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150 Things You Should
Know about Security
Second Edition

Lawrence J. Fennelly,
CPOI, CSSI

Marianna A. Perry,
M.S., CPP, CPOI
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-809485-3

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Candice Janco

Acquisition Editor: Candice Janco
Editorial Project Manager: Hilary Carr
Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane
Designer: Matthew Limbert
Cover Image Credit: Karen Camilovic with Camilovic Creative

Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals

 I have three sons, Larry, Bill, and Stephen and wish to dedicate this
book to them. My wife and I love them dearly. They are not only our
children but also our best friends. We are a close family who support
one another and laugh a lot together. Sad, but many people don’t
have this type of family bond.
Lawrence J. Fennelly

This book is dedicated to law enforcement officers and security

professionals who work hard every day to keep people safe and
protect our way of life. Thank you.
Marianna A. Perry
Preface

This book is the second in a series of the “150 books.” The first was Physical Security:
150 Things You Should Know. You are probably thinking that it would be difficult to
come up with 150 items, but it really was not that hard. We included ASIS Standards,
Underwriters Laboratories (UL), and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Guidelines, and also Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mate-
rial, because all these topics affect security and need to be included in a holistic
approach to security vulnerabilities.
Today, we routinely recommend light-emitting diode lighting, which is energy
efficient. Years ago, when conducting assessments, we both remember struggling
to have high-pressure sodium lighting installed because the common misperception
was that this type of lighting killed trees and plants. Clearly, we realized that people
needed to be educated about good security practices, especially lighting. Times are
changing and technology is moving us forward at an incredible pace.
When we say, “150 Things You Need to Know,” we understand that there are
more than 150 things that security practitioners need to know and be aware of. This
book presents information in an easy-to-read format and covers a variety of topics.
Each section of this book has been carefully placed for your review. Security does not
have to be complicated, but it does have to be specific.
We have added only one item in the appendix, which is a chapter from Sandi Davies
book, Women in the Security Profession: A Practical Guide for Career Development,
titled, The Future of Women in Security: Developing a Strategy for Success. We feel
that this work has some useful information for security professionals.
It is our intent to motivate everyone in the security profession to strive for higher
levels of awareness and preparedness for the years ahead. This is the responsibility of
all of us who are a part of the security profession and who must deal with the questions
of where we are leading the discipline and how the role of security will support the
organizations of the future.

Lawrence J. Fennelly
Marianna A. Perry

xiii
150 Things You Should
Know about Security

1. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

STRATEGIES
There are seven overlapping strategies in crime prevention through environmental
design (CPTED):
  
1. Natural access control
2. Natural surveillance
3. Territorial reinforcement
4. Image and/or maintenance1
5. Activity program support2
6. Target hardening3
7. Geographical juxtaposition (wider environment)4
  
Access control and surveillance have been the primary design concepts of
physical design programs. At the outset of the CPTED program, access con-
trol and surveillance systems—pre-existing as conspicuous concepts in the field
of CPTED—received major attention. Access control and surveillance are not
mutually exclusive classifications since certain strategies achieve both and strate-
gies in one classification typically are mutually supportive of the other. However,
the operational thrust of each is distinctly different, and the differences must
be recognized in performing analysis, research, design, implementation, and
evaluation.
Access control is a design concept directed primarily at decreasing crime oppor-
tunity. Access control strategies are typically classified as organized (e.g., security
officers), mechanical (e.g., locks, lighting, and alarms), and natural (e.g., spatial defi-
nition). The primary thrust of an access control strategy is to deny access to a crime
target and to create a perception of risk in offenders. Surveillance is a design con-
cept directed primarily at keeping intruders under observation. Therefore the primary
thrust of a surveillance strategy is to facilitate observation, although it may have the

1 PM Cozens, G Saville, D Hillier. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review
and modern bibliography. Prop Manage 2005;23(5):328–56.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.

150 Things You Should Know about Security. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809485-3.00001-6

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
2 150 Things You Should Know about Security

effect of an access control strategy by effectively keeping intruders out because of an

increased perception of risk. Surveillance strategies are typically classified as orga-
nized (e.g., police patrol), mechanical (e.g., lighting, locks, and alarms), and natural
(e.g., windows) (Photos 1–3).

PHOTO 1
Photo shows examples of good natural surveillance.

PHOTO 2
Photo shows examples of good natural surveillance.
 1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Strategies 3

PHOTO 3
Photo shows examples of good natural surveillance.

