ADDISS ABABA TEGBAREID POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE

Department: Manufacturing

PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project Title: CNC 3D Printer Machine

Location: Addis Ababa Tegbare id Poly-technical College

ADDIS ABABA

ETHIOPIA

@2013 E.C
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 4
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 3D PRINTER ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 HISTORY.............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Principle ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.1 Modelling........................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.2 Printing ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.3 Finishing ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Objective ............................................................................................................................. 10
1.5.1 General Objective ......................................................................................................... 10
1.5.2 Specific Objective......................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Significant of the project ..................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................. 10
1.8 Criteria required for developing project .............................................................................. 11
1.9 Beneficiaries of the project ................................................................................................. 11
1.9.1 TVET Colleges ............................................................................................................. 11
1.9.2 Macro and Small Enterprise ......................................................................................... 11
1.9.3 Industries ...................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 12
2 MATERIAL AND METHODES .............................................................................................. 12
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 14
3. Market Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Demand and supply of the product ..................................................................................... 14

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3.2 Basic advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing ........................................................... 14

3.3 Import and export contribution and substitution ................................................................. 15
3.4 Effect on Gross Domestic Product ...................................................................................... 16
3.5 Feasibility ............................................................................................................................ 16
Feasibility .................................................................................................................................. 17
3.6 Project cost analysis ............................................................................................................ 17
3.7 Cost Analysis....................................................................................................................... 17
3.7.1 Elements of cost established selling price .................................................................... 17
3.7.2 Cost breaks down and budget ....................................................................................... 18
3.7.3 Work load distribution .................................................................................................. 18
3.8 Economic Benefit to the society.......................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 24
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 24
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 25
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PAPERS ............................................................................... 25
BOOKS ........................................................................................................................................ 25

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 3D PRINTER
A 3d printer is an additive manufacturing technique where 3D objects and parts are made by the
addition of multiple layers of material. It can also be called as rapid prototyping. It is a
mechanized method where 3D objects are quickly made as per the required size machine
connected to a computer containing blueprints of any object.

The additive method may differ with the subtractive process, where the material is removed from
a block by sculpting or drilling. The main reason to use 3d printer is for 90% of material
utilization, increase product life, lighter and stronger. 3D printing is efficiently utilized in various
fields such as aerospace, automobile, medical, construction and in manufacturing of many
household products.

1.2 HISTORY
The 3D printing innovation is not a new concept as many think. When FDM (fused deposition
modeling) licenses had expired in 2009, the 3D printing became a new innovation topic. What's
more, because of which it turned out to be more mainstream, individuals envisioned that FDM
was the just a single added substance producing system. Be that as it may, the initial 3D printing
procedure was SLA not FDM and its first patent were recorded in 1980's. Here is the historical
backdrop of 3D printing innovation, from 1980 to today.

In 1980's there was the introduction of 3 primary 3D printing systems. Dr. Kodana was the first
person to present layer by layer approach for assembling and furthermore he was the principal
individual to create fast prototyping strategy. What's more, he made a progenitor for SLA. He
polymerized a photosensitive gum with the assistance of UV light, however, did not succeed.
Shockingly for Dr. Kodana, the full patent detail was not recorded by him before the one-year
due date after the application. the causes of 3d printing innovation can be followed from 1983.

In 1983 Charles hull was the person to do a patent on stereo lithography. Frame designed the
term stereo lithography in august 8, 1984 patent application for "Contraption for creation of 3
dimensional questions by stereo lithography". Furthermore, was the main individual to make
SLA-1 (stereo lithography) machine in 1987.

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Charles hull was the founder 3D system Corporation (one of the biggest and more propel
association working in 3d printer division today). Hull characterized stereo lithography as the
unique technique which is used for making solid objects by printing successive layers of
ultraviolet curable material on top of other. In frame's patent, he clarifies; a concentrated light
emission light is centered around the surface loaded with a fluid photopolymer. The light ray
which is controlled by a computer draws each layer of the model on the surface of the liquid.
wherever the bright light strikes the surface, the photopolymer polymerizes and changes to solid.
Using the software CAD/CAM mathematically slices (converts into layers) the models. Then the
process builds the models layer by layer.

