CLASSES OF VERBS

 Action Verbs – An action verb expresses an activity that a person or thing can do.
 Eat, chase, ride, listen, write, read, drink
 Mental/ Stative Verbs – these express a state rather than an action. It verb relates to a state
of being, a thought, or an emotion.
 Love, want, taste, think, weigh, believe, feel, am
 Auxiliary Verbs - accompanies a main verb to help express tense, voice, or mood. Functions
as an assistant to add a grammatical function or functional meaning to clauses in a
sentence.
 be, have, do, was, has been
 Linking Verbs – A type of verb that connects a subject with an adjective or a predicative
nominative that describes or renames it.
 Is, am, were, was, been, and being
 Helping Verbs – help the main verb to describe an action. The action that happened in the
past, is happening in the present, or will happen in the future.

 Modal Verbs –

 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

VOICES OF VERB
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

MOODS OF VERBS

TENSES OF VERBS
PERSONS OF VERBS

NUMBER OF VERBS

CONJUGATIONS OF VERB

- Verb conjugation refers to how a verb changes to show a different person, tense, number, or
mood. – Grammarly

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERB

- Every verb has four basic forms or principal parts. In order to form all, the tenses of each
verb, we need to learn these four principal parts of verbs: the present tense, the present
participle, the past tense, and the past participle.

 Present Tense - verbs the singular verb in their present tense form, which is used to
express present time, something that is true at all times, and future time: talk, move
adapt, earn, jump, elude, wish, learn, wave.
 Present Participle - is used to form the progressive tenses (continuing action). The
present participle is formed by adding “ing” to the singular verb. It is preceded by a
form of the to-be helping verb: (is) talking, (am) earning, (are) wishing, (was) waving.
 Past Tense - used to express past time, is the past tense, which we form by adding ed to
regular verbs. (Irregular verbs have different endings.): talked, earned, wished, learned
 Past Participle - It is preceded by a form of the have helping verb. For regular verbs, the
past and the past participle are the same.

Past Tense Past Participle

talked (have) talked
moved (has) moved
jumped (has) jumped
IRREGULAR VERBS
- Regular verbs form the past tense by adding d or ed to the present tense of the verb. Irregular
verbs form the past tense in different ways.
- Three of the most frequently used verbs in the English language are be, have, and do. The tenses
of these verbs are irregular; they do not fit the pattern of the regular verbs. Therefore, we must
memorize them.
- Verb forms often change according to three points of view:
 First-person, the speaker—I or we
 Second person, the person or thing spoken to—you
 Third person, the person or thing is spoken of—he, she, it, they, and singular or plural
nouns.

 She (present of have) red hair.

 You (present of be) so helpful!
 I (past of be) on time.
 We (past of do) our homework last night.
 He (present of do) chores each day.
 They (past of have) an abundance of ripe tomatoes.

VERBALS
- A verbal is a form of a verb used as an
adjective, adverb, or noun. There are
three types of verbals: participles,
gerunds, and infinitives.

Participles – acts as an Adjective

Gerunds – Acts as a noun
Infinitives – Acts as Adj., Adv., or noun

VERBAL GERUNDS:
Usage Examples
As the subject of a sentence • Writing in English is difficult.
• Watching TV is my favorite pastime.
As the direct object of a sentence • I like writing in English.
• I love going out to restaurants.
As a subject complement • My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
• One of his duties is doing homework.
 As an object of a preposition • We shall be interested in hearing your comments.
• Would you like to walk instead of taking the bus?
After certain expressions • My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
• One of his duties is doing homework.

VERBAL INFINITIVES:
Usage Examples
To indicate the purpose of an action • He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
• will lock the door to prevent theft.
As the subject of the sentence • To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was
required.
• To swim in that sea may be dangerous.
As the direct object of the sentence • I like to write in English.
• Everyone wanted to go.
As subject complement • His ambition is to fly.
• What is essential is to maintain a healthy diet.
As an adjective • This is the best time to practice.
• I have some jeans to wash.
As an adverb • We must carefully observe to understand.
•I can't wait to see.
After an adjective • It is important to be patient.
• It is wonderful to have close friends.
After a noun or pronoun object referring to a person • Can I ask you to help me with something?
• I invited a friend to attend the ceremony.
Used with a question word • Do you understand what to do?
• Tell me when to press the button.

