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For JCS, SPS, TSW, and GAD
Veritas et Fortitudo
 A NOTE TO THE READER

This book documents the last hours of an American diplomatic

outpost in one of the most dangerous corners of the globe. Based on
exclusive firsthand accounts, it describes the bloody assault, tragic
losses, and heroic deeds at the US State Department Special Mission
Compound and at a nearby CIA base called the Annex in Benghazi,
Libya, from the night of September 11, 2012, into the morning of the
next day.
It is not about what officials in the United States government knew,
said, or did after the attack, or about the ongoing controversy over
talking points, electoral politics, and alleged conspiracies and cover-
ups. It is not about what happened in hearing rooms of the Capitol,
anterooms of the White House, meeting rooms of the State
Department, or green rooms of TV talk shows. It is about what
happened on the ground, in the streets, and on the rooftops of
Benghazi, when bullets flew, buildings burned, and mortars rained.
When lives were saved, lost, and forever changed.
The men whose experiences comprise the soul and spine of this
book are well aware of the political storm surrounding Benghazi.
They recognize that the word itself has become unmoored, no longer
simply the name of a dusty Mediterranean port city on Libya’s
northeastern coast. They know that some Americans use Benghazi as
shorthand for US government malfeasance or worse. They also
understand that their explanations and revelations will be used as
evidence to fit arguments and accusations in which they have chosen
not to participate.
It’s not that they don’t care about those issues. It’s just not their
purpose. Their intent is to record for history, as accurately as
possible, what they did, what they saw, and what happened to them
—and to their friends, colleagues, and compatriots—during the Battle
of Benghazi.

Although written as a narrative, this is a work of nonfiction. No

scenes or chronologies were altered, no dramatic license was taken,
and no characters were invented or created from composites.
Descriptions from before, during, and immediately after the battle
came from the men who were there, from verified accounts, or both.
All dialogue was spoken or heard firsthand by primary sources.
Thoughts ascribed to individuals came directly from those individuals.
The main sources of this book are the five surviving American
security force contractors, known as “operators,” who responded to
the surprise attack on the Benghazi diplomatic Compound,
spearheaded the counterattack, and carried out the rescue of State
Department personnel and residents of the CIA Annex. Several
names have been changed or withheld for privacy or security
reasons, but all descriptions and information included about
individuals is true. Classified details were omitted, in keeping with
standard nondisclosure agreements among clandestine government
employees and contractors. Those changes and omissions had no
material effect on the story and did not misrepresent the known
facts. The individual accounts of the operators were fundamentally in
sync, but occasionally they diverged on details, such as when a
particular radio call was sent. Whenever possible the narrative
reflects the varying perspectives, which can be attributed to the fast-
moving nature of events, the fog of war, and team members’
overriding concerns about remaining alive rather than keeping track
of chronologies.
Secondary sources include additional interviews, photos and
videos, the voluminous record of public documents, congressional
reports and testimony, and media reports. Those sources, credited
where appropriate in the text and cited in the Select Bibliography,
were used to provide context, fill gaps during periods when the
primary sources weren’t present, and to confirm or elaborate upon
the participants’ recollections. Further discussion of sourcing can be
found at the end of the book, in “A Note on Sources” (here).
Previous accounts of these events, in books, magazines, and other
media, have disturbed and even disgusted the men whose story is
told here. Versions with fictionalized dialogue, imaginary incidents,
false or exaggerated claims, and sensationalized allegations serve no
purpose other than to inflame and obfuscate. The goal of the real
security team members is to recount the Battle of Benghazi through
as transparent a lens as possible. They and the family of a sixth
operator have a financial stake in this book, but their only editorial
demand was that the story be told truthfully.
It would be folly to think that this or any other account would be
the last word on events with such wide-ranging implications. But
after so many words have already flowed, with many more to come,
consider it the first word directly from the battlefield, from men who
know from hard experience and seared memories what actually
happened during those harrowing thirteen hours.
—Mitchell Zuckoff
 CAST OF CHARACTERS

THE ANNEX SECURITY TEAM:

Dave “D.B.” Benton—A thirty-eight-year-old former Marine

sergeant and SWAT team officer, D.B. was a scout sniper whose
specialties included hostage rescue, direct-action assaults,
surveillance, reconnaissance, and close-quarters battle. Before
Benghazi, he’d been honored for contract security work in Iraq,
Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Taciturn and thoughtful, a married father
of three, D.B. frequently partnered in Benghazi with his good friend
Kris “Tanto” Paronto.

