Cellular Internet of Things 2e :

Technologies, Standards, and

Performance. Bergman
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/cellular-internet-of-things-2e-technologies-standards-
and-performance-bergman/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

Massive Access for Cellular Internet of Things Theory

and Technique Xiaoming Chen

https://textbookfull.com/product/massive-access-for-cellular-
internet-of-things-theory-and-technique-xiaoming-chen/

Internet of Things for Healthcare Technologies Chinmay

Chakraborty

https://textbookfull.com/product/internet-of-things-for-
healthcare-technologies-chinmay-chakraborty/

Cellular Internet of Things From Massive Deployments to

Critical 5G Applications 2nd Edition Olof Liberg

https://textbookfull.com/product/cellular-internet-of-things-
from-massive-deployments-to-critical-5g-applications-2nd-edition-
olof-liberg/
RFID Technologies for Internet of Things 1st Edition
Min Chen

https://textbookfull.com/product/rfid-technologies-for-internet-
of-things-1st-edition-min-chen/

Internet of things (IoT) : technologies, applications,

challenges and solutions 1st Edition Anuradha

https://textbookfull.com/product/internet-of-things-iot-
technologies-applications-challenges-and-solutions-1st-edition-
anuradha/

Semi physical Verification Technology for Dynamic

Performance of Internet of Things System Xiaolei Yu

https://textbookfull.com/product/semi-physical-verification-
technology-for-dynamic-performance-of-internet-of-things-system-
xiaolei-yu/

Internet of Things IoT in 5G Mobile Technologies 1st

Edition Constandinos X. Mavromoustakis

https://textbookfull.com/product/internet-of-things-iot-
in-5g-mobile-technologies-1st-edition-constandinos-x-
mavromoustakis/

From Internet of Things to Smart Cities: Enabling

Technologies 1st Edition Hongjian Sun

https://textbookfull.com/product/from-internet-of-things-to-
smart-cities-enabling-technologies-1st-edition-hongjian-sun/
CELLULAR INTERNET
OF THINGS
This page intentionally left blank
 CELLULAR
INTERNET OF
THINGS
FROM MASSIVE DEPLOYMENTS TO
CRITICAL 5G APPLICATIONS

SECOND EDITION
OLOF LIBERG
Ericsson Business Unit Networks

MÅRTEN SUNDBERG
Ericsson Business Unit Networks

Y.-P. ERIC WANG

Ericsson Research

JOHAN BERGMAN
Ericsson Business Unit Networks

JOACHIM SACHS
Ericsson Research

GUSTAV WIKSTRÖM
Ericsson Research
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-08-102902-2

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our

website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Mara Conner

Acquisition Editor: Tim Pitts
Editorial Project Manager: Peter Adamson
Production Project Manager: Nirmala Arumugam
Cover Designer: Greg Harris

Typeset by TNQ Technologies

 Contents

Biography vii 4.8 Operation in a narrow frequency

Preface ix deployment 149
4.9 Positioning 153
Acknowledgments xi References 153

5. LTE-M
1. The Internet of Things
5.1 Background 156
1.1 Introduction 1 5.2 Physical layer 162
1.2 IoT communication technologies 3 5.3 Idle and connected mode procedures 206
1.3 Outline of the book 8 5.4 NR and LTE-M coexistence 249
References 10 References 253

2. Global cellular IoT standards 6. LTE-M performance

2.1 3GPP 12 6.1 Performance objectives 255

2.2 Cellular system architecture 13 6.2 Coverage 256
2.3 From machine-type communications to the 6.3 Data rate 258
cellular internet of things 18 6.4 Latency 263
2.4 5G 29 6.5 Battery life 265
2.5 MFA 37 6.6 Capacity 267
References 38 6.7 Device complexity 270
References 272
3. EC-GSM-IoT
7. NB-IoT
3.1 Background 42
3.2 Physical layer 46 7.1 Background 275
3.3 Idle and connected mode procedures 87 7.2 Physical layer 284
3.4 Other features 119 7.3 Idle and connected mode procedures 350
References 124 7.4 NR and NB-IoT coexistence 394
References 401
4. EC-GSM-IoT performance
8. NB-IoT performance
4.1 Performance objectives 126
4.2 Coverage 126 8.1 Performance objectives 404
4.3 Data rate 131 8.2 Coverage and data rate 405
4.4 Latency 134 8.3 Peak data rates 418
4.5 Battery life 136 8.4 Latency 423
4.6 Capacity 140 8.5 Battery life 425
4.7 Device complexity 146 8.6 Capacity 428

v
vi CONTENTS

8.7 Positioning 432 13.4 LTE enhancements introduced in

8.8 Device complexity 432 3GPP Rel-15 609
8.9 NB-IoT fulfilling 5G performance References 612
requirements 435
References 439 14. IoT technologies in unlicensed
spectrum
9. LTE URLLC
14.1 Operation in unlicensed spectrum 614
9.1 Background 442 14.2 Radio technologies for unlicensed
9.2 Physical layer 443 spectrum 622
9.3 Idle and connected mode References 630
procedures 477
References 498 15. MulteFire Alliance IoT technologies
10. LTE URLLC performance 15.1 Background 634
15.2 LTE-M-U 634
10.1 Performance objectives 500 15.3 NB-IoT-U 658
10.2 Simulation framework 500 15.4 Performance 677
10.3 Evaluation 502 References 685
References 514
16. Choice of IoT technology
11. NR URLLC
16.1 Cellular IoT versus non-cellular IoT 688
11.1 Background 516 16.2 Choice of cellular IoT technology 690
11.2 Physical Layer 521 16.3 Which cellular IoT technology to select 702
11.3 Idle and connected mode References 706
procedures 550
References 562 17. Technical enablers for the IoT
12. NR URLLC performance 17.1 Devices, computing and input/output
technologies 710
12.1 Performance objectives 564 17.2 Communication technologies 711
12.2 Evaluation 565 17.3 Internet technologies for IoT 712
12.3 Service coverage 587 17.4 The industrial Internet of Things 722
References 599 References 725

