Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912

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Materials Today Communications

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Effect of infill pattern and ratio on the flexural and vibration damping
characteristics of FDM printed PLA specimens
Mustafa Özgür Öteyaka a, Fatih Hayati Çakir a, *, Mehmet Alper Sofuoğlu b
a
Eskişehir Vocational School, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: 3D printing technology has started to be used in many different areas of our lives. In this study, the panels’
3D Printing flexural behaviors and vibration-damping capabilities produced in different infill patterns (Grid, Cross, and Tri-
Flexural strength hexagon) and different infill ratios (0 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %) were investigated. The specimen
Fused deposition modeling
dimensions were 12.7 mm in width, 127 mm in length, and 3.2 mm in thickness. A biopolymer polylactic acid
Modal analysis
Vibration damping
(PLA) filament with Ø 1.75 mm was used to produce test specimens. Fused Deposition Modeling is a modern
additive manufacturing technique; however, optimization is needed to enhance the properties of 3D-printed
parts. The flexural properties, as well as vibration-damping characteristics of the 3D-printed specimen, were
evaluated experimentally. The results show that the infill pattern and ratio significantly affect flexural behavior
and vibration-damping properties. The flexural tests showed that the highest flexural strength was obtained in
the Tri-hexagon pattern, while the highest damping capability was obtained on Cross pattern specimens.
Additionally, with the increasing infill ratio, the flexural modulus, and flexural strength increase. The specific
strength value obtained for the 20 % fill rate for all patterns was observed as maximum Best damping properties
were obtained on a 40 % infill ratio with all the different tested patterns. This study also showed that infill
pattern and ratio design could improve the plastic parts’ properties, and 3D printing provides an easy way to test
the properties of different infill patterns and ratios.

1. Introduction efficiency can be achieved by optimizing additive manufacturing pa­

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has presented various new opportu­
nities in product design and engineering. As the AM process costs tend to
lower, the AM methods are used more often in the production of parts, as
well as rapid prototyping methods. The fact that parts with complex
shapes can be produced with a single machine and a few final post-
processing treatments with the additive manufacturing method paved
the way for the use of these methods for part production. Structures
(Such as hollow structures) that are difficult to produce with traditional
manufacturing methods can be easily made with additive manufacturing
methods. In the additive manufacturing method, different material
properties can be obtained by adjusting the process parameters, such as
infill rate, stacking pattern and raster angle, etc., in parts with the
desired dimensions. Adjusting manufacturing parameters made it
possible to tailor components with the same materials but with different
properties. These feature of the technology requires additional research
to obtain optimum manufacturing parameters. The highest possible
rameters according to the expected behaviors from a specific compo­
nent. Traditionally, the designing of a part is carried out by using the
data obtained from the mechanical tests performed with that material in
the strength calculations. In the plastics part design, the part dimensions
that will be served at the desired conditions are determined, and it is
aimed to realize the design with the minimum wall thickness that can
fulfill the desired function in the required dimensions.
Many different AM technology was developed in the industry, such
as selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM),
direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and stereolithography (SL) [1–3].
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a form of additive manufacturing
that is able to produce 3D complex parts by adding melted filaments
layer to layer. Among these AM methods, FDM is a low-cost method that
allows the manufacturing of intricate parts, a prototype of parts for
testing, lightweight tools, load-bearing parts, and different thermo­
plastic materials [4,5]. The FDM process employs numerous thermo­
plastics or its composite, such as PLA, PLA/CF, ABS, ABS/CF PET, etc., as