(Courtesy of Dave Benton)

Mark “Oz” Geist—At forty-six the oldest member of the team, the
laid-back Oz spent a dozen years in the Marine Corps, including work
in an intelligence unit, then became the police chief in the Colorado
town where he grew up. After running a private investigation
company, in 2004 he became a security contractor to the State
Department in Iraq. Twice married, Oz had a son with his first wife
and a teenage stepdaughter and an infant daughter with his second
wife.
 (Courtesy of Mark Geist)

Kris “Tanto” Paronto—A former member of the Army’s 75th

Ranger Regiment, the voluble Tanto had a personality as colorful as
the many tattoos on his muscular body. At forty-one, he’d spent a
decade working as a contract security operator—a job he considered
part of a battle between good and evil—in countries throughout the
Middle East. Tanto held a master’s degree in criminal justice, owned
an insurance adjusting business, and had a son and a daughter with
his second wife.
 (Courtesy of Kris Paronto)

Jack Silva—A former Navy SEAL, Jack spent a decade in the service,
carrying out missions in Kosovo and the Middle East. Introspective
and smart, Jack left the SEALs to spend more time with his two
young sons and his wife, who learned while Jack was in Benghazi
that she was pregnant. At thirty-eight, Jack divided time between
contract security work and real estate, buying, renovating, and selling
properties. Jack often partnered with fellow former SEAL Tyrone
“Rone” Woods.
 (Courtesy of Jack Silva)

John “Tig” Tiegen—Tig was thirty-six, a former Marine sergeant

from Colorado who spent several years as a security contractor for
Blackwater. He worked for the company in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and
Iraq, before going to work for the CIA’s Global Response Staff. Quiet
and precise, the married father of infant twins, Tig was in the midst
of his third trip to Benghazi for GRS, making him the team member
with the most experience in the city. He often teamed with Mark “Oz”
Geist.
 (Courtesy of John Tiegen)

Tyrone “Rone” Woods—Rone was forty-one, a powerfully built

former Navy SEAL who’d spent two decades in the service before
returning to civilian life in 2010. During his SEAL years, Rone had
served in Somalia, Afghanistan, and Iraq, where he earned a Bronze
Star with a “V” for valor. Twice married, the father of three sons,
Rone was a nurse and a paramedic. Eager to spend more time with
his family, Rone had decided that Benghazi would be his last trip with
the GRS.

(Courtesy of the Woods family)

 OTHER KEY PARTICIPANTS:

J. Christopher Stevens—The American ambassador to Libya was a

youthful fifty-two, a never-married, California-born, career Foreign
Service Officer who dedicated himself to improving relations between
the United States and Arab countries.

Sean Smith—Smith was a State Department communications officer

by day, a well-known online gamer by night. Thirty-four, married with
two young children, Smith worked for the State Department for ten
years after serving in the Air Force.

Glen “Bub” Doherty—A former Navy SEAL, the affable Bub was a
member of the Tripoli-based GRS team that flew to Benghazi after
the attack began. Forty-two, divorced with no children, Bub was a
charismatic blend of discipline and bonhomie. He was old friends with
Rone and Jack from the SEALs, and newer friends with Tanto from
their work together in Tripoli.

“Bob”—A CIA staffer, Bob was the agency’s top officer in Benghazi.
He oversaw all intelligence activities and personnel at the Annex,
including the security operators.

“Henry”—A civilian in his sixties, Henry worked as a translator at the

Annex and accompanied the security team on its rescue mission to
the diplomatic Compound.

Alec Henderson—The highest-ranking State Department Diplomatic

Security agent in Benghazi, Henderson was inside the Tactical
Operations Center when the attack began. He sounded the first alarm
and called the Annex and the Tripoli embassy for help.

