= Ml RE A “aw Distribution Transformer Handbook FIFTH EDITIONAdditional Publications Alexander Publication offer variety of books, manvals and online learning services for electric ues. For deta, vst won slexander publications.com, Comments. Ifyou have comments on this handbook, or suggestions how we might make it more valuable for you oF your cornpany please calor write ‘Alexander Pablications 1s Irvine Aven, 284 [Newport Beach California 92660 Telephone: 1-800-992-5081 or (94996420101 ib ste: ye alexanderpubliations.com mai infoalexanderpublicationscom Fifth eition Third printing Janary 2017 Each printing incorporates minor improvements © Alexander Publications 2001. All rights reserved. REAP APP | 3 we w i Foreword 1 am pleased to introduce the Fith Eatin of out handy reference on tistbution transformers for lineworkers As nthe previous editions, this practical ndbook provides quik acest essential information for ummediate se, whether in the Bld ori the shop. ‘We hae tried to ec the most commonly required information, the preset tim an easy-to-read format, to make this guide useful find elable reference dacument lachoak Clepander— Richard Alecander‘Acknowledgements This handbook isa supplement to other excellent resources on transformers curently avalable “Among the materials consulted while preparing this book at: ANSI. Spectons and Dimensions Jor Wood Poles. ANST (57.12.70 Terminal Markings and Connections jor Distribution and Power Tansormers ANSI C37105 Guide to Thre-Phase Transformer Connections Disiibution Transformer Mamual by General Bet, Teansformets for Linemen and RUS++ by Alexander Peblcations, and “Transformer Connections by General Hectic Prodvct erature and application advice were provided by ABB ower T&D Company In Ale Wolowidnyk, APkansas Blectic Cooperatives BC Hydra, Cooper Power Systems, David Wagner, ERMCO, Genera Elect, Howard indore, inn Canavan, Joba Ballock, Mark Anders, Nartheast Utes, Northeastern IATC, "Northtest Lineman College. Puget Sound Energy, Solomon Corpo- ration, Southern California Edison, and Tommy Edwards "We satel acknowledge the assistance ftom each ofthese Warnings Energized transformers and lve distebuton lines present the rick of "lectrical shock. Al ork on this equipment shouldbe performed only ty qualified specialists The connection diagrams. ables, and other ‘Sain this handbook are intended to beads forBeld personne. This material doesnot replace the extensive traning neces safely ‘work ith transformer in service “Thishandbook deeribes work practices which are accepted by most tts, but some may not apply to you Alas follow your company's ‘stalishedsfery procedures and work practices. “The publisher doesnot assume any lnbility with respect to the use of| ny information in this publication, oil ii ww a la la) lal Cchaptor2 Transformer Connection Pi rr ww = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = iw Table of Contents Chaptor1 Transformer Concepts Introguston to Distribution Transformers The Tensormer Motor, Generators and Transformer Formulas Power Triangle Transformer Rating. ‘Transformer Loses “Tansformer Bashing Designations “Translormer Taps. Polarity ‘Transformer Voltage Designations Backleed Wye, Dela Configurations “Transormer Protection, Fusing Transformers Completely Set Protected Transformers Ferrresonance Why Do Transformers Hum? Angular Dsplacernent Parlcting Transformers. Notes tthe Connection Diageams. ‘Thefourbasieconnections esta Dita 4160 10 240 Wyer Wye 12480 to 120,20 Delta Wye 7200 to 120, 208 Wye ets 12,000 0240 ‘Variations on the basic connections DeitaDeta 4800 1 120,240, Delta 6900 to 120,240, Westie 21,000 80 120, 208 Wyestige 24540 to 120,208 Deity 12,0000 208, 120 2 B uM 36 2 3a » 0Dala-Wye 720010 120,208 Wye-Delta 720 10 120,240 Wye Delta 34,5000 120,240 Transformers with two secondary bushings ‘Dea Wye 120000 277,480, ‘Transformers with four secondary bushings ‘Wye Dats 24940 to 120, 200, Dlta-Wye 6900 10 120, 208 Transformers with no #2 bushings Wye ye 12460 to 120, 208 ‘open banks with two transformers ‘Open Delta-Open Delta 12.00 10 