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: fcakir@ogu.edu.tr (F.H. Çakir).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104912
Received 14 September 2022; Received in revised form 4 November 2022; Accepted 9 November 2022
Available online 12 November 2022
2352-4928/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.Ö. Öteyaka et al.
feedstock [6–8]. The part’s manufacturing starts with molting material
above the glass transition temperature and then extruded through the
nozzle. However, many parameters influence the quality as well as the
mechanical properties of FDM parts. Infill ratio, printing speed, bed
temperature, nozzle temperature, raster angle, and infill pattern are
some of the basic parameters that affect the quality of the FDM process.
It was demonstrated by Öteyaka et al.[6] that both feedstock material,
infill pattern, and infill ratio play a significant role in determining the
strength of the parts. Moreover, they revealed that the addition of car­
bon fiber reinforcement in the PLA reduces the ultimate tensile strength
against PLA. The importance of infill patterns were also notified by other
researchers, Akhoundi et al. [9] showed that concentric patterns had
better mechanical properties over rectilinear, honeycomb, and Hilbert
curve structures. Dobos et al. tested the flexural and tensile properties of
different infill patterns (Honeycomb, Concentric, Hilbert Curve, Recti­
linear) and different infill ratios (40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %). The
authors stated that the optimum infill ratio for obtaining maximum
specific strength is 40 % regardless of infill ratio. It was also stated that
the a correctly developed Finite Element Method can be integrated to
optimum pattern design to lower the number of experimental tests [10].
Obtaining optimum vibrational characteristics by adding support
structures is an aspect and, generally, an overlooked potential of the
additive manufacturing method, which gives the possibility of designing
parts with tailored modal parameters. The natural frequency, damping
ratio, or stiffness of a specific part can be adjusted with the design pa­
rameters of additively manufactured parts. Additive manufacturing
methods make it easier to test different support structures, such as
trusses, on the mechanical behavior of parts. 3D truss lattices have
relatively high stiffness and yield strength at low density. They play a
crucial role in lowering the overall weight of structures and have been
tested and optimized in a variety of applications. A lightweight 3D truss
lattice structure usually has low damping, causing early mechanical
damage from resonant vibrations. When it comes to achieving both
structural and vibrational requirements, an excellent combination of
stiffness and damping can be achieved by selecting the right materials
and configurations [11–16]. Several studies have been conducted to
understand and quantify different aspects of acoustic and vibrational
damping [17–26]. The method of constrained layer damping (CLD) was
studied, and it is the most popular method of vibration suppression [19].
Many optimization techniques have been successfully applied to opti­
mize the location and dimensions of CLD in order to maximize structural
damping while minimizing additional mass [20–23]. Similarly, filling
the core voids with foam or viscoelastic material has also been studied as
a way to balance the structural and vibrational performance of the lat­
tice truss [24,25]. More papers have been published on vibration
damping optimization with honeycomb cores in order to reduce struc­
tural damping loss factors [19,22]. Most 3D-printed polymers have
inconsistent material properties, particularly those related to damping.
It is therefore necessary to investigate the effectiveness of 3D-printed
structures further.
In addition to the strength properties of a material, the response of
the material to vibration is an important aspect. Vibration is a significant
problem that needs to be controlled in machine systems. In order to cope
with this problem, special vibration-damping elements can be used, and
it is desirable that the elements in the structure contribute to the
damping to a certain extent. In this study, 3D-printed materials with 4
different patterns and 5 different infill rates were produced. The weights
and volumes of these materials were measured, and then their vibration-
damping abilities were analyzed with the impulse hammer test. Finally,
the mechanical properties of the produced specimens were tested by
bending test. Although there are studies in the literature on the effects of
different patterns and infill ratio values on the strength of 3D-printed
parts, there are not enough studies on the effects of process parame­
ters on the vibrational damping properties.
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Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912
2. Materials and methods
The present study investigated the effect of different infill patterns
and ratios on mechanical and vibrational properties. In order to effi­
ciently generate different patterns and infill ratios, the FDM method was
chosen to manufacture the test specimens from PLA filaments. The
specimen dimensions were determined per standard bending test spec­
imen per ASTM D638 standard. At least 3 specimens were produced
under each condition and tested to obtain reliable results.
2.1. 3D printing process
The specimens were produced with the fused deposition modeling
(FDM) techniques. A gray-color polylactic acid Biopolymer (PLA) 1.75
mm diameter was used to print the test specimens. The filament model
used was Zaxe PLA. The used printer model was ZAXE X1 PLUS, a 3D
FDM printer that has a heated table with dimensions of (X) x (Y) 300 mm
x (Z) 300 mm and was used to manufacture specimens. The FDM pa­
rameters used in the manufacturing of specimens are given in Table 1.
These parameters kept the same to produce specimens with different
patterns and infill ratios. The specimen manufacturing begins with
drawing the specimens with CAD software. In this study, Solidworks
software was used to generate the models of tested patterns. The di­
mensions of the specimens (Fig. 1) were determined according to the
ASTM D638 standard. The patterns were created in CAD software the
PRT file was transformed into an STL file. The XDesktop V2.1.8 software
was used to slice the model to prepare for printing. Three different
patterns, Cross pattern (Fig. 2), Grid pattern (Fig. 3), and Tri-Hexagone
(Fig. 4) pattern, were selected to produce the specimens. In addition, 6
groups of specimens were produced with different infill ratios (0 %, 20
%, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %) for each pattern. These figures show
the shape of infill designs; the red lines show the idle moves of the
nozzle. The produced specimens were first tested in modal analysis tests,
and then bending tests were performed.
After the production of specimens, the weight of all specimens was
measured with a precision scale, and the average weight of specimens
was presented in Table 2. For this purpose, a precision scale (SHIMADZU
AY 220) with a sensitivity of 0.1 mg was used. The repeatability of the
scale was 0.05 mg. The scale was calibrated before the measurements.
The 0 % infill ratio represents the hollow prism with wall thickness. As
the infill ratio increases, the support patterns form and get denser with
an increased infill ratio. The 100 % represents a fully filled sample with
the following different patterns.
2.2. Flexural strength tests
Since the mechanical design approach mostly counts on the prop­
erties of used materials, mechanical tests play a vital role in determining
the capabilities of a produced part. In the present study, a flexural test
was chosen to determine the mechanical behaviors of produced speci­
mens. A three-point bending configuration was used. Bending is a
unique form of loading, which includes both compression and tension of
test specimens. In bending, the upper fibers are exposed to compression
stresses, while the lower fibers are exposed to tensile stresses. Generally,
Table 1
FDM parameters for manufacturing bedding specimens.
Parameter Magnitude
Nozzle diameter 0.4 mm
Layer thickness 0.15 mm
Table temperature 55 ◦ C
Nozzle temperature 205 ◦ C
Build orientation Flat
Top and bottom solid layer 4
Perimeter count 3
Printing Speed 60 mm/s
M.Ö. Öteyaka et al. Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912