Traditionally, access control and surveillance, as design concepts, have empha-

sized mechanical or organized crime prevention techniques while overlooking, mini-
mizing, or ignoring attitudes, motivation, and use of the physical environment. More
recent approaches to physical design of environments have shifted the emphasis to
natural crime prevention techniques, attempting to use natural opportunities pre-
sented by the environment for crime prevention. This shift in emphasis led to the
concept of territoriality.
The concept of territoriality (elaborated most fully to date in the public housing
environment) suggests that physical design can contribute to a sense of territorial-
ity. That is, physical design can create or extend a sphere of influence so that users
develop a sense of proprietorship—a sense of territorial influence—and potential
offenders perceive that territorial influence (Photo 4).
4 150 Things You Should Know about Security

PHOTO 4
Photo shows a medium-height fence to establish territorial space and also has good
window design.

At the same time, it was recognized that natural access control and surveillance
contributed to a sense of territoriality, making it effective for crime prevention.
Natural access control and surveillance will promote more responsiveness by users
in protecting their territory (e.g., more security awareness, reporting, reacting) and
promote greater perception of risk by offenders.

2. SIX ADDITIONAL CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
Defensible Space: This concept was developed in the public housing environment. It
is similar to CPTED strategies (Crowe 1999).
Environmental Security differs from CPTED in that it uses a broader range of
crime control strategies including social management, social media, target hardening
activity, support, and law enforcement.
Situational Crime Prevention which incorporates other crime prevention and law
enforcement strategies in an effort to focus on specific crime problems.
Results and objectives:
  
• Reduce violent crime
• Reduce property crime
• Displacement of crime
• Eliminate the threats and risk
• Reduce the likelihood of more incidents
• Eliminate vulnerabilities and protect assets
  
 3. A New Role for Law Enforcement 5

Risk Management is defined5 as the process by which an entity identifies its poten-
tial losses and then decides what is the best way to manage these potential losses.
CPTED landscape security principles:
  
1. For natural surveillance cut back bushes to a height of 3 ft.
2. Cut back the tree branches to 8 ft from the ground.
3. Chain link fence height 7 ft plus three strands of barbed wire.6
4. Height of a stone wall—8 ft.
5. A least 10 ft of clear space on both sides of the fence and wall.7
6. Psychological deterrence: results when lighting leaves a potential intruder fear-
ful that he or she will be detected, identified, and/or apprehended.

3. A NEW ROLE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT: SUPPORT OF

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Public/private sector partnerships enhance public safety by sharing information,
making the community more aware of threats and involving them in the problem-
solving process. Collaboration is a key word for partnerships because all part-
ners must recognize that their goals or missions overlap and they work together
to share resources and achieve common goals. The added value of public–
private sector partnerships is the cross-transfer of skills, knowledge, and exper-
tise between the public and private sectors.8 In order for a partnership to be
successful, each partner has to understand the value they will gain from partici-
pating. Successful partnerships involve partners that are committed to working
together to achieve common goals—building the community. There are a number
of compelling reasons for law enforcement to be involved in CPTED aside from
the formulation of partnerships:
  
1. CPTED concepts have been proven to enhance community activities while
reducing crime problems.
2. CPTED concepts are fundamental to traditional law enforcement values, in
terms of helping the community to function properly.
3. CPTED requires the unique information sources and inherent knowledge of the
community, which is endemic to the law enforcement profession.
4. CPTED problems and issues bear a direct relationship to repeat calls or service
and to crime-producing situations.
5. CPTED methods and techniques can directly improve property values, business
profitability, and industrial productivity, thereby enhancing local tax bases.
  

5 Ibid.
6 LJ Fennelly. The chain link fence manufacturers institute as stated in loss prevention and crime pre-
vention handbook. 5th ed. 2012. p. 311.
7 JF Broder, CPP. Risk analysis and the security survey. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2006.
8 http://it.ojp.gov/documents/d/fusion_center_guidelines.pdf.
6 150 Things You Should Know about Security

Law enforcement agencies, regardless of their size, must be involved formally in

the review and approval process of community and business projects. Their participa-
tion must be active and creative, rather than passive and reactive. Moreover, any such
involvement should not expose the agencies involved to possible litigation, since it is
the role of law enforcement in CPTED to provide additional information on concerns
that may not have occurred to the persons who are responsible (and qualified) for mak-
ing changes to the environment. The expression, “Pay me now, or pay me later,” con-
veys the idea that the early involvement of a knowledgeable law enforcement agency
in the conceptualization and planning of community projects can lead to improvements
in the quality of life and to reductions in the fear and incidence of crime. This early
involvement is one of the most cost-effective methods of crime prevention.9

CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

ASSESSMENTS10
During a CPTED assessment, the following CPTED principles should be focused on:
  
Natural surveillance
Natural access
Territoriality reinforcement
Image and/or maintenance
Order maintenance
Activity program support
Geographical juxtaposition
  
Be sure that you notice positive attributes of the area while identifying the
needed changes or improvements. Logically organize your observations and
recommendations.

