Striking Tools: ASME B107.400-2008

ASME B107.
400-2008
(Incorporation of ASME B107.41, B107.42, B107.53,
B107.54, B107.56, B107.57, and B107.58)
Striking Tools
A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D
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ASME B107.400-2008
(Incorporation of ASME B107.41, B107.42, B107.53,
B107.54, B107.56, B107.57, and B107.58)
Striking Tools
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A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D

Date of Issuance: January 23, 2009
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will
be no addenda issued to this edition.
ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this
Standard. Periodically certain actions of the ASME B107 Committee may be published as Cases.
Cases and interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at
http://cstools.asme.org as they are issued.
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competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made
available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
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regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
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Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2009 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B107 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
ASME B107.41 Nail Hammers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ASME B107.42 Hatchets and Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ASME B107.53 Ball-Peen Hammers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ASME B107.54 Heavy Striking Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ASME B107.56 Body Repair Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ASME B107.57 Bricklayers’ Hammers and Prospecting Picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ASME B107.58 Riveting, Scaling, and Tinner’s Setting Hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
iii
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FOREWORD
The American National Standards Committee B107 on Socket Wrenches and Drives was
originally under the sponsorship of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). It
was subsequently reorganized as an ASME Standards Committee and its title was changed to
Hand Tools and Accessories. In 1996, the Committee’s scope was expanded to include safety
considerations.
The purpose of B107.400 is to define essential performance and safety requirements specifically
applicable to the various striking tools covered herein. It specifies test methods to evaluate
performance related to the defined requirements and safety, and indicates limitations of safe use.
This Standard includes
ASME B107.41, Nail Hammers
ASME B107.42, Hatchets and Axes
ASME B107.53, Ball-Peen Hammers
ASME B107.54, Heavy Striking Tools
ASME B107.56, Body Repair Tools
ASME B107.57, Bricklayers’ Hammers and Prospecting Picks
ASME B107.58, Riveting, Scaling, and Tinner’s Setting Hammers
In addition to the consolidation of these individual striking tool standards into this Standard,
principal changes are the uniform inclusion of performance requirements and test methods that
evaluate both performance and safety as well as uniform format for sections on definitions,
references, performance requirements, tests, and safety requirements and limitations of use.
Members of the Hand Tools Institute Striking and Struck Tools Standards Committee, through
their knowledge and hard work, have been major contributors to the development of the B107
Standards. Their active efforts in the promotion of these standards is acknowledged and
appreciated.
The format of this Standard is in accordance with The ASME Codes & Standards Writing Guide
2000. Requests for interpretations of the technical requirements of this Standard should be
expressed in writing to the Secretary, B107 Committee, at the address below.
Suggestions for the improvement of this Standard are welcome. They should be addressed to
the Secretary, ASME B107 Standards Committee, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
ASME B107.41 was approved by the American National Standards Institute on August 4,
2008; ASME B107.42 was approved on December 10, 2008; ASME B107.53 was approved on
August 5, 2008; ASME B107.54 was approved on September 4, 2008; ASME B107.56 was approved
on December 20, 2007; ASME B107.57 was approved on December 13, 2005; and ASME B107.58
was approved on November 7, 2007.
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iv
ASME B107 COMMITTEE
Hand Tools and Accessories
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS
W. T. Pagac, Chair
D. S. McKittrick, Vice Chair
J. H. Karian, Secretary
STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
N. C. Cantlon, Jore Corp.

J. D. Davidson, Sears Holdings Corp.
P. A. Desmarais, Danaher Tool Group
D. M. Eggert, Snap-On, Inc.
J. S. Foote, Trade Association Management, Inc.
R. A. Goldman II, Klein Tools, Inc.
J. H. Karian, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
D. S. McKittrick, McKittrick
G. E. Olson, Gene Olson Engineering Consultant, Ltd.
W. T. Pagac, Forever Associates
W. C. Snyder, Wright Tool Co.
J. M. Ster, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
J. F. Chaney, Alternate, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
SUBCOMMITTEE 4 — STRIKING AND STRUCK
G. E. Olson, Gene Olson Engineering Consultant, Ltd.

J. F. Chaney, General Services Administration, Heartland Global Supply
J. D. Davidson, Sears Holdings Corp.
W. T. Pagac, Forever Associates
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v
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B107 COMMITTEE
General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the Committee
by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending committee meetings. Correspon-
dence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B107 Standards Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5990
Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes
that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application
of the Standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should be
as specific as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed
description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Proposing a Case. Cases may be issued for the purpose of providing alternative rules when
justified, to permit early implementation of an approved revision when the need is urgent, or to
provide rules not covered by existing provisions. Cases are effective immediately upon ASME
approval and shall be posted on the ASME Committee Web page.
Requests for Cases shall provide a Statement of Need and Background Information. The request
should identify the standard, the paragraph, figure or table number(s), and be written as a
Question and Reply in the same format as existing Cases. Requests for Cases should also indicate
the applicable edition(s) of the standard to which the proposed Case applies.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B107 Committee will render an interpretation of any require-
ment of the Standard. Interpretations can only be rendered in response to a written request sent
to the Secretary of the B107 Standards Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
that the inquirer submit his/her request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) and the topic of the inquiry.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the Standard for which the interpretation is
being requested.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an interpretation of a specific requirement
suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request for an approval
of a proprietary design or situation. The inquirer may also include any plans
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or drawings that are necessary to explain the question; however, they should
not contain proprietary names or information.
Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior
to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an
interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME does not
“approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B107 Committee regularly holds meetings, which are open
to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the Secretary of the
B107 Standards Committee.
vi
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
ASME B107.41
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Performance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 Safety Requirements and Limitations of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figures
1 Nail Hammer Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Typical Tensile Force Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Typical Static Force Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Tables
1 Static Force Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Claw Test Parameters: Specified Board Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Claw Test Parameters: Nonspecified Board Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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1
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
NAIL HAMMERS
1 SCOPE neck: the portion of the hammerhead between the eye

and the bell.
This Standard provides performance and safety
requirements for nail hammers that are intended specifi- safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed
cally for use in driving or pulling unhardened nails and to the hammer that is intended to promote safety.
ripping apart or tearing down wooden components. It serrations: when provided, the geometric pattern of
is intended to serve as a guide in selecting, testing, and grooves on the striking face.
using the hand tools covered herein. It is not the purpose
shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this
of this Standard to specify the details of manufacturing.
Standard.
This Standard is also meant to serve as a guide in
developing manuals and posters and for training per- should: indicates if a provision is of an advisory nature
sonnel to work safely. or is stated as a recommendation.
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori- sides (or cheeks): the outside surfaces of the hammerhead,
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of laws on either side of the eye, located between the head and
or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by neck and the head and claw.
establishments that use or manufacture the tools spalling: chipping or separation of material.
covered.
The methods employed to ensure compliance with striking face: the portion of the hammerhead, exclusive
this Standard shall be determined by the proper regula- of the neck, bell, and chamfer, located on the side of the
tory or administrative authority. eye opposite from the claw.
striking-face crown: the convex shape or radius of the
2 DEFINITIONS striking face.
top of hammer: the portion of the hammerhead opposite
(See Fig. 1 as applicable.)
the handle entry.
bell: the portion of the hammerhead directly behind the
wedged hammer: a hammer that has the handle secured
striking face.
to the hammerhead by inserting a device to expand the
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the handle within the eye.
perimeter of the striking face.
cheeks: see sides. 3 REFERENCES
claw: the two-pronged portion of the hammerhead
The following is a list of publications referenced in
directly opposite the striking face.
this Standard. The latest available editions shall be used.
claw bevel: when provided, the angled portion of the
nail slot. ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R1998), Practice for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection (includes supple-
equivalent: alternative designs or features that will pro- ment and partial revision ANSI Z87.1A-1991)
vide an equal degree of safety and performance. ANSI Z535.4-1998, Product Safety Signs and Labels
eye: an opening or aperture located between the claw Publisher: American National Standards Institute
and the striking face into which the handle is inserted, (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
if the handle is separate.
ASTM E 18-00, Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and
hammerhead: the portion of the hammer exclusive of the Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
handle. ASTM F 1667-1995, Standard Specification for Driven
handle: the portion that protrudes from the hammerhead Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples
and by which the tool is held. Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
handle grip: material securely attached to the grip end (ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
of some styles of hammer handles. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
hardness: the condition of the hammerhead resulting Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
from heat treatment. Use and Care
2
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ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
Fig. 1 Nail Hammer Nomenclature

Claw bevel
Section A-A
Claw
A A
Face of claw Typical Typical
nail claw ripping claw
Top of
hammer Handle
Side or
cheek
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Eye
Neck
Bell
Chamfer
Striking face
Bell diameter
Striking-face crown
(a) Typical Nail Hammer
Serrations Lesser chamfer width
Striking face
(b) Equivalent Shapes of Hammer Neck and Bell
3
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North Fig. 2 Typical Tensile Force Test
Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591
4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Design
Nail hammers shall have a striking face on one end
of the hammerhead for use in driving unhardened nails
and a claw on the opposite end for use in pulling both
headed and headless unhardened nails, or ripping apart
or tearing down wooden components.
4.1.1 The striking face shall have a smooth or
serrated convex shape.
NOTE: Hammers with serrations on the striking face are intended
for driving unhardened nails. The serrated face reduces the inci-
dence of bending or dislodging of nails.
4.1.2 The striking face shall have a chamfer of

approximately 45 deg (or equivalent radius) around the
perimeter with a width approximately equal to one-
tenth of the diameter of the bell, as measured across the
chamfer angle or the lesser chamfer width for bell shapes
other than circular (see Fig. 1). For example, if the bell
diameter equals 1.0 in., then the chamfer width equals
Tensile
approximately 0.1 in. force
4.1.3 Hammers shall pass the tests specified in
section 5.
4.1.4 The head and handle shall be free of nonfunc-
tional sharp edges, points, and surface roughness that 5.1 Hardness Determination Test
could inflict personal injury on the user when handling Hardness determination with respect to the head and
the hammer. claw shall be made in accordance with ASTM E 18.
4.2 Materials 5.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test

The materials used in the manufacture of hammers Prior to tensile force testing, sample hammers shall
shall be such as to produce hammers conforming to the be subjected to the following striking test:
requirements specified herein. (a) The hammer shall withstand 20 full swinging
blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or
4.3 Mechanical Properties the mechanical equivalent, commensurate with the end
use and weight of the hammer.
(a) The striking face shall be hardened and tempered
(b) The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
to 45 HRC to 60 HRC.
(c) The blows shall be delivered with the hammer
(b) Hammer claws shall be hardened to 40 HRC to
held or fixtured at the normal gripping area.
55 HRC for a minimum distance of 0.75 in. from the
(d) The blows shall be struck against the smooth, flat,
tip end.
or slightly convex surface of a rigidly supported steel
object that has a minimum diameter of 3 in., a minimum
5 TESTS length of 2 in., and a hardness of 92 HRB to 105 HRB
or equivalent.
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Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous, The hammerhead shall not permanently deform,
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property crack, or break. Handles shall not separate from the
shall be employed in conducting such tests. hammerhead, crack, or break. Following the striking
Separate (new) hammers shall be used for each of the test, the head and handle shall not separate under the
tests. Failure to meet the requirements of any one of the tensile force specified in para. 5.2.1 or 5.2.2 (see Fig. 2).
tests indicates that the hammers do not comply with The striking face shall not mushroom, chip, crack, or
this Standard. spall when subjected to the striking test.
4
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
Fig. 3 Typical Static Force Test

10 in.
Static
force
NOTE: The striking test is so severe that a degree of permissible Table 1 Static Force Test
deformations of serrations on the striking face of hammers can be
anticipated. Hammerhead Weight, Static Force,
oz lbf
5.2.1 Nonwedged hammers shall withstand the Up to 7 60
following tensile force: Over 7 but not over 13 125
Hammerhead Weight, Static Tensile Force, Over 13 but not over 16 150
oz lbf Over 16 but not over 20 175
Over 20 but not over 24 200
Less than 13 750 Over 24 but not over 28 225
13 and over 2,250 Over 28 250
5.2.2 Wedged hammers shall withstand the follow-

ing tensile force:
sound planks or boards of a suitable softwood (such as
Hammerhead Weight, Static Tensile Force,
yellow pine) of the thickness specified in Table 2. The
oz lbf
nails should be spaced so as not to interfere with the
Less than 13 400 pulling operation. The head shall be driven flush with
13 and over 1,000 the plank on one side. The protruding end of the nail
on the other side of the plank shall in turn be gripped
5.3 Static Force Test
with the claw, and the handle quickly and forcibly
The hammerhead shall be locked securely in test fix- moved to pull the nail through the board. As each pull-
ture with the striking face down and the handle ing test is begun, the face of the claw shall be in contact
extended in the horizontal plane. A static force shall be with the surface of the board where the nail protrudes,
applied vertically at a point on the handle measuring and during the pulling stroke, contact of the hammer-
10 in. from the top of the hammer (see Fig. 3). The head with the board shall be maintained by moving the
force shall be shown in Table 1. Handles shall not break, hammer handle through an arc until the striking face
loosen, or otherwise fail. of the hammer touches the board.
5.4 Claw Test 5.4.2 Two nails, as specified for the respective
hammerhead weight in Table 3, shall be driven into
The nail pulling claws shall not permanently deform,
either hardwood, such as oak or sound pine joists,
crack, or break under the test specified in paras. 5.4.1,
beams, or layers of planks of such thickness that the
5.4.2, and 5.4.3. Handles shall not separate from the
pointed end of the nail does not protrude. The head end
hammerhead, loosen, crack, or break.
of the nail shall protrude an amount sufficient to enable
5.4.1 Two nails, as specified for the respective the nail body to be gripped under the head with the
hammerhead weight in Table 2, shall be driven through claw, so that the claw face is in contact with the wood
5
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ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
Table 2 Claw Test Parameters: Specified Board Thickness