13. Enhanced LTE connectivity 18. 5G and beyond

for drones
References 734
13.1 Introduction 602
13.2 Propagation channel characteristics 602 Index 737
13.3 Challenges 607
 Biography

Olof Liberg is a Master Researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks. After studies in
Sweden, USA, Germany, and Switzerland, he received a bachelor’s degree in Business and
Economics and a master’s degree in Engineering Physics, both from Uppsala University. He
joined Ericsson in 2008 and has specialized in the design and standardization of cellular
systems for machine-type communications and Internet of Things (IoT). He has, over the
years, actively contributed to the work in several standardization bodies such as 3GPP, ETSI
and the MulteFire Alliance. He was the chairman of 3GPP TSG GERAN and its Working
Group 1, during the 3GPP study on new radio access technologies for IoT leading up to the
specification of EC-GSM-IoT and NB-IoT.
Mårten Sundberg is a researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks, with a previous
position as a Senior Specialist in GSM radio access technology. He joined Ericsson in 2005
after receiving his master’s degree in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University. As
Rapporteur of the 3GPP Work Item on EC-GSM-IoT he was leading the technical work to
standardize the new GSM-based feature dedicated for IoT. In 2016, he started leading the
work toward URLLC for LTE, being a Rapporteur for the Work Item introducing shortened
TTI and shorter processing times. Apart from being active in the 3GPP standardization body,
Mårten has also worked for many years in ETSI, harmonizing radio requirements in Europe.
Y.eP. Eric Wang is a Principal Researcher at Ericsson Research. He holds a PhD degree in
electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. In 2001 and 2002, he was
a member of the executive committee of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society and served as
the society’s Secretary. Dr. Wang was an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology from 2003 to 2007. He is a technical leader in Ericsson Research in the
area of IoT connectivity. Dr. Wang was a corecipient of Ericsson’s Inventors of the Year
award in 2006. He has contributed to more than 150 US patents and more than 50 IEEE
articles.
Johan Bergman is a Master Researcher at Ericsson Business Unit Networks. He received
his master’s degree in Engineering Physics from Chalmers University of Technology in
Sweden. He joined Ericsson in 1997, initially working with baseband receiver algorithm
design for 3G cellular systems. Since 2005, he has been working with 3G/4G physical layer
standardization in 3GPP TSG RAN Working Group 1. As Rapporteur of the 3GPP TSG RAN
Work Items on LTE for machine-type communications in Releases 13, 14, 15, and 16, he has
led the technical work to standardize the new LTE-based features dedicated for IoT. He was a
corecipient of Ericsson’s Inventor of the Year award for 2017.
Joachim Sachs is a Principal Researcher at Ericsson Research. After studies in Germany,
Norway, France and Scotland he received a diploma degree in electrical engineering from
Aachen University (RWTH), Germany, and a PhD degree from the Technical University of
Berlin. He joined Ericsson in 1997 and has worked on a variety of topics in the area of wireless
communication systems, and has contributed to the standardization of 3G, 4G and 5G. Since
1995 he has been active in the IEEE and the German VDE Information Technology Society,

vii
viii BIOGRAPHY

where he is currently co-chair of the technical committee on communication networks. In

2009 he was a visiting scholar at Stanford University, USA.
Gustav Wikström is a Research Leader at Ericsson Research in the area of Radio Network
Architecture and Protocols. He has a background in Experimental Particle Physics and
received his PhD from Stockholm University in 2009, after Master studies in Engineering
Physics in Lund, Uppsala, and Rennes. After Post-doc studies in Geneva, he joined Ericsson
in 2011. He has been driving the evolution of network performance tools and studies and
worked with WLAN enhancements toward IEEE. Until 2018 he was the driver of latency and
reliability improvements (URLLC) in LTE and NR.
 Preface
The Internet of Things is transforming the
information and communications technology
industry. It embodies the vision of connect-
ing virtually anything with everything and
builds on a global growth of the overall
number of connected devices. To support,
and further boost, this growth the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards development organization has in
its Releases 13, 14 and 15 developed the
technologies Extended Coverage GSM Internet
of Things (EC-GSM-IoT), LTE for Machine-
Type Communications (LTE-M), Narrowband
Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Ultra-Reliable
and Low Latency Communications (URLLC).
These technologies provide cellular services
to massive number of IoT devices with
stringent requirements in terms of connec-
tion density, energy efficiency, reachability,
reliability and latency.
This book sets out to introduce, charac-
terize and in detail describe these new tech-
nologies that together are defining the
concept known as the Cellular Internet of
Things. After an introduction to the book in
Chapter 1, Chapter 2 presents the 3GPP and
the MulteFire Alliance (MFA) standardization
organizations. Chapter 2 also gives an
overview of the early work performed by
3GPP to support IoT on 2G, 3G and 4G,
and introduces 3GPP’s most recent work on
the 5G New Radio. Chapters 3 to 8 focus
on the work 3GPP successfully has per-
formed on technologies supporting massive
ix
machine-type communication (mMTC). Chapters
3, 5 and 7 present descriptions of the phys-
ical layer design and the specified proced-
ures for each of EC-GSM-IoT, LTE-M and
NB-IoT. Chapters 4, 6 and 8 in detail eval-
uate the performance of each of these three
technologies and, when relevant, compare it
to the 5G mMTC performance requirements.
Chapters 9 to 12 provide the design details
and performance of LTE and 5G New
Radio URLLC. The performance evaluations
compare the achieved performance to the set
of 5G performance requirements agreed for
critical machine-type communication (cMTC)
in terms of reliability and latency. Chapter 13
discusses the enhancements 3GPP Release 15
introduced on LTE for the support of drone
communication.
Chapters 14 and 15 turn the attention
from licensed spectrum operation which is
commonly associated with the 3GPP tech-
nologies to wireless IoT systems operating in
unlicensed frequency bands. Chapter 14
describes popular short- and long-range
wireless technologies for providing IoT
connectivity. Chapter 15 presents the work
done by the MFA on adapting LTE-M
and NB-IoT for operation in unlicensed
frequency bands.
Chapter 16 summarizes the descriptions
and performance evaluations provided in the
earlier chapters and gives the reader guid-
ance on how to best select an IoT system for
meeting mMTC and cMTC market demands.
x PREFACE