4. ENVIRONMENT
The conceptual thrust of a CPTED program is that the physical environment can be
manipulated to produce behavioral effects that will reduce the incidence and fear of
crime, thereby improving the quality of life. These behavioral effects can be accom-
plished by reducing the propensity of the physical environment to support criminal
behavior. Environmental design, as used in a CPTED program, is rooted in the design
of the human/environment relationship. It embodies several concepts.
The term environment includes the people and their physical and social surround-
ings. However, as a matter of practical necessity, the environment defined for demon-
stration purposes is that which has recognizable territorial and system limits.

9 TD Crowe, LJ Fennelly. Crime prevention through environmental design. 3rd ed. Elsevier Publishers;
2013.
10 www.popcenter.org/tools/cpted/.
 5. Target Hardening 7

The term design includes physical, social, management, and law enforcement
directives that seek to affect positively human behavior as people interact with their
environment.
Thus, the CPTED program seeks to prevent certain specified crimes (and the fear
of them) within a specifically defined environment by manipulating variables that are
closely related to the environment itself.
The program does not purport to develop crime prevention solutions in a broad
universe of human behavior but rather solutions limited to variables that can be
manipulated and evaluated in the specified human/environment relationship. CPTED
involves design of physical space in the context of the needs of legitimate users of
the space (physical, social, and psychological needs), the normal and expected (or
intended) use of the space (the activity or absence of activity planned for the space),
and the predictable behavior of both legitimate users and offenders. Therefore in the
CPTED approach, a design is proper if it recognizes the designated use of the space,
defines the crime problem incidental to and the solution compatible with the desig-
nated use, and incorporates the crime prevention strategies that enhance (or at least
do not impair) the effective use of the space. CPTED draws not only on physical and
urban design but also on contemporary thinking in behavioral and social science, law
enforcement, and community organization.

5. TARGET HARDENING
The emphasis on design and use deviates from the traditional target hardening
approach to crime prevention. Traditional target hardening focuses predominantly
on denying access to a crime target through physical or artificial barrier techniques
(such as locks, alarms, fences, and gates). Target hardening often leads to constraints
on use, access, and enjoyment of the hardened environment. Moreover, the tradi-
tional approach tends to overlook opportunities for natural access control and sur-
veillance. The term natural refers to deriving access control and surveillance results
as a by-product of the normal and routine use of the environment. It is possible to
adapt normal and natural uses of the environment to accomplish the effects of artifi-
cial or mechanical hardening and surveillance. Nevertheless, CPTED employs pure
target hardening strategies, to test their effectiveness either compared with natural
strategies or when they appear to be justified as not unduly impairing the effective
use of the environment.
As an example, a design strategy of improved street lighting must be planned,
efficient, and evaluated in terms of the behavior it promotes or deters and the use
impact of the lighted (and related) areas in terms of all users of the area (offenders,
victims, and other permanent or casual users). Any strategies related to the lighting
strategy (e.g., block watch or neighborhood watch, 911 emergency service, police
patrol) must be evaluated in the same regard. This reflects the comprehensiveness of
the CPTED design approach in focusing on both the proper design and effective use
of the physical environment. Additionally, the concept of proper design and effective
8 150 Things You Should Know about Security

use emphasizes the designed relationship among strategies to ensure that the desired
results are achieved. It has been observed that improved street lighting alone (a
design strategy) is ineffective against crime without the conscious and active support
of citizens (in reporting what they see) and of police (in responding and conducting
surveillance). CPTED involves the effort to integrate design, citizen and community
action, and law enforcement strategies to accomplish surveillance consistent with the
design and use of the environment.

6. DETERRENTS
INTRODUCTION
We recently started looking into deterrents. For example, are security officers and
video surveillance systems a deterrent? Our findings were that a lot has been written
on closed-circuit television in England and Canada, whereas not as much has been
written on security officers. We also know from talking to our peers, other security
practitioners, and law enforcement knowledge from working on the street as to what
works and what are the deterrents. Disbelievers will say show me the data or you did
not use enough data.
Either way, it is time you started thinking about it. I have seen stores with about
100 cameras inside and 25 outside. Now that is a heavy cost to the wallet, but if they
were not saving the company money and preventing theft, they never would have
been purchased. Even with 125 cameras, there is still a certain degree of theft for a
variety of reasons stated later. Anyone who steals an item with the camera focusing
on the same item or area is said to be stupid, and we know a lot of stupid people get
caught.

