3D

PRINTING
A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners to Learning
3D Printing projects and Techniques
(2020 EDITION)

LOUIS

GOMERA
Copyright © 2020 Louis Gomera

All rights reserved.

It is not legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of

this document by either electronic means or in printed
format. Recording of this publication is strictly prohibited

Disclaimer

The information in this book is based on personal experience

and anecdotal evidence. Although the author has made
every attempt to achieve an accuracy of the information
gathered in this book, they make no representation or
warranties concerning the accuracy or completeness of the
contents of this book. Your circumstances may not be suited
to some illustrations in this book.

The author disclaims any liability arising directly or indirectly

from the use of this book. Readers are encouraged to seek
accounting, legal, or professional help when required.

This guide is for informational purposes only, and the author

does not accept any responsibilities for any liabilities resulting
from the use of this information. While every attempt has
been made to verify the information provided here, the
author cannot assume any responsibility for errors,
inaccuracies, or omission.
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................
WHAT IS 3D PRINTING .......................................................
HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING ..............................................
ACCEPTABILITY OF 3D PRINTING ....................................
TYPES OF 3D PRINTING...................................................
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................
3D printing techniques and technologies ...........................
HOW IT WORKS..............................................................
3D PRINTING APPLICATION ............................................
MATERIAL SCIENCE ........................................................
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................
RANCHES OF 3D PRINTING .................................................
CHILD-SAFE AND FOOD-SAFE MATERIALS FOR ALL
BRANCHES OF 3D PRINTING. ..........................................
MATERIALS FOR MULTI-MATERIAL PRINTING .................
CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................
Research that blend 3D printing and Electro-mechanical
Engineering .......................................................................
Acceleration and deceleration for mechanically moving
print designs ..................................................................
DESIGN AND ACTUATION OF ULTRA LIGHTWEIGHT
MOVING PARTS DESIGN.................................................
Derivative design ...........................................................
The ultrafine granularity of translational and rotation
for 3D scanners..............................................................
CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................
Sophisticated slicers for 3D printers ...................................
Wastage optimization for 3D printers ............................
Improved 3D proportional-Integration derivation (PID)..
Algorithms to maximize printing speed ..........................
Mechanical tolerance for 3D printing .............................
Wear and tear of mechanical parts ................................
CHAPTER SIX......................................................................
3D printing processors for ambient temperature ...............
3D printing humidity ......................................................
Material-specific variances of 3D printing ......................
CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................
Improved and inexpensive software for finite element
analysis of 3D printers........................................................
AutoCAD ........................................................................
Anisotropic Nature of 3D printed objects .......................
Mechanical survivability and strain management of 3D
printers ..........................................................................
CHAPTER EIGHT .................................................................
3D printing service Agencies ..............................................
Positioning and optimization for 3D printing agencies ....
CHAPTER NINE ...................................................................
Future of 3D printing..........................................................
The expression of 3D geometry ......................................
Uses of 3D printing.........................................................
Less obvious uses of 3D printing .....................................
Important bottlenecks in the 3D printing industry ..........
Tips to keep in mind while 3D printing ...........................
CHAPTER TEN.....................................................................
3D Bioprinting in Education ................................................
How it works ..................................................................
Benefits of 3D printing in education ...............................
Implementation of 3D printing in education ...................
Significance of 3D printing in education..........................
CHAPTER ELEVEN...............................................................
Why you should learn 3D printing......................................
CONCLUSION .....................................................................
 INTRODUCTION

Large and small industries are making use of

the additive technology called 3D printing.
The ability to create 3-dimensional objects of
almost any shape on-demand, while pushing
various industries to new levels of creation
and production, unlocks countless
possibilities.
The increasing use of 3D printing naturally
extends to all organizations, and this topic
covers what you need to know about 3D
printing.
 CHAPTER ONE

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING

In recent years, the term 3D printing has

gradually moved from alien to familiar in
being part of people's lives and work.
However, there are still many people who do
not have enough understanding of 3D
printing.

3D printing includes processes such as the

traditional manufacturing processes,
material manufacturing processes, and
subtractive manufacturing processes.

3D printing is not mysterious: it is just a new

type of manufacturing and processing
technology.
HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING
History records that 3D printing technology
appeared in the late 1980s to early 1990s
(also known as rapid prototyping
technology), and it has been less than 40
years. It is a technology that uses 3D digital
model files as input, uses powder-like metals
or plastics and other adhesive materials to
print objects layer by layer for object
construction.

3D printing is also called additive

manufacturing because materials are
stacked layer by layer. 3D printing is not a
mystery. Compared with a millennium-level
material manufacturing process and a
century-old subtractive manufacturing
process, it is only a new process for
manufacturing and molding, with a history of
fewer than 40 years.
ACCEPTABILITY OF 3D PRINTING

3D printing is still at its incubation stage, so it

has not gained lots of interest and
acceptance, although it is making life easy,
mostly in the medical industry, as it has
helped improve the carrying out of surgical
operations.
TYPES OF 3D PRINTING
The maximum generally renowned 3D
printing generation is thought to be FFF fuse
manufacturing technology; however, there
are many fashions of 3D Printing technology,
each of which has its peculiarity.

1. FFF (FDM) 3D Printing Technology

Fuse manufacturing technology (FFF: Fused

Filament Fabrication), has been the most
widely used 3D printing technology. How it
works is that the FFF 3D printer fuses the glue,
then extrudes it from the heating nozzle, prints
the object from the bottom in a 'layer-by-
layer' manner, a closer look at the object
printed with FFF 3D Printing technology will
make you feel like there are layers of
horizontal lines on the surface of the object.
 2. 3D model SLA Light Curing 3D Printing
Technology

SLA light curing 3d printing

(Stereolithography) technology focuses on
liquid photosensitive resin as the 3D printing
material. When the laser is irradiated to the
liquid photosensitive resin, the photosensitive
resin will be converted from a liquid to a solid,
and finally, the entire model will be formed.
Light curing 3d printing technology also 3D
prints objects in a 'layer-by-layer' manner.

3. DLP 3D Printing Technology

DLP 3D printing (Digital Light Processing)

technology has a similarity with SLA 3D
Printing technology, although the printing
details are very great because a whole layer
of photosensitive resin is cured every time
light is projected. The SLA laser cures the
photosensitive resin point by point. DLP uses
liquid photosensitive resin as a 3D printing
material. When printing, it also needs to add
support to the 3D model as support to print.

4. Binder Jetting (Inkjet Powder) 3D

Printing Technology

The printing materials used for Binder Jetting

Inkjet Powder 3D Printing technology are
some powdery materials. The powder is
bonded and formed by spraying the
adhesive. When the adhesive printing nozzle
sprays the adhesive to the powder, one layer
of the powder will be bonded, and each
layer of the bonded powder will be
combined with the previous layer of the
bonded powder, which is called a part of the
final product.

5. SLS 3D Printing Technology

SLS Laser Sintering (Selective laser sintering)

3D Printing technology is used to print
materials such as gypsum powder, nylon
powder, etc. SLS 3D Printing also 3D prints
object in layers. When the laser is irradiated
on the powder, the powder is sintered or
melted due to the high temperature. When
the powder is sintered or melted, the
powders will stick to each other, called a
solid, and form one layer of the 3D printed
product.

6. SLM 3D Printing Technology

Similar to SLS 3D Printing is SLM (Selective laser

melting) 3D Printing technology. Their
principles are roughly the same, but the 3D
Printing material used by SLM is metal
powder, so the temperature during laser
sintering needs to be higher to sinter the
metal powder.
 CHAPTER TWO

3D printing techniques and

technologies

3D printing is a new type of rapid prototyping

technology, which integrates cutting-edge
technologies in many fields such as digital
modeling technology, electromechanical
control technology, information technology,
materials science, and chemistry, etc.,
involving many fields.

3D printing, like a manufacturing process,

mainly involves the 3M concept namely
material, machine, modeling, which can be
viewed as three-table legs.
 Material: These are the materials used
in 3D printing; they include resin, metal,
ceramic, plastic or natural materials,
etc. These materials are stacked to
form real functional products.

 Machine: 3D printing equipment uses

materials (design data and production
data) to achieve product molding.

 Modeling: This is the software part of

the 3D printing process. Including
slicing, model construction, and
optimization, forming process control,
etc. This is the software part of the 3D
printing process.
HOW IT WORKS

As far as the current model acquisition

methods are concerned, there are generally
different types of model acquisition methods:

3D modeling: You can use the 3D modeling

software on the market to design the 3D
model from the master. The more common
3D modeling software is AutoCAD,
SolidWorks, Pro-E, Sketchup, and Rhino. This
modeling method is suitable for professional
design engineers or users who have a certain
foundation in using modeling software.

3D scanning: Scanning objects is an

alternative to 3D modeling. 3D scanners
digitize an object, collect its geometric data,
and save it as a file to a computer. Installing
the corresponding app on a mobile device
can also achieve 3D scanning.

Web download: Currently, the most popular

and easiest way to get 3D models is to
download them from the website. At the
same time, the website allows registered
users to upload 3D models of their design.