Board Nominal
Hammerhead Weight, Designation of Finishing Nail Size Thickness,
oz (Bright Finish) in.
Up to 13 F 1667 NL FHS-05 (Corresponds to 6d) 0.5

Above 13 but less than 16 F 1667 NL FHS-05 (Corresponds to 6d) 1.0
16 and over F 1667 NL FHS-09 (Corresponds to 10d) 1.5
Table 3 Claw Test Parameters: Nonspecified Board Thickness

Hammerhead Weight,
oz Designation of Finishing Nail Size
Up to 13 F 1667 NL CMS-07B (Corresponds to 8d)

Above 13 but less than 16 F 1667 NL CMS-11B (Corresponds to 16d)
16 and over F 1667 NL CMS-12B (Corresponds to 20d)
where the nail head protrudes. Each nail shall be with- the normal hand grip position in alternating directions.
drawn up to the limit of possible movement of the han- Five alternating twisting motions shall be performed,
dle by applying the necessary force. after which there shall be no grip looseness or separation
from the handle.
5.4.3 Ripping Hammers. The static force test proce-
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dure shall be used for this test. The load shall be 5.6.3 Following twisting, grips shall be tested per
increased to 125% of the static test load, or until failure of the following:
the hammer handle, whichever occurs first. The handle (a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile force
shall not fail below the static force test load. The claw tested using the values in para. 5.2.2 (for wedged and
shall not fail. nonwedged hammers) or 500 lbf (whichever is less)
applying the force only to the grip (using a woven wire
5.5 Spalling Test cuff or other suitable device). The grip shall not loosen
The tool shall withstand ten full swinging blows by or separate from the handle.
a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or the mechan- (b) Chemically bonded grips shall be cut longitudi-
ical equivalent, commensurate with the end use and nally so that a segment may be pulled. The segment
weight of the hammer. The blows shall be delivered shall separate from the handle such that some of the
with the hammer held or fixtured at the normal gripping grip material that was pulled shall remain adhered to
area. The test shall be conducted at room temperature. the handle.
The blows shall be struck against the smooth flat surface
of a rigidly supported steel object that has a minimum
diameter of 3 in., a minimum length of 2 in., and a 6 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF
minimum hardness of 55 HRC, 92 HRB to 105 HRB or USE
equivalent. The face of the struck object shall be set to
Instructors and employers shall stress proper use and
an angle of 10 deg to 20 deg with respect to the striking
safety in the use of striking tools and shall emphasize the
face. No spalling of the striking face shall occur.
necessity to wear, and ensure the use of, safety goggles or
5.6 Grip Tests equivalent eye protection. The publication Guide to Hand
Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care provides
5.6.1 Solvent Resistance Test. Grips shall be fully guidelines for the safe use of these tools.
immersed in the test fluids specified (new sample grips (a) A nail hammer should always be struck squarely
shall be used for each test fluid) for 15 min to 20 min with the striking face parallel with the surface being
at room temperature, removed, and let stand for 24 hr struck. Glancing blows, overstrikes, and understrikes
to 28 hr. Test fluids are SAE J1703 brake fluid, gasoline, should be avoided.
ethylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. There shall be no (b) Nail hammers are special-purpose tools designed
significant swelling nor surface attack of the material and intended only for the specific use of driving or
being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the pulling unhardened nails, and ripping apart or tearing
hammer handle.
down wooden components.
5.6.2 Following the Solvent Resistance Test. Ham- (c) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, nail
mers shall be secured by hand and the grip twisted at hammers shall not be used to strike hard or hardened
6
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.41)
objects such as rocks, bricks, concrete, masonry nails, withstand the test requirements in paras. 5.2 through
chisels, hatchets, axes, splitting wedges, mauls, other 5.4. Handles of tools shall be free of splinters or cracks
hammers, and other steel tools. and shall be kept tight in the head of the tool.
(d) The claw ends shall be used only for pulling (i) When provided, handle grips that have loosened
unhardened nails and ripping apart or tearing down from the handles shall be tightened or replaced.
wooden components. The sides or cheeks (see Fig. 1) (j) Each hammer shall be stamped, labeled, or other-
should not be used for striking or pounding. wise marked by the manufacturer with the following
(e) To avoid injury from possible flying objects, safety safety message and symbols or equivalent:
goggles or equivalent eye protection conforming to
ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and by all persons WARNING
in the immediate area in which any nail hammer or WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
other striking tool is being used.
USER AND BYSTANDER
(f) The hammerheads shall be inspected prior to each
use and their use discontinued at the first sign of chip-
ping, mushrooming, or cracking of any portion. This safety message shall be located in a position that
(g) No area, section, or portion of the hammer shall will not interfere with the quality or performance of the
be ground, welded, treated by reheating, or otherwise hammer.
altered from the original condition as furnished by the The above safety message shall also appear on replace-
manufacturer. ment handles.
(h) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and The principles set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be used as
those damaged shall be replaced. Replacements shall the guide for alternate, equivalent methods of labeling.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
7
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
ASME B107.42
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figures
1 Hatchet Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Ax Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Typical Static Force Test for Type I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 Typical Static Force Test for Type II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Impact Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
HATCHETS AND AXES
1 SCOPE digging blade: the portion of the Pulaski pattern or

Mattocks ax head directly opposite the bit, positioned
at right angles to the handle axis, and terminating in a
requirements for hatchets (that are intended specifically
sharpened edge (when provided).
for use in driving unhardened nails or striking wood
products, or both; cutting, notching, and shaping wood equivalent: the word "equivalent" in this Standard shall
products or wall board products, or both; cutting, spac- be interpreted to mean alternative designs or features
ing, and aligning soft roofing products, and pulling that will provide an equal degree of safety and per-
unhardened nails when the tool is provided with a nail formance.
slot) and axes (that are intended primarily for use in eye: an opening or aperture located between the bit and
felling, trimming, and pruning trees; splitting and cut- the striking face into which the handle is inserted, if the
ting wood; notching and shaping logs and timbers; driv- handle is separate.
ing wooden or plastic stakes; pulling unhardened nails
face: the flat portion of the ax head directly opposite the
when the tool is provided with a nail slot; or digging
bit (when provided).
when the particular tool is provided with a digging
blade). handle: the portion that protrudes from the head and by
This Standard is intended to serve as a guide in select- which the tool is held.
ing, testing, and using the hand tools covered herein. It handle grip: when provided, material securely attached
is not the purpose of this Standard to specify the details to the grip end of some styles of handles.
of manufacturing.
This Standard is also meant to serve as a guide in hardness: the condition of the head resulting from heat
developing manuals and posters and for training per- treatments.
sonnel to work safely. It may be used as a guide by state head: portion of hatchet or ax exclusive of the handle or
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
authorities or other regulatory bodies in the formulation attachments.

of laws or regulations. It is intended for voluntary use
marking gage: when provided, the adjustable measuring
by establishments that use or manufacture the tools cov-
device attached to the top edge of the bit.
ered. The methods employed to ensure compliance with
this Standard shall be determined by the proper regula- nail slot: when provided, a V-shaped opening in one
tory or administrative authority. non-cutting edge of the bit.
neck: when provided, that portion of the hatchet head
between the eye and the bell.
2 CLASSIFICATION
pick: the pointed portion of the fire ax head directly
TYPE I: HATCHETS (see Fig. 1) opposite the bit.
Class 1: Lath, shingling, box, wallboard
Class 2: All others poll: when provided, that portion of the hatchet head
TYPE II: AXES (see Fig. 2) between the eye and the striking face.
safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed
to the hatchet that is intended to promote safety [see
3 DEFINITIONS
also para. 7.1(c)].
(See Figs. 1 and 2 as applicable.) serrations: when provided, the geometric pattern of
bell: when provided, the portion of the hatchet or ax grooves on the striking face.
head directly behind striking face. shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this
bit (blade): the broad, tapering portion of the head that Standard.
terminates in a sharpened cutting edge. should: indicates if a provision is of an advisory nature
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the or is stated as a recommendation.
perimeter of the striking face. sides (or cheeks): the outside surface of the head on either
cutting edge: the sharpened edge of the bit. side of the eye and the bit.
9
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
Fig. 1 Hatchet Nomenclature
Optional
Half Rig builder
Wallboard Broad
Serrations
Eye
Handle
Thong
Marking
gage Shingling Lath or Box
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Striking-face crown
Chamfer
Bell
Neck
Poll Handle grip
Handle
Side (cheek) Top Nail slot

Hatchet
Bit
Cutting edge
10
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
Fig. 2 Ax Nomenclature
Cutting edge Blade or bit
Handle Eye
(a) Typical Double Bit Ax Michigan Pattern
Cutting edge
Handle
Face
Eye
(b) Typical Single Bit Ax Michigan Pattern
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Cutting Digging
edge blade
Handle
Eye
(c) Pulaski Pattern or Mattock Ax
Cutting
edge
Pick
Handle
Eye
(d) Fire Ax
Cutting
edge
Face Handle Face