Chapter 17 provides an overall picture of the
IoT technology. It is shown that the wireless
connectivity is only one among many vital
technical components in an IoT system.
Internet technologies for IoT and the
industrial IoT are discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 18 wraps up the book with a look
into the future and discusses where the
cellular industry is turning its attention when
continuing evolving 5G.
 Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all our colleagues
in Ericsson that have contributed to the
development of the wireless IoT technologies
described in this book. Without their efforts
this book would never have been written. In
particular we would like to express our
gratitude to our friends Johan Sköld, John
Diachina, Björn Hofström, Zhipeng Lin, Ulf
Händel, Nicklas Johansson, Xingqin Lin,
Uesaka Kazuyoshi, Sofia Ek, Andreas
Höglund, Björn Nordström, Emre Yavuz,
Håkan Palm, Mattias Frenne, Oskar Mauritz,
Tuomas Tirronen, Santhan Thangarasa,
Anders Wallén, Magnus Åström, Martin van
der Zee, Bela Rathonyi, Anna Larmo, Johan
Torsner, Erika Tejedor, Ansuman Adhikary,
Yutao Sui, Jonas Kronander, Gerardo Agni
Medina Acosta, Chenguang Lu, Henrik
Rydén, Mai-Anh Phan, David Sugirtharaj,
Emma Wittenmark, Laetitia Falconetti,
Florent Munier, Niklas Andgart, Majid Ger-
ami, Talha Khan, Vijaya Yajnanarayana,
Helka-Liina Maattanen, Ari Keränen, Vlasios
Tsiatsis, Viktor Berggren, Torsten Dudda,
xi
Piergiuseppe Di Marco, and Janne Peisa for
their help in reviewing and improving the
content of the book.
For their generous help with simulations
and data analysis we would like to specially
thank our skilled colleagues Kittipong
Kittichokechai, Alexey Shapin, Osama Al-
Saadeh, and Ikram Ashraf.
Further we would like to thank our
colleagues in 3GPP for contributing to the
successful standardization of EC-GSM-IoT,
LTE-M, NB-IoT and URLLC. In particular we
would like to thank Alberto Rico-Alvarino,
Chao Luo, Gus Vos, Matthew Webb and
Rapeepat Ratasuk for their help in reviewing
the technical details of the book.
Finally, we would like to express our
admiration for our families; Ellen, Hugo, and
Flora; Matilda; Katharina, Benno, Antonia,
and Josefine; Wan-Ling, David, Brian,
Kuo-Hsiung, and Ching-Chih; Minka, Olof,
and Dag. It is needless to say how important
your inspiration and support have been
during the long process of writing this book.
This page intentionally left blank
 C H A P T E R

1
The Internet of Things

O U T L I N E

1.1 Introduction 1 1.3 Outline of the book 8

1.2 IoT communication technologies 3 References 10
1.2.1 Cellular IoT 4
1.2.2 Technologies for unlicensed
spectrum 7

Abstract
This chapter introduces the overall content of the book. It contains an introduction to the massive and critical
machine-type communications (mMTC, cMTC) categories of use cases, spanning a wide range of applications.
When discussing these applications, consideration is given to the service requirements associated with
mMTC and cMTC for example in terms of reachability and reliability. The chapter introduces the concept
of the cellular Internet of Things which is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
technologies: Extended Coverage Global System for Mobile Communications Internet of Things (EC-
GSM-IoT), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Long-Term Evolution for Machine-Type Communications
(LTE-M) and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). The final part of the chapter looks
beyond the 3GPP technologies and discusses a range of solutions that provides IoT connectivity in
unlicensed spectrum.

1.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is part of a transformation that is affecting our entire society:
industries, consumers and the public sector. It is an enabler in the broader digital transfor-
mation of the management of physical processes. It provides better insights and allow for

Cellular Internet of Things, Second Edition

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102902-2.00001-7 1 © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 1. The Internet of Things

more efficient operation. The IoT provides the capability to embed electronic devices into
physical world objects and create smart objects that allow us to interact with the physical
world by means of sensing or actuation. IoT enables networking among smart objects,
applications and servers.
Fig. 1.1 depicts the instance of an IoT system. On the left-hand side there are physical
assets e like machines, lights, meters; on the right-hand side there are applications interact-
ing with the physical world. There can be a variety of different applications. If we assume
as example, that the physical assets are sensors that monitor the vehicle flow on a street at
different locations in a city, then the application could be to monitor traffic flows
throughout the city in a traffic control center. In case that the physical assets include traffic
lights, which can be activated via actuators, then the application could also steer the
red-green periods of individual traffic lights, e.g. based on the observed traffic flow. This
shows a simple example of digital transformation. A traffic infrastructure with traffic lights
with fixed configuration is transformed into a smarter traffic infrastructure, where insights
about the system states are collected and smart decisions are being taken and executed
within the infrastructure. The applications themselves are running in the digital domain.
A representation of the physical system (i.e. streets in the city) is created, based on a model
(like a street map), and it is updated with information from the traffic sensors. The manage-
ment and configuration of the traffic infrastructure (i.e. the traffic lights) is made in the
traffic center and the execution is transferred back to the physical world, by means of
switches in the traffic lights that steer the red-green phases.
The IoT system is the enabler for the service in the above example. IoT devices are
connected to the physical assets and interact with the physical world via sensors and actu-
ators. The IoT system connects the IoT devices to the specific application of the service and

Physical world Digital actions on

objects Digital Transformation physical world

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing
...