David Ubben—Ubben was a Benghazi-based Diplomatic Security

agent who’d spent time in the US Army. When the attack began,
Ubben and two Tripoli-based DS agents who traveled to Benghazi
with Ambassador Stevens ran to their quarters to collect their rifles
and body armor.

Scott Wickland—Wickland was a Benghazi-based Diplomatic

Security agent assigned to protect Ambassador Stevens. A former
rescue swimmer in the US Navy, Wickland led Stevens and computer
expert Sean Smith into the villa’s safe haven when the attack began.
 Prologue

A BLOODTHIRSTY MOB BORE DOWN ON THE UNITED States’ poorly defended

diplomatic post in Benghazi, Libya. Besieged American envoys and
staffers withdrew to a locked room as fires set by the attackers drew
closer. The Americans prayed and appealed for rescue, calling home
to Washington and to nearby allies. If no help came, they feared one
of three fates: They’d be killed by the invaders, suffocate from
smoke, or be roasted alive. In the meantime, they’d fight.
The date was June 5, 1967.
War had just begun between Israel and Egypt, and morning radio
reports in Benghazi were filled with false claims that US military
planes had provided air cover for Israeli attacks or had bombed Cairo,
less than seven hundred miles away. Hundreds of Benghazans
swarmed into the streets and rallied at the consulate of the United
Arab Republic, as Egypt was then called. The demonstrators’ ranks
swelled with some of the two thousand Egyptian construction
workers then in Libya to build an Olympic-style stadium. Soon they
turned violent. The throng grabbed cobblestones from the torn-up
streets and headed toward a former Italian bank building that housed
the American consulate.
A handful of Libyan guards fled their posts. The attackers barraged
the building with stones and broke through the barred windows and
the heavy front door. As the horde approached, the eight American
men and two women inside the building frantically burned sensitive
documents. The consulate workers were well armed, but the officer
in charge, John Kormann, recounted in a memoir that he ordered
that no one shoot, lest they enrage the mob further. The Americans
tossed tear gas grenades to slow the onslaught. Cornered, they met
their enemies with rifle butts and ax handles, then retreated up a
wide marble staircase. They took refuge in a second-floor vault used
as the consulate’s communications hub.
Unable to reach their quarry but unwilling to leave, the attackers
pillaged the building and set it aflame. Kormann feared that the
invaders would splash gasoline under the vault door to burn or
suffocate the Americans. He kept that thought to himself as fire
engulfed the consulate. One consolation for Kormann and his
colleagues was that the intense heat and thick smoke drove back the
mob. The Americans shared five gas masks as they destroyed top-
secret files and disabled cryptographic machines.
Several climbed up to the roof to continue burning documents, but
returned inside when a group of men dropped a ladder down from an
adjoining roof and rushed toward them. Unable to reach the
consulate workers, the attackers cut the halyard that hoisted the
American flag on a rooftop pole, allowing it to hang limp down the
front of the building. A US Army captain asked Kormann’s permission
to re-raise the flag. Kormann refused, but later he relented. “I had
been a combat paratrooper in World War II,” he wrote. “I knew what
defiance and a bit of bravura could do for soldiers under mortal
stress. A display of courage can be infectious and inspiring, just as an
act of cowardice can be demoralizing.” Dodging rocks hurled from
below, the captain dashed onto the roof and restored the Stars and
Stripes to its rightful place.
State Department officials in Washington discussed rescue options,
including sending a Marine unit and using paratroopers. But
executing those plans would take more time than the Americans had.
Meanwhile, the trapped Americans got sporadic phone calls through
to their British counterparts, who had a battalion stationed outside
Benghazi under a treaty arrangement. Four attempts to reach the
Americans by fifty British soldiers were repulsed or delayed, and the
mob set fire to a British armored car.
With no rescue in sight, Kormann took down from the wall a photo
of President Lyndon Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird Johnson. He
broke it from its frame, flipped it over, and wrote on the back that,
whatever happened, they had done their duty. Everyone in the smoky
vault signed the farewell note.
 As night approached, a garbled message gave State Department
officials the misimpression that the Americans were near death.
Secretary of State Dean Rusk appealed again to the British. Two
hours later, a British armored column made another attempt. This
time, the British broke through to the consulate and brought all ten
Americans to safety.