120,240 Open Wye-Open Delta 24,90 1 120,240, Open Wye Open Delt 7200 to 480. Open banks with one transformer ’Snge Phase 4800 to 120,240 Single Phate 6900 t 120 240 Single Phate L200 to 120,240 Single Phase 24940 to 120, 240 Banks with mised polarity transformers Desa-Dett 4800 0 480 yer ye 24940 to 277, $80 ‘Delay 4500 120,208 (Open Deita-Open Delta 800 10 120,240 ‘lank diagrams Chapter 3 Installing Transformers... a Lifting and Handling Transformers ‘Nameplates. Sty ps Instalation Procedure for Overhead Transormers Single-Phase Transformer Loads Lea Checks on Single-Phase Transformers. Load Checks on Delt, Wye Banks “Three Phase Transformer Loads Make or Beak Parallel Crit a Tansformer Banks Phasing and Parlleing Three Phas Installations Distebation Transformer Teva es eae 3 Re Nted Po Geng Tandon eee ta tend fatmoun fanlones gers an! obo me es es es es es aS = es & TILT me “uu w * ~ 0 33LALO DARA os www s i are gee ‘TRANSFORMER CONCEPTS Introduction to Distribution Transformers, Distbusion transformers convert the high voltages that economically tistipute power, int the lover voltages required by customers. statin transformers are insaled overhead on poles at grade level om pads an totally underground in vaults For years the most widely wed transformer hasbeen the single-phase overhead version, Instead either to deliver single-phase sevieor in a bank of tan ormersto delve three phase service, Padmovunt wansformers ae becoming more popular because the higher cost of underground tribution is being fet by increased interest in aesthetic, sey ann sytem abi Primary (high side) dsibution voltages rom 2400 volts to 34400 wots Connections to the transformer primary windings are at the top of overhead and underground transformers, apd the let panel fof pamoune transformer. rconary low de) service voltages ae typically 120 volts 208 volts 240 vols, 277 volts, 347 vols, 480 vais, and 400 vot Connections to the transformer secondary windings are atthe ide fof overhead and underground transformers andthe right panel of ppalmounttanstormeseen rk eS tet cp ansformer Goal ol ao alld a winding cos of nsusted conductor, are Mattern eee oe | Ate cont of mit io cn wih wo 4 Sidecar pat tn | mergeulat concn are wore ‘ep op voltages to ccenly rane cereal power Dirbtion fen an AC voltage applied to one col cure Swingin that traslormert step dwn vole for convenient cy costae _Spilmasnerzs the ce frst inone direction then inthe opposite BE Ar diribution transformers, the higher voltage (np cle he Sitction This osllating apt eld tert the eon Cl 4x baton transformers th phe vlogs newt este eee SE Coithas many turns of small wire. The secondary coil has fewer Theva sco the ondary rma cones caren to flow “srnrand te condos: at large wie or sips with rectangle ‘trough ite and through anyludconnecedscrosthe secondary ag Samoans terminal The secondary vole determined bythe primary vokage Sm ato ~The numberof uns on he primary ol vided by the tnt cece rato ot te numberof treme primary colo gy_ag__ fummratio, The numer of rs on ‘Benumber of turns inthe secondary co The secondary cen eee eae ce the econary voltage ddd byte load peace ew eras Te rs —_L wan Rausing ving high anton eg eas wile from he colt ot trough he nk to external connections. BEER site of te tankdsptes heat generated in thecore and cot minty Note A tansormer does ot work on DC DC produces magnetic ES Minder consuniyinon decn, ony hansrmaton BE rsa changing magnet ax —— Es (ore The prof the tansformer in which the maga field = Motors, Generators, and Transformers ovate sul fom hin mina sheets each coated i tin Ee enna enei Mo mechani Ler isuaton and eto frm ihe shape found whic he ol = mig rewrororspugie perp seryeecfeerot pry af =| cet ea toss 7 ect pore: “The ease wth which amateraleanbe magnetized isinown esis TR Fe cr treme to magnetic fx tere permebity on ora spcal typ of el wed for transormer ; oo anemic | ores because these materials have high permeability. ES | Btmersare neatly 100% ecient, operate continously with no. | | minenane and hae no moving parts Ina tensormer the ES [chy noving