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Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Volume 1 Biovalorization of Solid Wastes and Wastewater Treatment Anoop Singh
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Biovalorization of Solid Wastes and
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Anoop Singh
Shaili Srivastava
Dheeraj Rathore
Deepak Pant Editors
Environmental
Microbiology and
Biotechnology
Volume 1: Biovalorization of Solid
Wastes and Wastewater Treatment
Environmental Microbiology
and Biotechnology
Anoop Singh • Shaili Srivastava •
Dheeraj Rathore • Deepak Pant
Editors
Environmental
Microbiology
and Biotechnology
Volume 1: Biovalorization of Solid
Wastes and Wastewater Treatment
Editors
Anoop Singh Shaili Srivastava
Department of Scientific Amity School of Earth
and Industrial Research (DSIR) and Environmental Sciences
Ministry of Science and Technology Amity University Haryana
Government of India Gurugram, Haryana, India
New Delhi, Delhi, India
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Foreword
v
vi Foreword
vii
viii Preface
missed out but which may become important in the future, we will try to cover them
in the second edition of the book.
This book is aimed at a broad audience, mainly researchers, environment
specialists, academicians, entrepreneurs, industrialists, policymakers and others
who wish to know the latest development and future perspectives of microbial and
biotechnological approaches for the upliftment of the environment and also
discusses the bottlenecks of the various technologies that currently limit the scale-
up and commercialization. This book is intended to have three roles and to serve
three associated audiences, namely the students and research community who will
benefit from the lucid explanation of the possible applications of biotechnology and
microbiology for the betterment of environment, the policymakers who will find it
easier to identify the pros and cons of biotechnological and microbiological systems
for the welfare of environment and human being and finally the industries involved
as it will give them a feeling about the current loopholes and ways to fix them. Each
chapter begins with a fundamental explanation for general readers and ends with
in-depth scientific details suitable for expert readers. The text in all the chapters is
supported by numerous clear, illustrative and informative diagrams, flowcharts and
comprehensive tables detailing the scientific advancements, providing an opportu-
nity to understand the process thoroughly and meticulously. Written in a lucid style,
the book comprehensively covers each point to give the reader a holistic picture
about environmental microbiology and biotechnology and its future perspective. The
book may even be adopted as a textbook for university courses that deal with
environmental microbiology and biotechnology.
Despite the best efforts of authors and editors along with extensive checks
conducted by many experts in the field of environmental microbiology and biotech-
nology, mistakes might have crept in inadvertently. We would appreciate if the
readers could highlight these and make comments or suggestions to improve and
update the book contents for future editions.
This book is a product of cooperation and contribution of several people. We, the
editors of this book jointly show our gratitude towards the people who knowingly or
unknowingly provided inputs, during the conceptualization of this book. We are
thankful to Ms. Raman Shukla and Dr Mamata Kapila from Springer who first
approached us with the proposal for the book and helped us crystallize our ideas on
the topic. Afterwards, Ms. RaagaiPriya ChandraSekaran, Mr. Ashok Kumar and
Ms. Aakanksha Tyagi took over and provided excellent support with all the admin-
istrative work. We also thank all the authors who kindly agreed to provide the
chapters and worked with us throughout the process. We are also grateful to the
reviewers who took time out of their busy schedule and critically reviewed the
chapters of this book and provided very valuable suggestions for their
improvements. This book is a labour of love for us since we spent a lot of our
weekends and free time on working on it. For this reason alone, our families
deserved to be thanked for bearing with us all this while. Anoop Singh likes to
thank Dr Shekhar C. Mande, Secretary, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research (DSIR); Shri K.R. Vaidheeswaran, Joint Secretary, DSIR and Shri B. N.