Handle grip
Chamfer
Handle
Nail slot grip
(optional)
Cutting edge Cutting edge Cutting edge
(e) Scout, Hunter’s, Sportsman, or Camp Axes
11
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
striking face crown: when provided, the convex shape or the diameter of the bell or poll as measured across the
radiuses of the striking face. chamfer angle. For example, if the bell or poll diameter
thong: when provided, the strap attached to the grip end equals 1.0 in., then the chamfer width equals approxi-
of the handle. mately 0.1 in. The chamfer width of tools with approxi-
mately square- or rectangular-shaped striking faces shall
top: the portion of the head opposite the handle. be approximately one-tenth of the lesser dimension.
wedged tool: a tool that has the handle secured to the
5.1.2 Type II. Axes may have a striking face on one
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
head by inserting a device to expand the handle within
the eye. end for driving wooden or plastic stakes and a blade
or bit on the opposite end for use in felling, trimming,
and pruning trees; splitting and cutting wood; notching
4 REFERENCES and shaping logs and timbers; and pulling unhardened
nails when the tool is provided with a nail slot; or dig-
The following documents are referenced in this
ging when the particular tool is provided with a digging
Standard. The latest available edition shall be used.
blade.
ANSI Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational (a) A double-bit ax shall have two bits directly oppo-
Eye and Face Protection site each other with the cutting edges running parallel
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels to the handle length. Each bit shall have a taper from
Publisher: American National Standards Institute the eye section terminating in cutting edges sharpened
(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 and ready for use in cutting, notching, splitting, shaping,
and trimming wood or wood products.
ASTM E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and
Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials (b) A single-bit ax shall have a bit on one end of the
head and a directly opposed face on the other end, both
Publisher: American Society for Testing Materials
running parallel to the handle length. The bit shall have
(ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
a taper from the eye section terminating in a cutting
Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
edge sharpened and ready for use in cutting, notching,
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper splitting, shaping, and trimming wood or wood prod-
Use and Care ucts. The face may be a flat or slightly convex surface
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North for use in driving wooden or plastic stakes. Chamfering
Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10491 of the face is acceptable but not required. A nail slot in
the bit is acceptable but not required. If provided, it
shall be suitable for pulling unhardened nails.
5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (c) A fire ax shall have a bit on one end of the head
5.1 Design with a cutting edge running parallel to the handle length
and a pick on the opposite end. The bit shall have a
(a) Hatchets and axes shall pass the tests specified in
taper from the eye section terminating in a cutting edge
section 6 as applicable.
sharpened and ready for use in cutting wood or similar
(b) The head and handle shall be free of nonfunctional
materials. The pick shall have a gradually reducing cross
sharp edges, points, and surface roughness that could
section terminating in a sharp point and ready for use
inflict personal injury on the user when handling.
in breaking and dismantling wood or similar materials.
5.1.1 Type I. Hatchets shall have a striking face on (d) A Pulaski Pattern or Mattock ax shall have a bit
one end of the head for use in driving unhardened nails on one end of the head with a cutting edge running
or striking wood products, or both and a blade or bit parallel to the handle length and a digging blade on the
on the opposite end for use in cutting, notching, and opposite end with its edge running at right angles to
shaping wood products or wallboard products, or both; the handle. The bit shall have a taper from the eye section
cutting, spacing, and aligning soft roofing products; and that terminates in a cutting edge sharpened and ready
pulling unhardened nails when the tool is provided with for use in cutting, notching, splitting, shaping, and trim-
a nail slot. ming wood or wood products. The digging blade shall
(a) The striking face shall have a smooth or serrated have a flare from the eye, gradually increasing in width
surface and be convex shape or flat.1 and terminating in a cutting edge sharpened and ready
(b) The striking face shall have a chamfer of approxi- for use in cutting roots and digging fire lanes.
mately 45 deg (or equivalent radius) around the perime-
ter with a width equal to approximately one-tenth of 5.2 Materials
1 The materials used in the manufacture of hatchets
Hatchets with serrations on the striking face are intended for
driving unhardened nails. The serrated face reduces the incidence and axes shall be such as to produce hatchets and axes
of bending or dislodging of nails. conforming to the requirements specified herein.
12
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
5.3 Mechanical Properties that is rigidly supported. The blows shall be delivered
with the tool held or fixtured at the normal gripping
5.3.1 Type I. The striking face shall be hardened
area. The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
and tempered to 45 HRC to 60 HRC. The bit shall be
Handles shall not loosen, separate from heads, crack, or
hardened and tempered to 40 HRC to 60 HRC for a
break. The striking face of axes shall not mushroom,
minimum distance of 0.5 in. from the cutting edge.
chip, crack, or spall.2
5.3.2 Type II. All bits, picks, or digging blades shall
6.2.3 Following the striking test, the sample tools
be hardened and tempered to 45 HRC to 60 HRC for a
shall be subjected to a tensile force as follows (see Fig. 3):
minimum distance of 0.5 in. from the point or edge. The
face of the head shall have a maximum hardness of Type and Class Tensile Force, lbf
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
60 HRC. The eye section of the head shall have a maxi- Type I, Class 1 150
mum hardness of 40 HRC. The steel directly behind the Type I, Class 2 500
face, bit, or digging blade shall be a toughened support- Type II 1,000
ing core that gradually decreases in hardness.
Handles shall not separate from heads, crack, or break.
5.3.3 Types I and II. Bits, picks, or digging blades
shall not chip, crack, fracture, or deform when subjected 6.3 Static Force Test
to the applicable tests specified in para. 6.2, 6.4, or 6.5. 6.3.1 Type I. The hatchet head shall be locked
securely in test fixture with the striking face up and the
6 TESTS handle extended in the horizontal plane. A static force
shall be applied vertically at a point on the handle mea-
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous suring 10 in. from the top of the of the hatchet (see Fig. 4).
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
shall be employed in conducting such tests. 6.3.2 Type II. The ax head shall be locked securely
Separate (new) hatchets and axes shall be used for in test fixture with the bit down and the handle extended
each of the tests. Failure to meet the requirements of in the horizontal plane. A static force is applied vertically
any one of the tests indicates that the hatchets and axes at a point 3 in. from the grip end of the handle (see Fig. 5).
do not comply with this Standard. 6.3.3 Static Force. The static force shall be as
follows:
6.1 Hardness Determination Test
Hardness determination with respect to faces and bits
Type and Class Static Force, lbf
shall be made in accordance with ASTM E 18.
Type I, Class 1 100
6.2 Striking and Tensile Force Tests Type I, Class 2 125
Type II 110
Prior to tensile force testing, sample hatchets and axes
shall be subjected to the following striking test.
Handles shall not break, loosen, or otherwise fail.
6.2.1 Type I. The tool shall withstand 20 full swing-
ing blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, 6.4 Impact Test: Type II
or the mechanical equivalent, commensurate with the The sample ax head shall be locked securely in a test
end use and weight of the hatchet. The test shall be fixture with the head flat on the bench or other flat
conducted at room temperature. The blows shall be support with the bit from the lower portion of the eye
delivered with the tool held or fixtured at the normal overhanging the edge of the bench. The bits of the sam-
gripping area. The blows shall be struck against the ple heads shall not fracture or deform when subjected
smooth, flat, or slightly convex surface of a rigidly sup- to two hard blows with a 3.5 lb to 4.0 lb wooden mallet
ported steel object that has a minimum diameter of 3 in., on each side of that portion of the bit that overhangs
a minimum length of 2 in., and a hardness of 92 HRB the edge of the bench or other flat support (see Fig. 6).
to 105 HRB or equivalent. Handles shall not loosen,
separate from heads, crack, or break. The striking face 6.5 Spalling Test: Type I
of hatchets shall not mushroom, chip, crack, or spall.2
The tool shall withstand ten blows by a person of
6.2.2 Type II. The tool shall withstand 20 full swing- average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or the mechanical equiva-
ing blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, lent. The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
or the mechanical equivalent, commensurate with the The blows shall be struck against the smooth flat surface
end use and weight of the ax against hard wood material of a rigidly supported steel object that has a minimum
diameter of 3 in., a minimum length of 2 in., and a
2
The striking test is so severe that a degree of permissible defor- minimum hardness of 55 HRC. The face of the struck
mation of serrations on the striking face can be anticipated. object shall be set to an angle of 10 deg to 20 deg with
13
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
respect to the striking face. No spalling of the striking

face shall occur.
6.6 Grip Tests
6.6.1 Solvent Resistance Test. Grips shall be fully
immersed in the test fluids specified for 15 min to 20 min
at room temperature, removed, and let stand for 24 hr
Fig. 3 Typical Tensile Force Test to 28 hr. Test fluids are SAE J1703 brake fluid, gasoline,
ethylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. There shall be no
significant swelling nor surface attack of the material
being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the
sample tool handle.
6.6.2 Following the solvent resistance test, sample
tool shall be secured by hand and the grip twisted at
the normal hand position in alternating directions pro-
ducing a torque of 40 lbf-in. to 60 lbf-in. (approximated
by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb). Five
alternating twisting motions shall be performed. Grips
shall not loosen or separate from handle.
6.6.3 Following the twisting test, grips shall be
tested per (a) or (b) below.
(a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile-tested
using the values for wedged tools in para. 6.2 (for both
wedged and nonwedged tools) applying the force only
to the grip. The grip shall not loosen or separate from
the handle.
(b) Chemically bonded grips shall be cut longitudi-
nally so that a segment may be pulled. The segment
shall separate from the handle such that some of the
grip material that was pulled shall remain adhered to
the handle.
7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF

USE
safety in the use of hatchets and axes, information about
which can be found in the HTI publication, Guide to
Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care.
7.1 Safety Requirements
(a) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, hatch-
ets and axes shall be used only for the purposes specified
Tensile in para. 5.1.
Mforce (b) To avoid injury from flying objects, safety goggles
or equivalent eye protection conforming to ANSI Z87.1
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
shall be worn by the user and all persons in the immedi-

ate area in which any hatchet, ax, or other striking tool
is being used.
(c) Each hatchet and ax shall be stamped, labeled, or
otherwise marked by the manufacturer with the follow-
ing symbol and safety message or equivalent:
WARNING
WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
USER AND BYSTANDER
14
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
Fig. 4 Typical Static Force Test for Type I
10 in.
Static
force
Fig. 5 Typical Static Force Test for Type II

3 in.
Static
force
15
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.42)
Fig. 6 Impact Test
This safety message shall be located in a position that of the bit. All filing or whetstone scratches should run
will not interfere with the quality or performance of the at right angles to the cutting edge and should be
tool. The principles set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be removed or refined by honing (see redressing instruc-
used as the guide for alternate, equivalent methods of tions as outlined in the Guide to Hand Tools — Selection,
labeling. Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care).
(d) Hatchet and ax heads shall be visually inspected
prior to each use and their use discontinued at the first 7.2 Limitations of Use
sign of chipping, cracking, or mushrooming of any (a) Hatchets are special-purpose tools designed and
portion. intended only for cutting wood and equally soft materi-
(e) Handles shall be free of splinters and cracks and als with the bits; driving or striking unhardened nails,
shall be kept tight in the tool. Handles shall be visually wood, or equally soft materials with the striking face;
inspected prior to each use and damaged handles shall and pulling unhardened nails when a nail slot is pro-
be replaced. Replacements shall withstand the test vided.
requirements in paras. 6.2, 6.3, and 6.6 (if applicable). (b) Axes are special-purpose tools designed and
(f) When provided, handle grips that have loosened intended only for the specific purpose of cutting wood
from the handle shall be tightened or replaced. and other equally soft materials. When a face is pro-
(g) No part of the hatchet and ax head shall be vided, it is intended only for striking wood or other soft
grounded, welded, treated by reheating, or otherwise materials, such as plastic.
altered from the original condition as furnished by the (c) The sides of the head shall not be used for striking
manufacturer, except that the bit may be properly re- or pounding.
sharpened [see para. 7.1(h)]. (d) When nail slots are provided, they should be used
(h) When required, the cutting edge or edges should only for pulling unhardened nails.
be resharpened, either by a fine whetstone or by (e) A hatchet or ax shall not be used as a maul or
hand-filing with a fine file to avoid deep scratching. splitting wedge. It shall not be struck by or against
Care should be taken to maintain the original contour another striking tool.
16 --`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
ASME B107.53
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figures
1 Hammer Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
17
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
BALL-PEEN HAMMERS
1 SCOPE safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed

to the hammer to promote safety.
requirements for ball-peen hammers. Ball-peen ham- shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this
mers have a striking face on one end of the head for Standard.
use in striking punches and chisels, and a ball peen should: indicates if a provision is of an advisory nature
on the opposite end for use in riveting, shaping, and or is stated as a recommendation.
straightening unhardened metals. This Standard is
intended to serve as a guide in selecting, testing, and sides (or cheeks): outside surfaces of the hammerhead on
using the hand tools covered herein. It is not the purpose either side of the eye located between the two necks.
of this Standard to specify the details of manufacturing. spalling: chipping or separation of material.
This Standard is also intended to serve as a guide for
striking face: the portion of the hammerhead, exclusive
the development of manuals and posters and for training
of the neck, bell, and chamfer, located on the side of the
personnel to work safely.
eye opposite from the ball peen.
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori-
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of laws striking face crown: the convex shape or radius of the
or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by striking face.
establishments that use or manufacture the tools cov- top of hammer: the portion of the hammer directly oppo-
ered. The methods employed to ensure compliance with site the handle.
this Standard shall be determined by the proper regula-
wedged hammer: a hammer that has the handle secured
tory or administrative authority.
to the hammerhead by inserting a device to expand the
handle within the eye.
2 DEFINITIONS
(See Fig. 1 as applicable.) 3 REFERENCES
ball peen: the rounded portion of the hammerhead
directly opposite the striking face. The following is a list of publications referenced in
this Standard. The latest edition shall be used.
bell: the portion of the hammerhead directly behind the
striking face. ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the Eye and Face Protection
perimeter of the striking face. ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels
Publisher: American National Standards Institute
equivalent: indicating alternate designs or features that
(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
will provide an equal degree of performance and safety.
eye: an opening or aperture located between the ball ASTM E 18, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell
peen and striking face into which the handle is inserted, Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
if the handle is separate. Metallic Materials
hammerhead: the portion of the hammer exclusive of the Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
handle. (ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
handle: the portion that protrudes from the hammerhead
and by which the tool is held. Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
handle grip: material securely attached to the grip end Use and Care
of some styles of hammer handles. Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North
hardness: the condition of the hammerhead resulting
from heat treatment. SAE J1703, Motor Vehicle Brake Fluid
necks: the portions of the hammerhead located between Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400
the bell and the eye and the ball peen and the eye. Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 18
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
Fig. 1 Hammer Nomenclature