Processing model: The user processes the 3D

model through specific slicing software.
Translate the model file into G code (i.e.,
Gcode) that can be read by a 3D printer.
Weinan Dingxin uses the domestic slicing
software FlashPrint-wndx. FlashPrint-wndx
divides the 3D model into many layers and
outputs G code files in .g or .gx format. Both
file formats can be read by 3DP-150. Files can
be transferred to the 3DP-150 via USB data
cable, U disk, or WIFI connection.

Printing model: Import the sliced model into

the printer, complete the wire feeding,
leveling operations, and wait for the device
to warm up. The device will start arranging
the consumables layer by layer for the solid
transformation of the 3D model.

3D PRINTING APPLICATION
Presently, 3D printing is still dominated by
industrial grades, but consumer grades are
explosive. In recent years, 3D printing has
been expanding in the downstream
industries of industrial applications, and the
proportion of direct parts manufacturing has
also increased year by year. Although the
personal consumer market started late, it has
shown a rapid explosion in recent years.
According to WohlersAssociates statistics, the
industrial applications of 3D printing
technology are mainly distributed in
consumer electronics, automotive, medical,
aerospace, construction, scientific research,
and other fields.

The application of 3D printing technology in

the automotive industry is mainly in three
aspects:

1) Processing of structural parts of unmanned

aerial vehicles.
2) Production of some special processing and
assembling tools.

3) Processing of turbine blades, windshield

frames, cyclones, and other components.

MATERIAL SCIENCE
3D printing manufacturing technology
completely changes the traditional
manufacturing industry's methods and
principles and it is a subversion of the
traditional manufacturing model. Therefore,
3D printing materials have become the main
bottleneck that restricts the development of
3D printing. It is also the key and difficult point
of 3D printing breakthrough innovation. Only
by developing more new materials can the
application field of 3D printing technology be
extended. At present, 3D printing materials
mainly include polymer materials, metal
materials, ceramic materials, and composite
materials.

1. 3D printed polymers

 Engineering plastics

Engineering plastics refer to industrial plastics

used as industrial parts or housing materials.
They are plastics with excellent strength,
impact resistance, heat resistance, hardness,
and aging resistance. Engineering plastics
are currently the most widely used type of 3D
printing materials. Common examples
include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
copolymer (ABS), polyamide (PA),
polycarbonate (PC) etc.

2. ABS

ABS material has become a preferred

engineering plastic for 3D printing through
fused deposition due to its good hot melt and
impact strength. At present, ABS is mainly
made into silk and powdered, and its
application scope covers almost all daily
necessities, engineering supplies, and some
mechanical supplies. In recent years, ABS has
not only gradually expanded in the
application field but also continuously
improved its performance. With the strong
adhesion and strength of ABS, ABS has been
modified to make it a wider range of
applications as a 3D printing material.

3. PA
PA is high in strength and flexible at the same
time, so 3D printing can be used directly to
manufacture equipment parts. PA carbon
fiber composite plastic resin parts
manufactured by 3D printing have high
strength and toughness and can be used for
mechanical tools instead of metal tools. In
addition, due to the adhesiveness and
powder properties of PA, it can be mixed with
ceramic powder, glass powder, metal
powder, etc., and low-temperature 3D
printing of ceramic powder, glass powder,
and metal powder can be achieved by
bonding.

4. PC

PC has excellent strength; its strength is about

60% higher than ABS material, so it is suitable
for the application of super-strength
engineering products.

5. PPFS

PPSF has the highest heat resistance,

toughness, and chemical resistance. It has
the best performance among various rapid-
prototyping engineering plastic materials.
Through the composite treatment of carbon
fiber and graphite, PPSF shows extremely high
strength and can be used for 3D printing
Manufacture of high load-bearing products
has become the preferred material for
replacing metals and ceramics.

6. PEEK

PEEK has the advantages of excellent

abrasion resistance, biocompatibility,
chemical stability, and Young's modulus
closest to human bones. It is an ideal artificial
bone replacement material and suitable for
long-term implantation in humans. The 3D
printing technology based on the principle of
fused deposition molding is safe and
convenient, does not require the use of a
laser, and has simple post-processing. The
bionic artificial bone is manufactured by
combining with PEEK material.

7. EP
EP (Elasto Plastic) is elastic-plastic, which is a
3D printing raw material newly developed by
Shapeways. It can avoid the brittleness
problems of wearable items or deformable
products printed with ABS. As the name
suggests, Elasto Plastic is a new type of soft 3D
printing material. When it is shaped, it uses the
principle of "sintering layer by layer" like ABS,
but the printed product has fairly good
elasticity and is easy to recover from
deformation. This material can be used to
make products like 3D printed shoes, phone
cases and 3D printed clothing.
 CHAPTER THREE

RANCHES OF 3D PRINTING

 Medical field

3D printers create prostheses, trachea, and

sternum. Skin and tissue are bioprinted.
Dental professionals 3D print crowns and
bridges.

 Geology

3D printers replicate unreachable

underground rocks, space rocks, and fragile
fossils for visualization and learning purposes.
  Veterinary

3D printers in the veterinary field for

horseshoes and animal prostheses.

 Forensic field

Forensics uses 3D printing technology to

reproduce crime scenes, facial
reconstruction, and evidence reproduction.

 Engineering

Engineering 3D printed automotive and jet

engine parts, robots, satellite parts, and
drones.

 Building and Construction

The building and construction industry uses

3D printing for scale models and
prefabricated houses.

 Fashion
The fashion industry creates jewelry, designer
clothes, and splints for sneakers through 3D
printing.

 Entertainment

In terms of entertainment, there are 3D

printed selfies, wedding cake tops, copying
happy couples, toys and toy parts, and
custom earplugs.

CHILD-SAFE AND FOOD-SAFE

MATERIALS FOR ALL BRANCHES OF
3D PRINTING.

Although 3D printing technology has

matured a lot in recent years, there are
certain risks in using this technology to print
items, especially when using plastics,
because this material has never been
healthy. Submerged or hot water, plastic
products may leak toxic chemicals. In
addition, a few years ago, some
polycarbonate plastics and epoxy materials
were found to contain bisphenol A, a
chemical that can affect endocrine or cause
other harm. Therefore, the same problem
may also occur with 3D printed wires that are
also plastics.

Common 3D printed wires, such as ABS, are

not food safe and are carcinogenic by
environmental protection departments, but
PLA, another material, has been proven to be
relatively safe and can be used to make
food-related items. At present, some 3D
printing companies have developed food-
safe wire made of PET materials. Now, two
major companies in South Korea, 3D printer
manufacturer ROKIT, and chemical
company Kolon Plastics have jointly
launched two more secure wires. It claims to
be the world's first completely non-toxic 3D
printed wire (the container for food in the
picture above is 3D printed using these two
wires, you can easily see from the
appearance texture).

According to China's 3D printing professional

media platform Antarctic Bear, the first of
these two ultra-safe wires is called "Kitchen
and Deco," which does not contain
bisphenol A, which is fully in line with the US
Food and Drug Administration's Claim. ROKIT
guarantees that it will not emit carcinogenic
or disturbing endocrine chemicals, and can
be used to 3D print kitchen items and even
bottles for children.

The second type of wire is called "Skinflex,"

which is specially designed for printing
clothing, accessories and other human
contact items. Similar to Kitchen and Deco
above, it is also a completely non-toxic,
flexible material.

MATERIALS FOR MULTI-MATERIAL

PRINTING
Color variations and plastic types are major
materials or pieces of equipment for Multi-
material printing. Below are some of the
unique trends in multi-material printing:

 Dual independent extruders: e.g.,

BCN3D Sigma
 Combined dual/triple+ nozzle
extruders: e.g., Lulzbot FlexyDually Tool
Head or Flash Forge Creator Pro
 Combined single nozzle extruders: e.g.,
Prusa i3 MMU or Creatlity CR-X
 Multi-material hotend mixing (mostly
for full-color range): e.g., QuadFusion
or RoVa4D
  Filament Splicing: e.g., Mosaic Palette
2 (Pro)
 Polyjet printers suchlike the Stratasys
J735 and J750

MATERIALS FOR 3D PRINTERS

ACTIVE PARTS

 HOT END

Hot End is one of the most relevant parts of

the 3D printer. This is where the plastic is
melted and expelled in little tiny layers. There
are many different types of Hot Ends
available on the market today.

 NOZZLE

The tip of the Hot End where the plastics

come out is known as the nozzle. It should be
replaced when needed. The nozzle is not
'one size fits all' it usually comes in 0.25mm -
0.75mm, the most popular type comes in
0.5mm size, it is advisable to change nozzle
sizes for the type of design and desired result
you need.

 EXTRUDER

The Extruder is another active part that feeds

the filament to the hot end. The extruder is
usually mounted at the top of the hot end to
the spindle so that the Filament can feed
directly to the hot end.

 COOLING FAN
Just as it feels good to the human body to get
air and be free from heat, that's the cooling
fan's role in the 3D printing process is, it is a
must-have component of a 3D printer.
Cooling fan drastically improves any form of
overhanging, makes the sharp edges crisp,
resulting in an excellent capacity of good
bridges. Note, the majority of the cooling fans
are not made equally.

