English Reviewer Remember:

● If an active-voice sentence does not

contain a direct object, it cannot be
VOICE converted into the passive voice, as the
-a grammatical feature that describes the sentence will lack coherency without a
relationship between the verb and the subject subject.

ACTIVE The kids are playing outside.”

-a type of grammatical voice in which the subject
of a sentence is also the agent of the verb. In
active-voice sentences, the agent always comes
before the verb
-answers the question “what did the subject do?”
Example:
Vincent bought a new watch and car
In this sentence, the subject is “Vincent” which is the
agent or the doer of the verb “bought”. Thus, this
sentence is in active voice.
Passive to Active:
● If a passive-voice sentence does not
contain an agent, it cannot be converted
into the active voice, as the sentence will
lack coherency without a subject.
For example:
● “The Great Pyramid of Giza was
constructed more than 4,000 years ago.”
● “Constructed the Great Pyramid of Giza
more than 4,000 years ago.”

Active to Passive in different tenses:

The basic structure of an active voice
sentence is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO):
Tense Active Passive
Subject: The entity performing the action.
Verb: The action itself.
Object: The entity receiving the action.
Present Simple base form am/is/are + past
participle

PASSIVE Present helping verb + helping verb +

-a type of grammatical voice in which the subject Continuous present participle being + past
is acted upon by the verb. participle

● The passive voice shifts the focus from Past Simple past simple were/was + past
the subject to the object of the action.
● The subject becomes the recipient of the participle
action rather than the doer.
● The agent comes after the verb is
Past Continuous was/were + were/was +
preceded by the preposition “by”.
Example: present participle being + past
The lights were turned off by the janitor. participle

Passive voice sentences typically follow an

Object-Verb-Subject (OVS) or Object-Verb
(OV) structure:
Object: The entity receiving the action.
Verb: The action itself.
Subject (optional): The entity performing
the action (often introduced with "by").
Be American
AUTHOR | Carlos Bulosan
● He was born on November 24, 1913 to poor,
hard working parents
● He was born in the Philippines in the rural
farming village of Mangusmana, near the
town of Binalonan.
● Carlos’s family struggled to survive during
times of economic hardship.
● At the age of 18, Bulosan left their family farm
and decided to pursue his dream of becoming
a writer in America.
"Be American" follows the story of Carlos and his
cousin, Consorcio. The story begins after they
arrive by boat in San Francisco; they came as
wanderers who could neither read nor write
English. But like many others, they came to live
the American Dream. Consorcio tells his cousin
that he plans to live permanently in the United
States, and that he wishes to be an American
citizen right away. Yet Carlos reminds him that
Filipinos must wait five years before obtaining a
legal citizenship. Frustrated by the law, Consorcio
defends himself and says he will change the law
and prove himself.
Settings
Place?
● San Francisco, California
Time?
● 1940-1945
Characters
Conscorcio
-Consorcio's transformation into being American
is defined in large part by speed and immediacy. In
being American, Consorcio does not display a
sense of waiting and delay. Consorcio defines his
transformation into being American with a sense
of urgency and a sense of speed that he
appropriates into his own sense of being.
-In “Be American,” Carlos Bulosan reveals the lack
of choice a Filipino had at the time through the
story of someone’s cousin, Consorcio, and his
struggle to gain citizenship in America.
Carlos (Cousin)
-Con1sorcio’s Cousin
Carlos did have a wonderful dream, but he
dreamed that for himself, his cousin, and all of the
other Filipinos. Just a few years later, he started
receiving fruit and letters from his cousin, who
had finally learned the "unwritten law of the
nomad." Moreover, he could write in English, and
for five years, he was writing publications for a
press in Pismo Beach, and defending the rights of
all Americans: native and foreign
Modals Verbs
-They are verbs that express permission,
prohibition, and obligation.
-As an auxiliary verb, they’re used together with
the main verb of the sentence.
For example:
● Sheila may ask Jason to accompany her
to the seminar this weekend.
Modals of Permission
Can
● Used to as for and give permission
● I’m feeling quite famished; can I eat that
grilled cheese sandwich?
Could
● used to ask for permission, but not give
it
● more formal and polite than can
● Miss, could I ask for an extension for the
paper’s deadline?
May
● The most formal way to ask for and give
permission
● Mr. Tom Nook, may I get a house loan
from you?
Modals of Prohibition
Can’t
● used to talk about something that is
against the rules, or to show that the
subject is unable to do something.
● You can’t consume alcohol if you’re under
18
Must Not
● used when talking about something that
is not permitted.
● common on public signs and notices
informing people of rules and laws
● comes from the speaker or the speaker is
the one who made the rule
● Visitors must not park in the car park.
Should Not
● used to give advice or to talk about what
● I shouldn’t have spoken to him that way.
Modals of Obligation
Has/have to
● used to show that the obligation comes
from outside the speaker
● subject is unable to do something.
● We have to be kind to other people always.
Must
● used to express a strong obligation or
necessity, especially when the obligation
comes from the speaker
● You must always wash your hands before
coming to the dinner table.
Should
● most commonly used when making
recommendations or giving advice
● can also be used to express obligation as
well as expectation
● To maximize your time and increase
productivity, you should try time
blocking.
Hills like white Elephants
AUTHOR | Ernest Hemingway
● considered to be one of the great innovators
and fictional stylists in 20th Century fiction
● won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953 and
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954
● On July 2, 1961, Hemingway died by suicide.
Iceberg Theory
● the deeper meaning of a story should
shine through implicitly. All the details
should not be revealed to the readers.
Characters
Jig ( The woman )
The american (the man)
Waitress
Settings
-Hemingway sets “Hills Like White Elephants” at a
train station to highlight the fact that the
relationship between the American man and the
girl is at a crossroads. Planted in the middle of a
desolate valley, the station isn’t a final destination
but merely a stopping point between Barcelona
and Madrid. Travelers, including the main
characters, must therefore decide where to go
and, in this case, whether to go with each other
and continue their relationship. Moreover, the
contrast between the white hills and barren
valley possibly highlights the dichotomy between
life and death, fertility and sterility, and mirrors
the choice the girl faces between having the baby
or having the abortion. The girl seems torn
between the two landscapes, not only
commenting on the beauty of the hills but also
physically walking to the end of the platform and
gazing out at the brown emptiness around the
station.
Exposition
The man and the girl sat at a table while drinking
beer in the sweltering heat and sunlight as they
wait for their train heading to Madrid. A Spanish
woman, a waitress, comes in and out of the bar
through a beaded curtain bringing them the two
beers and anise.
Rising Action
Jig looks at the hills and made a comment about it
looking like “white elephants” and this brought
tension to the conversation between her and the
man. The tension only rises more as the American
man brought up the operation.
Climax
Jig proceeds to tell the man that she will go
through the operation to make him happy, but the
man doesn’t want her to do it for him. However,
0he continues to remind her that they would be
happier if she would go through the abortion.
Falling Action
The man continues to tell Jig that he’s willing to
go through with the pregnancy if it means
anything to her. Jig wonders if it means anything
to him. He says it does, but he insists that he only
wants Jig and not anyone else. Jig becomes
agitated and tells to stop talking or else she would
scream.
Conclusion
The train will arrive in 5 minutes so the man takes
the bags over to the other tracks. He orders
another drink at the bar and comes back to Jig.
She smiles at him, and when he asks if she feels
better, she tells him there’s nothing wrong with
her; she feels fine
Nouns and Adjective
Clauses
Nouns
A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as
noun.
-It is made up of a noun and a verb. Since noun
clauses are dependent, they are not considered a
complete thought in the sentence.
-Noun clauses often begin with pronouns,
subordinating conjunctions, or other words. The
introductory word generally has a grammatical
function in the sentence.
Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom,
whose, what
Indefinite relative pronouns: whoever,
whomever, whatever, whichever, whether, if
Interrogative pronoun: who
Interrogative adjective: what
Interrogative adverb: how
Subordinating conjunctions: how, if, when,
whenever, where, whether, why