pr” isthe onlin mapntc xin the core es ee | |Formulas ip Primary voltage vo Secondary voltage Jy Primary current 1, Secondary current Np Number of etn the primary winding Nt Number of ttn in the secondary winging ‘Voltage times curren inthe primary = voltage times current in the secondary Vp xp on RYAN “This formulas approximate, In practice, smal loses inthe trans- forme mae HVA ot slighty es than KVA in ‘Voltages ate proportional to the tm ato Ne (Carrents are inversely proportional tothe turns ratio: bb Ns 1s Np e = m le ww = = = uy ww lw ww = 3 3 3 a 3 Power Triangle Asan Par eer Te Foray Apparent power isthe power generated y the sity. Transformers are ‘ated by thee ability to deer apparent power "Watthour mates masite active power, which is what most. cstomers ae billed fr Teartiv pomer i consumes in altematiely building and collapsing magnetic elds tansfrmers and motor windings ~and electro Sat eis crac ae The fatto of active power to apparent power isthe power factor of ‘th cuit Adding capacitors to distribotion lines makes the ange berwecn these estore smaller, bringing the powe factor closer f ‘Thisseduce the total power [RVA} the uty must generate Abbreviations 1. A prefix indicating one thousand. Va. soltampere. A unit of apparent powe. VAR voleampere restive A unit of reactive power We wat A unit of active power.ing Transformers te rated bythe aman of apparent power (WA) they candetver The example shown heres for «LO KVA transformer operating t fulllosd 1 -Core aos x Primary Stony Primary oma secondary: 240417. 104va 7000 Rated KVA ithe full doad capacity fr ether the primary othe secondary ~ they are the same For example, 10 kVA transformer could accept any ofthese primary inputs, and deliver any of these secondary outpts. OV x 139A= 10KVA 4$169V «240 = IOKVA 2400V 416A = 1OKVA HOV x 20.04 = 10VA ITTV 36.14 = 101V8 240V 42.70 = 10,VA 120V 833A = 10 BVA, Secondary Outputs i la las ls isis tas Ue Peery a 3 s OOo enn eee ww rm aw “Transformers are manufactured in the ratings listed here. Treo a Padmounted — ‘Single Phase (VAY 25,375 50,75, 100,167 Three-Phase_{KVA) 25,1125, 150, 225, 300, 500,750, 1000, 1800, ‘Transformer Losses “The two main causes of losses ina transformer are ton losses and copper losses Tron loses ate caused by magnetic hysteresis the opposition by ams inthe core to beng aligned fst none direction and then in the other, bythe AC Bel Tron losses ar alo cated by small cles of ‘utrent tht flow like eddycurrent in a pol of water, within the cote laminations, Ion loses are called no-load losses because they occur ‘regards ofthe lasing om the ansformer. ‘Copper losses, ako called FR loses, ate produced by the esitance in the tansformer windings and the cutems ving through them. Total loses within transformer are typically a smal percentage of| iteVA rating‘Transformer Bushing Designations designates a primary or high-side bushing, When facing the front of| the transformer Hirao the bushing atthe let Ifthe transformer fas a second pritary bushing, 2. Sngle-bushingtansformers Connect the ther end ofthe winding to the transformer tank, as Sound: Thos transformers can be used ony in grounded-wye | a primar bois ne primaybsting designates a secondary or lowside bushing, On adie polarity transformers secondaty bushinge are mombered right-to-left Example: X3, 2, XI On subtractive polarity transformers secondary ‘oushings ae mbered letto#ight. Example: X1,X2, 3 See also Panty on pages 10-13, ‘transformer secondary can ave one winding (ci) and two bushings o two windings (moet common) of equal siz, with three or four bushings, Inside the transformer the ends ofthe let winding are ‘dsgnated A and B. The ends ofthe right winding are designated C a Tivo bushings, one secondary winding = = = = = = = = ta “wa ww Thice bushings, two secondary windings Connected in sexes. This show the bushing transformers ane supplied bythe factory. Tis Configuration can provide 240 volts between XI fad 13, and two 120-olt services XU to X2, and Xiwxs. Three bushings, two secondary windings éonnecte in paral The previous connection