 HEATED BED

If you want your plastics to be warm

throughout the printing process and also
avoid warping, better quality adhesion
between layers, to get good structured
encryption for printing parts, then a heated
bed is required. It is not a finger-friendly zone
due to its high temperature.
  LCD (DISPLAY)

With an LCD controller, you will not need to

connect a computer or use a software host
like Cura while 3D printing. An SD card is
needed to read the G-code. If you need a
comfortable day-to-day printing, the display
is effective for better space usage. It also
releases the computer of other tasks.

 MULTIPLE EXTRUDERS

Multiple extruders allow for multiple-color

printing and also in delegating specific colors
sequentially. You also get the benefit of
structured support through various materials
that liquefy in water following the type of
material in use.
MATERIALS FOR EXTREMELY HIGH-
RESOLUTION PRINTING, INCLUDING MEDICAL
AND AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS.

There's a continuous development of

additive manufacturing technologies to push
the application of 3D printing to new
industrial manufacturing fields. Three-
dimensional (3D) printing equipment is
suitable for processing a wide range of
functional materials, including conductive
metals, dielectric materials, and biomedical
materials, from structural metals to the
electronics industry. With a flexible system of
equipment, these high-resolution materials
can be used for prototyping, print
manufacturing and processing or repairing
high-value metal components and obsolete
parts. Below are some of the core products
with unique technical performance

 Aerosol Jet series for printing and

manufacturing of 3D electronic
components

Aerosol Jet (aerosol jet) printer can be used

to additively fabricate fine electronic
components, 3D structures, and site-specific
placement of biomaterials on a variety of
substrates of any shape, facilitating many
application areas (e.g., aerospace, defense,
consumer electronics, wearables, and 3D
conformable sensors and antennas used in
the Internet of Things (IoT).
  LENS series for printing and
manufacturing 3D metal parts

LENS (Laser Fused Air Jet Metal Powder

Forming) 3D metal printer can be used to
cost-effective repair, process and additively
manufacture high-performance materials
such as titanium alloys, stainless steels,
superalloys, etc. throughout the entire
product life cycle ).

The unique technical performance of its

printing systems is being used widely to
manufacture and repair high-reliability
aerospace and military components, and
can simultaneously meet the needs of
demanding consumer electronics,
manufacturing industries with performance
and cost requirements.
COLOUR DYE MATERIALS AND DELIVERY
METHODS FOR FULL-COLOUR PRINTING

The three primary colors of color dye, also

called color light are red, green, and blue.
The reason they are called the three primary
colors is that they can no longer be
decomposed, nor can they be mixed out by
other colors. When a colored dye is mixed, it
tends to form brighter colors than before. This
phenomenon is called "additive mixing." By
mixing the three primary colors of different
proportions and intensities of color and light,
almost all kinds of colors can be displayed.
Computer graphics are changed by 256
steps of red, green, and blue (RGB), and a
combination of 16.77 million (256 x 256 x 256
= 16777216) Colors.
The three primary colors of the colorant refer
to three colors of cyan (Cyan), magenta
(Magenta), and yellow (Yellow). Cyan mixed
with magenta will get blue, magenta mixed
with yellow will get red, yellow mixed with
cyan will get green, and the three primary
colors of the color mixture will form an
approximate black. Since the three primary
colors of the colorant cannot be mixed with
true black, black (Black), which is the so-
called four basic colors of CMYK, is often
added in practical applications (such as
printing and inkjet printing). Because the
coloring material has the property of
absorbing light, after mixing, it tends to form
a darker color than before.

This phenomenon is called "subtractive

mixing." Based on the three primary colors of
color light and color material as the basic
hue, they interpolate and surround each
other into a ring, the so-called hue ring.
Familiarizing with the arrangement order of
the colors in the hue ring can help infer the
color mixing result, and it will be handier when
adjusting the color.

o Method

If you ignore the color settings for printing

when making archives, no matter how good
a printing factory is, there would be
discrepancies in the printed product and
archive data.

Let's understand the difference between

screen display and printing.
There are two ways to display colors: " RGB "
and " CMYK. "

o RGB

A method of using R (red) G (green) B (blue)

three colors to display various colors,

It is mostly used for LCD, such as TV,

computer, smartphone, etc.

o CMYK

Display method using C (cyan) M (magenta)

Y (yellow) K (not dark gray but black).

In full-color printing, these four colors of ink

are used to reproduce colors.

Use software such as CLIP STUDIO PAINT or

Photoshop to convert the submission data
into CMYK format.
Screen printing is suitable for printing cotton
knitted T-shirts. The thicker woven cotton is
also a good choice.

Silk screening is a type of printmaking

technology, which can print patterns on
clothing, such as T-shirts and cloth bags. The
readers can print their favorite works at home
as long as they understand the production
principles. Screen printing usually relies on
stencils and screens to print patterns. Among
them, the method of making screens is to use
thin woven meshes to fasten on wooden or
aluminum frames. In the early days, silkscreen
was often used — polyamide or nylon mesh.
The stencil can be covered by a template to
form a pattern. Templates are mostly made
of impermeable materials, such as film or
paper.

In simple terms, the screen printing process

uses a rubber scraper to push the printing
paste away from the template, and the
printing paste will seep into the fabric from
the blank space of the template, and the
screen can be reused after washing. In terms
of pattern design, you can directly draw
images or use patterns for repeated design. If
you choose to design with repeating
patterns, you must pay attention to the ratio
of the pattern to the figure. For example,
children's clothing often uses small patterns;
men's shirts also use small patterns, stripes, or
plaids; and large patterns are more suitable
for furniture.

Before printing, please prepare the following

tools:

1. Pad plate

2. Utility knife

3. Plastic folder (or transparent

transparency film)

4. 1-inch waterproof paper tape

5. Wooden screen (or aluminum screen)

6. Rubber scraper

7. Small container (or paper cup)

8. Spoon

9. Hairdryer
  Place the template (blue film) on the
screen (wooden frame) and fix it with
waterproof tape, then you can use it.
 Use a rubber scraper to push the
printing paste away from the template,
and the printing paste will seep into the
fabric from the blank space of the
template.
 Synthetic emulsified pulp (water-based
ink, also known as the atomic pulp)
can be purchased by general
chemical raw materials companies or
large craft shops.

Then prepare printing paste and cloth.

Screen printing is best for printing cotton knit
T-shirts, and thicker woven cotton is also a
good choice. The materials for making
printing paste include color and emulsified
pulp (water-based ink, also known as the
atomic pulp).
 CHAPTER FOUR

Research that blend 3D

printing and Electro-
mechanical Engineering

3D printing is mainly through software design

procedures, relying on digital tools, sharing
and delivery via Internet technology, and
completing production with localized
production methods to reduce costs, control
pollution, and meet individual needs.
The current application range of 3D printing
technology spans all walks of life. Common
application fields mainly include the
following areas, including the medical field,
military field, mechanical automation field,
architectural design field, aerospace field
and so on.

The application of 3D printing technology in

the mechanical manufacturing industry has
effectively broadened the design breadth of
manufacturing product design. Many
designers in traditional mechanical
production design often also have better
product designs, but due to the limited
technical level, many design concepts
cannot be achieved. The emergence of 3D
printing technology has solved this technical
dilemma, and many model designs that
could not be achieved in the past have been
produced into finished products.
Acceleration and deceleration
for mechanically moving print
designs
Previous techniques for accelerating and
decelerating industrial robots and
computerized numerical control (CNC)
machine tools either can't be computed in
real-time, fail to get various motion profiles or
cannot fully utilize the utmost values of
velocity and acceleration. An efficient
technique is proposed that has been
designed to get various motion profiles that
fully utilize the utmost values of velocity and
acceleration.
DESIGN AND ACTUATION OF
ULTRA LIGHTWEIGHT MOVING
PARTS DESIGN
People have used additive manufacturing to
create 3D printed musical instruments
(including drums, electric guitars, bass and
keyboards), 3D printed foods (including
space meals and military meals), 3D printed
clothing, prosthetics and human organs for
transplantation. There are even 3D PRINTED
cars.

In the field of 3D printed car design, not only

are start-ups and pioneer experimenters
struggling to develop and make headlines
with eye-catching concepts, but traditional
car manufacturers are also committed to
gradually upgrading original products and
making substantial improvements.
With generative-design or derivative design
technology, engineers and computers can
collaborate in new ways to create new
designs never possible before.

Derivative design
If additive manufacturing is the door to the
future of the automotive industry, derivative
design could be the key to opening the door.
Derivative design is the use of computers,
cloud, and artificial intelligence to explore
the various designs of vehicle parts and
components. The combination of these
methods can lead to new parts of design
solutions, which cannot be achieved by
engineers or computers alone.

With this model, the engineer first establishes

the design goals and constraints of the
component, including parameters such as
materials, manufacturing methods, and
budget, and enters them into the derivative
design software. Then, the software analyzes
and evaluates all possible design solutions
through algorithms, and calculates the best
solution among them.

