Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Education2018
Education2018
Costanza Naguib
(University of Geneva)
H UMAN C APITAL – 1
4. learning by doing.
H UMAN C APITAL – 3
I And so on...
C OMPUTING THE PDV – 2
h i
PDV = c − w1e=0 +
" # " #
w1e=1 − w2e=0 w2e=1 − w3e=0
+ +
(1 + r ) (1 + r )2
" #
wTe=1
−1 − wT
e=0
... +
(1 + r )T −1
C OMPUTING THE PDV – E XAMPLE
Costs:
I What is the total direct cost of the bachelor?
Benefits:
I How much more can you make with a bachelor?
I Interest rates are pretty low now (say 1%), add some
preference for early consumption...4%?
Benefits:
I How much more can you make with a bachelor?
I Interest rates are pretty low now (say 1%), add some
preference for early consumption...4%?
Benefits:
I How much more can you make with a bachelor?
I Interest rates are pretty low now (say 1%), add some
preference for early consumption...4%?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
S TUDYING OR W ORKING ?
Earnings
Income Stream B: Studying & Working
Gross Benefits
Income Stream A: Working
A
Forgone
Earnings
19
Age
22
Costs
Costs
W HO S TUDIES M ORE
I Young people!
I who have more time ahead to accumulate the benefits of
higher earnings [large T]
I If, for some reason, the good people end up studying more
than the bad ones, then employers may use the
observable level of schooling to tell the two groups apart.
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 1
I Let us simplify even more and assume there are only two
possible levels of schooling, e = 0 or e = 1.
0
c(e = 0, ai ) = =0
ai
I Acquiring e = 1 costs:
1
c(e = 1, as ) = for the good students
as
1
c(e = 1, au ) = for the bad students
au
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 2
I Let us simplify even more and assume there are only two
possible levels of schooling, e = 0 or e = 1.
0
c(e = 0, ai ) = =0
ai
I Acquiring e = 1 costs:
1
c(e = 1, as ) = for the good students
as
1
c(e = 1, au ) = for the bad students
au
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 2
I Let us simplify even more and assume there are only two
possible levels of schooling, e = 0 or e = 1.
0
c(e = 0, ai ) = =0
ai
I Acquiring e = 1 costs:
1
c(e = 1, as ) = for the good students
as
1
c(e = 1, au ) = for the bad students
au
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 3
The employer offers a higher salary to those who are educated with
e = 1.
Wage
Wh
Wl
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 4
Wage
Cu
Ws B
D
A
Wu Benefit
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 5
Wage
Cu
Ws B
D
A
Wu Benefit
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 5
Wage
Cu
Ws B
D
A
Wu Benefit
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 5
Wage
Cu
Ws B
D
A
Wu Benefit
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 6
Wage
Cu
Ws B
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
D
A
Wu
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 6
Wage
Cu
Ws B
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
D
A
Wu
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 6
Wage
Cu
Ws B
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
D
A
Wu
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 7
Wage
Ws B
Cs
A
Wu Benefit
F
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 7
Wage
Ws B
Cs
A
Wu Benefit
F
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 7
Wage
Ws B
Cs
A
Wu Benefit
F
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 7
Wage
Ws B
Cs
A
Wu Benefit
F
Cost
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 8
Wage
Ws B
Cs
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
A
Wu
F
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 8
Wage
Ws B
Cs
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
A
Wu
F
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S IGNALLING T HEORY OF E DUCATION – 8
Wage
Ws B
Cs
Benefit-Cost (if e = 1)
A
Wu
F
Benefit-Cost (if e = 0)
Education
0 1
S EPARATING E QUILIBRIUM