Ball-peen
Top of
hammer Neck
Side or
cheek
Eye
Neck Handle
Bell
Chamfer
bevel,
or radius
Bell diameter
Striking face
Striking face crown
Equivalent Shapes of Hammer Necks and Eyes
Handle grip
Hammer handle
19
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test
4.1 Design Prior to tensile force testing, sample hammers shall

be subjected to the following striking force test:
Ball-peen hammers shall have a striking face on one (a) The tool shall withstand 20 full swinging blows
end of the head for use in striking punches and chisels, on the striking face and 20 full swinging blows on the
and a ball peen on the opposite end for use in riveting, ball-peen end by a person of average build, 160 lb to
shaping, and straightening unhardened metals. 180 lb, or the mechanical equivalent, commensurate with
(a) The striking face shall have a convex shape. the end use and weight of the hammer. The blows shall
(b) The ball peen shall have a smoothly contoured be struck with the hammer held or fixtured at the normal
shape that is approximately hemispherical. gripping area.
(c) The striking face shall have a chamfer of approxi- (b) The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
mately 45 deg (or equivalent radius) around the perime- (c) The blows shall be struck against the smooth, flat,
ter with a width equal to approximately one-tenth the or slightly convex surface of a rigidly supported steel
diameter of the bell as measured across the chamfer object that has a minimum diameter of 3 in., a minimum
angle. For example, if the bell diameter equals 1.0 in., length of 2 in., and a hardness of 92 HRB to 105 HRB
then the chamfer width equals approximately 0.1 in. or equivalent.
(d) Hammers shall pass the tests specified in section 5. (d) The striking face and ball peen shall not sink,
(e) The head and handle shall be free of nonfunctional mushroom, chip, crack, or spall.
sharp edges, points, and surface roughness that could Following the striking test, the head and handle shall
inflict personal injury on the user when handling the not loosen or separate when subjected to tensile force
hammer. testing. The hammers shall be tested using the static
tensile forces specified in para. 5.2.1 for chemically
4.2 Materials bonded assemblies or one-piece hammers and those
specified in para. 5.2.2 for wedged assemblies (see Fig. 2).
The materials used in the manufacture of hammers
shall be as such to produce hammers conforming to the 5.2.1 Nonwedged hammers shall withstand the
requirements specified herein. following tensile forces:
4.3 Mechanical Properties Hammerhead Weight, Static Tensile Force,

oz lbf
(a) The striking face shall be hardened and tempered
Less than 13 750
to 45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent.
13 and over 2,250
(b) The ball peen shall be hardened and tempered to
45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent. 5.2.2 Wedged hammers shall withstand the follow-
(c) Steel behind the striking face shall be a toughened ing tensile forces:
supporting core that gradually decreases in hardness.
oz lbf
5 TESTS Up to and including 6 200

Over 6 and less than 20 400
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous 20 and over 1,000
shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests Handles shall not break, loosen, or otherwise fail.
are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do
not condone the use of the tools in an environment, or 5.3 Static Force Test
in a manner, inconsistent with safe use of the tools. Assembled hammer handles shall not break, loosen,
Sample hammers shall be tested and shall conform or otherwise fail when subjected to the static force test.
to the requirements of all applicable tests specified in The following test procedure shall be used:
paras. 5.1 through 5.5. Separate (new) samples shall be
(a) While the hammerhead is locked securely in the
used for each of the tests. Failure to meet the require-
test fixture with the striking face down, and the handle
ments of any one of the tests indicates the hammers do
extended in the horizontal plane, a static force shall be
not comply with this Standard.
applied vertically at a point on the handle measuring
10 in. from the top of the hammer.
(b) An exception shall be that the force be applied
Hardness determination with respect to the face and 9 in. from the top of the hammer for the 2-oz hammer
ball peen shall be made in accordance with ASTM E 18. (see Fig. 3).
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 20
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
Fig. 2 Typical Tensile Force Test and weight of the hammer. The blows shall be struck
with the hammer held or fixtured at the normal grip-
ping area.
(b) The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
(c) The blows shall be struck against the smooth flat
surface of a rigidly supported steel object that has a
minimum diameter of 3 in., a minimum length of 2 in.,
and a minimum hardness of 55 HRC.
(d) The face of the struck object shall be set to an
angle of 10 deg to 20 deg with respect to the striking
face. No spalling of the striking face shall occur.
5.5 Grip Test

5.5.1 Hammers shall be secured by hand and the
grip twisted at the normal hand grip position in alternat-
ing directions. Five alternating twisting motions shall
be performed, after which there shall be no grip loose-
ness or separation from the handle.
5.5.2 Following twisting, grips shall be tested per
the following:
(a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile force
tested using the values in para. 5.2.2 or 500 lbf, which-
ever is less, applying the force only to the grip (using
a woven wire cuff or other suitable device). The grip
shall not loosen or separate from the handle.
the handle.
Tensile immersed in the test fluids specified (new sample grips
force shall be used for each test fluid) for 15 min to 20 min
to 28 hr. Test fluids are SAE J1703 brake fluid, gasoline,
significant swelling nor surface attack of the material
(c) The testing loads or bending forces are dependent being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the
on the head weight and are shown in the following: hammer handle.
oz lbf
Up to and including 2 10 USE
Over 6 but not over 8 40 Instructors and employers shall stress proper use and
Over 8 but not over 12 60 safety in the use of striking tools and shall emphasize
Over 12 but not over 16 80 the need to wear and ensure the use of safety goggles
or equivalent eye protection. The publication Guide to
Over 32 175 Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care
provides guidelines for the safe use of these tools.
Handles shall not break, loosen, or otherwise fail. (a) A ball-peen hammer blow should always be struck
squarely with the striking face parallel with the surface
5.4 Spalling Test being struck. Glancing blows, overstrikes, and under-
(a) The tool shall withstand ten full swinging blows strikes should be avoided.
by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or the (b) Ball-peen hammers are special-purpose tools
mechanical equivalent, commensurate with the end use designed and intended for riveting, shaping, and
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
21
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.53)
10 in.
Static
force
straightening unhardened metals. Ball-peen hammers cracks and shall be kept tight in the head of the tool.
of the proper size may be used for striking the struck Replacements shall withstand the test requirements in
faces of chisels and punches. When striking a struck paras. 5.2, 5.3, and 5.5 as applicable.
tool (chisel or punch), the striking face of the ball-peen (h) No area, section, or portion of the hammer (except
hammer shall have a diameter not less than 0.375 in. replaceable handles) shall be ground, welded, treated
larger than the struck face of the tool being struck. by reheating, or otherwise altered from the original con-
(c) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, dition as furnished by the manufacturer.
ball-peen hammers shall not be used to strike hard or (i) Hammers with loose handle grips shall not be
hardened objects such as rocks, concrete, hatchets, ham- used.
mers, axes, splitting wedges, mauls, and other strik- (j) Each hammer shall be stamped, labeled, or other-
ing tools. wise marked by the manufacturer with the following
safety message or the equivalent:
(d) The sides or cheeks (see Fig. 1) should not be used
for striking or pounding.
(e) Safety goggles or equivalent eye protection con- WARNING
forming to ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and by WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
USER AND BYSTANDER
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
all persons in the immediate area in which any ball-peen
hammer or other striking tool is being used to avoid
injury from possible flying objects.
Pictorials are an accepted equivalent. This safety mes-
(f) Ball-peen hammerheads shall be inspected prior sage shall be located in a position that will not interfere
to each use and their use discontinued at the first sign with the quality or performance of the hammer.
of chipping, mushrooming, or cracking. The above safety message shall also appear on replace-
(g) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and ment handles.
those damaged shall be replaced or their use discon- The principles set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be used as
tinued. Handles of tools shall be free of splinters or the guide for alternate, equivalent methods of labeling.
22
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
ASME B107.54
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figures
1 Blackmith’s Double-Face Sledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 Nevada Long-Pattern Striking Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3 Oregon Short-Pattern Striking Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Hand-Drilling Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 Blacksmith’s Cross-Peen Sledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 Woodchopper’s Maul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7 Railroad Spike Maul, Standard Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8 Railroad Spike Maul, Bell Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9 Spalling Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
10 Stone Sledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11 Bush Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
12 Ship or Boat Maul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
13 Lineman’s or Farrier’s Turning Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
14 Chamfer/Equivalent Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
23
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
HEAVY STRIKING TOOLS
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1 SCOPE (f) Spalling Hammer (see Fig. 9), intended specifically
for use in cutting and shaping stone and masonry by
first making a score line with the scoring edge and then
requirements for heavy striking tools. The names given
tapping away the unwanted stone or masonry with the
and intended uses are those generally recognized (see
striking face.
Figs. 1 through 13).
(g) Stone Sledge (see Fig. 10), the scoring edge of
The designs covered by this Standard are not limited
which is intended specifically for making score lines in
to those named or illustrated.
stone and masonry and the striking face of which is
This Standard is intended to serve as a guide in select-
intended specifically for use in breaking up stone and
ing, testing, and using the hand tools covered. Details of
masonry.
design, testing, and use of the tools covered are specified
only as they relate to safety. It is not the purpose of this (h) Bush Hammer (see Fig. 11), intended specifically
Standard to specify the details of manufacturing. for use in roughing and chipping concrete or stone.
This Standard is also meant to serve as a guide in (i) Ship or Boat Maul (see Fig. 12), intended specifi-
developing manuals and posters and for training per- cally for use in driving bolts (iron, copper rods, or dow-
sonnel to work safely. els), pins, spikes, and T-nails (wood).
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori- (j) Lineman’s or Farrier ’s Turning Hammer (see
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of laws Fig. 13), intended specifically for use by telephone and
or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by electric utility linemen or by farriers (blacksmiths) in
establishments that use or manufacture the tools forming and shaping horseshoes.
covered.
The methods employed to ensure compliance with
3 DEFINITIONS
tory or administrative authority. (See Figs. 1 through 14 as applicable.)
blade: the broad tapering portion of the maul between
2 CLASSIFICATION the eye and the cutting edge of the woodchopper’s maul.
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the
(a) Blacksmith’s Double-Face Sledge (see Fig. 1),
perimeter of the striking face; also, the bevel on the ends
Nevada long-pattern striking hammer (see Fig. 2), and
of peening surfaces and scoring edges (see Fig. 14).
Oregon short-pattern striking hammer (see Fig. 3),
intended specifically for use in general sledging opera- cutting edge: the sharpened end of the blade of the wood-
tions in striking wood, metal, masonry, and stone. chopper’s maul.
(b) Hand-Drilling Hammer (see Fig. 4), intended spe- equivalent: The word equivalent in this Standard shall be
cifically for use in striking chisels, punches, star drills, interpreted to mean alternative designs or features that
spikes, B107.52 Type I Nail Puller Bars, and hardened will provide an equal degree of performance and safety.
nails.
eye: an opening or aperture in the head into which the
(c) Blacksmith’s Cross-Peen Sledge (see Fig. 5), the
handle is inserted if the handle is separate.
striking face of which is intended specifically for use in
general sledging operations in striking wood, metal, handle: the portion that protrudes from the head and by
masonry, and stone and the peen face of which is which the tool is held.
intended specifically for use in bending and peening handle grip: additional material securely attached to the
unhardened metal. handle to be gripped during use.
(d) Woodchopper’s Maul (see Fig. 6), the bit end of
which is intended specifically for splitting logs and the peen: the tapered portion of the hammer or sledge
striking face of which is intended specifically for driving between the eye and the scoring edge.
metal wood-splitting wedges into logs. poll: the portion of the hammer, sledge, maul, or bush
(e) Railroad Spike Maul (see Figs. 7 and 8), intended hammer between the eye and the chamfer or striking
specifically for use in driving railroad spikes. face.
24
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
Fig. 1 Blacksmith’s Double-Face Sledge Fig. 5 Blacksmith’s Cross-Peen Sledge

Striking face Striking face
Handle
Chamfer Poll Poll Chamfer Handle
Eye
Eye
Striking face Chamfer

Top of tool Peen
Poll
Chamfer Fullering surface
Fig. 2 Nevada Long-Pattern Striking Hammer

Striking face
Handle Fig. 6 Woodchopper’s Maul

Poll Chamfer
Eye Striking face

Poll
Handle Chamfer Poll
Chamfer Striking face
Eye
Blade
Fig. 3 Oregon Short-Pattern Striking Hammer

Cutting edge
Striking face
Handle Chamfer Poll

Eye
Poll Fig. 7 Railroad Spike Maul, Standard Pattern
Striking face
Striking face Chamfer
Chamfer
Poll
Fig. 4 Hand-Drilling Hammer
Handle
Striking face
Eye
Chamfer Handle
Poll
Poll
Eye
Chamfer
Poll
Striking face
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
25
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
Fig. 8 Railroad Spike Maul, Bell Pattern Fig. 11 Bush Hammer

Handle
Chamfer Poll
Poll
Eye
Handle
Poll
Eye
Striking face
Poll
Striking face
Chamfer
Fig. 12 Ship or Boat Maul

Fig. 9 Spalling Hammer Striking face
Striking face
Poll Chamfer
Handle
Handle
Eye
Chamfer
Eye
Poll
Peen
Chamfer
Scoring
edge
Fig. 10 Stone Sledge Fig. 13 Lineman’s or Farrier’s Turning Hammer
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Poll Chamfer Handle