During the year 1990’s the other 3D printing innovation and processes were emerged during this
year. And the introduction of new 3D printer manufacturers and cad tools. 3D systems make
their first commercial sale of stereo lithography (SLA) system. And the other emerging processes
were ballistic particle manufacturing (BPM) patented by William masters, solid ground curing
(SGC) was been patented by Itzchak Pomerantz et al.

Furthermore, other developing organizations saw amid the nineties till today - Stratasys, EOS,
and 3D systems. The 1990's were the time of first use of the 3D printer in medical researchers,
who consolidated the way of pharmaceutical and 3D printing and opening the chances to
numerous clients. In 1992 the patent done on fused deposition modeling was issued to Stratasys,
who had developed may 3D printers both for professional and for individuals. The SLA
(Stereolithographic) apparatus was made in this year by 3 D systems. The first SLA machine
uses a UV laser solidifying photopolymer, and a liquid with the viscosity and color of honey that
makes the object layer by layer. This was the first rapid prototyping form that had changed the
engineering world and design for ever.

From 1993-1999, the main actors of the 3D printing sector, which had emerged with various
techniques. Sanders prototype (later Solidscape) and Z Corporation were set up in 1996 in terms
of commercial operation, Arcam was established in 1997.

During that time where these 3D printing sector had started to begin the demonstrate distinct
diversification with these two very specific regions emphasis that is clearly defined today.
They were very high end 3D printing and still they are very expensive which were geared up

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towards the par production for high value and complex parts. This are growing rapidly and
ongoing but the results are now visible in production applications across the automotive,
aerospace, medical and in jewelry sectors. And at the other end, some of the 3D printing system
manufacturers were developing and advancing the “concept modelers”, they were called at that
time. These 3D printers kept on focusing on overall development and improvement of these
functioning prototyping that were being developed on specifically as these offices and user
friendly and the cost effective systems. However, these systems were very much useful in
industrial applications.

At the lower end of market, the 3D printers that today are been seen. During this term there,
price was a war between the 3D printing companies with the increase in improvement, accuracy,
speed and materials. In 2007 the market saw the first system under 10,000$ from 3D systems but
it never hit the market as supposed to be. This was due to the market influence of other
companies.

All through in 2000 3D printing technology kept on developing to make lower-priced models
with multiple features. In 2003 there was the new invention that 3D printer was used to construct
cells when Thomas Boland of Clemson university patented for the use of inkjet printers for
printing of cells. To modify these spotting systems for deposition of the cells into the very
much organized 3D matrices placed on a substrate this process were used. The printing of
biological structures is known as Bio printing. The millennium saw the first 3D printed kidney
working. Additionally, more techniques for printing came into action, such as extrusion bio
printing, have been researched and introduced as a means of production. Due to which the organs
may be printed using bio printing and can be transplanted.

In 2004 the initiating of RepRap project which consists of a self-replicating 3D printer. This
open source of the RepRap project led to spreading of FDM 3D desktop 3D printers and
popularity of 3D printers begins from here.

In 2005, Z-Corp launched the spectrum Z510. The first color and high definition 3D printer. The
first SLS machine commercially accessible in 2000, which gave opportunities to the
manufacturer to build industrial parts. A 3D printing startup company Objet built a machine that

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could print more than one material, which allowed a single part that can be manufactured and
fabricated with different material properties.

In 2009, was the year where the FDM patents fell into the public domain, giving an expansive
wave for the development in FDM printers and due to the drop of the price of desktop 3D
printers, the technology was more accessible and increased visibility. A French company named
Sculpteo was started in this year which had offered 3D printing cloud and online printing
services using stereo lithography or laser sintering. which was another step towards 3D printing
technology. A host of similar deposition printers have emerged with marginal unique selling
point and they continued to do so. The ethos of RepRap is all about open source developments of
3D printing and keep it commercialize.

As the various additive processes developed. It is said that soon metal removal will no longer be
the only metal removal process done through a moving head through a 3D work envelope
converting the mass of raw material into desired shape layer by layer. In 2010 there was a first
decade in which metal end use parts like engine brackets and large nuts would be made by
printing instead of machining.