Fig. 1. Bending test specimen dimensions according to ASTM D638.

Fig. 2. Cross pattern with different infill ratios; a) 0 %, b) 20 %, c) 40 %, d) 60 %, e) 80 %, f) 100 %.

Fig. 3. Grid pattern with different infill ratios; a) 0 %, b) 20 %, c) 40 %, d) 60 %, e) 80 %, f) 100 %.

the initial crack forms in the tension zone that lower the flexural tensile imen size, so the span length (L) was set as 51.2 mm. The loading speed
strength, and based on the test specimen structure, it either fails or bends (R) was calculated per Eq. (I). The (Z) was a constant (0.01 min− 1); after
as two sides become parallel. calculation, the loading speed was set as 1.36 mm/min. A specimen
In the present study, Shimadzu AG-IS 250 kN universal testing ma­ image of the bending test is presented in Fig. 5. The flexural stresses
chine was used to conduct three-point bending tests. The universal were calculated per Eq. (II); (F) is the test load, and (w) is the width of
testing machine can be adjusted to conduct tensile, compression, the test specimen. The flexural modulus was calculated per Eq. (III).
bending, or fatigue tests. The bending tests were conducted per ASTM
ZL2
D790 standard. The radii of the loading nose were 5.0 mm. According to R= (I)
6d
ASTM D790, the L is the length of the span, the (d) is the specimen
thickness, and (R) is the loading speed. ASTM D790 suggests a span 3FL
length according to specimen thickness (d). The suggested bending = σ (II)
2wd2
specimen sizes are 127 mm in length, 12.7 mm in width with 3.2 mm in
thickness. The recommended span length is equal to 16 times of spec­

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M.Ö. Öteyaka et al. Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912

Fig. 4. Tri-hexagon pattern with different infill ratios; a) 0 %, b) 20 %, c) 40 %, d) 60 %, e) 80 %, f) 100 %.