THE SECURITY OFFICER

By definition, the job of a security officer is “serving to deter—relating to deter-
rence.” We were in a large building complex recently; as we walked we passed an
armed security officer outside a bank and a security officer inside the lobby who
greeted us. “Where are you folks going today,” he said. The security officer called
upstairs, confirmed the appointment, used his access control card for the elevator,
and then returned to the security desk. Once programed, the elevator only went to
the assigned floor. Great security, we were thinking, because deterrents and physical
security were working together smoothly.

Category A
• Security surveillance system used to prevent crime in private and public
locations
• CPTED principles and concepts
• Defensible space principles and concepts
 7. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design 9

• Situational crime prevention principles and concepts

• Lighting that meets standards and design by increased visibility
• Displacement of crime
• Biometrics and access control to specific areas

CPTED target-hardening principles

• Signage
• Padlocks and door locks and peepholes
• Intrusion alarms and signage of alarms
• Bollards or barricades closing down streets and controlling access

Category B
• Security officers armed and unarmed in private and public locations. Individuals
who perform an observation or formal to informal function, i.e., hotel door man,
bus drivers, tickets sellers or ticket takers, train conductors.
• Police officers in uniform and armed security who may deduce that a crime is
about to be committed and deter the incident with their presence.
• Security officer patrolling the parking lots of hotels, hospitals, and retail loca-
tions; protecting corporate assets; and protecting customers.
• “Guardian angels” patrolling streets, neighborhoods, and subways.

7. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN:

CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Finally, care and maintenance allows for the continued use of a space for its intended
purpose, as well as contributing to territorial reinforcement. Deterioration and blight
indicates less concern and control by the intended users of a site and a greater toler-
ance of disorder. Proper maintenance protects the public health, safety, and welfare
in all existing structures, residential and non-residential, and on all existing prem-
ises by establishing minimum standards, best practices, as well as a master plan.
Maintenance is the responsibility of the facilities manager, owners, and occupants.
Furthermore, the effort to achieve a balance between design for crime prevention
and design for effective use of environments contributed to the shift in focus from
organized and mechanical strategies per se to natural strategies. This was because
natural strategies exploited the opportunities of the given environment both to natu-
rally and routinely facilitate access control and surveillance, and to reinforce positive
behavior in the use of the environment. The concept reflects a preference, where
feasible, to reinforce existing or new activities, or to otherwise reinforce the behavior
of environment users so that crime prevention flows naturally and routinely from the
activity being promoted.
The conceptual shift from organized and mechanical to natural strategies has ori-
ented the CPTED program to develop plans that emphasize natural access control
and surveillance and territorial reinforcement (Photo 5).
10 150 Things You Should Know about Security

PHOTO 5
Photo shows a camera on the roof, plus lighting.

Although conceptually distinct, it is important to realize that these strategy cat-

egories tend to overlap in practice. It is perhaps most useful to think of territorial
reinforcement as the umbrella concept, being composed of all natural surveillance
principles, which in turn is composed of all access control principles. It is not practi-
cal to think of territorial reinforcement, natural surveillance, and access control as
independent strategies because, for example, access control operates to denote tran-
sitional zones, not necessarily impenetrable barriers. If these symbolic or psycho-
logical barriers are to succeed in controlling access by demarcating specific spaces
for specific individuals, potential offenders must perceive that unwarranted intru-
sion will elicit protective territorial responses from those who have legitimate access.
Similarly, natural surveillance operates to increase the likelihood that intrusion will
be observed by individuals who care but are not officially responsible for regulating
the use and treatment of spaces. If people observe inappropriate behavior but do
nothing about it, then the most carefully planned natural surveillance tactics are use-
less in terms of stopping crime and vandalism (Photo 6).

8. QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED DURING A CRIME

PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
ASSESSMENT
• Are there casual natural surveillance opportunities? If not, can they be added?
• Is there sufficient lighting for all vehicular and pedestrian pathways and activity
areas used during hours of darkness? (Photo 7)
• Is there sufficient activity lighting indoors and is it supplemented by sources of
natural light? Is there emergency lighting?
• Is access managed? If not, what combination of strategies could be used to
better manage access?
 8. Questions to Be Answered During a Crime Prevention 11

PHOTO 6
Photo shows a driveway to an apartment building that reflects poor security caused from
the overgrowth of vegetation.