Handle
Poll
Chamfer
Eye
Eye
Peen
Poll
Chamfer
Scoring Chamfer Striking face
edge
26
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
Fig. 14 Chamfer/Equivalent Radius Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
Conshohocken, PA 19428
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
Use and Care
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North
SAE J1703 Motor Vehicle Brake Fluid
Equivalent
Chamfer
Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400
radius
Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096
5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Tools shall pass the tests in section 6 as applicable.
5.1 Design
Heavy striking tools shall have a striking face on one
end while the other end shall have a striking face or a
special-purpose shape. Striking faces on all heavy strik-
safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed ing tools, except spalling hammers and bush hammers,
to the hammer that is intended to promote safety. shall have a striking-face crown.
Striking faces of all heavy striking tools except bush
scoring edge: the edge directly opposite the striking face
hammers shall have a chamfer of approximately 45 deg
of spalling hammers and stone sledges.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
or equivalent radius all around the perimeter with a
shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this width equal to approximately one-tenth the width across
Standard. the poll directly behind the chamfer angle. For example,
should: indicates if a provision is of an advisory nature if the width across the poll directly behind the chamfer
or is stated as a recommendation. equals 2.0 in., then the chamfer width would be approxi-
mately 0.2 in.
striking face: the portion of the head, exclusive of the
The ends of peening surfaces and scoring edges shall
poll and chamfer located either on both ends of the head
have a chamfer of approximately 45 deg (or equivalent
or on the end of the head opposite a peen or blade.
radius).
striking-face crown: exclusive of spalling hammers and Tools shall be free of nonfunctional sharp edges,
bush hammers, the convex shape or radius of the strik- points, and surface roughness that could inflict personal
ing face. injury when handling the tool.
5.2 Materials
4 REFERENCES
The materials used in the manufacture of heavy strik-
The following documents are referenced in this ing tools shall be such as to produce tools conforming
Standard. The most recent editions shall be used. to this Standard.
ANSI Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational 5.3 Mechanical Properties
Eye and Face Protection
Heads shall be free of manufacturing and material
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
defects such as seams, laps, pipes and cold shuts that
Publisher: American National Standards Institute would jeopardize sound construction.
(ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 All striking faces, except for those of wood chopper’s
ASME B107.52 Nail Puller Bars and Pry Bars mauls (see below), shall be hardened and tempered to
45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent. The steel directly
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
behind the striking face shall be a toughened supporting
Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York,
core that gradually decreases in hardness.
NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, Box
The striking faces of woodchopper’s mauls shall be
2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
hardened and tempered to 44 HRC to 55 HRC or equiva-
ASTM E 18 Standard Test Methods for Rockwell lent. The blades shall be hardened and tempered to
Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of 45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent for a minimum distance
Metallic Materials of 0.75 in. from the cutting edge.
27
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
The peens of blacksmith’s cross peen sledges, spalling Striking faces shall not sink, mushroom, chip, crack,
hammers, and stone sledges shall be hardened and tem- or spall. Handles shall not loosen or separate from the
pered to a hardness of 45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent head, crack, or break.
for a minimum distance of 0.5 in. from the peening
surface or scoring edge. 6.3 Static Force Test
Assembled striking tool handles shall not break,
6 TESTS loosen, or otherwise fail when subjected to the following
static forces and when the striking tool head is locked
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous securely in the test fixture with the striking face down
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property and with the handle extended in the horizontal plane
shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests and when the static force is applied vertically at a point
are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do on the handle measuring 10 in. from the top of the tool
not condone the use of the tools in an environment, or head (see Fig. 16).
in a manner, inconsistent with safe use of the tools. Striking tools with a head weight of up to and includ-
Separate (new) hammers shall be used for each test. ing 4 lb shall withstand a static force of 150 lbf.
Failure to meet the requirements of any one of the tests Striking tools with a head weight of greater than 4 lb
indicates that the hammers are not in compliance with shall withstand a static force of 250 lbf.
this Standard.
6.4 Grip Tests
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Hardness determinations with respect to striking 6.4.1 Solvent Resistance Test. Grips shall be fully
faces, peens, and blades shall be made on a fixtured tool immersed in the test fluids specified (new sample grips
or on a mounted or unmounted specimen that has been shall be used for each test fluid) for 15 min to 20 min
cut from the tool using the wet abrasive or other equiva- at room temperature, removed, and let stand for 24 hr
lent method. Any hardness test that utilizes equipment to 28 hr. Test fluids are SAE J1703 brake fluid, gasoline,
and methods equivalent to Rockwell hardness determi- ethylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. There shall be neither
nation as specified in ASTM E 18 will be acceptable. significant swelling nor surface attack of the material
being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the
6.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test striking tool handle.
Sample striking tools shall be subjected to the striking 6.4.2 Grip Twisting Test. Following the solvent
test as specified below. On double-faced tools where resistance test in para. 6.4.1, striking tools shall be
both faces are striking faces, both faces shall be tested. secured by hand and the grip twisted at the normal hand
(a) For tools having overall handle lengths of less than grip position in alternating directions. Five alternating
24 in., the sample tool shall withstand 20 full swinging twisting motions shall be performed, after which there
blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, shall be no grip looseness or separation from the handle.
commensurate with the end use and weight of the tool.
The test shall be conducted at room temperature. The 6.4.3 Grip Adhesion Test. Following the test in 6.4.2,
blows shall be struck with the tool held or fixtured at grips shall be tested per (a) or (b) below.
the normal gripping area. The blows shall be struck (a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile force
against the smooth flat or slightly convex surface of a tested at 500 lbf, applying the force only to the grip
rigidly supported steel object with a minimum diameter (using a woven wire cuff or other suitable device). The
of 3 in., a minimum length of 2 in., and a hardness of grip shall not loosen or separate from the handle.
92 HRB to 105 HRB or equivalent. (b) Chemically bonded grips shall be cut longitudi-
(b) For tools having overall handle lengths of 24 in. nally so that a segment may be pulled. The segment
or greater, the sample tool shall withstand 100 full shall separate from the handle such that some of the
swinging blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to grip material that was pulled shall remain adhered to
180 lb, commensurate with the end use and weight of the handle.
the tool. The test shall be conducted at room tempera-
ture. The blows shall be struck with the tool held or
fixtured at the normal gripping area. The blows shall
USE
be struck on a steel die block, with a hardness of 92 HRC
to 105 HRB or equivalent. The test block shall be 10 in. Instructors and employers shall stress proper use and
square or larger, with a thickness of at least 8 in. safety in the use of striking tools and shall emphasize
Following the striking test, assemblies consisting of the necessity to wear and ensure the use of safety goggles
two or more separate parts (head and handle) shall not or equivalent eye protection. The publication Guide to
loosen or separate when subjected to a static tensile Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care
force of 1,000 lbf (see Fig. 15). provides guidelines for safe use of these tools.
28
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)

10 in.
Fig. 15 Typical Tensile Force Test
7.1 Safety Requirements

(a) Safety goggles or equivalent eye protection con-
forming to ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and
by all persons in the immediate area where any striking
tool is being used to avoid possible eye injury from
flying objects.
(b) The heads of heavy striking tools shall be
inspected prior to each use and their use discontinued
at the first sign of chipping, mushrooming, or cracking.
(c) No area, section, or portion of the striking tool
shall be ground, welded, treated by reheating, or other-
wise altered from the original condition as furnished by
the manufacturer. However, a dull cutting edge should
be redressed to its original contour using a hand file or
whetstone.1
(d) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and
damaged handles shall be replaced. Handles of tools
shall be free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight
in the head of the tool. Replacements shall pass the
tests in paras. 6.2 and 6.3 and shall be equivalent to the
original handle in size and quality.
(e) When provided, handle grips that have loosened
from the handle shall be tightened or replaced.
(f ) Each striking tool assembly shall be stamped,
labeled, or otherwise marked by the manufacturer with
the following safety message or equivalent:
WARNING
Tensile WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
Mforce USER AND BYSTANDER
This safety message shall be located in a position that

will not interfere with the quality or performance of the
tool. The above safety message shall also appear on all
1
It is understood that industrial users with adequate facilities
and properly trained personnel may choose to redress or resharpen
these tools by other means without altering the metallurgical char-
acteristics of the tools.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
29
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.54)
replacement handles. Pictorials are an accepted equiva- (b) A blow of a heavy striking tool should always be
lent. The principles set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be struck squarely with the striking face parallel with the
used as the guide for alternate, equivalent methods of surface being struck. Glancing blows, overstrikes, and
labeling. under-strikes should be avoided.
7.2 Limitations of Use (c) The sides of the polls or peens (see Figs. 1 through
(a) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, strik- 13) shall not be used for striking or pounding.
ing tools shall be used only for the purposes specified (d) Heavy striking tools shall not be struck by another
in section 2. striking tool.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
30
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
ASME B107.56
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figures
1 Nomenclature for Body Repair Hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Nomenclature for Dolly Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Nomenclature for Body Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 Typical Styles of Body Repair Hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 Typical Styles of Dolly Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6 Typical Styles of Body Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 Striking Test Setup for Body Repair Hammers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
31
--`,````,``,,,,,`

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
BODY REPAIR TOOLS
1 SCOPE chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the

perimeter of the striking face.
requirements for body repair hammers, dolly blocks, cheeks: the sides of the hammerhead proximate to the eye.
and spoons that are intended specifically for the reshap- eye: an opening or aperture in the hammerhead into
ing of sheet metal panels normally found on bodies and which the handle is inserted, if the handle is separate.
fenders of motor vehicles. They are intended to be used
handle: the portion that protrudes from the hammerhead
separately or together for these repairs.
and by which the hammer is held.
This Standard is intended to serve as a guide in select-
ing, testing, and using the hand tools covered herein. It handle grip: material securely attached to the grip end
is not the purpose of this Standard to specify the details of some styles of hammer handles.
of manufacturing. neck: the reduced cross section portion of the hammer-
This Standard is also intended to serve as a guide head located between the bell and the eye, or the peen
for the development of manuals and posters, and for and the eye, or both.
training personnel to work safely.
peen: the striking surface of the hammerhead located in
front of the neck.
2 CLASSIFICATION pick: the elongated tapered portion of the hammerhead
Type I: Body Repair Hammers extending from the eye to the point.
Type II: Body Repair Dolly Blocks point: the striking surface located at the end of the pick.
Type III: Body Repair Spoons
shrinking: the act of contracting stretched sheet metal by
heating and upsetting the stretched metal into the heated
3 DEFINITIONS spot with the body repair hammer.
dinging: removing minor imperfections in metal; shrinking face: the striking surface that is normally ser-
straightening damaged metal whether spoons, ham- rated. It may be flat or crowned.
mers, or dolly blocks are used. striking face: the portion of the hammerhead located in
equivalent: the word equivalent in this Standard shall be front of the bell and chamfer that contacts the sheet
interpreted to mean alternative designs or features that metal during use.
will provide an equal degree of performance and safety. striking-face crown: the convex shape or radius of the
hardness: the condition resulting from heat treatment. striking face.
safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed striking surface: the surface of a hammerhead, peen,
to the repair hammer, dolly block, or spoon that is chisel, or pick intended to contact the sheet metal dur-
intended to promote safety. ing use.
shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this struck face: the portion of the hammerhead, exclusive of
Standard. the chamfer, that is intended to be struck with a striking
tool during use.
should: indicates if a provision is of an advisory nature
or is stated as a recommendation. 3.2 Type II: Dolly Blocks
3.1 Type I: Body Repair Hammers (See Fig. 2.)
(See Figs. 1 and 4 as applicable.) beading edge: an edge of a dolly block with a rounded
bell: the portion of the hammerhead directly behind the apex that is used to raise a bead.
striking face. chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the
bumping, dinging, finishing face: the area of the hammer- perimeter of the working surface.
head used to restore the damaged sheet metal panel to crown: a broad area of the working surface that is convex
its original shape by striking. in shape.
32
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 1 Nomenclature for Body Repair Hammers

Striking-face crown
Bell diameter
Striking face
Bell Chamfer, bevel,

or radius
Neck
Cheek Eye Handle
(a) Shrinking Hammer Shrinking face
Peen
Peen
Neck Neck
Top of
hammer
(b) Ball-Peen Hammer (c) Cylindrical Cross-Peen Hammer
Peen
Point
Neck Neck
(d) Picking, Pecking-Peen Hammer (e) Cross-Chisel Cross-Peen Hammer
Peen Chamfer or radius

Struck face
(f) Curved-End Hammer (g) Fender-Bumper Hammer
33
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 2 Nomenclature for Dolly Blocks flanging edge: an edge of a dolly block with an approxi-
mately right-angle rounded surface that is used to form
Flanging edge a flange.
shrinking surface: the working surface that is normally
serrated. It may be flat or crowned.
Crown Beading edge
striking surface: the surface of a dolly block intended to
contact the sheet metal during use.
working faces: the convex shape or radius of the striking
or struck surface of a dolly block.
working surface: the convex or radiused faces of the dolly
block intended to contact the sheet metal during use—
Beading edge usually ground, buffed, or otherwise smoothly finished.
3.3 Type III: Body Spoons

(See Fig. 3.)
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius encircling the
perimeter of the working surface.
crown: a broad area of the working surface that is convex
in shape.
driving pad: a raised square or rectangular boss on the
spoon handle designed to be struck with a hammer.
handle: the portion that extends beyond the working
area and by which the spoon is held.
slapping surface: the portion of the spoon used to force-
Fig. 3 Nomenclature for Body Spoons fully strike the sheet metal.
struck face: a surface of the light dinging spoon (see
Crown Fig. 6(a)), generally opposite the working surface, that
Driving may be struck by an appropriate striking tool during
pad use; the flat surface of a driving pad on the handle or
Handle shank.
working surface: the portion of the spoon intended to
contact the sheet metal during use—usually ground,
buffed, or otherwise smoothly finished.
4 REFERENCES
The following publications are referenced in this
Slapping
Standard. The latest edition shall be used.
surface
ANSI Z87.1 Occupational and Educational Personal Eye
Working
and Face Protection Devices
surface
ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
Publisher: American National Standards Institute
Handle (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
ASTM E 18 Standard Test Methods for Rockwell and
Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
Use and Care
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,
34
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 4 Typical Styles of Body Repair Hammers