consecutively. In this test, the vibration was generated with hammer

Table 2
impacts, and the results were obtained from the accelerometer. First, the
The average weight of test specimens.
frequency response graph was drawn; after that, the spring constants,
Weight (g) structural damping ratios, and natural frequencies were calculated with
Infill Ratio % Cross Grid Tri-hexagon curve fitting techniques. A specimen measurement and a sample
0 3.8849 3.8804 3.8734 response graph are presented in Fig. 6.
20 4.4105 4.4768 4.4742 The equation of natural frequency for bending vibrations in contin­
40 4.7555 4.8787 4.9049 uous systems is given in Eq. IV. In The equation, (ω) represents natural
60 5.1285 5.3735 5.3488 frequency, (ρ) mass density, (E) is the modulus of elasticity, (I) is the
80 5.4236 5.7775 5.754
area moment of inertia, and (A) is the cross-sectional area; (l) is the
100 5.7321 6.1359 6.1325
length of the beam. βnl is a value that changes with respect to the end
conditions of the beam. For fixed-free conditions, the values are given in
L3 F Table 3 for different mode shapes.
Eflex = (III)
4wh3 d √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
EI
ω = (βl)2 (IV)
2.3. Modal analysis ρAl4

The vibrational characteristics of tested specimens were determined
with an impulse hammer test. The purpose of conducting these tests is to
determine the natural frequencies and structural constants of different
specimens. These constants are equivalent masses (m), spring constants
(k), structural damping ratios, and natural frequencies (ωn) of the sys­
tem. In order to conduct the test, the specimens were clamped from one
side with a vise, as shown in Fig. 6. The natural frequency test was
performed by connecting the accelerometer to the left side of the spec­
imens and hitting the opposite side with an impulse hammer. Structural
constants were obtained by processing the data with Cut Pro 8.0 soft­
ware. The dimensions of the studied specimens are given in Fig. 7. In
order to have reliable results, five perfect hits are required
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Flexural strength tests results
All the mechanical tests were conducted at room temperature ac­
cording to ASTM D790 standard. For all groups, at least three specimens
were tested in each group, and flexural strength and flexural modulus
were calculated per the equations given in (II) and (III). Fig. 8 shows the
load and displacement curves of Tri-hexagon pattern specimens with
different infill ratios. As the infill ratio increases, the load-bearing ca­
pacity of specimens increases as expected. Similarly, the flexural
modulus of specimens increases as the infill ratio increases. This trend is

Fig. 5. Bending test specimen loading.

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M.Ö. Öteyaka et al. Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912

Fig. 6. Experimental setup of modal analysis.

pattern was the Cross pattern. At higher infill ratios (80 %, 100 %),
the Tri-hexagon pattern gives higher strength, while at lower infill ratios
(20 %, 40 %, 60 %) Grid pattern shows better flexural strength. These
two patterns show quite close flexural strengths. For the same infill ra­
tios, the ultimate flexural strength differences among different patterns
are quite low. The difference between low performing cross pattern and
high performing Tri-hexagon pattern was the highest difference
observed in the 60 % infill ratio (11 %), and the lowest difference was
observed in the 20 % infill ratio (4 %).
As the infill ratio increased from 0 % to 100 % in the Tri-hexagon
pattern, flexural strength can be improved by 77 %. Similarly, the
Fig. 7. Schematically representation of modal tests.
flexural modulus value also increases as the infill ratio increases, and the
material shows a more rigid characteristic. Table 4 shows the calculated
Table 3 flexural modulus of test samples.
Boundry condition for the transverse vibration of a beam (n: mode shapes). Tri-hexagon gives the highest strength among the tested infill pat­
terns, and the grid performs close to it and Cross in all conditions.
End conditions of beam Frequency equation Value of βnl
However, the weight of the specimen and the resources required the
cos βnl.cosh βnl= − 1 β1l = 1.875104 produce this specimen also increased. In order to find the optimum infill
β2l = 4.694091
ratio and pattern, a configuration should perform high flexural strength
β3l = 7.854757
β4l = 10.995541 with low specimen weight; as the infill ratio of the flexural bending
specimens increases in all patterns, the UTS value increases. As the
amount of added material increases, the increase in strength obtained
gradually decreases. In order to compare the benefit of added material
on flexural strength specifically, UTS was calculated. The specific ulti­
mate flexural strength of specimens was calculated by dividing the UTS
by the density of specimens. Fig. 10 shows the specific ultimate flexural

Fig. 8. Load and Displacement curve of bending test for different infill ratios of
Tri-hexagon pattern.

similar in all the tested patterns.

Fig. 9 shows the bar graph of the ultimate flexural strength graph of
all tested groups. These results showed that the lowest-performing Fig. 9. Ultimate flexural strength of test specimens.