PHOTO 7
Photo shows poor security caused from overgrowth. Do you see the light in the middle of
the vegetation?

• Are all spaces designated and delineated for specific use? If not, can they be?
• Are there conflicts between uses?
• Is there sufficient capacity? Is crowding creating tension, fear, or potential
dangers?
• Are there expressions of pride and ownership (territoriality)? Can they be
increased?
12 150 Things You Should Know about Security

• Are all areas well maintained—kept clean and functional with no needed repairs
or replacements? If not, when were they last maintained?
• Are rules of conduct communicated? Enforced?
• Are there supporting activities that enhance surveillance, access management,
and social order? If not, can they be added?
• Are the grounds easy to navigate? Is it easy to understand where you are at any
given point? Is it obvious which path or direction you need to take to arrive at a
desired location?
• Does the landscaping enhance the ability to read the site? Does it provide shade
and buffering where needed? Does it provide an esthetic quality? Is it acces-
sible? Is it healthy and well maintained? Is it a problem?
• How do the site users behave? Is there respect for the environment? Are there
areas where tensions and disorder are common?
• Is there graffiti or are there other signs of vandalism?
• Is there video surveillance? If so, are they placed in prime locations? Are there
other means of surveillance?
• Are there successful CPTED applications already in place? If so, take note and
use them as positive examples.11

SURROUNDING NEIGHBORHOOD
• Adjacent land uses
• Condition of adjacent streets and properties
• Traffic patterns and volumes on adjacent streets
• Pedestrian crossing safeguards (marked crossings, traffic lights)
• Recommendations for improvements

PERIMETER AND POINTS OF ENTRY

• First impressions on approaching the site/location
• Walls and/or fencing
• Type, location, hours of operation, and users
• Special staff and/or visitor access points
• Sign(s) that identify the site/location, welcome visitors, and provide information
about special visitor parking and entry
• Signs and/or maps to guide visitors to special parking and entry
• Signs and/or pavement markings to guide vehicles
• Surveillance opportunities from interior spaces
• Landscaping and cleanliness (Photo 8)
• Lighting
• Recommendations for improvements
  

11 http://cptedsecurity.com/cpted_design_guidelines.htm.
24 150 Things You Should Know about Security

Eyebolt

FIGURE 2
Securing double-hung windows with an eyebolt.
From New York Police Department.

WINDOWS
Windows come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and types, each of which presents a dif-
ferent type of security problem. Windows provide an inviting entryway for a burglar
who does not like to break glass because the noise may alert someone. On double-
hung sash-type windows, drill a hole through the top corner of the bottom window
into the bottom of the top window. Place a solid pin into the hole to prevent the win-
dow from being opened (Fig. 2).
Keyed window latches may also be installed to prevent the window from being
opened. In addition, grilles and grates may be installed over extremely vulnerable
accesses.

ENTRANCES
Any opening through which a human body can pass is an entrance. Front doors,
basements, patio doors, garages that have access to the house, and windows on the
second floor are all entryways to burglars. No one way is more important to protect
than another.

15. HOW TO DESIGN A 5-YEAR AND 10-YEAR SECURITY

PLAN
A SECURITY MASTER PLAN
A Security Master Plan will outline the organization’s security philosophy, strategies,
goals, programs and processes. This document is critical to forming a 5-year business
Another random document with
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 ACT III
Scene: The Garden and Cloisters of Monte Casino.
MARCOMIR.

[striking himself with a stone]

What tides of rapture spring at every stroke!
Have mercy, God! Such agony of pleasure
I felt when she came near. Oh, can it be
I have not yet inflicted utter pain?
Is there some chaste and vigorous suffering
Beyond the shameful wiles, with which the lash
Unnerves me? Pain, more pain!

[He strikes himself without pity; then, seeing Damiani enter the court, he
hurriedly drops the shard.]
DAMIANI.

Your hand is bleeding.

I see!—Although I took away your silex
You yet have braved my will.

MARCOMIR.

I need the rod.

DAMIANI.

You need obedience. Flog yourself again,

You will be locked in prison like your friend.

MARCOMIR.
 [in a low voice]
He has no guilt.

DAMIANI.