Automotive-part designs like these are

possible today only through additive
manufacturing. Derivative design, coupled
with additive manufacturing, can bring
comprehensive disruptive changes to the
automotive industry. The automotive industry
has traditionally been limited by traditional
manufacturing processes, such as grinding
and injection molding, which can only be
manufactured by very simple geometry.
In addition, traditional processes are costly
and have low flexibility, so experimental costs
are high. With derivative design and additive
manufacturing, an unlimited number of
designs can be made with minimal
investment. Software, coupled with a 3D
printer, can produce countless parts, and the
shape is not limited. Organic shapes and
internal grids are all possible. This can only be
achieved by additive manufacturing.
The ultrafine granularity of
translational and rotation for 3D
scanners
With the advancement in technology, 3D
scanners are becoming more popular. This
tiny 3D scanner which consists of a camera,
a turntable and laser, and its dedicated
software, scans small items in everyday life
into a three-dimensional computer image by
placing the object in the center of the
turntable.

With the laser continuously turned on and off,

the camera can take multiple pictures at
different angles and compare them to
extract the outline of the object. The
turntable rotates 800 times continuously,
each time it rotates by 0.45 °. After the
rotation is completed, the outline information
of the entire object can be scanned, and a
three-dimensional image is an output on the
computer.
 CHAPTER FIVE

Sophisticated slicers for 3D

printers
There are varieties of 3D slicing software on
the market, and each one has its special
features.

 3DPrinterOS

3DPrinterOS is a cloud-based 3D slicing

software, so as long as you connect a 3D
printer to your computer, you can use
3DPrinterOS through a web browser and slice
the model. In addition to the general print
setting function, it also has the function of
automatically repairing problematic models.
It comes in free and paid versions.

 KISSlicer

There are two versions of this 3D slicing

software, depending on which version you
use, it can be a very complicated slicing
software. Some people think that it can
replace the 3D slicing software, and some
people think that its interface is more
complicated and difficult to use.

Its free version is only suitable for printing with

a printer with only one head, but the
professional version can be applied to a
multi-head 3D printer. The free version has
fewer settings. If you want more advanced
settings, you need to buy the professional
version.

This 3D slicing software supports most FDM 3D

printers on the market. If you cannot find your
printer in this software, you need to set it
manually.

 Simplify3D

Simplify3D is a 3D slicer software for

professionals. It is not free by itself. Because
users can download and import different 3D
printer configuration files, Simplify3D can
support many 3D printers. If the user cannot
find the required 3D printer configuration, he
can also set it himself. This software allows you
to import, scale, rotate and repair 3D models.
The speed of importing STL, OBJ or 3MF files is
also very fast, even if there are many 3D
model meshes in the file.

 Repetier-Host

This 3D slicing software is quite popular in the

RepRap community. Suitable for
intermediate to advanced users. Since it
supports 3D printers with more than one
ejector, it can be applied to dual-nozzle 3D
printers. There are also several slicing engines
in the software for users to choose from. In
addition, the software also has model repair
functions. For minor issues, Repetier-Host can
help you fix it automatically.

 Flashprint

This is a slicing software for Flashforge 3D

printers. There is a choice of basic or expert
mode in the software. The general basic
mode is ready for users to print. However, if
you want to set more different settings, you
can choose the expert mode.

 BCN3D Cura

BCN3D Cura itself is a professional slicing

software, and the operation interface is quite
simple. Among them, users can make
different in-depth settings to make the
printed model better. The BCN3D printer
series specially use this version of the
software.

 MatterControl

MatterControl is a 3D slicing software that

needs to be downloaded and used. It can be
connected to a 3D printer for printing, or
Gcode can be saved to an SD card for
printing after slicing. MatterControl has three
built-in slicing engines (MatterSlice,
CuraEngine, and Slic3r). Users can choose
according to their habits. The software can
adjust the layer height, filling density, support
material and raft. These settings can be
saved for later printing. In addition, it also has
other further functions such as automatic
mesh repair and support for multiple ejectors.
Wastage optimization for 3D
printers

3D printing technology has the advantage of

reducing waste and saving costs compared
to traditional manufacturing technology.
Nevertheless, if not handled properly, the
total cost of 3D printing sometimes exceeds
the cost that can be invested. In this article,
you will get a list of several good ways to
reduce the cost of 3D printing. Whether you
are using a desktop 3D printer or an industrial
3D printer, it can help you save
manufacturing and reduce costs.

1. Optimized design

Well-designed 3D printed parts follow many

of the same rules as injection molding. These
include: using gradient transitions between
adjacent surfaces. Eliminate huge
differences in cross-section and part volume.
Avoid sharp corners that often create
residual stress on the finished work piece.
Note that thin, unsupported walls will not print
too high, or they may bend or warp. Shallow
angled surfaces tend to leave ugly "stepped"
surfaces, which makes them lacking beauty
features, so they need to be flattened as
much as possible.

2. Hollow out your 3D model

Unless you want to print a solid bowling ball,

you also choose to print solid models for other
models, which will waste your time and
money. But one thing to note is that if you
don't print solid, the model should control the
thickness of the thinner because the
minimum shell thickness is required to
maintain structural integrity. For plastics and
ceramics, this value can be between 1mm
and 3mm, and for titanium, it is best to keep
this value around 0.2mm.

3. Abandon tradition

The most dramatic 3D printed part designs

use the power of 3D to create "organic"
shapes, such as honeycombs and complex
matrices. Don't be afraid to use these shapes;
only doing so will create lighter and stronger
parts. You should also not be afraid to place
holes (and many of them) in your design. With
the development of traditional
manufacturing, drilling holes in solid material
blocks have increased part costs and waste.
This is not the case in the 3D printing world, as
more holes mean less powder and less
processing time. Remember that 3D printed
holes need not be round. In general, oval,
hexagonal or free-form hole shapes will
better fit the part design and be easier to
print.

4. Optimize print settings

If you want to save some money and get

higher print quality at the same time, you can
start with the best print settings. For example,
when preparing to print on layered software,
enter the best settings for the model you want
to print. This process requires your iterations.
The correct settings not only ensure higher-
quality printing but also reduce printing
failures, nozzle clogging and other
unnecessary errors, and also help you retain
materials, thereby reducing the cost of 3D
printing.
 5. Consider the next steps in the design
cycle

However, just because you can print parts

with many holes; this does not mean that you
should print this way, especially if you plan to
make many such parts in the future. Because
3D printing offers great design flexibility, you
don't have to think about how parts are
made after prototyping.

Based on the examples at the beginning of

this design tip, more and more companies
are finding 3D printing suitable for end-use
parts, but as production grows, many parts
will switch from printing to machining,
molding or casting. That is why it's important
to perform manufacturability (DFM) analysis
early in the design cycle to ensure cost-
effective production throughout the part life
cycle.
3D printed parts may require more upfront
costs, but do not let it scare you. With 3D
printing, you can reduce the number of parts,
reduce weight, improve structural integrity,
reduce assembly costs, and reduce internal
channels for cooling or wiring, and other
functions not possible with traditional designs.

Also, keep in mind that 3D printing does not

require fixtures, molds, and other types of
tools, eliminating costs that may not be
directly related to the price of individual
parts. Focusing on part price tags, not
product features, and "big picture" may allow
you to design the same parts as before,
eliminating the opportunity to reduce overall
manufacturing costs.
Improved 3D proportional-
Integration derivation (PID)

In engineering practice, the most widely used

regulator control laws are proportional,
integral, and differential control referred to as
PID control, also known as PID regulation. The
PID controller has been in existence for nearly
70 years, and it has become one of the main
industrial control technologies for its simple
structure, good stability, reliable work, and
easy adjustment.

When the structure and parameters of the

controlled object cannot be fully grasped, or
accurate mathematical models are not
available, and other technologies of control
theory are difficult to adopt, the structure
and parameters of the system controller must
be determined by experience and field
debugging. At this time, it is most convenient
to apply PID control technology. That is, when
we do not fully understand a system and the
controlled object or cannot effectively
measure the system parameters to obtain the
system parameters; the PID control
technology is most suitable. PID control, there
are also PI and PD control in practice. The PID
controller is the system error. It uses
proportional, integral, and differential to
calculate the control amount for control.

1. Proportional control (P)

Proportional control is one of the most

commonly used control methods. For
example, we control the constant
temperature of a heater at 100 degrees.
When the heating is started, the temperature
is far from the target temperature. At this
time, we usually increase the heating to
make the temperature rise quickly. When the
temperature exceeds 100 degrees, we turn
off the output.

2. Proportional integral control (PI)

The existence of integral is an improvement

for the characteristic of proportional control
or difference or oscillation. It is often
controlled with proportional control, that is, PI
control.

3. PID control

The existence of I in the PI system will affect

the response speed of the entire control
system. To solve this problem, we have
added a D derivative term to the control.

During the PID debugging process, we should

pay attention to the following steps:

 Turn off I and D, which is set to 0.

Increase P to make it oscillate;
  Reduce P to find the critical oscillation
point;
 Increase I to reach the target value;
 Re-power on to see if the overshoot,
oscillation and stabilization time meet
the requirements;
 Add some differential terms
appropriately for the situation of
overshoot and oscillation;

Note that all debugging should be

debugged under the condition of maximum
contention, to ensure that the results of
debugging can be valid in the entire working
range;

4. PID controller parameter tuning

Parameter tuning of the PID controller is the

core content of the control system design. It
is the size of the PID controller proportional
coefficient, integration time and derivative
time determined by the characteristics of the
controlled process.