5
M.Ö. Öteyaka et al.
Table 4
The calculated flexural modulus of specimens (GPa).
Infill Ratio % Cross Grid Trihex
0 2.15 2.12 2.14
20 2.46 2.42 2.42
40 2.82 2.58 2.66
60 2.98 2.98 2.90
80 3.23 3.14 3.14
100 3.27 3.23 3.23
strength of specimens. According to the specific strength results, it can
be said that it is beneficial to add a support structure to the hollow
structure. The specific flexural strength value obtained in all support
structures increased. The specific strength value obtained for the 20 %
fill rate for all patterns was observed as maximum. The differences
observed according to the infill patterns are quite low. In general, after a
40 % infill ratio, a decrease is observed in the specific flexural strength
values. According to these results, the use of an infill pattern increases
flexural strength, and the improvement in mechanical properties in­
creases, especially according to the amount of material added up to 40
%. After a 40 % infill ratio, it can be said that the increase in strength
against the added additional material decreases. There is practically no
infill pattern in the specimens expressed as 0 %. It consists only of the
walls and the gap in the middle. On the other hand, we can say that the
100 % filled ones are completely filled by following the relevant pattern.
Similar trends were obtained in the literature after 40 % infill ratio [10].
Dobos and Oldal have studied ISO 178 concentric, Hilbert, and honey­
comb and rectilinear patterns of PLA polymers, and they observed that
specific load capacity increases when the infill ratio increases from 40 %
to 100 % infill ratio. The load capacity efficiency increases at a filling
density of 40 %, regardless of the filling pattern. It can be said that the
results of the study are consistent with the literature in this regard.
According to these results, it can be said that the infill pattern has an
effect on the flexural strength and flexural modulus, and using a 20 % or
40 % support structure compared to the hollow structure provides sig­
nificant benefits over the bending properties.
It can be said that the material properties are very close to each other
since all of the tested specimens were produced by melting the same
material under the same conditions. When we investigated the flexural
modulus, the flexural modulus increased as expected as the infill ratio
increased in all groups. Dudescu et al. l explained this situation with the
rule of the mixture used in composite materials [27]. The rule of the
mixture is used to determine the properties of a composite material by
considering the volumetric fraction of components. The content of the
Fig. 10. Specific ultimate flexural strength of specimens.
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Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912
same volume of 3D-printed specimens contains PLA, and the cavity is
filled with air; as the infill ratio increases, the amount of PLA on the
structure increases, so the flexural modulus becomes closer to the bulk
material properties of PLA. As the air inside of samples does not
contribute to any flexural property, but it lowers the density, the flexural
properties can be correlated with specimen density. Since the produc­
tion parameters (substrate temperature, melting outlet temperature,
advance rate, etc.) are the same for the PLA materials produced, it can be
said that the rigidity will increase as the infill ratio increases for the
specimens with different infill ratios. On the other hand, due to the
nature of additive manufacturing, it can be said that the cooling of the
specimen with a tighter fill will be a little slower, and this may affect the
mechanical properties to a certain extent. In AM, density is a crucial
parameter that can indicate many issues in the design and
manufacturing process. The density measurement is also a measurement
of internal voids and flaws.
3.2. Modal analysis
Fig. 11 shows the damping ratio vs. infill ratio values for all tested
patterns. Experimentally obtained damping ratio values show that the
Cross pattern shows the best vibration-damping behavior among tested
patterns. Tri-hexagon pattern showed slightly better vibration damping
compared to Grid patterns; it can be said that the results are quite close
to each other. It can be said that the Cross pattern’s relatively complex
shape helped dampen vibrations by extending the path for vibration
signals compared to more regular patterns such as the Grid Pattern.
Regarding the effect of the infill ratio, a similar trend was obtained
between the infill ratio and damping ratio in all patterns. The highest
damping ratio was obtained at a 40 % infill ratio in all patterns. The
damping properties of the tested PLA material are considered to be
better than many structural materials. Therefore, increasing the amount
of material up to a 40 % rate improved the damping ability, but after this
point, increasing the infill ratio decreased the damping ability.
Modal analysis results showed that the infill pattern and infill ratio
also significantly affect the modal characteristics of specimens.
Choosing the right pattern and infill ratio might improve the damping
ratio by a factor of 3. Similarly, the infill pattern and ratio alter the
natural frequency. In Fig. 12, the relationship between natural fre­
quency and infill ratio in different patterns is given. Generally, rigidity
