1. Please
be
concise
and
use
only
the
space
provided.
2. Please
cite
sources
as
necessary.
3. You
may
use
your
textbook,
the
pocket
resource,
and
drugs.com
Patient
History:
Miss
R
is
a
12
year
old
Hispanic
female
referred
to
you
by
her
PCP
for
“fatty
liver”.
Miss
R.
is
accompanied
by
her
mother
who
does
most
of
the
talking
as
the
patient
is
embarrassed
and
withdrawn.
Patient
is
an
only
child
who
enjoys
watching
movies
and
reading
books.
Patient
has
recently
complained
of
being
tired,
falling
asleep
at
school,
and
mild
abdominal
pain.
She
was
born
LGA
at
10
lbs
2
oz.
Mother
states
she
has
always
been
a
‘big
girl’.
PMH:
LGA,
Childhood
Obesity
Meds:
none
Family
hx:
mother
and
father
have
Type
2
Diabetes
Nutrition
History:
General:
Reports
adequate
appetite.
Miss
R.
will
eat
some
vegetables
and
fruit
but
prefers
starchy
and
high
fat
foods.
She
sneaks
candy
from
her
cousins
after
school.
Mom
cooks
traditional
Hispanic
meals
at
home,
but
a
couple
times
per
week
they
will
go
to
fast
food
and
get
a
burger
or
pizza.
Usual
Dietary
Intake:
• Breakfast:
2
breakfast
burritos
with
cheese,
eggs,
sausage,
beans,
and
homemade
tortillas
(made
with
lard),
and
a
large
glass
of
juice
• Snack:
granola
bar
• Lunch:
school
lunch
(pizza
or
burger,
with
fries,
maybe
a
fruit,
chocolate
milk
or
juice,
with
a
cookie
• Snack:
she
is
offered
fruit
but
prefers
candy
and
dried
cereal
(Fruit
Loops)
with
regular
soda
• Dinner:
3-‐4
tortillas
(made
with
lard),
cheese,
beef
or
chicken,
maybe
a
vegetable
(corn
or
peas),
and
a
glass
of
whole
milk
• Snack:
microwavable
popcorn
with
butter
or
ice
cream
Food
allergy/intolerance:
NKFA
Treatment
Plan
Weight
Management:
-‐ Reduce
simple
sugar
intake
-‐ Reduce
portions
at
meals
-‐ Aim
for
half
plate
fruits
and
vegetables
at
meals
-‐ Choose
low
fat
foods
-‐ Increase
physical
activity,
30
minutes
daily
Weight
loss
of
5-‐10%
over
3-‐6
month
period
Reassess
labs
in
3
months
CT
scan
(12/20/2013)
shows
the
presence
of
a
hepatic
steatosis
1. In
the
table
of
laboratory
values
above,
for
the
column
labeled
“Interpretation”,
indicate
whether
the
values
are
high
(é),
low
(ê)
or
within
normal
limits
(WNL).
(Pocket Resource for Nutrition Assessment Edition 2009, Page 35-40)
(Nut 116BL Lecture 1, Liver Disease, Pages 12-13)
2. Briefly
explain
how
Insulin
Resistance
can
lead
to
Non-‐Alcoholic
Fatty
Liver
Disease
(NAFLD).
Nut 116BL Lecture 1, Liver Disease, Page 24)
Insulin
resistance
can
lead
to
Non-‐alcoholic
Fatty
Liver
Disease
(NAFLD)
because
in
adipose
tissue,
insulin
resistance
decreases
inhibitory
action
of
insulin
on
hormone
sensitive
lipase
(HSL).
This
leads
to
an
increase
in
triglyceride
lipolysis,
FFA
release,
and
circulating
levels
of
FFAs
which
are
then
taken
up
by
the
liver,
causing
NAFLD.
3. Which
foods
in
Miss
R’s
diet
are
contributing
most
to:
a. Triglyceride
level:
The
foods
that
contribute
most
to
her
triglyceride
level
include
cheese,
eggs,
sausage,
tortillas
made
with
lard,
burgers,
beef,
chicken,
milk,
butter,
ice
cream,
pizza,
and
fries.
b. Fasting
blood
glucose
level:
The
foods
that
contribute
most
to
her
fasting
blood
glucose
level
include
simple
carbohydrates
and
simple
sugars
such
the
ice
cream,
candy,
fruit
loops,
soda,
cookies,
and
juice.
4. Explain
the
rationale
for
the
following
interventions:
a. Reduce
simple
sugar
intake
Simple
carbs/sugars
are
broken
down
and
digested
very
quickly
and
contain
refined
sugars
and
little
nutritional
value
(vitamins
and
minerals).
Reducing
simple
sugar
intake
means
that
one
will
be
intaking
more
complex
carbs
which
take
longer
to
digest,
and
contain
vitamins
and
minerals.
Complex
carbs
may
keep
one
feeling
full
longer,
while
simple
carbs
may
keep
one
feeling
like
they
need
more
fuel
causing
one
to
crave
even
more
simple
sugars.
Reducing
one’s
simple
sugar
intake
will
cause
one
to
eat
more
complex
carbs,
which
means
that
one
will
eat
less
calories
and
feel
fuller.
Swapping
out
simple
sugars
for
complex
carbs
will
help
curb
one’s
appetite
and
also
help
them
loose
weight.
Miss
R
has
a
fatty
liver,
which
is
associated
with
high
simple
carbohydrate
intake
and
high
fructose
and
sucrose
intake,
which
can
be
seen
in
Miss’
R’s
diet.