There are many parameters tuning methods

for PID controllers, which are summarized in
two major categories: one is the theoretical
calculation tuning method. It is mainly based
on the mathematical model of the system
and theoretically determines the controller
parameters.

Algorithms to maximize printing

speed

At present, except for some very simple items,

using 3D printing machine to print items takes
a long time, recently, researchers at the
University of Michigan developed a new type
of algorithm, which can greatly shorten the
printing time, without an additional wear or
tear on the printer and no need for printer
hardware upgrades.

First, let's understand why 3D printers print

slowly.

The existing 3D printer has the problem that

the faster the workings speed, the larger the
vibration amplitude. Consumer printers are
made of lightweight, flexible, and
inexpensive materials, so this problem is even
more pronounced. It is precisely this problem
that causes the printer to maintain a low
speed when printing products.

Knowing the origin of the problem is the right

solution.

As for the solution to the problem of 3D

printers, a scholar explained: "With the
knowledge of the printer's dynamic behavior,
the program can predict when the printer will
experience excessive vibration and adjust its
motion accordingly."

Based on this principle, the research team

applied a filtering b-spline algorithm to printer
control software. The algorithm predicts
which parts of the print job will cause the most
vibration, and preemptively adjusts the
printer's motion to compensate for them.

The researcher explained, "Our algorithm is

preemptive because it knows the printer's
behavior and controls it in advance." So items
that usually take hours to print can be
completed in two hours.

Regarding the application of this algorithm,

the scholar said, "In the end, we hope that this
algorithm can be used as firmware for various
printers to help increase the speed of
printers."
Mechanical tolerance for 3D
printing
Today's 3D printing technology can print a
very large number of objects. Although the
technology is getting more and more
advanced, a certain degree of tolerance is
still maintained. Some of these factors can be
avoided.

 First factor: Wrong conversion file

format

To use 3D printers to print your items, you first

need a file in STL format. But generally, you
create 3D digital models in CAD software,
and the format there is STP. So you need to
convert the file format.

The biggest problem with the conversion

result is probably the surface of the object
because the surface will become a lot of
triangles. In order to reduce the size of the
triangle and thus make the surface smooth, it
is necessary to improve the resolution of the
file. It should be noted that the resolution
cannot be selected too high. Too high
resolution will cause the file to be too large,
and the too-large file may not be processed
by the computer.

 The second factor: the basic

tolerances that come with various 3D
printing technologies

SLA (Three- dimensional Light Curing

Technology) Tolerance: ± 0.2 mm SLA and
Polyjet are the most accurate technologies.
The tolerances that occur are based on the
bending of the object (especially thin flat
surfaces).

1) Tolerances for DLP (projector mode or

digital light processing): ± 0.1-0.2 mm
2) Resolution determines the tolerance. In
very small objects, tolerance is only 100
µm (1 mm).
3) SLS (selective laser sintering) tolerance: at
least ± 0.15 mm plus ± 0,15% of the longest
axis.

Although a more popular technique, it is less

accurate for professional requirements. Heat
is used in the printing process, so it may cause
the object to shrink or warp.

1) FDM / FFF (fused deposition modeling

technology) tolerances: ± 0.5 mm

The standard materials for this technology are

ABS and PLA plastics. After cooling, most ABS
will shrink by 8%, while PLA will only shrink by
2%. Most professional printers can even
tolerate 1 mm tolerances.

2) SLM (Selective Laser Melting Technology):

up to 10 cm length ± 0.2 mm, followed by
 approximately 2% of the longest axis,
which has about the same heat problems
as SLS. Objects printed with this technique
are almost flawless (20 µm). Many times,
an extra 1-2 mm of material is added to
allow sanding after printing. Therefore, not
only will there be fewer tolerances, but the
quality of the surface will also be greatly
improved.
3) Polyjet tolerances: objects up to 10 cm in
length ± 0.1 mm, followed by about 1% of
the longest axis

Items printed with this technique are very

accurate because UV light is used instead of
thermal energy. Therefore, thinner models
can hardly be stretched or shortened.

 Third factor: tolerances due to design

and print orientation

The more robust and simple the design of the

model are, the more accurate the print
results it will be. The same model is printed in
different directions in the printer, and the
results can be different every time.

 The fourth factor: tolerances caused by

finishing

Post-processing is an indispensable step in 3D

printing technology. Most technologies
require the removal of any supporting
structure and excess material after reprinting.
All prints require at least manual sanding.

Wear and tear of mechanical

parts
For mechanical parts with complex curved
surfaces, the measurement and evaluation
of wear and tear amount must reach the
goal of quantification, precision, and
visualization. Traditional methods have been
powerless. To this end, a new method is
proposed, which is a visual analysis method
based on reverse engineering technology to
measure and evaluate the amount of
mechanical wear.

The key technologies in the realization

process are described in detail with a
research example, including the digital
measurement technology of wear parts
surface based on reverse engineering, the
preprocessing technology of measurement
point cloud, the comparison technology of
digital model alignment before and after the
wear, and the method of visual wear
evaluation.
 CHAPTER SIX

3D printing processors for

ambient temperature

As we all know, the processor design should

be very precise, the danger of opening the
cover is extremely high, and it will be
scrapped if you don't pay attention. A
special tool for opening the CPU cover was
made. It consists of two parts: the top cover
of a Skylake processor is placed in the middle
and locked up, then it is inserted into the
screwdriver at both ends, and the cover can
be opened directly.

This gadget is just a hobby for some people.

Also, the processor design is very precise, the
danger of opening the cover is extremely
high, and it will be scrapped if you don't pay
attention. A special tool for opening the CPU
cover was made. It consists of two parts: the
top cover of a Skylake processor is placed in
the middle and locked up, then it is inserted
into the screwdriver at both ends, and the
cover can be opened directly.

3D printing humidity
The humidity of 3D printers should be
moisture-free, you can get a dry storage box
designed to keep your printed filaments dry.

One of the more convenient methods is to

store it in a plastic storage box. But not every
box is suitable for storing 3D printed materials
and moisture resistance. The following are
guidelines for plastic storage boxes for
reference:

Everyone may not know that 3D printing

materials are affected by moisture, which will
affect the printing quality and cause many
printing problems, so this topic introduces
how to store printing materials to avoid being
affected by humidity properly.

-Requires a sealed lid and fasten the box.

-Size allows more print materials to be stored.

-The storage box is transparent.

-Stackable.

The sealed lid and fast boxes are important to

prevent moisture from entering the storage
box and affecting 3D printed materials. As for
the size, it is best to load 5 rolls of 750g to 1kg
print material at one time.
It is best to choose a transparent box for the
color selection of the storage box because if
there are several storage boxes, you can
easily find which box has which color of the
3D printing material. You do not need to
open the cover to find it, which affects the
moisture resistance effect.

If you have already bought a box that meets

the specifications, the other thing to do is to
reduce the humidity in the air in the storage
box. Otherwise, the 3D printing materials will
be easily wet, so we will buy some dry.

The agent is placed in a box to prevent

moisture. A reusable mini dehumidifier like the
one below is ideal because it can be reused
repeatedly and is very cost-effective. The
moisture-proof machine itself does not need
to be driven by electricity. There are a lot of
desiccant beads in the moisture-proof
machine. When it changes from blue
(meaning dry) to pink (meaning wet), it
knows that it is full of moisture. Once you see
that the plastic beads are pink (that is, the
water is saturated), plug the mini moisture-
proof machine into the power supply to
remove the moisture from those plastic
beads, then you can put the moisture-proof
machine into the storage box again in order
to provide a good dry environment for 3D
printing materials.
Material-specific variances of 3D
printing

Currently, most of the domestic metal 3D

printing materials rely on imports and are
expensive, which has prompted domestic
companies and institutions dedicated to 3D
printing metal materials to develop metal 3D
printing materials independently.

However, because of the material properties

of metal 3D printing materials, they have
specific application areas. Therefore, the
process of selecting metal 3D printing
materials is a process that weighs multiple
factors. In addition, 3D printed metals cannot
be determined solely by the parameters of
metal 3D printers. Each metal material has its
limit points suitable for its characteristics,
including applications, functions, stability,
durability, aesthetics, and economic factors
to consider.

BLACK METAL STEEL

1. Stainless

Steel (Stainless Steel) is the abbreviation of

stainless acid-resistant steel. Steels that are
resistant to weakly corrosive media such as
air, steam, and water, or stainless steel are
called stainless steel.

The type of steel that is corroded by chemical

etching is called acid-resistant steel. Due to
the difference in chemical composition
between the two, their corrosion resistance is
different. Ordinary stainless steel is generally
not resistant to chemical media corrosion,
while acid-resistant steel is generally stainless.

2. Superalloys

Superalloys have excellent high-temperature

strength, good resistance to oxidation and
hot corrosion, good fatigue properties,
fracture toughness, and other
comprehensive properties, and have
become irreplaceable key materials for
military and civilian gas turbine engine hot-
end components.
Non-ferrous metals

1. Titanium

Titanium looks like steel, has a silver-gray light

translation, is a transition metal, and it has
been considered a rare metal for some time.
Titanium is not a rare metal. Titanium
accounts for about 0.42% of the total weight
in the earth's crust, which is 16 times the total
amount of copper, nickel, lead, and zinc.
Ranked seventh in the metal world, there are
more than 70 titanium-containing minerals.
Titanium has high strength, low density, high
hardness, high melting point, and strong
corrosion resistance; high-purity titanium has
good plasticity but becomes brittle and hard
when impurities are present.

