Lecture 08

Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) is the

field that studies the rates and mechanisms of
chemical reactions and the design of the reactors in
which they take place.
 Lecture 8 – Multiple reactors and selectivity
 Multiple Reactions
kD
A D
 Selectivity and Yield kU
A U

 Series Reactions A B C

A +B C+D
 Complex Reactions
A +C E

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 4 Types of Multiple Reactions
 Series: A→B→C
 Parallel: A→D
A→U
 Independent: A→B
C→D
 Complex: A + B →C + D
A+C→E
With multiple reactors, either molar flow or number of
moles must be used (no conversion!)

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 Selectivity and Yield
There are two types of selectivity and yield:
Instantaneous and Overall.

Instantaneous Overall
rD ~ F
Selectivity S DU = S DU = D
rU FU

rD ~ FD
Yield YD = YD =
− rA FA0 − FA

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 Selectivity and Yield
Example: A + B ⎯⎯→ rD = k1C A2CB
k1
D Desired Product:
A + B ⎯⎯→
k2
U Undesired Product: rU = k2C ACB

rD k1C A2CB k1
SD U = = = CA
rU k 2C ACB k 2

To maximize the selectivity of D with respect to U run

at high concentration of A and use PFR.

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 Gas Phase
Multiple Reactions

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 Multiple Reactions
A) Mole Balance of each and every species

Flow Batch

dFA dN A
= rA = rAV
dV dt
dFB dN B
= rB = rBV
dV dt

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 Multiple Reactions
B) Rates

− r1 A = k1 AC AC B
a) Rate Law for each reaction:
− r2 A = k 2 ACC C A
b) Net Rates: rA =  riA = r1 A + r2 A
i =1

riA riB riC riD

c) Relative Rates: = = =
-ai -bi ci di

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 Multiple Reactions
C) Stoichiometry

FA  P  T0 
Gas: C A = CT 0   
FA0  P0  T 

Liquid: C A = FA 0

Example: A→B→C
(1) A → B k1
(2) B → C k2
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 Batch Series Reactions
1) Mole Balances
dN A
= rA V
dt
dN B
= rB V
dt
dN C
= rC V
dt
V=V0 (constant batch)
dC A dC B dC C
= rA = rA = rA
10 dt dt dt
 Batch Series Reactions
2) Rate Laws
− r1A = k1A C A
Laws
− r1B = k1B C B
rA = r1A
rB = r1B + r2 B Net rates

r1A r1B
=
−1 1
Relative rates
r2 B r2 C
=
−1 1
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 Example: Batch Series Reactions
A→B→C Ci

(1) A→B B C
A
(2) B→C

topt t
1) Mole Balances V = VO
dC A dC B dCC
= rA = rB = rC
dt dt dt
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 Example: Batch Series Reactions
2) Rate Laws

Laws: r1A = −k1C A

r2 B = −k 2 C B

Relative: r1A r1B r2 B r2C

= =
−1 1 −1 1

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 Example: Batch Series Reactions
3) Combine
dC A
Species A: − = −rA = k1C A
dt
CA = CA0 exp (− k1t )
dC B
Species B: = rB
dt
rB = rB NET = r1B + r2B = k1CA − k 2CB

+ k 2 C B = k1C A 0 exp(− k1t )

dC B
dt
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 Example: Batch Series Reactions
(
Using the integrating factor, I .F . = exp  k 2 dt = exp(k 2t ) )
d
CB exp(k2t ) = k C exp(k 2 − k1 )t
1 A0
dt
at t = 0, CB=0
k1CA0
CB = éëexp ( -k1t ) - exp ( -k2t )ùû
k2 - k1

CC = C A0 − C A − C B

CC =
C A0
k 2 − k1
 ( ) (
k 2 1 − e − k1t − k1 1 − e − k2t )
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 Example: CSTR Series Reactions
A→B→C
What is the optimal  ?
1) Mole Balances
A: FA0 − FA + rAV = 0
C A0 v0 − C A v0 + rAV = 0
C A0 − C A + rA = 0

B: 0 − v0 C B + rBV = 0
− C B + rB = 0
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 Example: CSTR Series Reactions
A→B→C
2) Rate Laws
Laws: r1A = −k1C A
r2 B = −k 2 C B
r1A r1B r2 B r2C
Relative: = =
−1 1 −1 1
Net: rA = r1 A + 0 = −k1C A
rB = −r1 A + r2 B = k1C A − k2CB
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 Example: CSTR Series Reactions
A→B→C
3) Combine CA 0 - CA - k1CAt = 0
CA 0
CA =
1+ k1t
-CB + ( k1CA - k 2CB )t = 0
k1CAt
CB =
1+ k2t
k1CA 0t
CB =
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(1+ k2t )(1+ k1t )
 Example: CSTR Series Reactions
A→B→C
Find  that gives maximum concentration of B
k1C A0
CB =
(1 + k2 )(1 + k1 )
1
dCB  max =
=0 k1k2
d

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
20
 End of Lecture

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 Supplementary Slides

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 Blood Coagulation

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24
 Notations

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 Notations

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 Mole Balances

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 Mole Balances

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 Mole Balances

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 Results

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 Blood Coagulation
Many metabolic reactions involve a large number of
sequential reactions, such as those that occur in the
coagulation of blood.
Cut → Blood → Clotting

Figure A. Normal Clot Coagulation of blood

(picture courtesy of: Mebs, Venomous and Poisonous
31 Animals, Medpharm, Stugart 2002, Page 305)
 Schematic of Blood Coagulation

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 Cut

A+B

33 Clot