Subject
Theme and Moral Lesson What I had forgotten was that I had a test today.
“Hills Like White Elephants” presents a
couple in the midst of a crisis. Although
unmarried, the girl is pregnant and the man Direct Object
who has made her pregnant wants her to You must choose which flavor of ice cream you
have an abortion. His belief is that the choice want.
for abortion will free them to return to the
lives they had lived before the pregnancy. At
Indirect Object
the heart of “Hills Like White Elephants” is
The woman gave whoever attended the seminar
Hemingway’s examination of the man and
handouts.
girl ’s deeply flawed relationship, a
relationship that champions “freedom” at the
cost of honesty, respect, and commitment. In Object of the Preposition
this sense, the man and girl represent Josie is not interested in whatever Kyle says.
stereotypes of male and female roles: the
male as active and the female as passive.
Predicate Nominative
Michael's excuse was that he had forgotten to set
his alarm. Active and passive

Appositive Present Perfect has/have + past has/have + been

The problem, that you did not pick up the participle + past participle
packages, delays the entire production schedule.
Past Perfect had + past had been + past
participle participle
Adjective Clause
An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is
Future Simple will/shall + base Subject + will be
a dependent clause that modifies a noun or
form + past participle
pronoun. It tells which one or what kind.

Infinitive has/have + has/have +

It appears after the noun or pronoun it modifies infinitive + base infinitive + be +
and is introduced by a relative pronoun such as form past participle
who, whom, whose, which, or that.
Modals Modal + base Modal + be +
Sometimes it is connected by a relative verb such form past participle
as after, before, since, when, where, or why.

Subject
The television that was just bought does not Now that wraps up our school
open.
year for English 9! Good luck!
Direct Object
These are the crabs which we have caught.

Object of the Preposition

He is the mayor for whom we voted.

As an Adjective
I came across a lady whose house is on fire.