2. Magnesium aluminum alloy

The quality of parts printed by magnesium-

aluminum alloy is lighter.
Because of its superior properties of
lightweight and high strength, the
magnesium-aluminum alloy has been widely
used in the lightweight demand of the
manufacturing industry. In 3D printing
technology, it has become no exception. It is
the preferred material for major
manufacturers.

3. Aluminum alloy

At present, there are two main types of

aluminum alloys used in metal 3D printing:
aluminum-silicon AlSi12 and AlSi10Mg.
Aluminum silicon 12 is a lightweight additive
manufacturing metal powder with good
thermal properties. It can be applied to thin-
walled parts such as heat exchangers or
other automotive parts.

It can also be used in aerospace and

aerospace, industrial prototypes and
production. Components; the
silicon/magnesium combination makes the
aluminum alloy stronger and harder, making
it suitable for thin-walled and complex
geometric parts, especially in places with
good thermal performance and low weight.

4. Gallium

Gallium is mainly used as a 3D printing

material for liquid metal alloys.

Gallium (Ga) is mainly used as a 3D printing

material for liquid metal alloys. It has metal
conductivity, its viscosity is similar to water,
and unlike mercury (Hg), gallium is neither
toxic. And it will not evaporate. Gallium can
be used in flexible and stretchable electronic
products. Liquid metal has been used in
flexible telescopic parts, flexible storage
devices, super telescopic wires and soft
optical parts of deformable antennas.

5. Gallium-Indium alloy
Michael Dickey, an associate professor of
chemical and biomolecular engineering at
North Carolina State University, uses a liquid
metal alloy of gallium (Ga) and indium (In) to
create a three-dimensional free-standing
structure at room temperature through 3D
printing technology. It was born because the
gallium-indium alloy reacts with oxygen in the
air to form an oxide film that can maintain the
shape of the part. This technology is used in
3D printing to connect electronic
components.

6. Nickel-based alloy

In general, nickel-based alloys have good

tensile, fatigue, and thermal fatigue
resistance. At present, there are mainly
Inconel 738, Hastelloy X, etc.

Inconel 738 has good high-temperature

creep rupture strength, and hot corrosion
resistance is a low-chromium superalloy. It
can be exposed to high-temperature and
corrosive environments up to 920-980 ° C for
a long time.

Hastelloy X has high strength and oxidation

resistance at high temperatures and good
ductility in environments up to 1200 ° C. At
present, it is mainly used in aerospace
technology, such as gas turbine components
and combustion zone components such as
transition tubes, combustion Tanks, lances,
exhaust pipes, afterburners, etc and because
of their resistance to stress corrosion cracking,
they are used in industrial furnaces,
petrochemical, and chemical process
industries.

7. Copper-based alloy

The copper-based alloy used in the market,

commonly known as bronze, has good
thermal and electrical conductivity. It can be
combined with design freedom to produce
complex internal structures and cooling
channels. It is suitable for more effective
cooling tools inserted into molds, such as
semiconductor devices. The micro heat
exchanger has the characteristics of a thin
wall and a complicated shape.

8. Cobalt chromium alloy

Cobalt chromium alloy has high strength,

strong corrosion-resistance, good
biocompatibility and non-magnetic
properties. It is mainly used in surgical
implants including artificial alloy joints, knee
joints and hip joints. It can also be used in
engine parts and Fashion, jewelry industry,
etc.

9. Rare and precious metals

3D printed products have an increasing

influence on the fashion industry. Jewelry
designers around the world benefit most from
using 3D printed rapid prototyping as a
powerful creative industry that can easily
replace other manufacturing methods. In the
field of jewelry 3D printing materials, gold,
sterling silver and brass are commonly used.

Ceramic materials

Ceramic materials have high strength and

high hardness. High-temperature resistance,
low density, good chemical stability,
corrosion resistance and other excellent
characteristics, has a wide range of
applications in aerospace, automotive,
biological and other industries.

Composites

Composite materials produced by 3D

printing bionic myoelectric prosthetic hand
Silicon Valley Laboratory Arevo 3D printing is
a high-strength carbon fiber-reinforced
composite. Compared with traditional
extrusion or injection molding methods, 3D
printing can precisely set the overall
performance by precisely controlling the
orientation of carbon fibers, optimizing
specific mechanical, electrical, and thermal
properties. Since 3D printed composite parts
can only be made one layer at a time, each
layer can achieve any desired fiber
orientation. Complex shaped parts printed
with reinforced polymer materials have
excellent high temperature and chemical
resistance.

3D printed super polymer parts

U.S. scientists use graphene to 3D print ultra-

light, ultra-thin super-capacitors.

With the much-anticipated 3D printing

technology, materials have become an
important indicator of whether they can
make a difference. Although China's basic
material industry has received a lot of
attention from the country for many years, it
has always been in the predicament of being
oppressed by developed countries in the
world, and the current 3D printing material
industry is even more so.

In summary, the development and

application of 3D printing technology also
depend on the development of the basic
materials industry, which is also a major
"illness" of the domestic 3D printing industry. In
recent years, 3D printing technology has
developed rapidly and its application fields
are also more extensive. However, the supply
of materials is not optimistic, which has
become a technical bottleneck restricting
the further development of 3D printing.
 CHAPTER SEVEN

Improved and inexpensive

software for finite element
analysis of 3D printers

1. 3DS Max

3D Studio Max (formerly Discreet and later

acquired by Autodesk) of the American
company Autodesk is a PC-based 3D
modeling, animation, and rendering
production software, and is one of the most
extensive 3D modeling software for user
groups. Commonly used in building models,
industrial models, interior design, and other
industries.
Because of its extensiveness, it has many
plug-ins, some of which are very powerful,
and can meet the needs of general 3D
modeling. In Demonnet, we also need to use
3DS Max frequently to build models. There are
many tutorials and learning videos about 3DS
Max on the Internet, and there are many
users.

2. Maya

Maya is also the world's top 3D software

produced by Autodesk. It integrates two
early 3D software, Alias and Wavefront.
Compared with 3DS Max, Maya is more
professional, features are very powerful, and
rendering is very realistic. It is a high-end
production software of the film level. In the
industrial world, Maya is mostly used in film
and television advertising, character
animation, film special effects and other
industries.

3. Softimage

Softimage was a professional 3D animation

design software owned by Canadian Avid
company and was later acquired by
Autodesk. It is very powerful in film and
animation, especially the characters. Many
movies, such as "Titanic," "Lost World," "Fifth
Element," etc., have used Softimage to
produce a lot of amazing visual effects

4. LightWave

LightWave is a 3D animation production

software developed by NewTek Corporation
in the United States, and it is also a senior
software in the 3D field. Its functions are very
powerful, especially in biological modeling
and character animation. It is widely used in
movies, television, games, web pages,
advertising, printing, animation, and other
fields. In the movie "Titanic," detailed and
realistic hull models and many other game
scenes and animations have been made
using LightWave.

5. Rhino

Rhino is a professional 3D modeling software

developed by the American Robert McNeel
Company. It has low requirements for
machine configuration and only a few tens of
megabytes of installation files. In particular, it
is powerful in creating NURBS curves and
surfaces and is also loved by many modeling
professionals. It has become one of the most
popular modeling software, especially for 3D
printing parametric modeling, and
combined with Grasshopper.

6. Cinema 4D

Cinema 4D (C4D) is a German 3D authoring

software from Maxon. It is widely used on
Macs, especially in Europe, America, and
Japan, as the most popular 3D animation
production tool. During my 2009-2010 visit to
Harvard University, I often saw students using
C4D for 3D modeling and animation design.

AutoCAD

AutoCAD (Auto Computer-Aided Design) is

an automatic computer-aided design (CAD)
software produced by the American
company Autodesk. It is used for two-
dimensional drawing, document planning,
and three-dimensional design. It is suitable for
making floor plans, floor plans, hydropower
diagrams, node diagrams, and large-scale
diagrams.

Widely used in civil construction, decoration,

urban planning, garden design, electronic
circuits, mechanical design, aerospace, light
industry and chemical industry and many
other fields. Most of the room types you see
when you rent a house are made with
AutoCAD.

Anisotropic Nature of 3D printed

objects

The way parts are placed significantly has an

impact on 3D printing quality.
Some 3D printing processes have anisotropy
problems, especially in the FDM process; the
intensity in the XY plane direction will be
different from the intensity in the Z direction.

For some functional parts or load-bearing

parts, the direction and magnitude of the
bearing force are very important. If FDM
printed parts are subjected to tensile force in
the Z direction, they will be prone to fracture
problems. According to some published test
reports, the strength of bearing the tensile
force in the XY direction maybe five times
that in the Z-axis direction. Therefore, the
placement direction may also have a
significant impact on the strength of the part,
especially for connections that need to bear
forces, which need to be considered at the
beginning of the design and before printing.
Mechanical survivability and
strain management of 3D printers

The mechanical survivability and strain

management research of 3D printing is still in
its infancy. Compared with other
manufacturing methods, the mechanical
structure of 3D printers is relatively simple.
People's longing for robots is not only the
research direction of 3D printing mechanism
design. An opportunity is also a challenge.

