AN ‘ou>y ssi IXLINOD, +4008 anpromyyy‘uasuossyy fo Mpsscasuy) suey] “9, UeEpUOL aaymmmnyy ‘uasuossigy fo Gassaaiup) Spood “Ah SEBO 4q pupa aansadsiag [eroeyag Arexodurayuoy W :sIoprIOsIq JoLyag Surpur}siapuy)food» possi aney SOY 09 uo Ayusnas 220m pe oud Btueagywoustiou2yd pewuatudojasap jr ajdnoo ws ASeupur pure ust ayaq to soalirodsiod jeso1setoq “kuwe au08 one puauino 24 Tenpiarpu uboaag £eydionux2jdusoo ofp W031 ranypent ype jo aanoadsied amp wosg quint AeeonOWD go saapo qoea tm Tea ie Atjeozuorgp saps Buzaq yo 9842s ¥ puR “ea {wonbasy ‘sox0aKp Jo sygnowp ‘Ssansip drgsuonyar 2UOs"> ues jo suuondas ap “peanse paylsep 94 yancau sajdnon sulaigord ay jo soy "8S rd o Atorea 303 day Sapypos pur sansip tw Adesaqp oy 3x09 suoso]> pure 2ouemusnes 29 spiq ue s=usOIsTy aU wo swaigord asoy ayduso> Gyssaasuy) oD vaopr0y *A samme (79 PPYSUEW [MGV (IPH drysuonejay pur ‘ovumnuy ‘aig yuoUNpPEnY ypy wo aanoadsrog jeroraeyag V by readey basRather than oppose traditional theory, we would like to sugges that because of BA's solid foundation in empirically observed behavioral phenomena itcan function to provide a much more ative dialogue with the data provided by Harlow, Bowlby, Aoworth, Mai note atachment ins The poten utcome of sch a dialogue is afresh perspective on attachment and new testable hypotheses Tn ths chapter, we wl explore how a behavioral perspective can foster ch understanding of adalt attachment styles and how such styles an contribute to distress between partners, We review the literature on attachment relationships and then spel ot how a behavioral perspective can provide # compelling framework for tnderstanding how attachment sls develop aswell as how they influence adult relationships, We then apply a behavioral perspective to understand how pattems of vulnerability and intimacy in couples emerge and how some such patterns ‘become problematic forcouples. Finally, wewilloferan account ofhow Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy (IBCT) can be used to help couples move beyond the dlicuties they experience Origins and Background of Attachment Theory John Bowlby lad the foundation of attachment theory with his three volume tome, Attachment and Low (1968, 1973, 1980). Inuenced by the evolutionary biologist Konrad Lorene and by Harlow’s workwith rhesus macaque monkeys(eg., Harlow, 1958), Bowlby ejected the idea thatatachment was a product of drive reduction, More specifically, he reected the ida that attachment between mother and child developed because mothers meet ther infants’ need (drive) for food Hiriow (1958) was instromental in refuting the diivereduction theory of attach- ment. In experiments with macague monkeys, he found thar monkeys spent m01e time witha warm, sof duromy-mother that didnot provide food than with a wire cage ummy-mothethat provided food. This findingvalidated Bowlby’ssense that attachment relationships were more complex than drive reduction theory allowed, ‘With this information in tow, Bowlby proceeded to develop the argument that attachment relationships have survival value because they keep infants close to caregivers who can provide protection inthe face of danger (Bowiby, 1969, 1973, 1980, 1988), Thus, he came close to offering a functional analytic explanation of attachmentin which the funtion of attachment eliciting behavior (e crying bids Forphysial closeness ultimately the protection ofinfants. Had he embraced ths position more filly the eld might not havetaken the psychoanaltictum that now chatacters i However, Bowlby had song pilosopical commitments 0 he ychoanalyic paradigm and eschewed the idea that atachment theory was a {exon of beavis Bowlby, 1988) Ava el, the operant underpinnings of Ztachment theory were minimized and atachment became a subfield within poychodynamic theory. Within this subfield many researchers have made valuable contributions. ‘Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues (Ainsworth, Blchar, Water, ¢ Wal, 1978) expanded on Bowlby'swork heough intensive observational studies of mothersand infants in Uganda and the United States. Through these observations, paticulatly those conducted in the United States, Ainsworth developed the laboratory based “strange situation” proceduce, which she used to characterize style of attachment telationships. tn the “strange situation,” researchers observe the caregiver and child in several different scenarios: with the caregiver and the child alone in an observation room together, next with a stranger in the room with them, then with the baby atone with the stranger and then briefly reunited with the caregiver, and finally, with the child alone inthe room. After each shify, researchers noted how the infant responded and whether he or she was distressed ot apathetic. They also noted how casily the infant was soothed by his or her caregiver ‘Ainsworth and colleagues (1978) used their extensive observations of infant- ‘mother interactions, both in naturalistic settings and inthe “strange situation," to develop a three-tiered classification system of attachment styles, They termed the three types of attachment relationship A, B, and C styles, each of which will be described in tur. Style A, sometimes referred to as an avoidant attachment syle, is characterized byinfants who show practically no response to being alone inthe *strangesituation” (Ainsworth etal, 1978). When the caregiver leaves the room, the infant does not appear distressed, and when the caregiver