Forty-five years later, on September 11, 2012, the American

diplomatic outpost in Benghazi again came under sudden siege by a
murderous mob. Again the attackers couldn’t reach their prey, so
they plundered buildings and set fires with deadly intent. But this
time, no British or other friendly troops were close enough to attempt
a rescue.
With fires raging, gunmen swarming, State Department security
officers taking cover, and the US ambassador missing, a call went out
from one of the overwhelmed Americans: “If you don’t get here soon,
we’re all going to die!”
Heeding that call was a band of elite warriors who’d left the United
States military and had joined a clandestine organization that
protected American covert intelligence operatives abroad. They had
come to Benghazi as security officers for American diplomats and CIA
agents, but now they’d need to rely on their past training, two as
Navy SEALs, one as an Army Ranger, and three as Marines. They
knew that they’d be vastly outnumbered, but they also knew that
they were their fellow Americans’ only hope.
This is their story.
them free meals.
After Gaddafi was dragged from a drainage ditch, sodomized, and
killed by rebel fighters in October 2011, heavily armed militias that
toppled the regime sought to expand their roles in a
postrevolutionary Libya. With the approval of Libya’s weak transitional
government, and in the absence of a strong military or police force,
local militias shifted from revolutionary fighters to national
guardsmen, ostensibly to prevent Benghazi from spiraling into chaos.
Some militias remained outwardly grateful to America. Members of
one militia, the large and well-armed 17 February Martyrs Brigade,
were hired to provide security and act as a Libyan “Quick Reaction
Force” to protect the US State Department’s Special Mission
Compound in Benghazi. Financed by the Libyan Defense Ministry, the
17 February militia had established bases and training facilities,
assembled an arsenal of light and heavy weapons, and enrolled as
many as thirty-five hundred members organized into battalions.
The United States’ relationship with and reliance on the 17
February militia was a classic example of how the quirks of Benghazi
led to strange bedfellows. The militia took its name from an incident
on February 17, 2006, during which Libyan security forces killed
roughly a dozen people during a violent protest at the Italian
consulate in Benghazi. The protesters, who set fire to the consulate
building and several cars, were enraged by an Italian government
minister who wore a T-shirt displaying controversial cartoons
depicting the Prophet Muhammad. The militia’s name also referenced
February 17, 2011, the start of the revolution to overthrow Gaddafi.
Questions lingered about how much the United States’ diplomatic
corps could trust the 17 February militia, at least some of whose
members were suspected of fierce anti-American sentiments. No such
questions existed when it came to several other Benghazi militias,
which were outright enemies of the United States.
The city harbored at least two hard-line Islamist militias, aligned
ideologically with al-Qaeda, that openly despised America and the
West. One virulent anti-American militia was called the Ansar al-
Sharia Brigade, whose name meant “Partisans of Islamic Law” and
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 [268] Compayré, 250.
[269] Compayré, 61.
[270] Crévier, Hist. de l’Université de Paris, vii., 92.
[271] Compayré, 19.
[272] Ibid., 23.
[273] Ibid., 24.
[274] Malden, 15.
[275] Fournier, i., 8, cited by Compayré.
[276] Chevillier, Preface.
[277] Delalain, xi.
[278] Recueil des Priviléges de Paris, 1-9.
[279] Cartulaire de l’Univ. de Paris, i., 59.
[280] Recueil des Priviléges, v., 88.
[281] Recueil des Priviléges.
[282] Pierre de Blois, cited by Vallet de Viriville, 96.
[283] Delalain, xi.
[284] Guérard, Cartulaire de l’Église de Notre Dame de Paris,
iii., 73. 1270.
[285] Chassant, Dict. des Abréviations Latines et Françaises