How to design dynamic 3D printing models

and even 3D printing robots more simply and
efficiently may become the focus of future
research in this area.
 CHAPTER EIGHT

3D printing service Agencies

3D printing has become the basis for the

growth of innovative companies. Many 3D
printing innovative companies have
emerged.

I. Shapeways

Shapeways was founded in 2007 this virtual

3D printing company and one of the world's
leading 3D printing trading platform has a
slogan which says "Make, buy and sell
products with 3DPrinting'. Customers can use
their platform to make and share their designs
with global users, promoting the
convenience, personality and inspiration of
product design. Through the Shapeways
platform, users can make, buy, and sell
products they design.

II. MakerBot
The most familiar name for 3D printing
professionals should be MakerBot. Brooklyn-
based MakerBot is a leading desktop 3D
printer manufacturer. Anyone from engineers
to hobbyists can buy a MakerBot printer to do
their creative work.

MakerBot was founded in 2009 and provided

valuable resources to the 3D printing
community. Its Thingiverse website provides
an open platform for design lovers to share
their ideas and designs. The website provides
thousands of source files for free download.
 III. Pirate3D

Another startup that sprang up the 3D

printing world was Pirate3D. Pirate3D brings
the dream of a 3D printer to everyone's home
office. The company's Buccaneer desktop 3D
printer has raised nearly $ 1 million in
Kickstarter. Users can print wirelessly from
Android and iOS devices. It is said to have an
excellent user experience, excellent word of
mouth, and a very low price.

It is expected to sell for $ 350, it's one-sixth the

price of MakerBot's latest desktop printer, so it
has great competitiveness in the market.

IV. Makeeyewear

Some startups that are still looking for funding

may aim to bring fashion shocks to the world.
These companies focus on mass-producing
highly customizable products such as
eyeglasses or iPhone cases.

Makeeyewear is a company that uses 3D

printing technology to make new eyes. All
company products are light and detachable
frames with tinted lenses. Another company,
Protos, mainly uses 3D printing technology to
provide users with services for designing their
favorite glasses frames, which are very
popular with users.

V. Spuni

Chinese proverbs use the metaphor of "born

with a golden key" to be rich and born. There
is a "birth with a spoon" abroad. Spuni
Company provides 3D printing technology to
allow parents to make the baby's first spoon
for the unborn child, expressing the love of
parents and children.

VI. TecnologiaHumana3D

TecnologiaHumana3D is a Brazilian company

whose main business is 3D printing modeling.
It can enable prospective parents to see the
three-dimensional dynamics of their beloved
fetus in the mother's belly through the screen.
Spuni and TecnologiaHumana3D, parents,
are invincible!

VII. Organovo

Organovo is headquartered in San Diego

and was founded in 2007. It is a 3D printing
company that studies biotechnology and
biomaterials, with special emphasis on the
study of human tissues. The company
pioneered the use of 3D bioprinting research
to create artificially synthesized cellular tissues
that would perform functions like real human
tissues over time.

Organovo works with the Center for Disease

Research to study the effects of drugs on
human tissues without any risk. The company
is also working on new printing materials such
as liver tissue.

VIII. Dreambox

Undergraduates from the University of

California created Dreambox, they can print
what you want in minutes, as quickly and
easily as buying things at a vending machine.
 IX. ThinkerThing

ThinkerThing is based in Chile; this company's

3D printers can connect human brain nerve
waves to computers. In other words, the
software they created makes it possible for
the image depicted in the user's brain to be
finally displayed on the display screen of the
calculation through the headset and passed
3D printer implementation.

X. FreedomofCreation

FreedomofCreation, a Dutch design studio

founded in 2000, is a pioneer in the field of 3D
printing. The company's founder claimed
that he was the first person to use crab 3D
printing technology to start a business.
FreedomofCreation's innovative home
furnishings and lighting fixtures are renowned
and are treasured in various modern art
museums or installations at the Hilton Hotel.
Positioning and optimization for
3D printing agencies

Design optimization is an indispensable and

important part of Industry 4.0, and it is the key
technology for manufacturing transformation
and upgrading. But "unusable" and "cannot
afford" have always been two major
obstacles to optimizing the popularity of the
3D software, but this has not stopped ordinary
designers from learning and using
professional optimization software for
product design.

1. Design + Simulation + Optimization =

Industry 4.0

Through several hours of optimization, your

product performance can be greatly
improved, and costs and processes can be
greatly reduced. This is the highest return on
investment. Many products that have been
on the market for many years have not been
optimized during design, so people never
know that these products have better
designs.

2. The operation is extremely simple

The use of Oasis intelligent optimization

software is as simple as operating a point-
and-shoot camera, while traditional
optimization software is as difficult to learn
and difficult to learn as traditional cameras.
Oasis encapsulates a variety of original
algorithms carefully researched for more
than 20 years, and can automatically
perform algorithm adaptive tuning, so that
users only need to focus on the design
problem itself, and do not need to
understand any optimization algorithms.
Generally, designers can use Oath freely
after 2 to 3 hours of training.

3. Fast

Due to the use of machine learning

technology, Oasis software can find the best
design solution within the feasible range in
the shortest time, which is not possible with
other optimization methods. The simplest
explanation is that our software first randomly
generates a batch of design solutions,
analyzes the evaluation results, and then
learns and finds the internal relationship and
problem characteristics of the design
parameters to intelligently generate a new
batch of design solutions. Then through
continuous iteration and machine learning,
we will soon find a more optimized solution
that meets the design requirements.
4. Solve complex engineering problems

Oath has solved the complex optimization

problem of assembly positioning of 50
variables that cannot be solved by other
optimization software for GM, and the
collision optimization problem of Ford's 124
variables and 68 constraints. Oasis also solves
the problems of strong constraints with high
variables and small feasible regions with
strong constraints, which cannot be solved
by other optimization software.
 CHAPTER NINE

Future of 3D printing

3D printing technology has developed

rapidly in recent years. It is foreseeable that
3D printing will play a very important role in
the fields of intelligent manufacturing,
Industry 4.0, and cloud manufacturing. In the
future, it will have a wide range of
applications in various industries. There are
many online reports, which are not described
in detail here.

From the perspective of scientific research,

there are still many new problems and new
directions in geometric design and
optimization in 3D printing that are worth
exploring.

The expression of 3D geometry:

The current expression based on point and

triangular mesh, or the 3D shape based on
NURBS surface expression is suitable for NC
machining (reduced material
manufacturing); we believe that the implicit
surface has the advantages of additive
manufacturing Good advantages of series,
fast slice calculation, simple geometric
calculation, etc. We are studying a wide
range of applications for 3D printing based
on the geometric representation of implicit
surfaces.
2. Combined materials:

Different combinations of materials can

obtain objects with different physical
characteristics. The combined optimization is
also the optimization of geometric spatial
distribution. The design and optimization of
different combined materials, functional
materials, and gradient materials. The use of
multiple materials for hybrid printing is worth
exploring direction.

3. Dynamic mechanism design:

The mechanism design research of 3D

printing is still in its infancy. Compared with
other manufacturing methods, the
mechanical structure of 3D printers is
relatively simple. People's longing for robots is
not only the research direction of 3D printing
mechanism design. An opportunity is also a
challenge. How to design dynamic 3D
printing models and even 3D printing robots
more simply and efficiently may become the
focus of future research in this area.

4. 4D printing:

Smart materials can automatically complete

the corresponding response (such as
expansion or contraction) under the
excitation of the external environment, such
as temperature field, electromagnetic field,
humidity, light, etc. 4D printing technology
refers to the intelligent material structure
manufactured by 3D printing technology.
Under certain environmental incentives, it
can produce changes in shape and structure
over time. Compared with 3D printing
technology, 4D printing technology adds an
extra dimension: time t; in a broad sense, t is
generalized in 4D printing, which is a total of
the variable parameters that can
characterize all intelligent printing materials
representative. 4D printing will bring profound
changes to the manufacturing industry and
has a very broad application prospect.

Uses of 3D printing
3D printing has become a hot topic in the
market and will have a profound impact on
human life. Articles that used to rely on
traditional methods can be easily
manufactured with a 3D printer. From the
most common consumer goods, such as
tableware, keys, crafts, etc. to industrial
products, such as car parts, medical
machinery, gem models, building models,
etc. countless products can be printed!
◎ Clothing

The shoe-making company J & S Enterprises

has launched three-dimensional knitted
shoes, which are light-weight,
environmentally-friendly, completely
seamless, and fit as the selling point (some
people have different feet and feet). In terms
of style, consumers can choose the left and
right different colors. JS shoes use CAD
software to design three-dimensional
drawings and then use three-dimensional
knitting technology; the price is about $ 80-
100 US dollars a pair.

◎ Furniture

IKEA in France and Belgium uses 3D printers to

repair old furniture and refurbish it for sale
again. Customers who bring their old furniture
back to IKEA can redeem it for new furniture.
IKEA said that in the next few years, three-
dimensionally printed components will be
introduced one after another to make lost or
broken furniture easier to repair, thereby
increasing durability, reducing waste and
helping the environment.