1.3 Principle
1.3.1 Modelling
The object or the model which has to be printed first it has to designed or modeled using a CAD
(computer aided drawing) tool like solid works etc. By the 3D scanner or by the digital camera
and a very unique photogrammetry software. These 3D printed models were created with help
of the CAD results in the reduction of errors which were found and can be corrected before
printing. In manual modelling process of preparing geometric data for 3d computer graphics is
similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. Based on this data 3-dimentional models of the scanned
object can be produced.

After modelling in CAD tool the model often be (in .skp, .dae, .3ds or some other format) then it
needs to be converted to either a .STL or .OBJ format, to allow the printing software to be able to
read it.

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1.3.2 Printing
After the model has been converted to STL, it must be first examined for “errors”, this step is
called the “fixup”. In most of the cad applications produce errors in output STL files errors like
sekf intersection, improper holes, face normal has to be corrected.
Once the file is converted to STL, the file has to be processed by a software called “slicer” which
will convert the model into series of layers and produces a G-code file containing instructions to
a specific type of 3D printer. This G-code file can be printed by using 3D client software (which
loads the G-code and uses it to instruct the 3D printer during printing. In practice the client
software and the slicer program exist, including Cura, Slic3r, repetier host, pronterface and
skeinforge as well as closed source programs like simplify 3D and KISSIicer3D.

3D printer follows the G-code instructions to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper
or sheet material to build model from a series of cross sections. The such as plastic, sand, metal
etc can be \used through a print nozzle. These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross
sections from the CAD model, are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape.
Depending on what the printer is making, the process could take up to minutes or hours. Printer
resolution describes the layer thickness and X-Y resolution dots per inch (dpi) or
micrometers(μm).The layer thickness which can be found can be around the 100gm mark,
although some of these machines such as the object connex series and the 3D Systems ProJet
series can be very much printed as thin layers as 16µm. These resolution of X-Y is comparable
to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 500µm (510 to 250 Dpi) in
diameter.

The method of Construction of models can take away from several hours to several days,
depending how big the model is, method used, printing speed, and complexity of the model.
Typically, the time can be reduced to few hours depending on the type of machine used and size.
3D printers give designers and concept models using a desktop size of 3D printer.

1.3.3 Finishing
The printer produced resolution is very much sufficient for many of the applications but the
printing will be a slightly oversized version of these desired object which can be the standard
resolution and then the process of removing material can give greater precision. Some printable
polymers allow the surface finish to be smoother and improved using chemical vapor processes.

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There are some of the additive manufacturing techniques which are very capable of using
multiple materials in these course of constructing parts. These techniques are very much able to
print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously. Some printing techniques require
internal supports to be built for overhanging features during construction. These supports must
be mechanically removed or dissolved after completion of the printing. The commercialized
metal 3D printers which very much likely to involve in cutting the metal component of the metal
substrate after deposition. The very new process for the GMAW 3D printing which will allow for
substrate surface modifications to remove many aluminum components manually with hammer.

1.4 Statement of the problem

In recent years, 3D printing has developed significantly and can now perform crucial roles in
many applications, with the most important being manufacturing, medicine, architecture, custom
art and design.

3D printing processes are finally catching up to their full potential, and are currently being used
in manufacturing and medical industries, as well as by sociocultural sectors which facilitate 3D
printing for commercial purposes. There has been a lot of hype in the last decade when referring
to the possibilities we can achieve by adopting 3D printing as one of the main manufacturing
technologies.

For a long time, the issue with 3D printing was that it has demanded very high entry costs, which
does not allow profitable implementation to mass-manufacturers when compared to standard
processes. However, recent market trends spotted have found that this is finally changing. As the
market for 3D printing has shown some of the quickest growth within the manufacturing industry
in recent years.

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1.5 Objective

1.5.1 General Objective

We have focused on the design and fabrication of a portable 3D printer of bed volume (150 x 180
x 200 cm3) which can be constructed economically.