Network IoT Platfrom Applications

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing

IoT System

FIG. 1.1 IoT system providing connectivity, services and a digital representation of the physical world.
 1.2 IoT communication technologies 3
enables the application to control the physical assets via actuators connected to IoT devices.
The IoT platform provides common functionality, which includes device and object identi-
fication and addressing, security functions, and management of IoT devices. The IoT con-
nectivity, which is the focus of this book, provides a generic platform that can be used
by many different services, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

1.2 IoT communication technologies

A significant number of communication technologies have been developed over the last
two decades with significant impact on the IoT. In particular, machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication solutions were developed to connect devices with applications. Most
M2M communication solutions are purpose-build and designed to satisfy a very particular
application and communication needs. Examples are connectivity for remote-controlled
lighting, baby monitors, electric appliances, etc. For many of those systems the entire
communication stack has been designed for a single purpose. Even if it enables, in a wider
sense, an environment with a wide range of connected devices and objects, it is based on
M2M technology silos, usually without end-to-end IP connectivity and instead via propri-
etary networking protocols. This is depicted on the left-hand side of Fig. 1.3. It is quite

IoT enabled service 1

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing
Applications
...

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing

Network IoT Platfrom

IoT enabled service 2

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing
...

Applications

Actuation
Physical Asset IoT Device
Sensing

FIG. 1.2 IoT system as a platform to enable many services.

4 1. The Internet of Things

FIG. 1.3 From M2M silos to the IoT.

different from the vision of the IoT depicted on the right-hand side in Fig. 1.3, which is
based on a common and interoperable IP-based connectivity framework for connecting
devices and smart objects, which enables the IoT at full scale.

1.2.1 Cellular IoT

In recent years the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) have evolved their cellular
technologies to target a wide variety of IoT use cases. The second, third and fourth gener-
ations cellular communication systems provided since earlier connectivity for the IoT, but
3GPP is since its Release 13 developing technologies that by design provide cellular IoT
connectivity. The 3GPP standardization of cellular networks is trying to address the
requirements of novel IoT use case, in order to ensure that the technology standards
evolution is addressing future market needs. It has become clear that the breadth of IoT
use cases cannot be described with a simple set of cellular IoT requirements. In the
standardization of the fifth generations (5G) cellular system, three requirements categories
were defined to be addressed (see Fig. 1.4) [1]. Two of them are focused on machine-type
communication (MTC), essentially addressing the IoT.
Massive MTC (mMTC) is defined for addressing communication of large volumes of sim-
ple devices with a need of small and infrequent data transfers. It is assumed that mMTC
devices can be massively deployed, so that the scalability to many connected devices is
needed, as well as the support to reach them with the network wherever they are located.
The ubiquity of the deployment in combination with a need to limit deployment and
operation cost motivates ultra-low complex IoT devices that may need to support
non-rechargeable battery powered operation for years. Examples of mMTC use cases are
utilities metering and monitoring, fleet management, telematics and sensor sharing in
the automotive industry segment, or inventory management, asset tracking and logistics
16 2. Global cellular IoT standards

Device eNB MME P-GW

User plane Cntrl. plane User plane Cntrl. plane Cntrl. plane User plane

IP IP

NAS NAS

RRC RRC

PDCP PDCP

RLC RLC

MAC MAC

PHY PHY

FIG. 2.3 The LTE control and user plane protocols and interfaces as seen from the device.

Originally the NAS protocol was intended to be entirely dedicated to support signaling,
e.g. to attach and authenticate a device to the network. Since Release 13 the NAS may also
carry user data. This exception to the general architecture was introduced as part of Control
plane CIoT EPS optimization [9] feature discussed in Section 2.3.5. It is important to notice that
the control plane NAS messages sent between the device and MME are transparent to the
eNB.
The RRC handles the overall configuration of a cell including the Packet Data Conver-
gence Protocol (PDCP), Radio Link Control (RLC), Medium Access Control (MAC) and
physical (PHY) layers. It is responsible for the connection control, including connection
setup, (re-)configuration, handover and release. The system information messages
described in section 5.3.1.2 is a good example of RRC information.
The PDCP, the RLC, the MAC and the PHY layers are common to the control and user
planes. The PDCP perform Robust Header Compression (RoHC) on incoming IP packets
and manages integrity protection and ciphering of the control plane and ciphering of the
user plane data sent over the access stratum. It acts as a mobility anchor for devices in
RRC connected mode. It buffers, and in if needed retransmits, packets received during a
handover between two cells. The PDCP packets are transferred to the RLC layer which han-
dles a first level or retransmission in an established connection and makes sure that received
RLC packets are delivered in sequence to the PDCP layers.
The RLC layer handles concatenation and segmentation of PDCP protocol data units
(PDU) into RLC service data units (SDU). The RLC SDUs are mapped on RLC PDUs which
are transferred to the MAC layer. Each RLC PDU is associated with a radio bearer and a
logical channel. Two types of radio bearers are supported: signaling radio bearers (SRBs)
and data radio bearers (DRBs). The SRBs are sent over the control plane and bears the
logical channels known as the Broadcast, Common and Dedicated Control Channels
(BCCH, DCCH, CCCH). The DRBs are sent over the user plane and are associated with
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 135 Mays A H, Mate, Norm’n Mar 29
June
2452 McDonald Jno
25
June
2581 Moore A, Anna
27
3128 Malaby P, Montgomery July 10
3348 Murphy M J July 15
3529 McDonald Jno July 17
3804 Matthews J, Underwriter July 22
4208 McHenry D’l, Southfield July 29
4324 McCarty T, Housatonic July 30
4396 McVey K July 31
4679 McTier J Aug 4
4800 McLaughlin E Aug 5
5485 Meldon J Aug 13
6355 Marshall N B, Leipzig Aug 21
6571 McDermott P, Montg’y Aug 23
6825 Mathews W C Aug 25
6917 McLaughlin B Aug 26
7251 McGowan J, Powhattan Aug 30
11863 Maston J, Ratler Nov 6
Sept
7824 Noe M
4
June
2227 O’Brien Wm
20
3208 Ottinger M, Water Witch July 12
3153 Page Lyman July 11
5325 Parkham J C, Shawsheen Aug 11
Sept
9024 Peterson J
17
2460 Quinlan N June
 25
Sept
7867 Quade M
5
June
2207 Ragan John, T Ward
20
4661 Raymond W, “ “ Aug 3
5108 Roland Jno, Underwriter Aug 9
7003 Reynolds T J Aug 27
169 Stark John Mar 26
June
2010 Sullivan J, Underwriter
15
2883 Smith Jno W, Southfield July 3
3261 Sampson J R, Nav Bat July 13
4611 Smith B N, Mendota Aug 3
6592 Stanley Wm, Southfield Aug 23
11299 Smith Wm, Water Witch Oct 22
June
1713 Thomas Sam, Southfi’d,
7
June
1851 Thomas Jno, Southfield,
11
3757 Turner Wm, July 1
4159 Trymer Jas, Southfield, July 28
Sept
7445 Tobin Michael,
1
Sept
8302 Ta B F, Southfield,
10
June
1646 Willis J P,
5
3004 Wilson A, Southfield, July 7
3878 Williams M W, July 24
4118 Willis M, Southfield, July 28
4198 Williams C, Aries, July 29
 5820 Wordell G K, Aug 16
5990 Warren W H, Aug 17
6458 Wooley M, Aug 22 64
Sept
7503 Walsh Jas,
1
Sept
8104 Welch V, Southfield,
7
10565 West Jno, Southfield, Oct 9
Total 99.

MISCELLANEOUS.
1460 Addley A, Citizen Oct 25 64
Ringold
887 Amos J F May 4
Bat
2977 Augar A July 7
Ringold
282 Bane S A Apr 1
Bat
Ringold June
2072 Beatty D, Cor F
Bat 17
Baker Jno, Citizen
4327 July 30
Teamster
4904 Bennmar L Aug 6
Butterfield Jas,
5747 Aug 15
Citizen
6100 Blair H, Citizen Aug 18
Bidwell C, Citizen
6366 Aug 21
Teamster
Prunell’s
8102 Burkhead W Sept 7
Le
9344 Blood G P Sept 20
9591 Brogdin D C Sept 23
10500 Bunt C, Citizen Oct 8
Bishop J, Citizen
10602 Oct 10
Team
10963 Brown Geo, Cor Bridge’s Oct 15
Bat
Prunell’s
12342 Boland Jas Dec 26
Cav
Cannon Wm,
177 Mar 26
Teamster
389 Campbell D Ringold B E Apr 6
431 Childers C H Apr 8
1195 Cobb J, Citizen Team May 18
Clark M, Citizen June
1881
Team 12
3399 Cable C, Citizen July 16
3972 Cregger J F, Musician July 25
6315 Crowley Pat Aug 20
9245 Carroll C, Team Army Cor Sept 19
10485 Corbit J Oct 7
10872 Carey Thos Oct 13
11726 Collins, Cit Teamster Nov 1
Carroll J, Cit
12449 Jan 13 65
Teamster
Ringold
752 Deems P E Apr 26 64
Bat
Delp Geo, Cit June
2620
Teamster 28
4334 Davis J, Citizen July 30
5866 Danfirth Geo A Aug 16
8202 Delmore W, Cit Sept 8
Dubin M, Cit
11084 Oct 18
Teamster
11248 Delhanta Wm, Cit Oct 21
182 England E Mar 27
3923 Evans M, Cit July 25
- Everett T S, Cit Md Aug 30
157 Freeman Jno Mar 25
453 Fenley R, Cit Apr 9
1116 Fannon A, Cit May 15
2332 Faster W, Tel June
 Operator 22
June
2435 Farrell M, Cit
25
10478 Flickson J Oct 7
4808 Fitzgerald —— Aug 5
Wilder’s
5078 Frank F M Aug 8
Bat
Fox Henry, Cit
5609 Aug 14
Teamster
7643 Ford P, Teamster Sept 3
Keyes’
9084 Foucks H C Sept 18
Ind C
11315 Ferrall M C, Teamster Oct 22
2529 Gildea D, Cit July 1
4115 Grogran D July 28
4747 Gishart J Aug 5
6139 Graham E, Citizen Aug 19
7854 Gorb S Sept 5
9747 Goodman J O Sept 25
10672 Gillman John Oct 11
11862 Goodyear F, Citizen Nov 6 64
10717 Graves Wm E Oct 11
219 Heartless S Mar 29
Hammond S,
264 Mar 31
Teamster
Hoffman Chas, Cit
606 Apr 13
Team
Harkins John,
1274 May 22
Teamster
Hammond J, Cit June
2370
Team 23
Hudson G W, Cit
3222 July 12
Team
4244 Hughes P July 29
Hanmay D, Cit
6670 Aug 18
Teamster
8055 Herriage J, Teamster Sept 7
 8756 Harkins D S, Cor MMB Sept 14
9006 Hyatt J Sept 17
9051 Hulbert J H S Sept 17
9297 Hall M AAS Sept 19
Hart Isaac, Cit
9425 Sept 21
Teamster
10262 Hines Daniel Oct 3
10331 Hopkins John Oct 4
11934 Heckinbridge —— Nov 9
12456 Harrington J, S’t Jan 15 65
8722 Imhagg —— Sept 14 64
Jones Chas, Cit
4794 Aug 5
Teamster
6854 Jacobs W C, Citizen Aug 25
Johnson J, Cit
12714 Mar 1 65
Canada
June
2203 Kingland W H, Cit 64
20
June
3515 Kerr E, Cit Teamster
18
Kins W H, Cit
6273 Aug 20
Teamster
Knight J B, Cit
7864 Sept 5
Teamster
Kellogg E L, Cit
9467 Sept 21
Springf’d
546 Lee Jas, Cit Teamster Apr 14
June
1772 Lafferty Wm Ring Bat
5
3689 Lummo Rob’t, Citizen July 21
Ringold
10353 Linton E Oct 5
Bat
76 Morton J B Ring Cav A Mar 20
203 McMahon Pat Mar 28
Morrison F, Cit
220 Mar 29
Teamster
865 Mower W, Cit May 3
2285 McAtie M, Teamster June
 21
Manning B F, Cit June
2432
Team 24
June
2373 McEnshon Peter
23
3450 Moyer J July 17
4017 Messenger H M, Cit July 26
Morland J S, Cit
5387 Aug 12
Team
5996 McGee J Aug 17
6380 McKenna F Aug 21
8039 McGuire J, Cit Sept 6
9135 Myers Jno Sept 18
9247 McDonald J Sept 19
Munch Christian, Top
9616 Sept 23
Eng
McDonald H H, Cit
12535 Jan 27 65
Ohio
Monteith M, Cit
6666 Aug 24 64
Teamster
Newton Wm,
184 Mar 27
Teamster
7074 Norton E, Citizen Aug 28
8510 Nichols J, Team Army Cor Sept 12
4190 Osborne J, Citizen July 28
5414 Oliver W W Aug 12
Pringle Wm, Cit
719 Apr 25
Teamster
Podzas L, Cit June
1855
Teamster 12
5920 Poole C Aug 17 64
8893 Powers G, Citizen Sept 16
9010 Potter S D Sept 17
9366 Phillips B B, Teamster Sept 20
Parker Jas, Cit
12354 Dec 29
Teamster
10100 Parkhurst W L MMB 1 Sept 30
 853 Quinn Jas, Citizen May 3
Quinlan P, Cit
5394 Aug 12
Teamster
5768 Quinn ——, Citizen Aug 15
Reed A R,
3542 July 18
Independent
3779 Rand J, Cit Teamster July 22
5986 Ronley J Aug 17
10111 Rendig C H, Citizen Oct 1
10453 Ryan John, Citizen Oct 7
11131 Reien R, Citizen Oct 18
1
11703 Richardson J C MMB Oct 30
I
449 Scott Blair, Citizen Apr 9
June
2431 Smith P, MMB
24
St Clair Benj, Cit June
2440
Team 25
June
2552 Slater Chas, Cit Team
27
Spicer W, Cit
2959 July 6
Teamster
3000 Stout Chas, Citizen July 7
3662 Shunk J, Citizen July 20
Bridge’s
4008 Smith H July 26
Bat
4843 Sawyer J D Aug 6
9729 Stanton J, Citizen Sept 25
10815 Smays David Oct 12
Thompson Jno,
136 Mar 24
Teamster
June
1531 Tullis L B G, Citizen
1
June
2693 Thompson Geo
30
Thomas J H, Cit
3409 July 16
Team
3896 Taylor J W, Citizen July 24
12337 Tucer B, Citizen Dec 26
Indiana
9397 Ulmgender G MMB C Sept 21
Ringold
9497 Vankirk W Sept 21
Bat
Vandier W M, Cit Phil
9688 Sept 24
Pa
799 Wilkins A, Cor Ring Bat Apr 29
Welsh G L, Cit
1092 May 14
Teamster
White George,
1121 May 15
Citizen
Ringold
2784 Wilson D E July 2
Bat
Weir ——, Cit
10953 Oct 14
Teamster
Knapp’s
11606 Woods R C Oct 28
Bat
Wright Chas, Cit
4730 Aug 4
Team
4869 Ward John, Cit Team Aug 6
9043 Williams F G Sept 17
10075 Wentgel Thos Sept 30
Young Henry, Cit
4127 July 28
Team
Young D, Cit
12246 Nov 8
Teamster
Total 165.

MEN THAT WERE HUNG.

Sarsfield 144 July
1 NY 64
Jno - 11
Collins 88 July
2 Pa
Wm D 11
3 Curtis RI 5A July
 Chas Art 11
Delaney 83 July
4 Pa
Pat E 11
US July
5 Mun A
Navy 11
Rickson W US July
6
R Navy 11
Recapitulation of Deaths by States.

ALABAMA, 15 NEW JERSEY, 170

CONNECTICUT, 315 NEW YORK, 2,572
NORTH
DELAWARE, 45 17
CAROLINA,
DIST. OF
14 OHIO, 1,030
COLUMBIA,
ILLINOIS, 850 PENNSYLVANIA, 1,811
INDIANA, 594 RHODE ISLAND, 74
IOWA, 174 TENNESSEE, 738
KANSAS, 5 VERMONT, 212
KENTUCKY, 436 VIRGINIA, 288
LOUISIANA, 1 WISCONSIN, 244
MAINE, 233 U. S. ARMY, 399
MARYLAND, 194 U. S. NAVY, 100
Citizens,
MASSACHUSETTS, 768 Teamsters, 166
&c.,
Men that were
MINNESOTA, 79 hung by the 6
Prisoners,
Unknown U. S.
MICHIGAN, 630 443
Soldiers,
Died in Small-
MISSOURI, 97 68
Pox Hospital,
Total 12,912
 The following exhibit, as collated from the Hospital
Register and Prison Records, will be found to be as
correct as any yet published:

Total Number of Prisoners on hand

at end of
November,
April, 1864, 10,427 1,359
1864,
December,
May, 1864, 18,454 4,706
1864,
January,
June, 1864, 26,367 5,046
1865,
February,
July, 1864, 31,678 5,851
1865,
March,
August, 1864, 31,693 3,319
1865,
September,
8,218 April, 1865, 51
1864,
October,
4,208
1864,

Deaths in Stockade and Hospital

during the Existence of the Prison.
October,
March, 1864, 283 4,590
1864,
November,
April, 1864, 576 492
1864,
May, 1864, 708 December, 160
 1864,
January,
June, 1864, 1,201 190
1865,
February,
July, 1864, 1,817 139
1865,
March,
August, 1864, 3,076 192
1865,
September,
2,794 April, 1865, 32
1864,[B]
Total 12,912

[B] The greater number of deaths in

September and October, in proportion to
the number in prison, will be explained by
the fact that all the well men were
removed from Andersonville in these
months, and none were left except the
sick and wounded.
Day and date of greatest number of Prisoners at
Andersonville—33,114—August 8th, 1864.
Day and date of greatest number of deaths,
August 23d, 1864, 127.
Number of Prisoners received during its
occupation, 45,613.
Daily average of deaths during its occupation,
29¾.
 Ratio of mortality per 1,000 of mean strength, 24
per cent.
Mortality of 18,000 registered patients, 75 per cent.

The Diseases of which the Prisoners

died will be found in the following
classification:
Anasarca, 377 Hydrocele, 1
Asphyxia, 7 Hemorrhoids, 1
Ascites, 24 Jaundice, 9
Asthma, 3 Laryngitis, 4
Bronchitis, 93 Nostalgia, 7
Catarrh, 55 Nephritis, 4
Constipation, 5 Phthisis, 137
Diarrhœa,
4,000 Pleuritis, 54
Chronic,
“ Acute, 817 Pneumonia, 321
Debilitas, 198 Paralysis, 1
Diphtheria, 3 Rheumatism, 83
Dyspepsia, 2 Scurvy, 3,574
Diabetes, 1 Syphilis, 7
Dysenteria, 1,384 Scrofula, 3
Erysipelas, 11 Stricture, 1
Febris
229 Sunstroke, 52
Typhoides,
Fistula, 2 Small Pox, 68
Fracture, 1 Vaccine 4
 Ulcers,
Febris Gunshot
177 155
Remittens, Wounds,
Gonorrhœa, 3 Unknown, 443
Hung in
Gangrene, 678 6
Stockade,
Total 12,912
A L i s t o f O ff i c e r s I m p r i s o n e d a t
Camp Asylum, Columbia, S.C.

Aldrich C S, Cap 85th N Y Vol

Austin J W, L’t 5th Iowa Cav
Alters J B, Cap 75th O Vol
Albaugh Wm, Cap 51st Pa Vol
Alger A B, L’t 22d O Bat
Avery W B, Cap 132d N Y Vol
Allender W F, L’t 7th Tenn Cav
Adair W A, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Albro S A, L’t 80th Ill Vol
Adams J, L’t “ “
Allstaedt C L, Adj 54th N Y Vol
Ahern M, L’t 10th W Va Vol
Ahlert T H, L’t 45th N Y Vol
Adams C A, Cap 1st Vt Cav
Alban H H, Cap 21st O Vol
Andrews H B, Cap 17th Mich Vol
Apple H, L’t 1st Md Cav
Anderson C S, L’t 3d Iowa Vol
Allee A, L’t 16th Ill Cav
Abernathy H C, A Adj “ “
Acker G D, L’t 123d O Vol
Adkins P, L’t 2d Tenn Vol
Aigan John, Cap 5th R I Art
Adams J G B, L’t 19th Mass Vol
Alexander E P, L’t 26th Mich Vol
Anderson H M, L’t 3d Me Vol
Anderson J F, L’t 2d Pa Art
Anderson R W, L’t 122d O Vol
Andrus W R, L’t 16th Conn Vol
Abbey A L, L’t 8th Mich Cav
Arthur J A, Cap 8th Ky Cav
Arthurs S C, Cap 67th Pa Vol
Allen S, Cap 85th N Y Vet Vol
Adams S B, Cap “ “ “
Andrews S T, L’t “ “ “
Albright J, Cap 87th Pa Vol
Abbott A O, L’t 1st N Y Drag
Armstrong T S, L’t 122d O Vol
Airey W, Cap 15th Pa Cav
Appleget A S, L’t 2d N J Cav
Allen Robert, L’t 2d N J Drag
Auer M, Cap 15th N Y Cav
Anshutz H T, L’t 12th W Va Vol
Adams H W, L’t 89th O Vol
Austin G A, R Q M 14 & 15 Ill V Bat
Albin H S, L’t 79th Ill Vol
Andrews E E, L’t 22d Mich Vol
Alden G C, R Q M 112th Ill Vol
Ashworth J H, Col 1st Ga U Vol
Adams W C, L’t 2d Ky Cav
Amory C B, Cap A A Gen
Affleck E T, Adj 170th O Nat Gds
Alexander A H, Cap 103d Pa Vol
Abbott E A, L’t 23d O Vet Vol
Belger James, Cap 1st R I Art
Baker S S, L’t 6th Mo Vol
Butler C P, L’t 29th Ind Vol
Baird J F, L’t 1st W Va Vol
Bricker W H, L’t 3d Pa Vol
Bick W C, Cap 62d Pa Vol
Braiday Count S, L’t 2d N J Cav
Bulon A, L’t 3d N J Cav
Burdick C H, Cap 1st Tenn Cav
Bartram D S, L’t 17th Conn Vol
Brown J A, Cap 85th N Y Vet Vol
Bradley A B, R Q M “ “ “
Butts L A, L’t “ “ “
Bowers G W, Cap 101st Pa Vol
Benner H S, Cap “ “
Bowers G A, L’t 16th Conn Vol
Blakeslee B F, L’t “ “
Bruns H, L’t “ “
Bryson R R, L’t 103d Pa Vol
Burns S D, L’t “ “
Bierbower W, L’t 87th Pa Vol
Beegle D F, L’t 101st Pa Vol
Bryan J H, L’t 184th Pa Vol
Berry A, Cap 3d Md Cav
Bunting G, L’t 5th Md Cav
Bascomb R, L’t 50th N Y Vol
Baldwin M R, Cap 2d Wis Vol
Blake, L’t 3d Me Vol
Brown W H, L’t 93d O Vol
Beard J V, L’t 89th O Vol
Byron C, Cap 3d O Vol
Banks B V, Cap 13th Ky Cav
Burch J, Cap 42d Ind Vol
Bailey G W, L’t 3d O Vol
Brownell F G, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Booker A H, L’t 73d Ind Vol
Brown J L, L’t “ “
Barlow J W, L’t 51st Ind Vol
Bath W, L’t 132d N Y Vol
Bending H R, Cap 61st O Vol
Bush J G, Cap 16th Ill Cav
Blinn L B, Cap 100th O Vol
Baldwin C W, L’t 2d N J Vol
Bartley R, L’t U S A Sig Corps
Bradley G, Cap 2d N J Vol
Brandt C W, L’t 1st N Y Vet Cav
Bontin C W, Cap 4th Vet Vol
Barrett D W, Cap 89th O Vol
Brandt O B, L’t 17th O Vol
Byers S H M, Adj 5th Iowa Vol
Barker H P, L’t 1st R I Cav
Boone S G, L’t 88th Pa Vol
Bisbee L C, L’t 16th Me Vol
Bisbee G D, L’t “ “
Button G W, L’t 22d Mich Vol
Barker H E, L’t 22d N Y Cav
Butler T H, Col 5th Ind Cav
Bowen C D, Cap 18th Conn Vol
Bennett B, Cap 22d N Y Cav
Brush Z T, L’t 100th O Vol
Bigley C H, L’t 82d N Y Vol
Burns M, L’t 13th N Y Cav
Bassett M M, L’t 53d Ill Vol
Bortwick N, Cap 20th O Vol
Brown C A, L’t 1st N Y Art
Benson J F, Cap 120th Ill Vol
Bospord W R, L’t 1st N Y Vol
Burns J, L’t 57th Pa Vol
Beebee B C, Cap 13th Ind Vol
Barton J L, L’t 49th Pa Vol
Buchanan W, L’t 76th N Y Vol
Benson A N, Cap 1st D C Cav
Barkley C, L’t 149th Pa Vol
Blane W, L’t 43d N Y Vol
Bristol J H, L’t 1st Conn Cav
Burpee E A, Cap 19th Me Vol
Bryant J W, Cap 5th N Y Cav
Biebel H, Cap 6th Conn Vol
Bixby H L, L’t 9th Me Vol
Byrns J M, Cap 2d Pa R C Vol
Barrett J A, Cap 7th Pa R C Vol
Burkholder D W, L’t “ “ “
Beal E, Cap 8th Tenn Vol
Bayard G A, Cap 148th Pa Vol
Brun S, L’t 81st Ill Vol
Brady W H, L’t 2d Del Vol
Breon J, L’t 148th Pa Vol
Bischoff P, L’t 6th U S Art
Burnett G M, L’t 4th Ind Cav
Blair B F, Adj 123d O Vol
Boyce T W, L’t “ “
Breckenridge F A, L’t “ “
Boyd W J, L’t 5th Mich Cav
Brown W L, L’t 17th Tenn Vol
Burrows S W, L’t 1st N Y Vet Cav
Brown S, A M Mte U S Navy
Beman W M, Cap 1st Vet Cav
Boaz E P, Cap 20th Ill Vol
Bryan G, Adj 18th Pa Cav
Bath H, L’t 45th N Y Vol
Beadle M, L’t 123d N Y Vol
Bigelow A J, Cap 79th Ill Vol
Borchess L T, Cap 67th Pa Vol
Brown G L, L’t 101st Pa Vol
Blanchard Geo A, Cap 85th Ill Vol
Bradford John, L’t 4th N J Vol
Borchess T F, L’t 67th Pa Vol
Barnes O P, L’t 3d O Vol
Bremen S, Cap 3d Mich Vol
Brickenhoff M, L’t 42d N Y Vol
Barse J R, L’t 5th Mich Cav
Bliss A T, Cap 10th N Y Cav
Buckley H, L’t 4th N H Vol
Bader H, L’t 29th Mo Vol
Blae J G, L’t 3d O Vol
Boughton S H, L’t 71st Pa Vol