Bumping, dinging,
finishing face Shrinking face Ball-peen
Cross-peen or
cross-chisel
Cross-chisel or
cross-peen
Picking, pecking
(a) Picking and (b) Shrinking and Cross- or (c) Cross-Peen

Dinging Hammer Vertical-Chisel Hammer Hammer
Struck face
Bumping, dinging, Cylindrical cross-peen

finishing face
(d) Bumping (e) Fender-Bumper

Hammer Hammer
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
35
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5.1.1.4 Handle. The handle shall be of any design,

including ergonomic, that will withstand the appro-
The illustrations shown herein are descriptive and
priate tests specified in paras. 6.2 and 6.3.
nonrestrictive, and are not intended to preclude the man-
ufacture of body repair tools that otherwise comply with 5.1.2 Type II: Dolly Blocks. Dolly blocks are
this Standard. Body repair tools shall withstand the designed for straightening, bumping, shrinking, and fin-
applicable tests in section 6. ishing sheet metal panels during the repair of damaged
motor vehicle body and fender sections. They are
5.1 Design
intended for use with or without body repair hammers,
Surfaces shall be free of nonfunctional sharp edges, but shall not be struck directly with a hammer.
points, and surface roughness that could inflict personal Dolly blocks may possess a combination of contoured
injury when handling the tool. surfaces.
No engraving, stamping, or other marks shall be Some styles of dolly blocks and their functions are
impressed on the working surfaces of body repair tools listed here (see Fig. 5). The names given are those gener-
to prevent transferring to sheet metal surfaces. ally recognized in the body repair industry. The styles
5.1.1 Type I: Body Repair Hammers. Body repair covered by the Standard are not limited to those named
hammers are designed for striking against sheet metal or illustrated.
panels. They shall consist of a hammerhead with one (a) General-Purpose, Crowned. For use on crowned
or more striking surfaces and a handle, or as on a fender panels and flat portions of body panels.
bumper, one striking surface and one struck face and a (b) General-Purpose, Anvil. For various curves and
handle [see Fig. 4(e)]. contours of body, door panels, and deep-skirted fenders.
5.1.1.1 Striking Surface. The hammerhead strik- (c) General-Purpose, Rail. For bumping, dinging,
ing surfaces may consist of, but are not limited to, any straightening, and finishing various portions of body
combination of the following styles as shown in Fig. 4. door panels and fenders. A general-purpose rail dolly
(a) Bumping, Dinging, Finishing Face. Has a smooth, block has two beading and flanging edges.
flat, or crowned striking face. The cross section of the (d) Bead. The working surfaces are suitable for use
bell may be round, square, or polygonal. on long-curved fenders, beads, and flanges.
(b) Picking, Pecking End. Has a pointed or rounded (e) Heel. The working surfaces are suitable for use on
tip called a point at the end of a round or polygonal sharp corners and large radius portions of panels.
pick. The axis of the pick may be straight or curved. (f) Toe. Has a flat face and flat edge for use in dinging
(c) Shrinking Face. Has a serrated striking face that flat surfaces. The crowned and curved contours are suit-
may be flat or crowned. The cross section at the bell able for use on odd crowns and contours.
may be round or polygonal. (g) Wedge. The shape is suitable for use behind brack-
(d) Ball-Peen End. Has a smoothly contoured shape ets, braces, and reinforcements.
that is approximately hemispherical. (h) Shrinking. Has a flat or curved striking surface
(e) Cross-Peen, Cross-Chisel End. Has a wedge or that is normally serrated.
chisel-shaped peen oriented at right angles to the axis (i) Angle. For use on various angles, crosses, and
of the handle. curves.
(f) Cylindrical Cross-Peen End. Has a generally cylin-
drical-shaped striking part with its axis oriented approx- 5.1.3 Type III: Spoons. Body spoons are designed
imately at a right angle to the axis of the hammerhead variously for dispersing the force of a hammer blow
and handle. over a wider area, for wedging and prying between
(g) Vertical-Peen, Vertical-Chisel End. Has a wedge or panels, for striking against sheet metal panels in con-
chisel-shaped peen oriented parallel to the axis of the fined spaces, or for use as a dolly in hard-to-reach areas.
handle. They are characterized by an integral handle or shank
of a size, shape, and length to provide a comfortable
5.1.1.2 Chamfer. The chamfer on the bumping, balance and utility to the working end of the spoon.
dinging, finishing, and other striking faces shall be a Spoons may have a combination of contoured
minimum of 0.03 in. at approximately 45 deg or equiva- surfaces.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
lent radius. Some styles of spoons and their uses are listed here
5.1.1.3 Peen. The peen may have one of the fol- (see Fig. 6). The names are typically used in the body
lowing shapes: repair industry. The styles covered by this Standard are
(a) wedge-shaped (as in a cross-peen or cross- and not limited to those named or illustrated.
vertical-chisel) (a) Light-Dinging Spoon. Light low-crown spoon for
(b) cylindrical (as in a cylindrical cross-peen) distributing the force of a hammer blow over a wider
(c) rounded (as in a ball-peen) area or greater length of a ridge. Not made for prying.
36
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 5 Typical Styles of Dolly Blocks
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) General-Purpose (b) General-Purpose (c) General-Purpose
High Crown Anvil Rail
(d) Bead (e) Heel (f) Toe
(g) Wedge (h) Shrinking (i) Angle
37
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 6 Typical Styles of Body Spoons
(a) Light-Dinging (b) Surfacing Spoon

Spoon
(c) Medium-Crown (d) Combination

Spoon Spoon
(e) Spoon Dolly (f) Double-End

Driving Spoon
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
38
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
(b) Surfacing Spoon. Low-crown spoon for spring ends of body repair hammerheads shall not sink, mush-
hammering, slapping, and finishing. room, chip, crack, or spall.1
(c) Medium-Crown Spoon. For reducing high ridges or Swinging blows shall be struck by a person of average
prying. High crown versions are also available. build, 160 lb to 180 lb, commensurate with the end use
(d) Combination Spoon. Heavy-duty, general-purpose, and weight of the tool. The blows shall be struck with
high-crown spoon with an offset handle. Can be used the hammer held or fixtured at the normal gripping
as a dolly. area. The test shall be conducted at room temperature.
(e) Spoon Dolly. The long handle permits use in 6.2.1 Dinging, finishing, bumping, and ball-peen
difficult-to-reach areas. Use as a spoon, dolly, or pry, hammer ends shall withstand twenty full swinging
and for caulking. blows through a 90-deg arc.
(f) Double-End Driving Spoon. Can be driven between
panels. Use as a pry or spoon. Bevel edge tips. 6.2.2 Pecking, cylindrical cross-peen, cross-peen,
cross-chisel, and shrinking hammer ends shall with-
5.2 Materials stand twenty full swinging blows through a 45-deg arc.
The materials used in the manufacture of these tools 6.2.3 Fender-bumper body repair hammers shall
shall be such as to produce tools conforming to the be subject to the preconditioning striking test that uses
requirements specified herein. the same test setup as shown in Fig. 7. The cylindrical
cross-peen shall be held against the sheet metal with
5.3 Hardness the handle extending horizontally. The striking face of
a 16-oz ball-peen hammer shall be used to subject the
5.3.1 Type I: Body Repair Hammers. The striking struck face of the fender-bumper hammer to twenty full
faces and peen ends of body repair hammerheads shall swinging blows through a 90-deg arc. The
be hardened and tempered to 48 HRC to 60 HRC or fender-bumper hammerhead shall not chip, crack, spall,
equivalent. The struck face of fender bumper body repair or mushroom.
hammerheads shall not exceed 45 HRC or equivalent. Following the preconditioning striking test, the ham-
merhead shall not loosen or separate from the handle
5.3.2 Type II: Dolly Blocks. The hardness of dolly
when subjected to a static tensile force of 400 lbf.
blocks shall be 40 HRC to 52 HRC or equivalent.
5.3.3 Type III: Spoons. The hardness of body repair 6.3 Static Force Test—Type I
spoons shall be 38 HRC to 48 HRC or equivalent. Samples of the assembled body repair handles shall
not break, loosen, or otherwise fail when subjected to a
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
static force (see Fig. 8) of 25 lbf while

6 TESTS (a) the hammerhead is locked securely in the test fix-
Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous ture with the striking face down and the handle
and adequate safeguards for personnel and property extended in a horizontal plane.
shall be employed in conducting such tests. (b) a static force of 25 lbf is applied vertically at a
Separate (new) samples shall be used for each of point on the handle measuring 10 in. from the top of
the tests. the hammer.
6.4 Grip Tests

6.1 Hardness Test
Hardness determination shall be made per
immersed in the test fluids specified for 15 min to 20 min
ASTM E 18.
6.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test—Type I
Prior to tensile force testing, sample body repair ham- significant swelling nor surface attack of the material
mers shall be subjected to a preconditioning striking being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the
test as specified in para. 6.2.1, 6.2.2, or 6.2.3 as applicable, sample tool handle.
using the following test setup:
6.4.2 Following the solvent resistance test, sample
A rigidly supported steel bar, with a minimum diame-
tool shall be secured by hand and the grip twisted at
ter of 6 in., a minimum height of 3 in., and a hardness
the normal hand position in alternating directions pro-
of 92 HRB to 105 HRB or equivalent, shall be used to
ducing a torque of 40 lbf-in. to 60 lbf-in. (approximated
support a 26-gage (0.0179 in.) steel metal panel that fully
covers the steel bar (see Fig. 7). 1
The striking test is so severe that a degree of permissible
The hammer handle shall not splinter, break, loosen, deformation of serrations on the striking face of hammers can be
or separate. The striking faces, points, peens, or chisel anticipated.
39
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
Fig. 7 Striking Test Setup for Body Repair Hammers
26-gage
Test angle
3 in. min.
Steel bar
Diameter 6 in. min.
10 in.
Static
force
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-
40
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.56)
by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb). Five (f) Body repair hammerheads shall be inspected prior
alternating twisting motions shall be performed. Grips to each use and discontinued at the first sign of chipping,
shall not loosen or separate from handle. mushrooming, or cracking of any portion.
(g) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and
6.4.3 Following the twisting test, grips shall be
those damaged shall be replaced. Handles shall be free
tested per (a) or (b) below as applicable.
of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool.
(a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile tested
Replacements shall withstand the test requirements
using the values for wedged tools in para. 6.2 (for both
specified in paras. 6.2 and 6.3 and shall be equivalent
wedged and nonwedged tools) applying the force only
to the original handle in size and quality.
to the grip. The grip shall not loosen or separate from
(h) No area section or portion of the body repair ham-
the handle.
merhead, spoon, or dolly block shall be ground, welded,
treated by reheating, or otherwise altered from the origi-
nal condition as furnished by the manufacturer, except
for dolly blocks as indicated in para. 7(i).
(i) Dolly blocks shall be inspected prior to each use
the handle.
and discontinued at the first sign of chipping or cracking.
Any mushrooming of the working surface of the dolly
7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF block from tool usage shall be promptly redressed to
USE the original contour by the use of a whetstone or file.2
(j) Finishing or dinging hammers should be used for
final shaping of damaged area only after roughing out
safety in the use of body repair tools and shall emphasize
procedure to get inside the damaged area with a heavy
the necessity to wear and ensure the use of safety goggles
hammer, or other tool such as a dolly block, and beat
or push the whole area out roughly to shape. Heavy
Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care
body hammers or dolly blocks should be used for
roughing out.
(a) Body repair hammers, dolly blocks, and spoons
(k) Each body repair hammer and replacement han-
are special-purpose tools designed and intended only
dle, spoon, and dolly block shall be stamped, labeled,
for use in straightening, shaping, shrinking, picking,
or otherwise marked with the following safety message
and finishing damaged sheet metal panels normally
or equivalent:
found on bodies and fenders of motor vehicles. They
are intended to be used separately or together for these
repair procedures. WARNING
(b) Dolly blocks shall not be struck directly by any WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
type of hammer or other striking tool. USER AND BYSTANDER
(c) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, body
repair hammers, spoons, and dolly blocks shall not be
used to strike objects other than sheet metal panels. Pictorials are an accepted equivalent. This safety mes-
(d) The cheeks or necks of body repair hammers and sage shall be located in a position that will not interfere
the handles or edges of spoons shall not be used for with the quality or performance of the hammer. The
striking or pounding. principles set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be used as the
(e) To avoid possible injury from flying objects, safety guide for alternate, equivalent methods of labeling.
goggles or equivalent eye protection conforming to 2
ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and by all persons It is understood that industrial users with adequate facilities
and properly trained personnel may choose to redress or resharpen
in the immediate area in which any striking tool is these tools by other means without altering the metallurgical char-
being used. acteristics of the tools.
41
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)
ASME B107.57
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figures
1 Bricklayers’ Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2 Prospecting Pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
42
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)
BRICKLAYERS’ HAMMERS AND PROSPECTING PICKS
1 SCOPE face: the portion of the bricklayers’ hammerhead or pros-