Usitées dans les Manuscrits, Paris, 1864.
[286] Chevillier, op. cit., 347.
[287] Recueil des Priviléges, 1674, 89, 95.
[288] Actes Concernants le Pouvoir, etc., de l’Université de
Paris.
[289] The livre Parisis. De Wailly, cited by Delalain, xxix.
[290] Denifle, iii., 29.
[291] The livre Parisis was the equivalent of twenty sols or
twenty-five francs. The sol equalled twelve deniers or one franc,
or twenty cents. The denier was of the value of one and three-
fifths cents. In considering these “equivalents,” due allowance
must of course be made for the very much larger purchasing
power possessed by money in the fourteenth century than in the
nineteenth. De Wailly, cited by Delalain, xxix., xl.
 [292] Denifle, iii., 280.
[293] This regulation was identical with that of Bologna.
[294] Delalain, p. xxxvi.
[295] Delalain, p. xxxvi.
[296] Du Breuil, op. cit., 608.
[297] Kirchhoff, 68. Delalain (xl.) specifies a limit of 10 sols,
10.13 francs. This is, I think, an error.
[298] Lettres Obtenues par des Imprimeurs et Libraires, etc.,
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[299] Thurot, p. 65, cited by Compayré, 188.
[300] Opus Major, cited by Compayré, 188.
[301] Delisle, Cartulaire de Normandie, Mém. des Antiquaires
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[302] Oper. Inedita. Ed. Brewer, p. 13, Watt., 470.
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[304] The “Stationers or Text-Writers who wrote and sold all
sorts of books then in use” secured their privileges as a Guild in
1403 from the Lord Mayor and Board of Aldermen of London.
The Company had, however, no control over printed books until
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[305] Kirchhoff, 115.
[306] Kirchhoff, 187.
[307] Paulsen, 41.
[308] Griech. u. Lat. Messen., p. 155.
[309] (V., 4, 22.)
[310] p. 449.
[311] Wipo, Tetralogus, v., 197 ff.
[312] Wattenbach, 450.
[313] Mab. Acta. Ss., ii., 445, Ed. Ven.
[314] Vita Benedicti Abb., c. 4, 6, 9, cited by Wattenbach, p. 450.
[315] Chron. Fontanell., c. 7; Mon. Germ., ii., 274.
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[317] p. 451.
[318] Georg. Cedrenus., i., 444, Ed. Bonn.
[319] Wattenbach, 452.
[320] Grimm, Kleine Schriften, v., 191.
[321] Vita S. Ludovici, Gaufrido de Belloloco, Bouq. xx., 15.
[322] Wattenbach, 457.
[323] Westwood, Miniatures and Ornaments, xxii., 6.
[324] Gesta. Abb. Gemblacensium, Mon. Germ. Ss., viii., 540.
[325] Wattenbach, 459.
[326] Wittwer, in Steichele’s Arch. f. Gesch. der Bisth.,
Augsburg, iii., 164.
[327] Wattenbach, p. 465.
[328] Mone, in der Zeitsch. f. Gesch. der Oberrh., i., 309, 310.
[329] Philobiblon, c. 8.
[330] Iter Ital., iv., 179.
[331] Epp. Leon. Aret., Ed. Mehus., iv., 8.
[332] Ambrogii Epistolæ, Ed. Mehus., p. 517.
[333] The Faculty of theology in Bologna was not established
until 1352, but the statement is sufficiently correct for the period
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[334] Blume, Iter, vol. ii., p. 71.
[335] Poggii Florentini, Opera, Argentinæ, 1513, vol. ii., 102.
[336] Schier, De Regia Bibliothecæ Budensis, Viennæ, 1799,
vol. viii., 21.
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[338] Mittarelli, p. 258.
[339] Tiraboschi, ii., 40.
[340] Mittarelli, 383.
[341] Mittarelli, 933.
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[344] Kirchhoff, p. 40.
[345] p. 41.
[346] Bandini, Codd. Lat., ii., 727.
[347] Pasini, Rivantella et Berta, pars ii., 77.
[348] Endlicher, Catalogus Codd. MSS. Biblioth. Palat. Vendo
Bonensis, tom. i., 89.
[349] Martene et Durand, tom. iii., 536.
[350] Coxe, Coll. Lincoln, tom. i., pp. 31 and 32.
[351] Kirchhoff, Weitere Beiträge, vii., 8.
[352] Filelfo, Epistolæ, x., 25.
[353] Bandini, Codd. Lat., tom. ii., 145.
[354] Bandini, Codd. Lat., tom. ii., 251.
[355] Kirchhoff, p. 55.
[356] History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. By
Ahmed Ibu Mohammed Al-Makkari, translated by Pascual de
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[358] Petit-Radel, 106.
[359] Kirchhoff, 62.