No guilt! You have not heard

I caught him flushed with triumph at the news
That Astolph in defiance of the Pope
Is laying siege to Rome. Good Rachis wept
As well he might, but Carloman blasphemed
Would I were with your brother! and for this
I had him shut in darkness fourteen days.
The term is over, and to change your sullen,
Ascetic mood—it is a festival—
You shall restore your friend to liberty.
You err through over-discipline, a fault,
But one that brings us honour; stubbornness
Like his disgraces the whole brotherhood.
Admonish him! If he is quite subdued
He shall be suffered to resume his rank
Among his fellows: for yourself, remember
Humility is satisfied with penance
The Church inflicts. No private luxury!
Do not offend again.

[Exit.]

MARCOMIR.
 Not use the rod!
Not use it when I feel incitements rapid
As points of fire awake me to the knowledge
That all my flesh is burning! Every flint
Becomes a new temptation. How confess
To him I love his wife, and guiltily!
O Geneviva, do the swans still crowd
Round you to feed them? Are you mistress still
In the old palace? Can there be a doubt?
If Pepin dare insult you—O this frock,
This girdle, not a sword belt! And your husband
Who brought you to such peril with his dreams,
Let the light wake him!

[Marcomir unlocks the prison-door, flings it open and draws back behind
the trellis of vines.]
CARLOMAN.

What has struck my eyes?

Is it the air, the sun, an open door?
Oh, it is dark with brightness, and half-blinds,
So rushing in! I would have been with God
When the light broke in answer to His cry;
I would have seen it pushing its broad leaves
Through Chaos as it travelled!—

MARCOMIR.

[advancing] I am come
To give you freedom.

CARLOMAN.
[seizing his hand like a boy]
Are the throstles fledged
I left within the orchard?

MARCOMIR.

They are gone ...

Besides, we must not wander—recollect!

CARLOMAN.

I do; I was a goatherd on those hills

Before my punishment [pointing to the prison].
How sad you look! Come with me; I will show you
The flock of goats leaping from crag to crag—
And have you ever drunk their milk? It foams;
Its thousand little bubbles seem themselves
Full of an airy life, and in the smack
Of the warm draught something exhilarates
And carries one along. Come to the hills!

MARCOMIR.

Dear Carloman—

CARLOMAN.

These cloisters are so dull

Where you sit brooding morn and eve; beyond
One sees the clouds laying their restless fingers
Across the scaurs.

MARCOMIR.
 But is that meditation,
And does one so find peace?

CARLOMAN.

The dew is there

In the green hollows; when I see those steeped
And shining fields, my heart fills to the brim,
And, though I yearn, my yearning satisfies.
Come with me: fast as I attain, with you
I share the secret.

MARCOMIR.

But you strike me dumb.

You have forgotten, we are bound by vows,
By our obedience.

CARLOMAN.

Are we bound by hopes,

By yesterday’s lost hopes?

MARCOMIR.

But promises—

CARLOMAN.

I promised to be God’s, ah yes, I promised,

As two on earth agree to be together
For evermore, vowed lovers. Is the marriage
In the companionship or in the vow?
Why, Geneviva is still vowed my wife.
 MARCOMIR.

But we must keep our troth.

CARLOMAN.

We must escape
From anything that is become a bond,
No matter who has forged the chain,—ourselves,
An enemy, a friend: and this escape,
This readjustment is the penitence,
The sole that I will practise.
[looking more narrowly at Marcomir] But your eyes
Are witheringly remorseful. One would say
That you had been some sunshines in the dark,
You, and not I. Open your heart to me.

MARCOMIR.

I hate you.

CARLOMAN.

Hate me, why? For heresy?

MARCOMIR.

No, for your blindness: think what you have done,

Think of ... at least, think of your only child
Mewed within convent walls.

CARLOMAN.

There is escape.

MARCOMIR.
 What, for a child?

CARLOMAN.

[clenching his hand] Per Baccho, but my son

Shall never wear a tonsure.

MARCOMIR.

Time will prove!

You stand so free and noble in the light
Yet it is you who brought me to despair.
One cannot be a fool, one of God’s fools,
Unconscious of the ill in others’ hearts,
And not breed deadly mischief.

CARLOMAN.

I entreated
You would not come with me.

MARCOMIR.

You drew me on;

You cannot help it, you make life so royal
Men follow you and think they will be Kings,
And then—

CARLOMAN.

What ails you?

MARCOMIR.
 Have you watched the lepers?
Waiting outside the churches to be blest?—
They pray, they linger, they receive their God,
And yet depart uncleansed.
Do not continue
To question me, but listen. Bend your eyes
Full on me! I have never told the Prior,
I cannot; and I would not breathe it now
But for her sake. The lady Geneviva
Is spotless; but my thoughts have been defiled.
I love her, I have never won her love,
Must never strive to win it. It is hell
To think of her.