hastwo 120-0 services. This connection has only one 120-vatserece (half s many) thutcan deliver twice ab uch current Both ‘onnections delve the same HVA. Here: the Secondary cols are connected to XI and X3. {pd 32 is abandoned, Some uses connect the Secondary costo X1 and X2, and abandon X3, ‘To make te change fom a series to 2 paral Connection remove the id fom the wansformer {devenergzed and reposition the secondary ‘onnectons. Be cael to not contaminate the Silor drop tals or mt or any othe foreign Imater nade the transformer anke Four-bushing transformers allow external acces tall ens ofthe secondary windings: This ‘inate the need to go iside the transformer to reconfigure the connections Notice the ends ‘ofthe windings inthe middle cross making the ‘esignatone ofthe internal windings atthe ‘external bashing, let wo right, ACB. “Alley ‘Git Had Dog" The bushing designations X2 tnd X3 are costed, as shown here. Tansformers larger than 100 KVA have four bushings ioe aces anTransformer Taps: eps ‘re below theo level Catton: Operate ap chan Iransiormner ib deemed Polarity “These rules apply toall overhead transformers: + HI isthe top let bushing. transformer mast be reversed ES a atom cys 1 eg _Mditive PtariyTanstormers Some transformers have taps on thir primary windings solineworkers The raph below at thee shows primary and secondary vokags for CSmadjst the vlagesdelteredtocostomere-ypualy ive setings BE anal rasormer oth measurements ken ef te-rght The sre saa By changing the ps voager are changed in 3-129 voltages ae 180" outol-phase The graph below athe ight shows he BS=a_‘olagcciference beween he wo gaps Ths volge tore han common aplication for tp-changing occurs nes the end of the primary vole Tis what he voltter eden he platy lng darian ine where te primary vege stom andervce, ees] teston page 1. Ths nan ave anor, ‘oltages dived to customers are blow acepabe ie Changing penal ‘he taps on the transformer raises the secondary voltages, Primary akan nye ereeras aaa Ta eine on thee ema) nding The = ~ ‘ap-chanaing hal ly nested inside te transforms above thecal and aces by removing the i Insome ase the operating onde v on the out ofthe tk The acta! apchanging conta ge tet ‘only when the mS Tia BES sconieh tae es Transformer polarity refers tothe nstantancous eltonsip between Cnet tansformers the secondary busing re need {he AC voltage at he primary. and the vlage atthe secondary WEES ghee ke thie 45.2, To remember how bushings on There are two possiblities the voltage ae ether in-phase or 180" dive ansformers ae numbered i you count around the bushings cuctsphase depends on whch the primary ed scnsay " Stndingsare wound inthe ame dreconsor mappa dictions, ES _ clockwise, he bushing numbers count pst adtion: M1, Ss + Wat comes non Hein phase with what goes ou of XI ea = ~ + Onaddtvetransormers XL i dagonaly oppose HL \ + Ohheatan eanforscs titel Slow tl Bs Dae Polaitys unimportant when a transformer is installed alone, butis SS cio tarsones ‘xtemely important when tanner ar installed in parlor Scahunk fone wansormerinaank bara dierent pole the ES / onnections iter he primary he secondary bushings that Es es Esime tert ae eee Subativ Paar Tastormers peas Poly es The gph bow athe shows primary nd secondary vols Poli sisted on he ransorme name dvbe hi es cree tina cmtrenens acai tongs. EM wildrrnie the rg ofa manger Soha ae pose The wo tow th it sows te 1 Conc wonder of high andowvlage aan a ieee Tassie stone Gey" windings enue Tass wat ieee he party ton 2. Sohne (120 ok) volage a9 hhh oat Fog Tne saute wanes Beg" Wihhatbonoapphae oo bsotbe conta ets. ra 7 linc sal oogeacos he risers 7 opremsetsinaywecriny ESS) > Manne i volagearon in hr ih td wre cnc ,] es ; mim Guase) &3 O-vme 6-7 Bs A onssbacverantrmer te secondary bashing ae mambered > left-to-right, ike this: Xi, X2, X3, To remember how subtractive Ea g Singtel memoreSone nc saace’ TRE! ge matin come eth Ht bang on sorcivewan 3 ene — ze pO 34 Tic poy iene tbe mened olige is hiher than =e = 3" epplt aiage The platy aso bem = Fe ine ower fn ti ennetace 5 sorte a e: eB: es eS