Reducing
these
two
intakes
would
benefit
her
fatty
liver
as
well.
b. Reduce
portions
Reducing
portion
size
will
keep
one
from
eating
too
much
as
well
as
reduce
the
number
of
calories
overeaten
per
meal.
One
can
better
maintain
a
healthy
weight
by
controlling
their
portion
sizes.
Excess
pounds
can
be
lost
by
downsizing
one’s
portions
and
is
easier
to
stick
to
than
a
diet
which
one
might
have
trouble
following
because
certain
foods
are
eliminated.
Portion
control
alone
still
allows
one
to
enjoy
the
foods
they
like,
but
limits
their
consumption
of
the
foods
as
well
as
overall
consumption
at
meals.
It
is
a
sustainable
solution
to
the
problem
of
overeating.
Miss
R
would
benefit
from
portion
control
as
she
eats
many
saturated
fats
and
cholesterol,
which
is
bad
for
her
fatty
liver.
Limiting
her
saturated
fat
and
cholesterol
intake
by
decreasing
the
portions
she
eats
of
them
per
meal,
would
be
a
step
in
the
right
direction
on
her
journey
to
lose
weight.
c. Choose
low
fat
foods
(Nut 116BL Lecture 1, Liver Disease, Pages 23,26)
(Cancer.org,
Low
fat
Foods)
A
low-‐fat
diet
is
a
diet
that
is
low
in
fats,
particularly
saturated
fats.
A
low
fat
diet
would
replace
animal
and
dairy
fats
(saturated
fats)
with
fruits,
vegetables,
beans,
nuts,
legumes,
and
low-‐fat
and
lean
animal
proteins.
Choosing
low
fat
foods
have
positive
effects
on
heart
disease,
hypertension,
diabetes
mellitus,
obesity,
and
many
more
diet-‐related
diseases.
Fat
provides
9
calories
per
gram,
while
carbs
and
protein
both
provide
4
calories
per
gram
each.
Eating
less
fats,
and
replacing
them
with
lean
proteins
as
well
as
plant
proteins
and
complex
carbohydrates
allows
one
to
eat
more
while
consuming
less
calories.
Saturated
fat
raises
LDL
cholesterol
and
has
been
correlated
with
a
higher
risk
of
heart
disease.
By
choosing
low
fat
foods,
one
can
decrease
their
risk
of
certain
diet-‐related
diseases
as
well
as
lose
weight
or
maintain
a
healthy
weight.
Miss
R
would
benefit
on
a
low
fat
diet,
as
she
has
an
excessive
intake
of
fats,
which
are
causing
her
to
eat
many
more
calories
than
her
body
needs.
Switching
to
a
lowfat
diet
will
allow
Miss
R
to
lose
weight
and
reach
a
healthy
BMI.
Miss
R
also
has
a
fatty
liver
which
is
strongly
associated
with
obesity,
which
Miss
R
can
combat
with
low-‐fat
foods.
Fatty
liver
is
associated
with
high
fat
intake,
more
saturated
fats,
more
trans
fats,
high
cholesterol,
and
lower
PUFA
intake
which
is
indicative
of
Miss
R’s
diet
full
of
saturated
fat
and
simple
carbs.
With
a
low-‐fat
diet
Miss
R
will
be
able
to
decrease
her
saturated
fat
intake,
increase
her
PUFA’s,
increase
her
complex
carbohydrates,
and
decrease
her
weight
which
will
all
help
with
her
fatty
liver.
d. Increase
physical
activity
(Nut
116A,
Cardiovascular
Disease
Lecture,
Part
III)
(Nut
116A,
Diabetes
and
Insulin
Resistance
Lectures)
Increasing
physical
activity
will
help
one
lose
weight
and
reach
a
normal
BMI.
To
lose
weight
one
needs
to
burn
more
calories
than
they
eat
per
day.
Physical
activity
also
can
help
reduce
one’s
risk
of
developing
type
2
diabetes
and
metabolic
syndrome-‐
a
combination
of
fat
around
the
waist,
high
blood
pressure,
high
triglycerides,
high
blood
sugar,
and
low
HDL
cholesterol.
Miss
R
has
high
low
HDL
cholesterol,
high
Triglycerides,
high
blood
glucose,
and
has
prehypertension
due
to
her
high
BP.
Increasing
her
physical
activity
will
definitely
improve
her
weight
status
as
well
as
her
levels
that
make
her
at
risk
for
metabolic
syndrome
and
type
2
diabetes.
Her
mother
and
father
both
have
type
2
diabetes,
which
is
a
good
indicator,
along
with
her
obesity,
that
Miss
R
might
have
or
develop
it
in
the
future.
Miss
R
should
increase
her
physical
activity
so
that
she
can
reach
a
healthy
weight
to
combat
these
conditions.
5. Write
2
PES
statements
using
the
Intake
domain.
(Nut 116BL Lecture 1, Liver Disease, Pages 30)
(Nutrition
Diagnostic
Terminology
PDF,
Nut
116AL)
Excessive
fat
intake
(NI-‐5.6.2)
R/T
undesirable
food
choices
high
in
saturated
fat
including
lard,
whole
milk,
and
butter
AEB
her
usual
dietary
intake.
Less
than
optimal
intake
of
types
of
carbohydrates
(complex
carbohydrates)
(NI-‐ 5.8.3)
R/T
undesirable
food
choices
including
simple
carbohydrates
such
as
candy
and
non-‐whole
grain
tortillas
AEB
her
usual
dietary
intake.
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