VERBAL PARTICIPLES:
Usage
As a part of the continuous form of a verb
As an adjective
As a gerund
After verbs of perception
With the verbs: SPEND & WASTE
With the verbs: CATCH & FIND
For two actions at the same time
As an adjective
With the auxiliary verb "have" to form the perfect
aspect
With the verb "he" to form the passive
To make one of the past forms for the modal verbs
Used to replace a "subject passive verb" construction
Used after Want, Have and Like + direct object
Examples
He is reading a book.
The smiling girl is my sister.
Mary is interested in reading books.
I saw them crossing the street.
Don't waste time playing computer games!
Don't let him catch you reading his letters.
He left the room laughing.
Spoken words cannot be revoked.
When I came, he had left.
This house was built in 1815.
I should have finished by the middle of the week.
She entered, accompanied by her daughters.
I want this text translated by noon.

MODALS:
Type Modal Verbs
ABILITY Can, Could
PERMISSION Can, Could, May
ADVICE Should
OBLIGATION Must, Have to
POSSIBILITY Might, May, Could, Can
PREPOSITIONS
- A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two nearby words. Put another way,
a preposition links two words to express how they relate to each other. For example:
 The rat is in the corner. (The preposition "in" shows the relationship between "the corner" and "the rat.")
 Her party was on Saturday. (The preposition "on" shows the relationship between "Saturday" and "her party.")
 Common Examples of Prepositions
- above, about, below, for, from, in, inside, into, of, to, until, with
Lots of prepositions precede words to tell us where or when things are.
Examples of prepositions that tell us where:
 The cat on the table is called Toby. (The preposition "on" precedes "table" to tell us where the cat is.)
 Our lorry is stuck at the traffic lights. (The preposition "at" precedes "lights" to tell us where the lorry is.)
 The boy behind the bush. (The preposition "behind" tells us where "the boy" is in relation to "the bush.")
 A mouse under the stairs. (The preposition "under" tells us where "a mouse" is in relation to "the stairs.")
Examples of prepositions that tell us when:
 The meeting is on Saturday. (This time, the preposition "on" precedes Saturday to tell us when the meeting
is.)
 The bell will ring at 7 o'clock. (The preposition "at" precedes "7 o'clock" to tell us when the bell will ring.)
 The calm before the storm. (The preposition "before" tells us when "the calm" is in relation to "the storm.")
 One second after the bang. (The preposition "after" tells us when "one second" is in relation to "the bang.")
- Not all prepositions precede a word to link it to a nearby word. Not all prepositions tell us where
or when things are. Prepositions have other roles too. For example, they might show possession
(e.g., collar of the dog) or purpose (e.g., a tool for digging)
ABOUT THE WORD "PREPOSITION"
- The word "preposition" means "positioned before." A preposition sits before a word (either a
noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word.
 a bone for the dog.
(Here, the preposition "for" sits before the noun "the dog" to show the relationship between "the dog" and "a
bone." This example is not about where or when.)
 everyone except the teacher.
(In this example, the preposition "except" sits before the noun "the teacher" to show the relationship between "the
teacher" and "everyone." So, this example is not about where or when either.)

MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS

- Expressing where and when are two key roles for prepositions, but they have other roles too. For
example, they might show possession or purpose.
 These are the wishes of the people. (Here, the preposition "of" shows possession.)
 It is a device for opening jars. (Here, the preposition "for" shows purpose.)
OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
- The word (or phrase) that follows a preposition is called the object of a preposition. If there is a
preposition, there will always be an object of the preposition. A preposition cannot exist by itself.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
- A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and the object of the preposition (including
any modifiers). Prepositional phrases are very common. They function as either adjectives or
adverbs.