1.5.2 Specific Objective

To print complex and intricate parts
To build large printing volumes accurately
To solve the problems of bed levelling
To minimize import cost

1.6 Significant of the project

3D printing is one of the most important technological advancement in additive manufacturing
which has been implemented and recognized as a part of modern industry as it has many
advantages over conventional approach of which one of the most important factor which is time.
Generally in Fused Deposition Modeling the component is manufactured using the concept of
rapid prototyping and layer by layer deposition of the material which is done by sending the data
into the software of the machine using a stereo lithography (.STL) file format made by using
modeling software (CAD). In today's world of mechanical engineering the applications of 3D
printing are very useful for research and development of various components ranging from
simple structures used in everyday life to complicated components in aerospace applications. 3D
printing provides many advantages few are simplicity, reliability and precision etc. This makes it
one of the most widely used for making components which can be used as concept components.
3D printing is the most widely used additive manufacturing processes in the current industry not
only limited to engineering. This paper presents an overview of additive manufacturing and
various applications of engineering.

1.7 Scope of the project

The number of 3D printing purchases in Africa was expected to rise by 23% through 2017, a
figure that might not be particularly significate, given the current technology base of the
continent. However, when it comes to modern technologies, the general opinion is that Africa is
three to four years behind first world nations, at most.

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Increasing the country competitiveness by transitioning to high-value manufacturing is one of the

goals that some African economies are pursuing by attracting and developing capabilities in 3D
printing technology. While this adoption is part of a deliberate strategy in the case of South
Africa, other initiatives are also arising in many countries.

1.8 Criteria required for developing project

Technology transfer:-These project us an idea can be modified with in internet source.
Cost:-It can be easily manufacture these machine components with the help of easily
local available Materials.
Job creativity: to create the job for all small enterprises and low incom egeneration society.
Simplicity: this project is very simple according to move place to place and it can’t
need special skills to operating system.

1.9 Beneficiaries of the project

1.9.1 TVET Colleges

A student who learns in TVET will be benefited on this project by enhancing their skill in
Modelling and machining through active participation in production of this project and teachers
can also enhance their knowledge and skills in the designing and actual production of this
project.

1.9.2 Macro and Small Enterprise

The MSE would also benefit a lot on this design by making mass production and sell the
products to the Machining industry.

1.9.3 Industries
The Machining industry are used this machine for manufacturing modern products with a little
time. The beneficiaries of industry are listed below.
Education center
Apparel
Construction
Dental

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CHAPTER TWO

2 MATERIAL AND METHODES

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers different aspects of methodology used during the project. It presents
the different options available to carry out the study and gives reasons why a particular
method was selected at different stages of the project. As a lot of data collection is involved
in the project, the way the collection was made can affect the outcome of the project. For
this reason, the data collection method selected on the course of the project also discussed
here.

2.2 Methodology
This project started from observation, gather information and discussion about the design of
machine. This discussion covering most part of project time. Then we inform to college
technology transfer department about the selection of this machine. Then go to literature review
about the title. The most important in these manner is a determined the project scope, objective
and project planning so that we could easy get a clear overview.

After gather and collect all related information and obtain new idea and knowledge about the
project would continue with design process. We calculate the force analysis that excreted on the
machine.by this result we select material type that has to be used to this machine this type of
selection is consider that;

The availability,
Durability, and
Cost of the material.
In this stage, the knowledge and idea should throw out in sketching process. After several design
sketched, the best design would be choose among previous design so that we could carry on
designing process. Then the selected design would be transfer to engineering drawing using solid
work and other software.

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2.2 Methods
1. Data collection (for literature review, method of report writing, material
Selection…)
Collect the necessary information
By using internet
By asking maintenance shop workers
By referring different available journals and
By visiting different robotics shop
2. Work on design calculation for stress and force which are acting on machine.
By referring books
By contacting online streaming.

2.3 Materials
3. Make simulation and drawing of each part by selecting material type
By using solid work
4. Make final project writing and presentation
By using Microsoft word
By using Microsoft PowerPoint
In short we discuss about working method and process of our machine.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Market Analysis

3.1 Demand and supply of the product

3D printing technology has emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations to impact the
logistics industry and the global supply chain. Some claim that the technology merely enhances
some aspects of production process, while others argue that technology will revolutionize and
replace existing manufacturing technologies. Whether revolutionary or evolutionary, 3D printing
technology is recognized as an important trend that will significantly impact supply chains. The
objective of this article is to explore basic issues related to 3D printing technology and
possibilities for altering manufacturing and supply chain.