[360] Catalogue Général des Manuscrits des Bibliothèques
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[361] Chevillier, L’Origine de l’Imprimerie de Paris, 1694, iv.,
346.
[362] Chevillier, 369.
[363] Gesch. der Präger Univers. Bibliothek., Prague, 1851, viii.,
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[364] Denis, part ii., p. 1262.
[365] Denis, part ii., p. 1285, quoted by Kirchhoff, p. 71.
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[368] Géraud, p. 175.
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[371] De La Caille, Histoire de l’Imprimerie, Paris, 1689, iv., 5.
[372] Garnier, 275.
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[375] Bibli. de l’École de Chartres, v., 67.
[376] Kirchhoff, 100.
[377] Gesch. der Prager Univ. Biblioth., Prague, 1851, p. 24.
[378] Kirch., p. 112.
[379] Kirch., p. 114.
[380] Delprat, Verhandlung over de Broederschop van G.
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[381] Wattenbach, 476.
[382] Wattenbach, 478.
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[384] Denis, ii., 2144. Cited by Kirchhoff, 131.
[385] Mone, Zeitschrift f. Gesch. d. Oberrheins, i., 312.
[386] Litterar. Grundiss zur Gesch. d. Deutsch. Poesie, Berlin,
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[387] Kirchhoff, 119.
[388] Kirchhoff, 120.
[389] Gesch. d. Offentl. Bibliothek zu Bamberg, Nurnberg, 1832,
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[390] Kirch., 120.
[391] Kirch., 121.
[392] Else, i., 242.
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[394] Kapp, 20.
[395] Kapp, 21.
[396] Kapp, 24.
[397] Early English Poetry, Introduction, xi.
[398] English Wayfaring Life, 188.
[399] The Old Printer, p. 43.
[400] Literary History, i., 176.
[401] Literary History, i., 182.
[402] Oesterly, Die Literatur der Urkundensammlungen, 2 vols.,
Berlin, 1885-86.
[403] Selection of Latin Stories from the MSS. of the Thirteenth
and Fourteenth Centuries. Percy Society, London, 1842.
[404] Harrison’s Description of England. Ed. Furnivall. Part i.,
book ii., chap. xviii.
[405] Roger’s History of Agriculture and Prices in England, iv.,
155.
[406] Delisle, Hist. Litt. de la France, xxx., 334.
[407] Philobiblon, Lond. 1888, chap. i., pp. 12, 13.
[408] Huber, The English Universities, London, 1840, p. 273.
[409] Hartshorne, C. A., The Book Rarities of the University of
Cambridge, London, 1829, p. 338.
[410] Coxe, College of Merton, p. 107.
[411] Donnée des Comptes des Roys de France, au 14e Siècle.
Paris, 1852, p. 227.
[412] Coxe, History of New College, p. 37.
[413] Renaissance in Italy—The Revival of Learning, pp. 15, 16.
[414] Renaissance in Italy—The Revival of Learning, pp. 55-56.
[415] Revival of Learning, p. 43.
[416] Revival of Learning, p. 256.
[417] Civilisation During the Middle Ages, 378.
[418] Revival of Learning, 22.
 [419] Revival of Learning, p. 284.
[420] Pattison’s Casaubon, 453, 454.
[421] Kapp, Geschichte, etc., I.
[422] Humphreys, 38.
[423] Humphreys, 39.
[424] Cited by Humphreys, 59.
[425] Humphreys, 57.
[426] Meerman, cited by Humphreys, 58.
[427] Humphreys, 66.
[428] Kapp, 42.
[429] Kapp, 59.
[430] Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance, i., 239.
[431] Kapp, 60.
[432] Schneegans, p. 142.
[433] Kapp, 62.
[434] Kapp, 62.
[435] Wetter, J., Gesch. der Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst,
483.
[436] Schmidt, C., Gesch. der ältesten Bibliothek in Strasburg,
1881, p. 92.
[437] Kapp, 71.
[438] Madden, iv., 40.
[439] Humphreys, 99.
[440] Linde, p. 65.
[441] Schmidt, C., 160.
[442] Kapp, 91.
[443] Kirchhoff, A., Gesch. des Deutsch. Buchhandels, Leipzig,
1851, i., 41.
[444] Erasmi, Opera, London, 1703, iii., 105.
[445] Kirch., i., 103.
[446] Kapp, 121.
 [447] Aufsätze der Buchhandlung, p. 6.
[448] Frommann, p. 30.
[449] Sagittarii Historia Gothana, Jena, 1701, quoted by
Frommann, 43.
[450] Humphreys, 117.
[451] Humphreys, 121.
[452] Lorck, C. B., Handbuch der Gesch. der Buchdrucker-
Kunst, 13, Leipzig, 1882.
[453] Humphreys, 124.