increases with an increasing natural frequency. The natural frequency
values are the highest in all patterns at an 80 % infill ratio, and it is seen
that the trends are similar in all patterns. In general, the natural fre­
quency values are higher in the grid pattern. Higher natural frequency
values were obtained in the Tri-hexagonal pattern compared to the cross
Fig. 11. The relation between the damping ratio and infill ratio of
different patterns.
M.Ö. Öteyaka et al.
Fig. 12. The relationship between natural frequency and infill ratio in
different patterns.
pattern. Fig. 13 shows frequency response functions for all patterns at an
80 % infill ratio. It can be said that the natural frequency of a part can be
tailored with infill pattern and ratio. When we consider Eq. (IV), the
Fig. 13. Frequency response functions (FRF) at 80 % infill ratio for different patterns.
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Materials Today Communications 33 (2022) 104912
natural frequency affected by the modulus of elasticity, Moment of
inertia, and density all affect the natural frequency. As the infill ratio
increases, the E and I, which stands both, increases, but the ρ increases
too. This complicates the trend among different infill ratios.
One result of this study is that the cross pattern with the lowest
flexural strength gives the best result in vibration damping. Choosing a
fill ratio of 20–40 % may be recommended to maximize strength and
vibration-damping properties. In addition to the patterns suggested in
this study, examining the strength and vibration-damping properties of
different patterns will also help to find the best pattern that serves both
purposes.
Although not evaluated within the scope of this study, the effects of
different production parameters on flexural strength and vibration
damping can also be studied in traditionally manufactured plastic parts.
In traditional injection methods, when plastic parts are produced in one
piece, different techniques are used to create a hollow structure in their
interior (such as injection blow molding). On the other hand, if the
plastic component is designed to consist of one or more parts, it is also
possible to produce support structures with traditional methods either.
The proposed method can also be used to evaluate the performance of
support structures in parts to be produced by plastic injection methods.
The method proposed in this paper might be adapted to obtain optimum
performance from traditionally produced plastic components. The
design of some of the plastic components, such as fan casing and engine
M.Ö. Öteyaka et al.
housing, which operate under vibration, can be revised. The authors of
this paper believe that using a correct support structure and infill ratio to
both mechanical and vibration damping characteristics can be signifi­
cantly improved without the use of a special damping element.
4. Conclusions
In this study, it has been observed that the selected infill patterns and
infill ratios have an effect on the vibration-damping properties as well as
the mechanical properties of the produced part. It is thought that ad­
ditive manufacturing parameters can be adjusted to provide the desired
modal properties in the manufactured parts. Vibration-damping prop­
erties can be significantly improved by designing existing components
using the appropriate spacing and support pattern without the use of a
particular vibration-damping element. In addition, the additive
manufacturing method can be used to test various parameters in the
production of traditional plastic parts, and it can contribute to the
experimental observation of the effects of variables such as infill pattern
and ratio, which are traditionally difficult to produce. In future studies,
analyzing the parts’ modal behaviors analysis with the help of numerical
methods may also contribute to finding the optimum infill pattern and
ratio for this purpose. According to the results of this study, it was
observed that flexural strength and flexural modulus both increased as
the infill ratio increased. When the resources required to produce these
specimens were considered, a specific strength calculation was made,
and the optimum results were obtained in 20 % infill ratios rate among
all tested patterns. The increase in strength stayed more limited despite
the material added after the 40 % infill ratio. It can be said that the Tri-
hexagon pattern gives the highest flexural strength among the tested
patterns, the Grid structure close to it, and the Cross pattern shows the
lowest strength. In terms of the vibration damping feature, it can be said
that the Cross pattern gives the best vibration damping result, Tri-
hexagon is in second place, and the grid performs very close to the
Tri-hexagon.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Mustafa Özgür Öteyaka conducted 3D printing of samples and
wrote the relevant section to the paper. Mehmet Alper Sofuoğlu con­
ducted the modal analysis measurements and wrote the relevant section
of the paper. Fatih Hayati Çakir conducted bending tests, designed and
presented the outline of the study, analyzed and wrote the experimental
findings.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a research program supported by Eski­
sehir Osmangazi University.
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