Perform Calculations on

Algebraic Expressions

PR BY Melku A.
Transposition of Equations with
Addition and Subtraction
Concept of = equality , - subtractions and +
addition
•Result: When sides are changed, the sign also changes.
•Rule + becomes – and - becomes +
Summary
 We must treat both sides in the same fashion
 We can transpose the two sides
 We should isolate the value sought on the left side-
 Following the basic rule + becomes – and - becomes
+
 Transposition of Equations with
Multiplication and Division
Concept of = equality, x multiplications and ---
divisions

•Examples always keep the equilibrium –

scales in a state of balance. 20 = 4 x X
Summary:
• We must treat both sides in the same
fashion
• We can transpose the two sides
• We should isolate the value sought on
the left side-
Rules for adding and subtracting fractions

The symbol
, which is read "plus or minus", indicates that this rule applies both to
sums and subtractions.
Multiplication rule for two fractions
 Division rule of two fractions
• The rule allows us to transform a division
into a multiplication

A few final remarks: Working with

fractions does not modify the priority of
operations.
 Unit conversion
CONVERSION OF FRACTION AND DECIMAL
Any rational number can be changed from fractional form to
decimal form. This is done by simply dividing the numerator
by the denominator.

1. or 0.3 b/c digit 3 is the repeated digit

 Rounding Off Decimals

Metric measurements in decimals are often long

numbers. They must often be rounded to a
convenient number of digits. In this text most metric
dimensions are either whole millimeter or two-place
decimals that have been rounded off. To help you
round off your own calculation, rules of rounding are
discussed below.
Rule1. If the first number to be eliminated is less
than 5, simply drop it (and the number to the right
of it) and let the last significant digit stand.
• Example: Round off 25.4 mm to whole
millimeter. Solution: Simply drop the .4
Answer: 25
Rule2. If the number to be eliminated is 5 or
more, drop the number, then add one to the
last digit retained.
• Example1:
a. Round off 78.6 into its nearest ones.
• Solution: The number to be rounded off is 6
which is greater than 5, drop 6 and add one to
the last digit retained.
• Answer: 79
Conversion of Decimals to Fractions

1 or

2 or

3 or or
 Convert English to Metric measurement system.

 Trade Mathematics / Measurement

Measuring accurately is a skill that should
be developed. Inaccurate measurement
would mean waste of time, effort and
materials. The development of the skill in
measuring starts with the ability to read
measurement.
Two systems of measurement
•There are two systems of measurement: the English system which
originated in England and the Metric system or Systems International (S.I)
which originated in France.
•The basic unit in the Systems International measurement is called the
meter. The meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided
into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:
 Millimeters mm
 Centimeters cm
 Decimeters dm
 Meters m
In the English system, the inch is divided
into 16 graduations and the smallest
graduation is read 1/16.
•Metric System of Measurement (linear equivalent)
 10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)
 10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
 10 decimeter (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)
 10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
 10 decameter (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)
 10 hectometer (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)
 10 kilometer (Km.) = 1 mayriameter (Mn.)
•English System of Measurement (linear equivalent)
 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
 3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)
•Metric Conversion Table
 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)
 1 centimeter = .3937 inches (in.)
 1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)
•English Conversion Table
 1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 (m.)
 1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
 1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)
•Conversion Formulas
 Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters
 Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters
 Length in feet ÷ 3.28 = length in meters
 Length in meters x 39.37 = length in inches
 Length in inches ÷ 39.37 = length in meters
 Length in feet x 0.305 = length in meters
 Length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeters
English Units in terms of Length
The basic units for length or distance measurements in the English system are the inch,
foot, yard, and mile. Other units of length also include the rod, furlong, and chain.
•Mass The mass of an object is often referred to as
its weight though these are different concepts and
quantities. Mass refers to the amount of matter in
an object, whereas weight refers to the force
experienced by an object due to gravity. In other
words, an object with a specific mass will weigh
more on the Earth than the moon.
English Units in terms of Mass
The avoirdupois pound is the primary unit of mass in the English system. Avoirdupois is
a system of weight based on the 16 ounces per pound rather than the 12 ounces per
pound in the troy system of weight.
Metric Units in terms of Mass.
The kilogram is the unit of mass in the metric system.

English to Metric Conversions

The avoirdupois pound is defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg.
•English Units in terms of Temperature
•The Fahrenheit scale, or degrees Fahrenheit (°F), is used
in the United States to measure temperature. On the
Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32°F while
the boiling point is 212°F at standard atmospheric pressure.
The boiling and freezing points of water are exactly 180
degrees apart, making each degree Fahrenheit 1/180 of the
interval between the two points.
•Metric Units in terms of Temperature
•The Celsius scale, or degrees Celsius (°C), is used the metric
system to measure temperature. On the Celsius scale, the
freezing point of water is 0°C while the boiling point is 100°C at
standard atmospheric pressure. The boiling and freezing points of
water are exactly 100 degrees apart, making each degree Celsius
1/100 of the interval between the two points. The Fahrenheit and
Celsius scales converge at -40° (i.e. -40°F and -40°C are the
same temperature).
English to Metric Conversions
•English Units in terms of Pressure.
• In the English system, air pressure is
typically measured in inches mercury
(inHg)
•Metric Units in terms of Pressure
Air pressure is measured in millimeters
mercury (mmHg) or millibars (mbars) in the
metric system, but may also be measured in
pascals or kilopascals.
 Transposition of simple formulae

 Example: Consider the formula v = u+at.

Suppose we wish to transpose this formula to
obtain one for t. Because we want to obtain t
on its own we start by subtracting u from each
side:

v = u + at
1.1.1 The formula for the simple pendulum