3.2 Basic advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing

Advantages

 Less setup costs and less tooling costs

 Lower production costs
 Lower development time and costs (increase the pace of design to product)
 Eco friendly: less influence on CO2
 Lower cost price for small volumes and complex shaped parts
 Shorter delivery time
 Complex products relatively easy to print
 Flexibility (printing on-demand, customization)
Disadvantages

 Lower production speed

 Higher investment costs
 Unclear responsibilities regarding intellectual property
 Liability - warranties, certification
 Process variability/ quality
 Not efficient for large series
 Limited choice of material (sometimes)
 Limited dimensions of product
 Complexity of the Supply Chain (3D printing is added to the Supply Chain)

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Logistics service providers will only be allowed to store and print out the data models if the
manufacturers trust them and are prepared to give them the 3D data models. What’s certain is
that in future, the “value” of a product will reside in a digital file. Manufacturers will try to
protect their intellectual property by inserting copy protections and assigning licensing rights.

There are still some limitations to be compensated, such as durability and other material related
characteristics of the printed components, printing time, and the price of raw materials and
commercially available printing equipment. However, it seems that technology evolution is
beating the limitations one by one.

3D printing is not yet conducive to mass production due its typically higher cost per unit and
slower production time per unit. If the new technology is to completely transform global
industry, 3D Printing must be able to mass produce goods in the same volumes as traditional
manufacturing techniques.

3.3 Import and export contribution and substitution

In today’s global economy, consumers are used to seeing products from every corner of the
world in their local grocery stores and retail shops. These overseas products—or imports—
provide more choices to consumers. And because they are usually manufactured more cheaply
than any domestically-produced equivalent, imports help consumers manage their strained
household budgets.

 A country's importing and exporting activity can influence its GDP, its exchange rate,
and its level of inflation and interest rates.
 A rising level of imports and a growing trade deficit can have a negative effect on a
country's exchange rate.
 A weaker domestic currency stimulates exports and makes imports more expensive;
conversely, a strong domestic currency hampers exports and makes imports cheaper.
 Higher inflation can also impact exports by having a direct impact on input costs such as
materials and labor.
When there are too many imports coming into a country in relation to its exports—which are
products shipped from that country to a foreign destination—it can distort a nation’s balance of
trade and devalue its currency. The devaluation of a country's currency can have a huge impact

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on the everyday life of a country's citizens because the value of a currency is one of the biggest
determinants of a nation’s economic performance and its gross domestic product (GDP).
Maintaining the appropriate balance of imports and exports is crucial for a country. The
importing and exporting activity of a country can influence a country's GDP, its exchange rate,
and its level of inflation and interest rates.

3.4 Effect on Gross Domestic Product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a broad measurement of a nation's overall economic activity.
Imports and exports are important components of the expenditures method of calculating GDP.
The formula for GDP is as follows:

GDP=C+I+G+(X−M)

Where: C=Consumer spending on goods and services

I=Investment spending on business capital goods

G=Government spending on public goods and services

X=Exports

M=Imports

In this equation, exports minus imports (X – M) equal net exports. When exports exceed imports,
the net exports figure is positive. This indicates that a country has a trade surplus. When exports
are less than imports, the net exports figure is negative. This indicates that the nation has a trade
deficit.

3.5 Feasibility
A project feasibility study is a comprehensive report that examines in detail the five frames of
analysis of a given project. It also takes into consideration its four Ps, its risks and POVs, and its
constraints (calendar, costs, and norms of quality). The goal is to determine whether the project
should go ahead, be redesigned, or else abandoned altogether.

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Table 1 Feasibility table

NO Export Import
Feasibility
1 Technical small volume huge in volume
2 Economical  produced in our currently selling price is
country with
45000 ETB
considerably cost
currently selling price
is 17,538ETB
3 Legal authenticated by authenticated by
government government
4 Operational Friendly operated Quite complex
5 Scheduling Considerably low High
6 Resource Available simply Available simply
7 Time Considerably low High

A trade surplus contributes to economic growth in a country. When there are more exports, it
means that there is a high level of output from a country's factories and industrial facilities, as
well as a greater number of people that are being employed in order to keep these factories in
operation. When a company is exporting a high level of goods, this also equates to a flow of
funds into the country, which stimulates consumer spending and contributes to economic growth.