◎ Photography

Hong Kong's Stereo Photo Gallery uses 3D

printing technology and the "3D Photo"
application mode introduced from Japan to
scan solid stereo image data and print out
solid models. The process of stereo photo
printing is very similar to the usual shooting in
photo studios, but it is no longer ordinary
photos, but stereo models that closely
resemble real objects or real people.
◎ Musical instrument

Americana used 3D-printed guitars in 2013,

with almost all of the band's instruments
printed in stereo, but most of the instruments
are only stereo-printed shells, mainly for
decoration, and traditional pronunciation
accessories are mostly used.

◎ Medical

This new technology is also used in medicine,

and the results are exciting: the use of
suitable biological materials can quickly print
three-dimensionally tailor-made teeth, plastic
surgery guides, or hearing aids. If the patient's
condition changes, new data can also be
entered into the printer, and the suitable
materials can be rebuilt immediately.

◎ Aerospace

NASA's next-generation exploration vehicle

will use three-dimensional printed parts to
support human exploration of unknown fields
such as asteroids and Mars. Aerospace
engineers use high-performance
thermoplastics, three-dimensionally printed
fixtures, fixtures, gauges, and end-use aircraft
parts. The first stereoscopically printed full-
scale turboprop aircraft engine model has
been successfully constructed.

◎ Academic research

The Royal College of Veterinary Medicine,

University of London, uses 3D scanning and
3D printing to reconstruct the prehistoric
animal Sivatherium Giganteum. Researchers
scanned 26 bones belonging to the Shiva
deer in the Natural History Museum in London,
scanned them into a digital file with a 3D
Scanner, and then used the data to analyze
more than 1,000 pictures of the Shiva deer
fossils around the world. Print out an extinct
prehistoric animal model.
◎ Architecture

In this regard, China has made remarkable

progress: Zhuoda has been able to print a
fully equipped house. In addition to saving
costs and time compared with traditional
methods, it also uses more environmentally
friendly materials, so that the house has
better thermal insulation performance, which
can extend the life of the house. The
company even claims that the building
materials they use can regularly release
negative ions to make residents healthier!

◎ food

In the food industry, researchers can already

print steaks. Citizens will probably see
"stereoprinted steak" on the restaurant's
menu shortly! NASA's official website reports
that they are developing food using 3D
printers to solve the astronauts' food
problems in space. It is said that they have
successfully developed a "stereo pizza
printer"! Britain has also succeeded in making
fruit with stereo printers.

Three-dimensional printing has greatly

accelerated the speed of sample formation
and reduced production costs and has been
hailed as a new wave of the industrial
revolution by the media.

Less obvious uses of 3D printing

The demand for 3D printing technology
across the world is growing rapidly, and as it
is, 3D printing is will soon become part of our
lives.
Important bottlenecks in the 3D
printing industry

The opportunities in 3D printing are huge, but

3D printing is still a small industry," There are six
factors that need to be made more stringent
in manufacturing:

 Equipment: 3D printers must compete

with computer numerical control
(CNC) and injection molding machines
during normal hours and compete in
terms of consistency and output.
 The total cost of ownership: The 3D
printing industry must cut costs
significantly to compete with CNC and
injection molding manufacturing.
 Materials: The 3D printing industry must
develop thousands of new materials.
  3D printing design: Product design
methods must consider products, not
components, through systematic
thinking.
 New supply chain: The supply chain
must be redesigned to take
advantage of all the possibilities of 3D
printing.
 Standards and regulations: Changing
manufacturing will require new
standards and regulations to address
the specific issues of 3D printing.

Tips to keep in mind while 3D

printing
When solving 3D model printing, it is
important to remember some key concepts.
Must remember:

(a) Keep the model simple

(b) Let there be big and exaggerated details

(c) Pay attention to the thickness of any work

you build

If you keep these details in mind, you will save

time creating more successful works.
 CHAPTER TEN

3D Bioprinting in Education

Companies large and small are using

additive technology called 3D printing. The
ability to create three-dimensional objects of
almost any shape or shape on-demand,
while pushing various industries to new levels
of creation and production, unlocking
countless possibilities.
The increasing use of 3D printing in various
industries naturally extends to the
educational environment, where students
learn their future technologies and get the
benefits of 3D printing.

Tomorrow's staff-business leaders, visionaries,

inventors, engineers, creators, producers,
and artists-are all in class today.

Just as students must learn and use

computers, there is no doubt that today's
students need to understand and use 3D
printers. In today's world, technology
embodies the possibilities of 3D printing
innovation.
How it works
3D printers make classrooms come alive

 With 3D printers, the classroom

becomes an interactive learning
center. Educators are more than just
expression and creativity. Students'
learning and understanding reached a
new level when implementing the
design and made their vision a reality.
This creates excitement and a deeper
understanding of the design process.

 Regardless of the course, 3D printing

will elevate students from the screen or
textual information of passive
consumers to active participants,
through the concept, design and
execution of their projects, and
 interaction with 3D printers and
teachers.

 Enhance visual learning with 3D

printing and improve students'
understanding of the world when they
can see and touch their projects.

 Understanding how 3D printers work

and solve problems can promote
students' critical thinking and problem-
solving skills. They learn to persevere
and overcome when they overcome
difficulties.

 3D printing in the classroom can

cultivate students' creativity, help to
cultivate their passion for original
 thinking and innovation, cultivate their
self-confidence, and enable them to
pursue challenging courses in the field
of STEM.

Benefits of 3D printing in
education
3D printing education programs enable
educators and students to achieve multiple
learning goals.

Early exposure to science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is key
to building a foundation of advanced
thinking skills. Using 3D printers in the
classroom encompasses multiple aspects of
STEM learning, including critical thinking and
team-building skills. The 3D printing education
program teaches students the process of trial
and error, helps to cultivate students'
mentality and can fail in this mentality,
thereby encouraging them to learn
experiments. Below are some benefits of 3D
printing in education.

 With the precise details, durability, and

various materials used in 3D printing, it
can be applied at every stage of
education.

 Imagination games for preschoolers

are enhanced with custom
accessories and game pieces made
with 3D printers.

 Elementary school students are excited

about the expansion of creativity
brought by 3D printing. Middle school
 and high school students naturally
consider 3D printing as a way for
learning teams to collaborate, design,
and implement.

 3D printers are widely used in colleges

and universities for applications in
engineering, medicine, and research,
to name a few.

Implementation of 3D printing in
education

-In biology, students have the opportunity to

create 3D models of DNA; they replicate
organs and biological systems.

-Chemistry students study 3D printed models

of molecules.
-Geography students can print topographic
maps or maps showing the population and
demographics of the area.

-History courses can 3D print historical

artifacts for further research.

-Automotive students can print replacement

or modified car parts.

-Students at the cooking school design

complex molds for ice and gelatin.

-In English, literary characters come together

with the equipment, tools, and other items in
the story.

-Artistic creation of multimedia elements,

sculptures, and custom easels, stands and
frames.

-Graphic design students create 3D versions

of their artwork.
-Architecture students print out 3D models of
their designs.

-Engineering and design students, just like in

the real world, use 3D printers for on-demand
prototyping, manufacturing, and production.

-CAD (Computer-Aided Design) classes

create designs that are actually
implemented.

-Robotics uses 3D printers to design and

produce complex parts for custom
equipment.
Significance of 3D printing in
education

o There is a saying that 3D printing makes

your thinking visible and your creativity
tangible. 3D printing technology can
make children's imaginations realistic.
o It has also cultivated students' creative
consciousness by making abstract
teaching easier to understand.
o 3D printing in education is being
developed from the basics so that
children can learn and use this
emerging tool from a young age to
learn suitable 3D modeling software.
o It has made them grow up in a self-
created environment, cultivate their
questioning and verification habits,
and valuable innovative thinking, and
encourage students to use design
thinking and product thinking to solve
their problems.
 CHAPTER ELEVEN

Why you should learn 3D

printing

3D printing can bring your ideas to reality in

a short time, from your initial concept to
creation, without any hassle. If you have
tried to submit an idea to a manufacturer or
bring it to market yourself, using traditional
techniques and possibly prototyping through
a third party can be costly and time-
consuming. If you have some damaged
equipment in your home or industrial scene,
replacement parts are often difficult to find
and very expensive. Sometimes, if you need
parts that are outdated or uniquely
designed, and may no longer be available,
3D printing can solve these problems.
 CONCLUSION

3D printing (additive manufacturing) is not a

panacea. We need to look at this emerging
technology dialectically. 3D printing is just a
new type of molding process technology,
which is different from the existing molding
processes (iso material manufacturing and
subtractive manufacturing) and is also
complementary. These different
manufacturing process technologies have
their advantages and disadvantages.

In many cases, a variety of different

processes need to be reasonably used to
shape the product. There are five periods of
triggering period, expectation expansion
period, disillusionment period, recovery
period, and maturity period for any science
and technology. As a molding process, 3D
printing technology has its unique existence
value, and it will have a wide range of
applications in the future; but there are also
many deficiencies, and people in all fields still
need to work hard to improve (from
equipment to materials, To software). We
must soberly understand the advantages
and disadvantages of this technology, and
continuously improve and solve some
problems in this technology.