Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Download PDF) Schistosomiasis in The People S Republic of China From Control To Elimination 1St Edition Xiao Nong Zhou Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Schistosomiasis in The People S Republic of China From Control To Elimination 1St Edition Xiao Nong Zhou Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-buddha-party-how-the-people-
s-republic-of-china-works-to-define-and-control-tibetan-
buddhism-2016-1st-edition-powers/
https://textbookfull.com/product/schistosomiasis-control-in-
china-the-successful-example-of-jiangxi-province-zhongdao-wu/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-people-s-republic-of-the-
disappeared-stories-from-inside-china-s-system-for-enforced-
disappearances-2nd-edition-michael-caster/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-people-s-health-health-
intervention-and-delivery-in-mao-s-
china-1949-1983-volume-2-states-people-and-the-history-of-social-
Water Resources Management of the People s Republic of
China Framework Reform and Implementation Dajun Shen
https://textbookfull.com/product/water-resources-management-of-
the-people-s-republic-of-china-framework-reform-and-
implementation-dajun-shen/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-people-s-republic-of-
everything-first-edition-nick-mamatas/
https://textbookfull.com/product/technological-progress-and-the-
transformation-of-china-s-economic-development-mode-wen-xiao/
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-theory-and-practice-of-
china-s-tourism-economy-1978-2017-peng-zhou/
https://textbookfull.com/product/trading-with-the-enemy-the-
making-of-us-export-control-policy-toward-the-peoples-republic-
of-china-1st-edition-hugo-meijer/
VOLUME NINETY TWO
ADVANCES IN
PARASITOLOGY
Schistosomiasis in The People’s
Republic of China: from Control
to Elimination
SERIES EDITOR
D. ROLLINSON J. R. STOTHARD
Life Sciences Department Department of Parasitology
The Natural History Museum, Liverpool School of Tropical
London, UK Medicine Liverpool, UK
d.rollinson@nhm.ac.uk russell.stothard@lstmed.ac.uk
EDITORIAL BOARD
T. J. C. ANDERSON R. C. OLIVEIRA
Department of Genetics, Texas Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou/
Biomedical Research Institute, CPqRR - A FIOCRUZ em Minas
San Antonio, TX, USA Gerais, Rene Rachou Research
Center/CPqRR - The Oswaldo Cruz
M. G. BASÁÑEZ Foundation in the State of Minas
Professor of Neglected Tropical Gerais-Brazil, Brazil
Diseases, Department of Infectious
Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of R. E. SINDEN
Medicine (St Mary’s Campus), Immunology and Infection
Imperial College London, Section, Department of Biological
London, UK Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming
Building, Imperial College of
Science, Technology and
S. BROOKER Medicine, London, UK
Wellcome Trust Research Fellow
and Professor, London School of D. L. SMITH
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research
Faculty of Infectious and Tropical, Institute & Department of
Diseases, London, UK Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health,
R. B. GASSER Baltimore, MD, USA
Department of Veterinary Science,
The University of Melbourne, R. C. A. THOMPSON
Parkville, Victoria, Australia Head, WHO Collaborating Centre
for the Molecular Epidemiology
of Parasitic Infections, Principal
N. HALL Investigator, Environmental
School of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology CRC (EBCRC), School
Biosciences Building, University of of Veterinary and Biomedical
Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Sciences, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, WA, Australia
J. KEISER
Head, Helminth Drug X.-N. ZHOU
Development Unit, Department Professor, Director, National
of Medical Parasitology and Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Chinese Center for Disease Control
and Public Health Institute, Basel, and Prevention, Shanghai, The
Switzerland People’s Republic of China
VOLUME NINETY TWO
ADVANCES IN
PARASITOLOGY
Schistosomiasis in The People’s
Republic of China: from Control
to Elimination
Edited by
XIAO-NONG ZHOU
Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
SHI-ZHU LI
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China
€
JURG UTZINGER
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
ROBERT BERGQUIST
Geospatial Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about
the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright
Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/
permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-809466-2
ISSN: 0065-308X
E.M. Abe
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China;
Federal University Lafia, Lafia, Nasarawa, Nigeria
L. Ai
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of
the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
R. Bergquist
Geospatial Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
S.-X. Cai
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, The People’s
Republic of China
C.-L. Cao
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
Z.-G. Cao
Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health
Science Center, Xi’an, Shannxi Province, The People’s Republic of China; Anhui Provincial
Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, Anhui Province, The People’s Republic of China
J.-H. Chen
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of
the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
L. Chen
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
S.-B. Chen
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of
the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
S. Croft
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
xi j
xii Contributors
J.-R. Dai
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, The People’s Republic of China
Y. Du
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
Y. Feng
Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease
Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control
Technology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory
of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health
Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, The People’s Republic of
China
J. Ge
Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Nanchang, The People’s Republic of
China
J.-G. Guo
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland
J. He
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
W. Hu
Fudan University, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic
Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s
Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry
of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for
Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
X.-B. Huang
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, The People’s
Republic of China
T.-W. Jia
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
Q.-W. Jiang
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, The
People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China
Contributors xiii
A. Lee Willingham
Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
R.-Z. Li
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
S.-Z. Li
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, MOH, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Public
Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
W. Li
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
Z.-J. Li
Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, The People’s Republic of
China
S. Liang
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
D.-D. Lin
Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, The People’s Republic of
China
L. Liu
Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease
Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control
Technology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory
of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health
Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, The People’s Republic of
China
Y. Liu
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
S. Lv
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
H. Madsen
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
D. Maybe
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
xiv Contributors
R. Peeling
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Y.-J. Qian
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
Z.-Q. