296h? = 133 Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual o232h? = 133, 3, 0232 [as Vo232 239 = 23m 8. The figure below reflects al of the given information. 800 sin 68Y » sin35Y a 7 tin399(<222) Now use the sine law to find x x y an BY” sin4oy Fo iar, a ) in 40Y, 736m ‘The straight-line distance from the helicopter to the sailboat is about 736 m. 9. s an5i° x 8 X tan Si° 99m @ + b? — 2abcos 9.7 + 9.9 — 2(9.9)(9.9) cos 98.01 + 98.01 ~ 196.02cos6 196.02 — 196.02cos@ —196.02cos8 cos= 9403" BCT = 180° — 94.03° Zacr = 9403 LCBT = 2CTB 9403 2 CBT = 47.01 = 47° 2cBT 10, For Triangle ABC: AB? = BC? + AC? ~ 2(BC)(AC) cos 130° AB? = 45° + 2.07 ~ 2(4.5)(2.0) cos 130° AB? = 20.25 + 4,0 ~ 18.0 cos 130° AB? = 24,25 + 11.57 AB? = 38.82 AB = V3882 AB = 60m ‘Triangle GHI has all three side dimensions shown For Triangle JKL: LK? = LP + JK? ~ 2(LI)(UK) cos 42" 47? + 40? ~ 2(4.7)(4.0) c0s42° 22.09 + 16.0 — 37cos42° LK? = 38,09 — 27.94 LK? = 10.14 LK = Vi0i4 LK =32m Find the hypotenuse for each diagonal in ‘each truck. ‘Truck A: 2.6 + 2.12 C2 = 6.76 + 4.41 C= 1117 Vit C=33m D? = 2.6 + 6.0? D? = 6.76 + 36.0 D? = 42.76 Vi276 65m 217 + 6.0 441 +360 4041 Vaal E= 64m Truck B: cha 40 +21" C= 160 + 4.41 ch = 20.41 c= Vai 544 45m 4G + 25° 16.0 + 6.25 2.25 V20.05 47m B=2P +29 441 + 625 10.66 B= 4041 Vi0.66 E=33m Truck C; 4416 20.25 + 2.56 2.81 V2.1 C= 48m 45+ 18% 2025 + 3.24 D? = 23.49 D=VBI D=48m 16 + 18" 2.56 + 3.24 24m By comparing the side lengths of various tri- angles to the dimensions and diagonals (that ‘were just found) of various trucks, the fol- Towing conclusions can be made: Piece num- ber one fits into truck A. Pieces numbers two and three fit into trucks A and B. . Top of Tree aN A 8 80m 0 = 180° ~ (85° + 30°) = 180° ~ 115° 0 = 65° Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiosbetween the two cars by using the cosine law on the “bottom” triangle (on the ground): = 200° + 160 ~ 2(200)(160)cos 24Y x sin30° 2 541.6 d=112km X sin30° ‘Using this information, and the cosine law on the “front” triangle formed by the cars and the helicopter, now find the distance D between the helicopter and the fast car: DP = 100? + 112 fan 28° X 44.1 ~ 2(100)(112)eos 20 494.9 fan 28° x 44.1 ak — 'b) To find the height of the helicopter, notice ia) Balloon that the segment labeled h (the height of the helicopter) forms a right triangle in the front right with the 100 km long side as hypotenuse and part of the side between the two cars. So, to find h, notice that Hs it aN sin20y = —CPPosite_ hypotenuse - 100 Bil 7 Chis = 100 x sin20¥ Chandra is correct, there is not information toy +E solve the distance. : ‘ 'b) She needs the altitude of the balloon and the angle between Bill and Chris as measured on the ground directly below the balloon 13.8) 20" 90" 2880" Mountain Top Fastear Slowear Stow rs ditance = 3082 x 2h Siow asians = 1m i km Paster distance = 10 2 Fast car’ distance = 200 km a) To find the distance between the helicopter and the fast car, first find the distance d ee i515 Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 5-45a= tan35° x 1515 a= 1060.8 m Taig = tan b : 1515 x qyig = tanh? x 1515 b= tan31” x 1515 b= 9103 m P= a+b = 2abcoso 1061? + 910 = 2(1061)(910) cos 12° Bee 770" 90" ns 180" 20k 180 km LN, BS @ = 125° - 70° 55° AP! + AQ? ~ 2(AP)(AQ)coso 120? + 180? — 2(120)(180)cos 55° 14.400 + 32 400 — 43 000 cos ss 46 800 ~ 247785 220215 VeRO 5 148.4 km 5-46 16. a) Za = 180° ~ (90° + 55°) 180° — (145°) 445 x sin35° 2552. 180° = (90° + 34°) 180° = (124°) B= 710 x sins6° B= 5886 m Rope around outside of the building: 5.52 + 58.86 844m b) Straight line between the windows: ate 25.52? + 58.86" c= 651.27 + 3464.50 4144.56 SATE 64.2 m ‘Chapter 5: Trigonometric RatiosChapter Review, pp. 338-339 Lia) 8 By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to VS" ¥ 13°, or V233, so the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the angle Oar: cot =, seco = Y233, seg — 283 cry me 3 ») a 35 By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to Vi + 35%, or 37, so the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the angle Gare: 38 37 cot # = 35, see -7 ° 2B 9 By the Pythagorean theorem, the unknown side of the triangle is equal to V3 — 23, or 4/62, so the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the angle @ are: avon oe) 39 Bye 809 = Te, ese = i) yo= tan~*(2) cot = Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual ) (1 ~ tan 45°)( sin 30°)(.cos 30*)( tan 60°) = (1 — 1)(sin 30°)( cos 30°) (tan 60°) =0 ) tan 30° + 2(sin 45°)( cos 60°) evar 2¥4(2) an M3, ea =23 32 6 * 6 _ Wisi = 6 3.1) a) positive; tan 18° = 0.3249 b) negative; sin 205° + - 0.4226 ©) positive; cos (—55°) = 0.5736 ii) a) The principle angle of tan 18° is '8°, and the related acute angle is 8°, ‘Another angle that has the equivalent ratio is 6 = 198°. b) The principle angle of sin 205* is 05°, and the related acute angle is 25"Another angle that has the equivalent ratio is 0 = 335° ©) The principle angle of cos (~55°) is 6 = 305°, and the related acute angle is = 55°. Another angle that has the equivalent ratio is 0 = 55°, By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to V(=2)" + 54, or V29, so the primary trigonometric ratios for the angle °0.-3) By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of the triangle is V3" + (—3)°, which is equal to ‘Vi8, oF 3V2, so the primary trigonometric ratios for the angle 0 are: v2 v2 sing = —*S, cosg =“, tana = ) y 74,3) By the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to V(—4" + (=5), or ‘41, so the primary trigonometric ratios for the angle 0 are: svar aI Sa) The terminal arm of the angle ¢ lies in either quadrant 2 or 3, since these are the only quadrants in which cosine is negative. B) Since cos is ~7e5, the remaining side of the triangle is V53 = (—7), or V4, which is ‘equal to 2 (in quadrant 2) or ~2 (in quadrant 3). Assume the terminal arm of ¢ lies in quadrant 2. Then the other five trigonometric ratios for the angle ¢ are: 2 sind = Fe tnd = 5 seed = sind = --**, cos 1 cot d= 5, Assume the Terminal arm of é lies in quadrant 3, ‘Then the other five trigonometric ratios are: 2 Bog seed 17 = 008 = 164Y So the related any B= 180Y ~ 164 = 16Y So if is in quadrant 3, then = 180Y + 16Y = 196 eis Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratios1 ian B, 6. cos B cot B = cos 1 sin'p sinB sin ago sme So the equation cos 8 cot B= —— — sin Bis an identity. sin ‘Angle 6 cannot be equal to 180° for any kein the integers, since sin Bis O for any such angle, meaning that cot fis not defined. 1.2) tana cosa = (22£)(cos) ina ex cannot equal 9° or 270 1 Dore = tang sind cos 6 1 72 x a) = sin dsecd 4 cannot be equal to 0°, 90°, 180° or 270°. ©) 1 ~ cos*x = sin2x ~(S) ~ snes 3!) a) sin x os xtan.x - serene) xeosx cot x x cannot be equal to 0° or 180°, Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 4d) sec cos 6 + secésind @ cannot be equal to 90° or 180° 8a) h = 5.5(sin 30°) = 215 cmc So no triangle exists sin 25 sin @ 9. By the sine law, is equal to ‘so @ is sin ~'(0.56), or about 34°. So the angle 4Q is about 180° — (25° + 34°), or about 121°. a= 20° + 15? — 2(20)(15)(cos 121°) 340Vo54. 