3.6 Project cost analysis

This chapter computes the total cost by adding costs of raw materials and standard items, labor
cost for manufacturing and assembling components, electrical power consumption cost and
machine depreciation cost to manufactured parts required for CNC 3D Printer machine and also
result and discussion is included.

3.7 Cost Analysis

3.7.1 Elements of cost established selling price

Design and manufacture a product according to a certain specification by minimizing total cost
and maximizing efficiency of the product or machine to meet service requirements is only one

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aspect of production. Based on these the design and manufacture of certain sand screening
processing machine analysis should be done in order to be competitive. The way element of cost
Builds up to establish a selling price is shown on figure below

Fig 19 establishing of selling price

The chief cost elements of direct material cost and direct labor cost determines major cost.
The factory expense such as light, power, maintenance, supply plus prime cost gives factory cost.
The general expense such as marketing and sales cost, legal expense, and security cost, financial,
and administrative plus factory cost gives manufacturing cost. The sales expense such as taxes,
office stuff, and purchasing plus manufacturing cost gives total cost.
(Total cost = manufacturing cost + sales expense).
Finally, the selling price established by adding a profit to the total cost for a business.

3.7.2 Cost breaks down and budget

It is important that the designer develops skills in estimating costs of designs in order to secure
the most economic features. This entails being aware of the breakdown of products cost and the
various cost stops that exist in an organization. These have to be broken down in to individual
units to calculate the overall cost of the product. To put together these individual costs but they
can be represented by three basic costs which are; - material cost, labor costs, power costs.

3.7.3 Work load distribution

Assume there are 5 working days in a week and each working days has 8 working hour or
8x60=480 minutes so the total time needed to fabricate 1 pieces in a week is 5x8=40hr
So the time required to finish a single piece is 40hr.

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But we know that one worker can work 8hr or 480min in a day.
Table 2 work load distribution
NO Name of worker Qualification Component work Activity Time
1 Melku Abebe Mechanical Design Reading different 23hr
engineer Electrical wiring journal.
Write code Design
component using
CAD software.
Crimp electric
wire
2 Melku abebe Mechanical Body Cutting 7hr
Engineer Frame Drilling
Joining
3 Melku A. Mechanical Assembly Assemble all 10hr
Engineer components and
check Axis.

Table 3 CNC 3D Printer machine Project Bill of Materials

Ser. Item Specification Unit Qty. Available To be Unit Total

No. Description at the purchased price price
center
1 Arduino Mega 2560 CB 1 550 550
board
2 RAMP’S RAMP’s 1.4 CB 1 300 300
Board
3 Stepper NEMA 17 5 200 1000
Motor
5 End Stops 3 150 450
6 Power Output 1 800 800
Supply 12V=20A
7 Motor A4988 4 150 600
Drivers

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8 Hot end E3D Hot end 1 800 800

9 Extruder MK8 Extruder 1 800 800
with
connector
10 Pulley GT2 2 150 300
11 Belt GT2 1 200 200
12 Acrylic 50X50X8 cm Half 800 800
care
14 rod Stainless steel 6 150 900
8mm
15 Bearing Linear & 10 200 2000
LM8UU 8mm
17 Lead screw 8mm 2 800 1600
+ Brass Nut
18 Shaft 8mm 2 150 300
Coupling
19 Connecting Red green 2m 15 30
wire blue
20 Glass(hot Print bed 1 350 350
bed) 4mm
thickness
21 3D printed As per design gram 60 10 600
component
total 12380

Table 4 Machine Depreciation Cost

No Machine Useful Cost of Salvage Depression/year Depreciation Depression
life/year Machine value /month /unit

1 Charger 4 7000 200 167 1.66

drill
2 Multi meter 2 3700 10000 833.3 8.33
Total 9.99

Total material cost =12380 + 9.99 = 12389.99 Birr

Labor Cost
Labor Cost: =total material cost x 15%

Labor Cost: =12389.99 x 15% = 1858.4985 Birr

Miscellaneous

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Miscellaneous = total material cost x0.08

=12389.99 x 0.08 = 991.1992 Birr

Total cost
Total cost = total material cost + labor cost+ miscellaneous + depression cost
=12389.99 +1858.4985 + 991.1992 + 9.99= 15249.6777 birr