pecting pick head, exclusive of the bell and chamfer,
located on the end of the head opposite from the blade
requirements for bricklayers’ hammers that are intended
or pick end.
specifically for use in setting and cutting (splitting)
bricks, masonry tile, chipping mortar from bricks, and handle: the portion that protrudes from the hammerhead
also of prospecting picks that are intended specifically or pick head and by which the tool is held.
for use in pulling samples from the ground. It is intended handle grip: material securely attached to the grip end
to serve as a guide in selecting, testing, and using the of some styles of hammer or pick handles.
hand tools covered. It is not the purpose of this Standard
hardness: the condition of the hammerhead or pick head
to specify the details of manufacturing.
resulting from heat treatment.
The Standard is also meant to serve as a guide in
developing manuals and posters and for training per- neck: on some bricklayers’ hammers of alternative design
sonnel to work safely. (see Fig. 1), the portion of the hammerhead between the
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori- bell and the hammer eye.
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formation of laws pick: the portion of the prospecting pick directly opposite
or regulations. It is also intended for voluntary use by the face.
establishments that use or manufacture the tools
covered. safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed
The methods employed to ensure compliance with to the hammer that is intended to promote safety.
this Standard shall be determined by the proper regula- shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this
tory or administrative authority. Standard.
2 DEFINITIONS or is stated as a recommendation.
(See Figs. 1 and 2 as applicable.) sides: outside surfaces of the hammerhead, on either side
of the eye, located between the blade and chamfer or
bell (poll): the portion of the hammerhead directly behind neck on bricklayers’ hammers and the pick end and
the face. chamfer on prospecting picks; also called cheeks.
bevel: the underside of the cutting edge (bit) of the brick- top of hammer or pick: the portion of the hammer or
layers’ hammer. prospecting pick head opposite the handle entry.
blade: the tapered portion of the bricklayers’ hammer-
head directly opposite the face.
3 REFERENCES
chamfer: the angled flat surface or equivalent radius
encircling the perimeter of the face of the bricklayers’ The following documents are referenced in this
hammer and prospecting picks and at both ends of the Standard. The latest edition shall be used.
cutting edge of the bricklayers’ hammer.
ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and Educational
cheeks: see sides. Eye and Face Protection
cutting edge (bit): the edge directly opposite the face of ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels
the bricklayers’ hammerhead at the extreme end of the Publisher: American National Standards Institute
blade. (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
equivalent: alternative design or features that will pro- ASTM E 18, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell
vide an equal degree of safety and performance. Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
eye: an opening or aperture in the bricklayers’ hammer Metallic Materials
or prospecting pick located between the blade or pick Publisher: American Society for Testing and Materials
and the face into which the handle is inserted if the (ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
handle is separate. Conshohocken, PA 19428
43
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)
Fig. 1 Bricklayers’ Hammers
Cutting edge
Chamfer (bit) Bevel
Top of Blade
hammer
Side or Eye
Handle
cheek
Handle
Bell
grip
(poll)
Chamfer
Equivalent
radius
4 x Scale
Face
Fig. 2 Prospecting Pick
Top of
Pick
pick
Side or
cheek Eye
Handle
Handle
grip
Chamfer
Equivalent
radius
4 x Scale
Face
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 44
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)
Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper 4.3.3 The face, blade, and pick end shall not sink,
Use and Care mushroom, chip, crack, or spall when subjected to the
Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North striking test specified in para. 5.2.
Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 4.3.4 Handles shall not loosen or separate from
SAE J1703 Motor Vehicle Brake Fluid the head, crack, or break when subjected to the tests
Publisher: Society of Automative Engineers (SAE), 400 specified in paras. 5.2 and 5.3.
Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096
5 TESTS
4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous
4.1 Design
shall be employed in conducting such tests. Separate
Bricklayers’ hammers shall have a face on one end of (new) samples shall be used for each of the tests. Failure
the head and a cutting edge on the opposite end for use to meet the requirements of any of the tests indicates
in setting and cutting (splitting) bricks, masonry tile, the bricklayers’ hammer or prospecting pick is not in
concrete tile, and concrete blocks and for chipping mor- compliance with this Standard.
tar from bricks. Prospecting picks shall have a face on
one end of the head and a pick on the opposite end of 5.1 Hardness Determination Test
the head for use in pulling samples from the ground. Hardness determination with respect to faces, blades,
4.1.1 The faces of the heads shall be flat. and picks shall be made in accordance with ASTM E 18.
4.1.2 The faces shall have a chamfer of 45 deg (or 5.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test
equivalent radius) all around the perimeter with the Prior to tensile force testing, sample tools shall be
width equal to approximately 0.06 in. subjected to the following striking test. The tools shall
4.1.3 The underside of the cutting edge or bit of withstand 20 blows at a head velocity of 45 ft/sec to
the bricklayers’ hammer shall have a bevel of approxi- 55 ft/sec (approximated by a person of average build,
mately 30 deg to 45 deg. The two outer corners of the 160 lb to 180 lb). The test shall be conducted at room
cutting edge shall have a chamfer of approximately temperature. This velocity shall be achieved with the
45 deg or equivalent radius. hammer held or fixtured at the normal gripping area.
The tool1 shall be struck against the smooth, slightly
4.1.4 Handles shall be of any design, including convex surface of a rigidly supported steel object with
ergonomic, that can withstand the tests specified in a minimum diameter of 3 in. and a minimum length of
paras. 5.2 and 5.3. 2 in., the hardness of which shall be equivalent to a
hardness of 92 HRB to 105 HRB or equivalent.
4.1.5 The head and handle shall be free of nonfunc-
The hammerhead shall not permanently deform,
tional sharp edges, points, and surface roughness that
crack, or break. Handles shall not separate from the
could inflict personal injury on the user while handling
hammerhead, crack, or break. The striking face shall not
the bricklayers’ hammer or prospecting pick.
mushroom, chip, crack, or spall when subjected to the
4.2 Materials striking test.2
Following the striking test, assemblies consisting of
The materials used in the manufacture of bricklayers’
two or more separate parts (head and handle) shall not
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
hammers and prospecting picks shall be such as to pro-
loosen or separate when subjected to the static tensile
duce tools conforming to the requirements specified
forces of
herein.
(a) 400 lbf on tools with head weights of less than 20 oz
4.3 Mechanical Properties (b) 1,000 lbf on tools with head weights of 20 oz and
greater
4.3.1 The faces of the hammerheads and pick heads
shall be hardened and tempered to a hardness of 45 HRC 5.3 Static Force Test
to 60 HRC or equivalent. The material directly behind The hammerhead or pick head shall be locked securely
the face shall be a toughened supporting core, gradually in test fixture with the face down and the handle
decreasing in hardness. extended in the horizontal plane. A static force shall be
4.3.2 The blade of the bricklayer’s hammer and 1
the pick end of the prospecting pick shall be hardened The tool face is flat. Thus, the struck surface should be convex.
Striking flat surface against flat surface should be avoided.
to a hardness of 45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent for a 2
The striking test is so severe that a degree of permissible
minimum distance of 0.75 in. from the bit end and the deformations or serrations on the striking face of hammers can be
pick end, respectively. anticipated.
45
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)

10 in.
CL
Static
force
applied vertically at a point on the handle measuring (b) Chemically bonded grips shall be cut longitudi-
10 in. from the top of the hammer (see Fig. 3). The force nally so that a segment may be pulled. The segment
shall be as follows: shall separate from the handle such that some of the
(a) 80 lbf on tools with head weights of less than 20 oz grip material that was pulled shall remain adhered to
(b) 100 lbf on tools with head weights of 20 oz and the handle.
greater
Handles shall not break, loosen, or otherwise fail.
5.4 Grip Test USE
5.4.1 Solvent Resistance Test. Grips shall be fully Instructors and employers shall stress proper use and
immersed in the test fluids specified (new sample grips safety in the use of striking tools and shall emphasize
shall be used for each test fluid) for 15 min to 20 min the necessity to wear, and ensure the use of, safety gog-
at room temperature, removed, and let stand for 24 hr gles, or equivalent eye protection. The publication, Guide
to 28 hr. Test fluids are SAE J1703 brake fluid, gasoline, to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care,
ethylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. There shall be no provides guidelines for the safe use of these tools.
significant swelling nor surface attack of the material (a) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, brick-
being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the layers’ hammers and prospecting picks shall be used
hammer or pick handle. only for the purposes specified in section 1 and shall
not be used to strike hard or hardened objects such
5.4.2 Following the Solvent Resistance Test, ham- as masonry nails, brick chisels or sets, hatchets, axes,
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
mers and picks shall be secured by hand and the grip splitting wedges, mauls, other hammers, and other steel
twisted at the normal hand-grip position in alternating tools or be struck by any striking tool or other hardened
directions. Five alternating twisting motions shall be object.
performed, after which there shall be no grip looseness
(b) Safety goggles or equivalent eye protection con-
or separation from the handle.
forming to ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and by
5.4.3 Following twisting, grips shall be tested per all persons in the immediate area in which a bricklayers’
(a) or (b) below. hammer or prospecting pick or any striking tool is being
(a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile-force used to avoid injury from possible flying objects.
tested using the values in para. 5.2 (for wedged and (c) Tool heads shall be inspected prior to each use
nonwedged hammers) or 500 lbf (whichever is less) and their use discontinued at the first sign of chipping,
applying the force only to the grip (using a woven wire mushrooming, or cracking of any portion.
cuff or other suitable device). The grip shall not loosen (d) No area, section, or portion of the head of a brick-
or separate from the handle. layers’ hammer or prospecting pick shall be ground,
46
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.57)
welded, treated by reheating, or otherwise altered from protection. The publication Guide to Hand Tools —
the original condition as furnished by the manufacturer Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care provides guide-
except that a dull cutting edge or pick end may be lines for safe use of these tools.
redressed to its original contour using a hand file or (h) Each bricklayers’ hammer or prospecting pick
whetstone. shall be stamped, labeled, or otherwise marked by the
(e) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and manufacturer with the following safety message and
symbols or equivalent:
damaged handles shall be replaced. Handles shall be
free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the
head of the tool. Replacements shall withstand the test WARNING
requirements specified in paras. 5.2 and 5.3 and shall WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES
be equivalent to the original handle in size and quality. USER AND BYSTANDER
(f) When provided, handle grips that have loosened
This safety message shall be located in a position that
from the handle shall be tightened or replaced. will not interfere with the quality or performance of the
(g) Instructors or employers shall stress proper use tool. It shall also appear on all replacement handles.
and safety in the use of bricklayers’ hammers and pros- Pictorials are an accepted equivalent. The principles
pecting picks and shall emphasize the necessity to wear set forth in ANSI Z535.4 shall be used as the guide for
and ensure the use of safety goggles or equivalent eye alternative, equivalent methods of labeling.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
47
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
ASME B107.58
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figures
1 Riveting Hammer Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2 Scaling Hammer Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Tinner’s Setting Hammer Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
48
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
RIVETING, SCALING, AND TINNER’S SETTING HAMMERS
1 SCOPE peen: the portion between the eye and peen face on
riveting hammers, between the eye and peen edge on
tinner’s setting hammers, or between the eye and bevels
requirements for riveting, scaling, and tinner’s setting
on scaling hammers.
hammers that are used in specific applications.
(a) Riveting hammers are intended specifically for peen edge: the portion of tinner ’s setting hammers
driving, spreading, and setting unhardened rivets in directly opposite the striking face.
hardened materials (also called tinner’s or machinist’s peen face: the portion of rivet hammers directly opposite
riveting hammers). the striking face.
(b) Scaling hammers are intended specifically for
poll: the portion between the eye and striking face cham-
removing scale, paint, welding flux, rust, or other similar
fer on riveting hammers and tinner’s setting hammers.
flaking material from the surface of unhardened metal
(also called chipping hammers). safety message: the information intended to promote
(c) Tinner’s setting hammers are intended specifically safety that is imprinted on or affixed to the hammer.
for closing, forming, and peening sheet metal (also called shall: indicates mandatory requirements of this
peening hammers). Standard.
This Standard is also intended to serve as a guide for
the development of manuals and posters and for training
or is stated as a recommendation.
personnel to work safely.
This Standard may be used as a guide by state authori- spalling: chipping or separation of material.
ties or other regulatory bodies in the formulation of laws striking face: the portion of the hammerhead, exclusive
or regulations. It is also intended for the voluntary use of the poll and chamfer, directly opposite the peen face
by establishments that use or manufacture the tools cov- or peen edge.
ered. The methods employed to ensure compliance with
top of hammer: the portion of the hammer directly oppo-
site the handle.
tory or administrative authority.
3 REFERENCES
2 DEFINITIONS
The following documents form a part of this Standard
(See Figs. 1, 2, and 3 as applicable.) to the extent specified herein. The latest edition shall
bevel: the angular portion on scaling and tinner’s setting be used.
hammers adjacent to the bit or peen edge.
ANSI Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational
bit: the portion of the scaling hammer at the extreme Eye and Face Protection
end of the bevel. ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels
chamfer: the bevel or equivalent radius of riveting and Publisher: American National Standards Institute
tinner’s setting hammers encircling the perimeter of the (ANSI), 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
striking face; also refers to the bevels on the ends of the
ASTM E 18 Standard Test Methods for Rockwell
peen faces, peen edges, or bits of hammers.
Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
eye: an opening or aperture in the head into which the Metallic Materials.
handle is inserted if the handle is separate. Publisher: American Society for Testing Materials
handle: the portion that protrudes from the head and by (ASTM International), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
which the tool is held. Conshohocken, PA 19428
handle grip: material securely attached to the grip end Guide to Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper
of some styles of hammer handles. Use and Care
hardness: the condition of the hammerhead resulting Publisher: Hand Tools Institute (HTI), 25 North
from heat treatment. Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591
49
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
Fig. 1 Riveting Hammer Nomenclature