30.6 km 10. a) P= ALF + 7.7 — 2(11.3)(7.7)(cos 108°) = 240.76 40.16 155 b) 2 = 6.0? + 8.0 ~ 2(6.0)(8.0)(cos 72°) 70.33, 84 628 + 45? — 2(6.2)(4.5)(cos 55°) 11. The angle between the two angles of cleva- tion measures 180° — (45° + 70°), or 65°. Let xy the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by the observer, the blue spotlight, and the height of the ceiling at the blue spotlight. x 6 sin 70° sin 65° x62 h 62 44m 12. In order to determine the height A, you need to determine first the length BA so that ‘you can use trigonometric ratios to find h. ‘LABC is equal to 180° ~ (57.5° + 90°), or 32.5°, so by the sine law, we have the follow- ing equation: 30 sin 32.5° (30 Ba~ (sns15y(= 25) 471m = a 47.1 (tan 153°) 3m 13. First, you determine the unknown interior angles of the triangle formed by Suzie and the jght and left base exterior walls of the school. x _ sin39° 120° 89 sin 39° sinx = 20 aS ) 550 = 085 sin-#(0.85) 58° So the remaining angle of the right exterior wall is about 180° ~ (39° + 58°), or about 83°. ‘The distance from Suzie to the left base exterior wall is given by the formula x89 on ~ sin 3" (89 nS (ar =) 140m ‘Now you can determine the angle of elevation @ from Suzie to the top left exterior wall with the 4d formula tan 4 (32 roi (@) = 185° Chapter Self-Test, p. 340 1a) é 4 G02 igrateat SUT Se “4 Te i. sing =0 esc 0 is undefined cos d= 1 sec ==1 tang =0 cotd is undefined fi, The principle angle is 180°, and the related angle is 0° Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiosi (3 ao at an (3) «37 180° + 37° = 217° ‘The principle angle is 217°, and the related angle is 37° 2. a) The sine is negative, so you know the angle must lie in either quadrant 3 or quadrant 4 @ = sin “(sin 6) -w() 30° 360° ~ 30° = 330° So one solution for 0° = @ = 360°, is 0 = 330°. Furthermore, we know that = 30° 4 i sin30° is equal to 5. Another solution, then, is 30° + 180°, or 210°. ) You know that cosine is positive in the first and fourth quadrants 8 = cos "(cos 8) 24 2 = 30° The related acute angle to 30° in quadrant 4 is 330°. So the solutions are 30° and 330°. 1 9) coe= 1 tang = -2 an = = 7 ‘The tangent is negative in quadrants 2 and 4. tan'(=1) = 45° =45° = 360° — 45 35° Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual Another solution is 180° ~ 45°, 135°, 1 @) seco=— ? cos 0 1 a 1 cos = ~3 You know that cosine is negative in quadrants 2 and 3. 0 = cos”*(cos 4) = ~(-4) ee = 120° = 180° — 60° ‘The solution in quadrant 3 is 180° + 60°, or 240°. 3.) Cosine is defined as —*Si8eent iiypotenuse from the Pythagorean Theorem, (adjacent)? + (opposite)? = (hypotenuse)? Dividing by (hypotenuse)?, _ (adjacent)? _ (opposite)? (hypotenuse)? ” (hypotenuse)® (opposite? _ , __ (adjacent)? Gypotenusey’ ~ ' ~ (hypotenuse)? opposite __[,__(adjacent)* ypotenuse ~ V' ~ Ghypotenuse)? = Vi= (cose? opposite hypotenuse” 5511 ‘ano 7? tan@ tan =1 4.i.a) sin + cos’@ = 1 b) cot étan sito on « (S) =(—3)@ Soe7p(sin’9 + e050) = (5 JC) sin2@ , cos7@_ 1 cos" cos*® cos tan29 + 1 = sec’6 b) sin29 + cos’6 1 2% 29) = igteate+ eae) =(— sin’, cos*@ 1 sin’ ” sin? sin?9 1+ cote = csc ii, Both identities are derived from the identity sin’@ + cos’@ = 1 5.a) c + a 2cacosB @ +b? 2abcosC sinB_ sinC be A 600m Gi 33) — we p= 6.a) tan aor = 552 set ian 4 * Tan 53° = 914m 1 55m awe or w 7. a) This is an ambiguous case of the sine law, and h is 2.8(sin41°), or about 1.8 em, which is seater than the length of a, so no triangle exists. ) This is an ambiguous case of the sine law, and his 6.1(sin20°), or about 2.09 em, which is less than a, which is less than c, so there exist two triangles sin € _ sin 20° ieee sin 20° sin C = o1(S222) 0.993 sin “1(0.993) a ZB = 180° ~ (83° + 20°) = 180° — 103° Chapter 5: Trigonometric Ratiossin 77° ~ sin 20° a 24 iandi® = (sin m™( =) sin 20 tans2° == 60m So for one triangle, 2 is about 83°, 2B is s about 77°, and b is about 6.0 cm. tan 52° For the other triangle, ZC is about 180° ~ 83°, or 97°, 2B is about 180° — (97° + 20°), or 63°, 30 F and b is given by the formula h = tana V7 sin 63° ~ sin 20° 5 nee ( vas) b= (sin of 2 ‘i assen waar (Gaz) 8&8 A - ie ) 1 = (tan 4t°y (w- Tan - oye — (tana?) 30m 30° (1an 41° — Can 52°} ’ 2 (uns) _ . (: + Cransany)? = 30"Ctan any je ~ 3% (1am at? t a 7 1+ (ana (tan 52°)? S yp [Se GanseP ean} V1* Gans)? h =2m b a] T a © b 52) T 3 Nelson Functions 11 Solutions Manual 553