Estimated markup value

Estimated markup value is equal to 15% of total cost.
Estimated markup value contains Contingency cost
Profit margin = total cost X markup value
= 15,249.6777 x 15% =2287.451655Birr

Selling price
Selling price = total cost + profit margin
=15,249.6777 + 2287.451655
= 17,538 birr

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3.8 Economic Benefit to the society

The growth alone is not enough to change conventional manufacturing industry. Innovations and new
solutions are required. In fact, 3D printing offers several advantages over traditional manufacturing.
Those include (Garett, 2014):

1) Increase in product design freedom: traditional manufacturing is constrained in terms of using

different designs and styles. Additive manufacturing will allow using a wider range of designs
and materials.

2) No additional cost for complexity: in traditional manufacturing, products that are more
complicated inevitably lead to higher costs. Using 3D printing, there is no need to change the
process to produce goods that are more complex.

3) Production in batches of one: traditionally, it is expensive to produce single unique goods.

However, in 3D printing there is no huge difference in costs between printing a single unit or
mass production.

4) Higher degree of customization: additive manufacturing implies producing goods layer by

layer; therefore, it will be much easier to bring the necessary adjustments to the product without
changing the complete manufacturing design.

5) Simplification of manufacturing process: since 3D printers use an already designed digital

model, the operator’s involvement and level of expertise are not as important as in traditional
manufacturing.

6) Eliminations of supply chains and assembly lines: additive manufacturing makes it possible to
produce the whole product in one process; in comparison, traditional manufacturing often
requires hundredths or even thousands of steps between the beginning and end of the production
cycle.

7) Instant production on global scale: as most designs for 3D printing are accessible on the
internet, it will be possible to start the production anywhere in the world, where the access to the
internet is available.

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8) Reducing waste and emissions: in additive manufacturing only the material required for
production is used, which leads to almost no waste. Moreover, printing goods locally will
decrease the need for transportation and as a result cut the CO2 emissions.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. CONCLUSION

Additive manufacturing is likely to have a deep impact on all spheres of lives. The changes
associated with this new technology will not only be seen in traditional manufacturing. As
described in chapter two, 3D printing will change almost all dimensions of today’s life.

The supply chain as we see it today will likely be changed forever. Instead of many conventional
steps, which are required to produce the final product from the raw materials, only two steps will
be left, which are putting raw material in the 3D printer and getting the final product out of it.

Such a dramatic change of the manufacturing process might negatively affect different industries
and make many people unemployed (Madam Eureka, 2012). However, new technologies usually
do not ruin the current businesses but lead to the great improvements and creation of new jobs.
Once industrial revolution did not make all the people in manufacturing unemployed but lead to
a great improvement within the industry. After the invention of computers, some people also
believed that computers would do the entire job for people. Computers, however, just made the
life much easier but did not replace humans. Finally, after the internet became mainstream, there
were talks that communication will change forever and people will stop meeting in person.
Nevertheless, internet only improved the communication with such companies as Skype
emerging in the market.

Additive manufacturing will definitely change the world and most of the conventional industries.
However, these changes will be positive. World with developed 3D printing will be a cleaner
world with fewer emissions, a world, where new business can emerge thanks to lower
dependence on suppliers, a world, where a five year-old child without a limb can grow up with
an affordable prosthetic and a world where one billion people will not have to live in slums.

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REFERENCE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PAPERS

1. A. Ramya and Sai leela Vanapalli, 3d Printing Technologies In Various Applications.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp. 396–409.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType3

2. C.W. Hull, Apparatus for Production of Three-dimensional Objects by Stereolithography, in,

Google Patents, 1986.

3. Dr. Rajashekar Patil, Deepak D, Dharshan Gowda S, Krishna Kashyap C S,

MohammedMurtaza, Prashanth S N, Harsha N and Bharath V G, Economical 3d – Printer by
Adopting FDM Technique, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
8(4), 2017, pp. 442-447.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

BOOKS

4. Jacobs, P.F., Rapid Prototyping & Manufacturing, Fundamentals of Stereolithography,

Pg.2.35. pg.18.8

5. Machine design data Hand-book by Dr.K. Lingaiah and Professor B. R. Narayana Iyengar
Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1992, Chapter 1: 11–18

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