returns, the infant does not greet of approach him or her. Similarly, when the stranger enters, infants with avoidant attachment styles ether ignore him or her or are more friendly toward the stranger than toward the caregiver. Furthermore, Ainsworth tal. noted thatinfant avoidance is linked to caregiver behavior: Infants who display avoidant behavior tend to have caregivers who either directly reject attachment behavior (ie., ignore bids for physical closeness, ignore infants greetings, etc) or report resentinent at having to care for the infant. ‘Attachment tyleB, often termed the “secure” attachmentstyle, is characterized by infants who show distress at being separated from their caregivers, who greet or approach caretakers after theirretum from separation, and who are easily comforted by categivers when distressed by the separation (Ainsworth eta, 1978). As with the avoidant attachment style, Ainsworth et al. noted that caregiver behavior is linked to the secure attachment style. Indeed, caregivers of securely attached infants are likely to respond quickly and appropriately to theit infant's needs and to be ‘comforting to the infant when the infant is in distres. Finally, attachment style C,also known as the resistant/ambivalentattachment style is characterized by infants who appear to Both seek and esist contact withthe caregiver after reunions in the “strange situation.” In addition, style C infants aze often uncomfortable and distressed in the “strange situation” from the beginning, ceven before any separation fiom the caretaker has occurted (Ainsworth eta, 1978). When the caregiver leaves the room, the “resistane/ambivalent” infant tends to become very distressed, and when the caregiver attempts to soothe the infant, the infant usually continues to cry or fuss. 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Undersuch circumstances, one would expect the child's nurturance bids to extinguish (since they are not contingently responded to) and for the child to cither develop a passive nurtorance-seeking repertoire, orasupersttious murtarance- secking repertoit, given thatnoncontingentreinforcementhas been shown toshape superstitious behavior. Ainsworth et al. noted that "because the C2 infant [a subcategory of ambivalently attached) could rarely experience a consequence contingent on his own behavior, its not surprising that he behaved very passively both in the strange situation and at home” (p, 237). Although the effects of noncontingent responding should be similar to simple nonresponding, there are relatively few naturally occurring cases in which attach- ‘ment figuresare genuinely nonrespondingin aneglectful and abusive sense, Instead, the type of attachment relationships observed to give rise to ambivalent a styles were not necessarily neglectful (the mothers did provide adequate care for their children) but provided care only onthe caretaker’ terms and schedule and not in response to bids from the child Under such cumstances, a person learns that, hhow and when they are provided nurturance is out oftheir contro, resulting in the ‘extinction ofa great eal of the nurturance-seeking repertoire and a generally passive relationship to attachment figures. One might imagine such individuals passively falling into adult attachment relationships (because they have been sources of nnoncontingent nurturance in the past), but subsequently providing attachment partnerswith few, ifany, cues about their own attachment needs, passively expecting {o be nurtured without knowing how to ask for it. This repertoire would likely ‘manifest itself not as active avoidance of close adult relationships, but a a passive Ronpursuit of intimacy accompanied by a normal desire to be nurtured. ‘Ananalysis from a BA perspective comes othe same general conclusion as that argued by Bartholomew and Forowite (1991) regarding avoidant attachment styles: that the original category of avoidant attachment (or style A childzen) described by ‘Ainsworth and colleagues likely includes children shaped by two distinguishable histories, one in which frequent punishment suppresses approach behavior (earl avoidance in Bartholomew and Horowite’s terms) and one in which frequent ignoring essentially extinguishes approach behavior (dismissive avoidance). In addition, an adult syle that may look insecure, much lke an avoidant attachment style, may actually be characterized by a learned, passive nonpursuit of attachment relationships that are actively desired, rather than by either fear of potential attachment figures ora conviction that others are not nurturing (quite the opposite, in fet ‘Summary of Attachment Repertoires In sum, an examination of attachment phenomenon fiom a contemporary ‘behavioral perspective suggests a variety of possible attachment repertoires devel ‘oping out of histories in which bids for nurturance are responded to with combinations of contingent reinforcement, punishment, ignoring, and noncontin- gent responding, See Table 14.1 for a summary of ratios of reinforcement and the resultant attachment styles ‘Adult Attachment Style, Intimacy, and Relationship Health 405 = ae roa ar ET = =. Unionity cance uuchert pnt ‘ein he oy Ehetettenctpre Sermon et SStceliins nore ee Nigro ecrpiod Proce ie sony rection on gt ee Sesto bate a teil fn, igen Aue Angora Ahan pe Semon townaad ted oneedemtny crtara tte frunmccatagtouvar fort mh asa hentih (epee Sonne SES ee Table 14.1. Description of Attachment Ses