Sarkar, Scientist-G, DSIR for encouragement and the Administration of DSIR,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India for their support. Shaili
Srivastava is thankful to Dr Ashok Kumar Chauhan (Founder President Amity
education group), Dr Aseem Chauhan [Chancellor of Amity University Haryana
(AUH)], Prof (Dr) P. B Sharma (V.C, AUH), Prof (Dr) Padmakali Banerjee
(Pro-VC, AUH) for vision, enlightenment and encouragement and colleagues of
Amity University Haryana for their help and support. Dheeraj Rathore would like to
thank Professor R.S. Dubey, Honourable Vice Chancellor, Central University of
Gujarat, India for their continuous encouragement. Deepak Pant is grateful to his
colleagues and management at VITO for enriching discussions and fruitful ideas
leading to such endeavours.
xi
Contents
xiii
xiv Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Editors and Contributors
xv
xvi Editors and Contributors
Contributors
nutrient and water uptake, root growth, plant growth and yield, disease resistance,
reduced transplant shock, and drought stress. In today’s man-made environments,
plants can be greatly stressed and the relationship between fungus and root is critical.
Many nursery and agricultural soils lack mycorrhizae due to excessive and long-term
use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Plant establishment and growth benefits greatly enhanced by associating with
mycorrhizal fungi and these are involved with a wide range of activities. For
instance, the extensive network of fungal filaments is important in water uptake
and storage. Under non-irrigated conditions, mycorrhizal plants are grow well under
much lower drought stress as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Disease and
pathogen suppression is another benefit for a mycorrhizal plant. Mycorrhizal fungi
attack pathogen or disease organisms entering the root zone and also improve the
soil structure. The mycorrhizal filaments produce humid compounds and organic
“glues” (extra cellular polysaccharides) which bind soils into aggregates and
improve soil porosity. Soil porosity and soil structure positively influence the growth
of plants by promoting aeration, water movement into soil, root growth, and
distribution. In sandy or compact soils the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to promote
the improvement of soil structure is as important as seeking out nutrients.
The most common is Arbuscular (named for internal structures called arbuscles)
or Vesicular-Arbuscular (arbuscles and another structure called vesicles),
abbreviated as AM and is the most widespread of the mycorrhizae. These fungi
actually reside inside the cells of the plant roots. This is an endomycorrhiza, which
means the fungus enters the cells of the roots. AM are found on grasses, most crop
plants, many trees, shrubs, flowers, and in fact about 80% or so of the world’s plant
species.
Mycorrhizal fungi interact with a wide assortment of organisms in the rhizosphere
resulting in positive, neutral, or negative on the Mycorrhizal association or a
particular component of the rhizosphere. The interaction between rhizobia and AM
fungi has received considerable attention because of the relatively high phosphorus
demand of nitrogen fixation. The two symbioses typically act synergistically,
resulting in greater nitrogen and phosphorus content in combination than when
each is inoculated onto the legume alone. Legumes are typically coarse-rooted and
therefore inefficient in extracting phosphorus from the soil. The AM fungi associated
with legumes are an essential link for adequate phosphorus nutrition, leading to
enhanced nitrogenase activity that in turn promotes root and Mycorrhizal growth
(Siddiqui 2006).
Apart from mycorrhiza-based biofertilizers, there are several other types which
are used in sustainable agriculture currently. Some of these are symbiotic nitrogen
fixing biofertilizers (such as Allorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,
Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Rhizobium), Free living nitrogen fixing
biofertilizers (such as Azotobacter and Cyanobacteria), Associative symbiotic nitro-
gen fixing biofertilizers (such as Azospirillum), Phosphorus solubilizing microbes
(such as various species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas), and Potassium solubilizing
microbes (such as Aminobacter, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) (Kour et al. 2019)
(Table 1.1).
1 Perspectives of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology 11
Table 1.1 Different types of microorganisms involved in soil productivity enhancement (Uzoh
and Babalola 2018)
Factor of
productivity Microorganisms involved References
Growth hormones Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter Compant et al. (2010)
sakazakii, and Klebsiella oxytoca
Biocontrol Mycorrhizae, Rhizobium spp., Liu et al. (2007), Nasrin and
Bacillus, Pseudomonas spp., Rahman (2007),
Enterobacter sakazakii, and Yuttavanichakul et al. (2012)
Klebsiella oxytoca
Adaptation to Mycorrhiza Selosse et al. (2007)
drought/increased
water uptake
Reproduced with permission from Elsevier