PROPOSAL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OPERATIONS III PRACTICUM

Module 3
Liquid Diffusion

Day : Wednesday
Group :1
Practitioner : 1. Kresna Ramadhani Fauzan
(5008201072)
2. Dian Maulidya Hanif
(5008201120)
3. Aryasatya Wicaksono
(5008211047)
4. Faras Naufal

Department of Chemical Engineering

Faculty of Industrial Technology and Engineering
Systems
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Surabaya
2023
PROPOSAL

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

I.1. The Practicum's Objective

The aim of this practicum is to ascertain the diffusivity coefficient of NaCl solution in
distilled or de-ionized water for liquids.

I.2. Basic Theory

I.2.1 Rate of Diffusion
The third fundamental process of mass transfer involves the movement of mass
between different phases or within a single phase. Regardless of whether the phase is gas,
liquid, or solid, the underlying mechanisms remain consistent (Geankoplis, 2003). Diffusivity,
in essence, represents the quantity of moles transferred per unit area over a specified period,
per unit concentration gradient. Molecular diffusion's molar flux can be divided into two
components: bulk motion and the relative speed of particles or molecules (Kulkarni, 2016).

Fick's law describes the molecular diffusion of mass, stating that the rate of diffusion
is directly proportional to the concentration difference and the available area for diffusion. It
also indicates that the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the diffusion distance. This
law can be expressed as follows, assuming a constant total concentration in a fluid:
aCA
J∗Az=−DAB ………………………………. (1)
dZ
In the equation, 𝐽 ∗𝐴𝑧 represents the molar flux of component A in the z-axis
direction due to molecular diffusion (measured in kgmol A/sm 2), 𝐷𝐴𝐵 denotes the molecular
diffusivity of molecule A in B (measured in m 2/s), CA stands for the concentration of A
(measured in kgmol/m3), and z represents the diffusion distance (measured in meters). The
negative sign signifies that the flow occurs from areas of high concentration to those of lower
concentration (Geankoplis, 2003).

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I.2.2 Liquid Diffusion

Liquid diffusion is when substances dissolve in liquids (like salt dissolving in water)
the substances spread out. This movement or spreading out is because in liquids the particles
are moving randomly. It should be apparent that the rate of molecular diffusion in liquids is
considerably slower than in gasses. Here are some equations for diffusion in liquids
(Geankoplis, 2003):
a. Equimolar counter diffusion:
D AB (C A 1−C A 2) D AB C av (x A 1−x A 2 )
N A= = …………………………….……………….
Z 1−Z2 Z 2−Z 1
(2)

b. Diffusion of A through non diffusing

D AB C av ( x A 1−x A 2) ………………………………………………………………
N A=
(Z ¿ ¿ 2−Z1 )x BM ¿
(3)

1.2.3 Liquid Diffusivity Determination

Determining liquid diffusivity involves various experimental and computational
techniques. For experimental determination, methods such as Fick's first law of diffusion,
Stefan-Maxwell equations, diffusion cells, Taylor dispersion, nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques, and light scattering methods can be
employed. Computational approaches, including molecular dynamics simulations and finite
element simulations, can also predict diffusivity. The choice of method depends on the system
under study and the required accuracy and precision.
The diffusion process is typically described by Fick's laws of diffusion, which provide
mathematical expressions for the diffusion flux (the amount of substance moving through a
specific area per unit time) in terms of the concentration gradient and the diffusion coefficient.
For a one-dimensional diffusion process, Fick's first law can be expressed as follows:
∂x
J=D …………………………………………………………………………...
∂C
(4)

J is the diffusion flux (amount of substance diffusing per unit area per unit time), D is the diffusion

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PROPOSAL

∂C
= D∇ 2. C………………………………………………………………………….(5)
∂t

C/t is the rate of change of concentration with respect to time, D is the diffusion 2coefficient (liquid
∇ . C is
the Laplacian of the concentration field (describes how concentration changes in space). This
equation describes how the concentration of a substance changes with time due to diffusion,
accounting for spatial variations in concentration. (Harris, 2007).

1.2.4 Application of Liquid Diffusion in Life

Transportation of materials inside and outside of cells can be described in two ways:
passive transport and active transport. In passive transportation, movement of substances does
not require energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP). Types of passive transportation include
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. The diffusion process can
continue until the concentration of solute in the extracel-lular and intracellular spaces is
attaining the equilibrium. In facilitated diffusion, solute particles move from higher to lower
concentration via cell surface channels. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion involve transport of
solutes, while osmosis in-volves movement of water (or solvents) through a membrane. The
movement of some transported proteins and glucose inside the cell membrane is highly selec-
tive so that movement across the cell membrane occurs only when assisted by the
concentration gradient, a type of carrier-assisted transport known as facilitated dif-fusion.
Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are driven by the potential energy differences
of a concentration gradient. Simple diffusion is a nonselective process by which any molecule
capable of dissolution in the phospholipid bilayer is able to cross the plasma membrane and
equilibrate between inside and outside of the cell. Thus, only small hydrophobic molecules
are able to diffuse across a phos-pholipid bilayer at significant rates (Gaur, 2014).