CARLOMAN.

You never won her love?

MARCOMIR.

Never.

CARLOMAN.

She had so many favourites,

Poor boy! and you were thwarted.

MARCOMIR.

But her bond,

My deep disloyalty!

CARLOMAN.
 No more of this—

MARCOMIR.

If I were in the world, it is to her

I should return.

CARLOMAN.

The doors are strongly barred:

There is no other hindrance.

MARCOMIR.

They are come

The brethren and the prior: you must kneel
And then be reinstated. I forgot.

[Enter Damiani and a number of monks.]

DAMIANI.

Brother, we have great joy in your release,

And hasten to embrace you. Own your fault
Submissively, then rise and take your place
In our rejoicing band.

CARLOMAN.

I will not kneel.

DAMIANI.

Respect your vow.

 CARLOMAN.

But there is no such thing—

A vow! as well respect the case that sheathes
The chrysalis, when the live creature stirs!
We make these fetters for ourselves, and then
We grow and burst them. It is clear no man
Can so forecast the changes of his course
That he can promise so I will remain,
Such, and no other. Words like these are straws
The current plays with as it moves along.

DAMIANI.

My brethren, do not listen; he is mad.

CARLOMAN.

No, you are mad; you cannot see that Time

Is God’s own movement, all that He can do
Between the day a man is born and dies.
Listen a little: is there one of you
Who looks upon the sunlight and the buds
That moss the vines in March, and does not feel
Now I am living with these changeful things;
The instant is so golden for us all,
And this is life? Think what the vines would be
If they were glued forever, and one month
Gave them a law—the richness that would cease,
The flower, the shade, the ripening. We are men,
With fourscore years for season, and we alter
So exquisitely often on our way
To harvest and the end. It must be so.

DAMIANI.
 Is this what darkness and strict punishment
Have wrought in the corruption of your mind?

CARLOMAN.

I lay as seeds lie in the prison-house,

Dying and living—living evermore,
Pushed by a spark of time to join the hours,
To go along with them.

A MONK.

But, brother, this

Is overwhelming.

MARCOMIR.

Sin, can that be dropped?

CARLOMAN.

Never, there is no need. Life seizes all

Its own vile refuse, hurries it along
To something different; religion makes
The master-change, turning our black to white;
But so, as from earth’s foulness, the stem drains
Corruption upward, and the cleanly flower
Waves like a flame at last.

MARCOMIR.

O Carloman,
My brother, I am saved!

[The monks press round Carloman tumultuously.]

 CARLOMAN.

But all of you

Be saved, and on the instant! Yes, the prior,
You all of you, do not believe me mad.
It is your misery, I think, that more,
More than the urgent torment of my soul
Has brought me to the truth, the healing truth
That we must give our natures to the air,
To light and liberty, suppressing nothing,
Freeing each passion: we have slaves within,
So many slaves, and I have learnt that saints
Have dungeons that they dare not look into,
The horror is so deadly. Force the locks,
Let the fierce captives ravage. Better far
Murder and rapine in the city-streets,
Than lust and hatred’s unfulfilled desires!
Be saved; strike free into the world—come out!
Oh, you can do it—I have spoken truth,
I see that by your faces.

OLD MONK.

[touching Damiani’s shoulder] Surely, prior,

We must arrest this traitor.

DAMIANI.
[in a whisper] Half the brethren
Are in the chapel: I will bring them down
In mass on these insurgent novices.
[aloud] Children, I leave you: wrestle with temptation;
I now can only aid you with my prayers.
When you have heard him through, decide; and either
Lead him in chains to me; or if his lies
Prevail with you, then put me in your prisons,
And let the devil rule.
[to Carloman] Now do your worst
With your blaspheming tongue.

[Exit.]

OLD MONK.

We should be fools
To listen to him—it is mutiny;
And there are walled-up dungeons.

CARLOMAN.

No, the hills

For all, if all are reckless; it is just
The one that fears who is the traitor-foe
Imperilling brave men.

Ist OLD MONK.

But how break free?

CARLOMAN.
 How? All of us march with a single mind
Making a strong procession from the gates.

2nd OLD MONK.

The Church has soldiers: whither could we go

Unarmed and with an angry multitude ...

Ist OLD MONK.

Whither?

3rd OLD MONK.