Corrections

The first line indicates the original, the second the correction:
p. xvi

The Inventon of Printing and the Work of the First Printers of Holland and
Germany
The Invention of Printing and the Work of the First Printers of Holland and
Germany

p. xx

British Monachisn; Manners and Customs of Monks and Nuns

British Monachism; Manners and Customs of Monks and Nuns

p. xxiv

Geschichte der Enstehung u. Entwickelung der hohen Schulen

Geschichte der Entstehung u. Entwickelung der hohen Schulen

Zeitschrift fur Gesch. des Oberrheins.

Zeitschrift für Gesch. des Oberrheins.

p. xxvi

Iter Litterarium in Alsatiant

Iter Litterarium in Alsatiam

p. xxvii

Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdrückerkunst

 Geschichte der Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst

p. 7

“... should stigmatise him as a dangerous and heterodox author.”

“... should stigmatise him as a dangerous and heterodox author.”[5]

p. 15

for the purpose of my narrrative,

for the purpose of my narrative,

p. 144

forms an important contribution to the monastic history of the country and

contain not a few references
forms an important contribution to the monastic history of the country and
contains not a few references

p. 166

as a guide for the same, a work entited Biblionomia.

as a guide for the same, a work entitled Biblionomia.

p. 213

conservés en la jouissance de tours les droicts;

conservés en la jouissance de tous les droicts;

p. 217

found themselves very largely dependent upon the scholary interests

found themselves very largely dependent upon the scholarly interests

p. 221

As Savigny puts its:

As Savigny puts it:

p. 227

In 658, S. Gertrud
In 658, S. Gertrude

p. 238
 Di Sasso who, in 1481, came into asssociation with the Brothers Brushi
Di Sasso who, in 1481, came into association with the Brothers Brushi

p. 245

This codex was completed in the stall of Master Valiaric, bookseller;

This codex was completed in the stall of Master Viliaric, bookseller;

p. 291

and among the citzen class an earlier interest

and among the citizen class an earlier interest

p. 297

between the scholars of Italy and the instructtors

between the scholars of Italy and the instructors

p. 300

At the end of the fourteeth century

At the end of the fourteenth century

p. 302

very largely by means of reciters or ministrels.

very largely by means of reciters or minstrels.

p. 309

prepare plentiful stores of provisons

prepare plentiful stores of provisions

p. 311

with the book-trade by its use as an appelation

with the book-trade by its use as an appellation

p. 390

censorship upon the press which occured

censorship upon the press which occurred

p. 408

Jenson was afforded any opportunity for excercising his art in Paris
 Jenson was afforded any opportunity for exercising his art in Paris

Footnote 320

Grimm, Kleine Schrifter, v., 191.

Grimm, Kleine Schriften, v., 191.

Footnote 452

Lorck, C. B., Handbuch der Gesch. der Buchdrücker-Kunst, 13, Leipzig,

1882.
Lorck, C. B., Handbuch der Gesch. der Buchdrucker-Kunst, 13, Leipzig,
1882.

Errata

p. 255
Ibun-l-abbáns and Ibun-l-abbar should read Ibn al-Abbar
p. xxviii, Footnote 254, 303, 375
Bibliothèque de l’École de Chartres should read Bibliothèque de l’École de
Chartes
p. 462, 463
The address New York: 29 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
should read New York: 27 West 23d St. London: 24 Bedford St., Strand
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