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PROPOSAL

CHAPTER II
PRACTICUM

II.1 Variables
In this experiment, there are several variables that contributed to the result, which is
the molarity of the NaCl solution, that is 0.2 M, 0.6 M, and 1 M.

II.2 Tools and Materials of Experiment

II.2.a. Tools

Figure II.2.1 Schematic Tools Used in The Practicum

The tools used for this practicum are:
1. Magnetic Stirrer 8. Conductivity Probe

2. Diffusion Vessel 9. Conductivity Meter

3. Capillary Tube 10. Thermometer

4. Diffusion Cell 11. Stopwatch

5. Eyedropper 12. Analytical Balance

6. Erlenmeyer 250 ml 13. Glass Funnel

7. Beaker Glass 250 ml 14. Stirring Glass

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PROPOSAL

II.2.b. Materials
The materials used in this practicum are

1. 200 mL 0.5 M NaCl solution 3. 200 mL 2 M NaCl solution

2. 200 mL 1 M NaCl solution 4. Distilled/de-ionized Water

II.3 Methodology
II.3.1 Methodology for Testing Standard Solutions
1. Pour 200 mL distilled water into 250 mL beaker glass.
2. Calculate the mass of NaCl required to concentrate the solution at 0.01 M.
3. Take the NaCl using a spatula and weigh it according to the mass calculated by the
analytical balance.
4. Pour the weighted NaCl into the distilled water.
5. Plugging in the magnetic stirrer cable.
6. Turn on the magnetic stirrer and adjust the stirrer speed using the knob.
7. Stir the NaCl and distilled water with a magnetic stirrer until the NaCl is dissolved.
8. Pour the solutions that have been taken into the cuvette.
9. Insert the cuvette into the spectrophotometer.
10. Run the spectrophotometer and record the absorbance read by the instrument
11. Repeat these steps for distilled water, 0.02 M, 0.03 M, 0.04 M, and 0.05 M standard
solutions.

II.3.1 Methodology for Liquid Diffusion Processes

1. Fill the diffusion vessel with 2.85 L of distilled water.
2. Prepare 200 mL of 0.2 M NaCl solution.
3. Fill the diffusion cell with 0.2 M NaCl solution and ensure that the capillary tube is in
place and seal the top of the cell.
4. Dip the diffusion cell into distilled water until the top of the capillary is 5 mm below
the water level.
5. lugging in the magnetic stirrer cable.
6. Turn on the magnetic stirrer and adjust the stirrer speed using the knob.

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PROPOSAL

7. Take the sample and put it in the sample tube every 5 minutes interval for 20 minutes.
8. Pour the samples that have been taken into the cuvettes.
9. Insert the cuvettes into the spectrophotometer.
10. Run the spectrophotometer and record the absorbance read by the instrument.
11. Repeat these steps for 0.6 M and 1 M NaCl solutions.

II.4 Practicum Scheme

Figure II.4.1 Schematic for The Tools Used in this Practicum

II.5 Practicum Data

Here are the known data from this practicum :
Table II.5.1 Known Data

V water (V) 2.85 lt 0.00285 m

3

Capillary Length (L) 2.5 cm 0.025 m

Capillary Diameter (d) 3 mm 0.003 m

Capillary AMounts (N) 27

3
Molarity 1 (Cal) 0.2 M 200 mol /m
3
Molarity 2 (Cal) 0.6 M 600 mol /m
3
Molarity 3 (Cal) 1 M 1000 mol /m
3
C salt in the sea (Cs) 3 % 513.347 mol /m
3
C salt in the aquifer (C0) 0 % 0 mol /m
3
C in final salt (Cx) 250 ppm 4.277891855 mol /m

Distance from the seawater 1 km 10000 m

aquifer interphase (x)

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And here are the experiment data for this practicum:

Table II.5.2. Experiment Data for Standard Solution

Concentration (M) Absorbance

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Table II.5.3. Experiment Data

Absorbance Temperature
Time, t(min)
0.2 M NaCl 0.06 M NaCl 1 M NaCl (°C)

10

15

20

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gaur, Ruchi & Mishra, Lallan & Sen Gupta, Susanta. (2014). Diffusion and Transport of
Molecules In Living Cells. 10.1007/978-3-319-05657-9_2.
Harris, D. C. 2007. Quantitative Chemical Analysis . New York: W.H. Freeman and
Company.
Geankoplis, C. J. 2003. Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles. New Jersey :
Pearson Education.
Harris, D. C. 2007. Quantitative Chemical Analysis . New York: W.H. Freeman and
Company.

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