Besides we are not of one mind

Now he stops preaching; it was like a spell.

4th OLD MONK.

The heretic!

OLD MONK.

Tush! ’Tis the kind of frenzy

That seizes every novice. Carloman,
Will you not hear my voice?

CARLOMAN.

No, good old monk,

God’s servants must not listen but to Him.
You have grown comfortable as the years
Rolled on,—no matter. What the novice suffers,
What every novice suffers, speak of that.
 OLD MONK.

I have forgotten it.

CARLOMAN.

You can forget

What you have suffered; then ’tis waste of time
To listen to you. What we suffer once
In youth—in childhood and our secret youth,
We suffer to our grave.
[turning to another monk] Have you forgotten?

Ist OLD MONK.

No, but the pain is numb, so long ago

My parents spoilt my life to have their will;
I must endure the best they could conceive,
And save their souls.

CARLOMAN.

If you should lose your own!

A curse on parents! The one truth that led me
To seek the cloister was my certitude
A man’s existence lodges in himself
And is not owned by kindred.

OLD MONK.

Gently, brother,
You had your way, and made yourself a monk;
Now you are all for change—so is the world
For bitter change.

Ist OLD MONK.

 My mistress has been married,
And would but laugh at me.

OLD MONK.

Time works such wonders

If we will give him time to work them in.

IST MONK.

It is too late.

CARLOMAN.

A maxim for the dead.

It never is too late for any seeing,
For any recognition we are wrong.
It is a man’s despair, not his confession
Proves him contemptible. Too late, you say,
Too late—but there are countries where ’tis spring
And harvest many times within the year.
Besides, we must not tarry in a place
The moments do not wash with dew; we wither,
Death has his secret will with us. Believe!
Act on the instant.

OLD MONK.

The high gates are barred,

And yonder is the Prior.

[Damiani, with Rachis and a large troop of monks, is seen coming from the
Chapel.]
CARLOMAN.
 The gates are strong;
But you and I and all of us can pass
Through them in simple triumph if we will—
With one consent.
Why, they are opening now!
How gloriously! Armed riders!

[Enter Astolph with a band of Lombard soldiers.]

MONKS.

Miracle!
A sign from God.

CARLOMAN.

Not one of you shall come.

What, flocking to my side because a door
Turns on its hinges—shame!

ASTOLPH.

Where’s Carloman?

DAMIANI.

[advancing] Who asks?

ASTOLPH.

The King of Lombardy.

Give place!

CARLOMAN.
 My saviour!

ASTOLPH.

Are you Carloman the Frank?

I like you—yes, your face is eloquent.
You do not keep your eyes upon the ground,
Like this dear relative.

CARLOMAN.

[staring fixedly at Astolph] You glitter so,

You glitter like the golden Vines, your hair
Is gold, your armour full of spokes and rays.

ASTOLPH.

And you are muffled in a sackcloth-bag;

The contrast strikes you.
[to Damiani] Lunatic?

DAMIANI.

And worse—
A rebel, an apostate, noble prince,
For whom I bring these manacles.

ASTOLPH.
 And I
An extra horse; for, lunatic or sane,
I must have speech with——

[turning to Carloman with a laugh]

Do you know your name?

We who are kings and soldiers know it well,
And Christendom remembers. Ah, I see!
You are not happy, so they call you mad.

RACHIS.

Have you no word for me? I am a King,

A King discrowned—and more, you have my crown.
Are you grown sick of it?

ASTOLPH.

My dear old Rachis,

Do not look covetous! I am not come
To take you from your prayers.

RACHIS.

You think you triumph,

But when you roll your thirsty tongue in hell,
And see me in the peace of Abraham’s bosom,
Watching your pain—

ASTOLPH.
 To every dog his day!
[with a shudder]
Ah, then—meanwhile there is a blowing wind,
And all the world to ravish ... Carloman,
We are the brothers now ... [to Damiani] Yes, I and this
[Rachis sneaks off, hissing curses.]
Fraternal soul, your madman.

DAMIANI.

Do you need
An interview?

ASTOLPH.

I take it, thank you. Glance

A moment at my soldiers—and retire.

[They all withdraw.]

Come to the well, where we can sit and talk,

And I can have a draught.

[He looses his helmet and dips it in the well. Carloman puts both hands
round it as soon as it is full of water.]
CARLOMAN.

Wait! [drinking] Cool and strong!

That prison-stuff was stagnant. Sunshine’s warmth,
The cool of water, how they both refresh!
[looking up with a smile]
Now, brilliant one, your business?