Peen
Peen
Width
Chamfer
Peen
Handle
Side
Hammer eye
Top of
hammer
Poll
Chamfer
Poll width
Striking face Machinist’s
riveting
hammer
Fig. 2 Scaling Hammer Nomenclature
Chamfer
Cross bit
Bevel
Peen
Handle
Hammer eye
Slide
Top of
hammer
Optional round bit

Peen in place of
straight bit
Chamfer
Bevel
Straight bit
50 --`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
Fig. 3 Tinner’s Setting Hammer Nomenclature 4.1.5 Handles shall be of any design, including
ergonomic, that can withstand the tests specified in
Peen edge paras. 5.3, 5.4, and 5.6 (if applicable).
Chamfer Bevel 4.1.6 The tool shall be free of nonfunctional sharp
edges, points, and surface roughness that could inflict
Peen personal injury on the user when handling the tool.
Handle 4.2 Materials

Side
Hammer eye
4.2.1 The materials used in the manufacture of
hammers shall be such as to produce hammers conform-
Top of hammer ing to the requirements of this Standard.
4.2.2 Hammerheads shall be free of manufacturing
Poll
and material defects such as seams, laps, pipes, and cold
shuts that would jeopardize sound construction. They
shall conform to the requirements for mechanical prop-
Chamfer erties specified in para. 4.3 and shall withstand the strik-
Striking face ing test specified in para. 5.3 and the spalling test
specified in para. 5.5.
Poll width
4.3 Mechanical Properties
4.3.1 The striking face, peen face, peen edge, and
SAE J1703 Motor Vehicle Brake Fluid bit shall be hardened and tempered to a hardness of
Publisher: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 45 HRC to 60 HRC or equivalent. The material directly
Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096 behind these areas (poll) shall be a toughened support-
ing core gradually decreasing in hardness.
4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 4.3.2 The hammer striking face shall not mush-
room, chip, crack, or spall when subjected to the test
Hammers shall be capable of passing tests specified specified in paras. 5.3 and 5.5.
in paras. 5.2 through 5.6.
4.3.3 Handles shall not loosen or separate from
4.1 Design the hammerhead, crack, or break when subjected to the
tests specified in paras. 5.3 and 5.4.
Riveting, scaling, and tinner’s setting hammers shall
have a special purpose shape on one end and either a
striking face or another special purpose shape on the
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5 TESTS
opposite end. Both ends shall be designed for the specific
purposes specified in section 1. Various typical styles Many tests required herein are inherently hazardous
are referred to and are shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
shall be employed in conducting such tests. These tests
4.1.1 The striking face shall have a chamfer of are designed to evaluate the tools and materials and do
approximately 45 deg (or equivalent radius) all around not condone the use of the tools in an environment or
the perimeter, with a width equal to approximately in a manner inconsistent with safe use of the tools.
one-tenth across the poll width as measured across the
chamfer angle. For example, if the width across the poll 5.1 General
directly behind the chamfer equals 1.0 in, then the cham-
Separate (new) hammers shall be used for each of the
fer width equals approximately 0.1 in.
tests. Failure to meet the requirements of any one of the
4.1.2 The striking face of the tinner’s setting ham- tests indicates that the hammers are not in compliance
mer shall be flat. The striking faces of riveting hammers with this Standard.
shall be flat or slightly convex.
4.1.3 The peen face of riveting hammers shall be
Hardness determination with respect to the striking
rounded.
faces, peens, and bits shall be made on a fixtured ham-
4.1.4 The ends of peen faces, peen edges, or bits mer or on a mounted or unmounted specimen that has
shall have a chamfer of approximately 45 deg or equiva- been cut from the hammer using the wet abrasive or
lent radius. other equivalent method. Any hardness test will be
51
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
acceptable that utilizes equipment and method equiva- Fig. 4 Typical Tensile Force Test
lent to Rockwell hardness determination as specified in
ASTM E 18.
5.3 Striking and Tensile Force Tests
Prior to tensile force testing, sample hammers shall
be subjected to the striking test specified in paras. 5.3.1
and 5.3.2.
5.3.1 The tool shall withstand twenty full swinging
blows by a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or
the mechanical equivalent, commensurate with the end
use and weight of the tool. The test shall be conducted
at room temperature. The blows shall be struck with the
hammer held or fixtured at the normal gripping area.
5.3.2 The blows shall be struck against the smooth,
flat or slightly convex surface of a rigidly supported
steel object that has a minimum diameter of 3 in., a
minimum length of 2 in., and a hardness equivalent to
a hardness of 92 HRB to 105 HRB.1
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Following the striking test, assemblies consisting of

two or more separate parts (head and handle) shall not
loosen or separate (see Fig. 4) under the minimum tensile
forces shown below.
oz lbf
Less than 16 300

16 and over 800
5.4 Static Force Tests

Tensile
5.4.1 Test Procedure. While the hammerhead is force
locked securely in the test fixture with the striking face
down and the handle extended in the horizontal plane,
a static force shall be applied vertically at a point on
the handle measuring 10 in. from the top of the hammer weight of the tool. The test shall be conducted at room
(see Fig. 5). temperature. The blows shall be struck against the
smooth flat surface of a rigidly supported steel object
5.4.2 Samples. Samples of the assembled hammer that has a minimum diameter of 3 in., a minimum length
handles shall not break, loosen, or otherwise fail when of 2 in., and a minimum hardness of 55 HRC. The face
subjected to the static force test. The minimum testing of the struck object shall be set to an angle of 10 deg to
loads or bending forces are dependent on the nominal 20 deg with respect to the striking face. No spalling of
head weight and are shown in the following table: the striking face shall occur.
Hammerhead Nominal Weight, Static Test Force,
oz lbf 5.6 Grip Tests
7 25 5.6.1 Solvent Resistance Test. Grips shall be fully
12 60 immersed in the test fluids specified (new sample grips
16 80
shall be used for each test fluid) for 15 min to 20 min
Over 16 125
5.5 Spalling Test ethylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol. There shall be no
The tool shall withstand ten full swinging blows by significant swelling or surface attack of the material
a person of average build, 160 lb to 180 lb, or the mechan- being tested. Grips shall be tested while attached to the
ical equivalent, commensurate with the end use and hammer handle.
1 5.6.2 Following the Solvent Resistance Test, ham-

The severity of the test is such that a degree of permissible
deformation such as denting of the bit of scaling hammers is mers shall be secured by hand and the grip twisted at
anticipated. the normal hand grip position in alternating directions.
52
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
10 in.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Static force
Five alternating twisting motions shall be performed, (b) The sides of the polls or peens (see Fig. 1) shall
after which there shall be no grip looseness or separation not be used for striking or pounding.
from the handle. (c) Safety goggles or equivalent eye protection con-
forming to ANSI Z87.1 shall be worn by the user and
5.6.3 Following twisting, grips shall be tested per
by all persons in the immediate area in which any ham-
(a) or (b) below.
mer or other striking tool is being used to avoid injury
(a) Mechanically bonded grips shall be tensile force
from possible flying objects.
tested using the values in para. 5.3. (for wedged and
(d) Hammerheads shall be inspected prior to each use
nonwedged hammers) or 500 lbf (whichever is less)
and their use discontinued at the first sign of chipping,
applying the force only to the grip (using a woven wire
mushrooming, or cracking of any portion.
cuff or other suitable device). The grip shall not loosen
or separate from the handle. (e) No area, section, or portion of a hammer shall
(b) Chemically bonded grips shall be cut longitudi- be ground, welded, treated by reheating, or otherwise
nally so that a segment may be pulled. The segment altered from the original condition as furnished by the
shall separate from the handle such that some of the manufacturer, except that a dull peen edge or bit may
grip material that was pulled shall remain adhered to be redressed to its original contour using a hand file or
the handle. a whetstone.2
(f) Handles shall be inspected prior to each use and
those damaged shall be replaced. Replacements shall be
6 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF capable of withstanding the test requirements in
USE paras. 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, and 5.6 and shall be equivalent to the
original handle. Handles of tools shall be free of splinters
Instructors and employers shall stress proper use and or cracks and shall be kept tight in the head of the tool.
safety in the use of striking tools and shall emphasize (g) When provided, handle grips that have loosened
the need to wear and ensure the use of safety goggles from the handles shall be tightened or replaced.
Hand Tools — Selection, Safety Tips, Proper Use and Care
2
(a) To avoid possible eye or other bodily injury, the It is understood that industrial users with adequate facilities
and properly trained personnel may choose to redress or re-sharpen
hammers covered herein shall be used only for the pur- these tools by other means without altering the metallurgical char-
poses specified in section 1. acteristics of the tools.
53
ASME B107.400-2008 (B107.58)
(h) Each hammer shall be stamped, labeled, or other- Pictorials are an accepted equivalent. This safety mes-
wise marked by the manufacturer with the following sage shall be located in a position that will not interfere
safety message or the equivalent: with the quality or performance of the hammer. This
safety message or the equivalent shall appear on all
WARNING replacement handles.The principles set forth in ANSI
WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES Z535.4 shall be used as the guide for alternate, equivalent
USER AND BYSTANDER methods of labeling.
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
54
ASME B107.400-2008
--`,````,``,,,,,```,,,``,``,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
N13708


Striking Tools: ASME B107.400-2008

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STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. C. Cantlon, Jore Corp.

SUBCOMMITTEE 4 — STRIKING AND STRUCK

G. E. Olson, Gene Olson Engineering Consultant, Ltd.

1 SCOPE neck: the portion of the hammerhead between the eye

Copyright ASME International

Fig. 1 Nail Hammer Nomenclature

Serrations Lesser chamfer width

(b) Equivalent Shapes of Hammer Neck and Bell

4.1.2 The striking face shall have a chamfer of

4.2 Materials 5.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test

Fig. 3 Typical Static Force Test

5.2.2 Wedged hammers shall withstand the follow-

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Table 2 Claw Test Parameters: Specified Board Thickness

Up to 13 F 1667 NL FHS-05 (Corresponds to 6d) 0.5

Table 3 Claw Test Parameters: Nonspecified Board Thickness

Up to 13 F 1667 NL CMS-07B (Corresponds to 8d)

HATCHETS AND AXES

1 SCOPE digging blade: the portion of the Pulaski pattern or

authorities or other regulatory bodies in the formulation attachments.

Fig. 1 Hatchet Nomenclature

Half Rig builder

Side (cheek) Top Nail slot

(a) Typical Double Bit Ax Michigan Pattern

(b) Typical Single Bit Ax Michigan Pattern

Face Handle Face

(e) Scout, Hunter’s, Sportsman, or Camp Axes

respect to the striking face. No spalling of the striking

7 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF

shall be worn by the user and all persons in the immedi-

Fig. 4 Typical Static Force Test for Type I

Fig. 5 Typical Static Force Test for Type II

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Fig. 6 Impact Test

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1 SCOPE safety message: the information imprinted on or affixed

Fig. 1 Hammer Nomenclature

Equivalent Shapes of Hammer Necks and Eyes

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4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5.2 Striking and Tensile Force Test

4.1 Design Prior to tensile force testing, sample hammers shall

4.3 Mechanical Properties Hammerhead Weight, Static Tensile Force,

5 TESTS Up to and including 6 200

5.5 Grip Test

Fig. 3 Typical Static Force Test

3 Oregon Short-Pattern Striking Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

HEAVY STRIKING TOOLS

Fig. 1 Blacksmith’s Double-Face Sledge Fig. 5 Blacksmith’s Cross-Peen Sledge

Striking face Chamfer

Chamfer Fullering surface

Fig. 2 Nevada Long-Pattern Striking Hammer

Handle Fig. 6 Woodchopper’s Maul

Eye Striking face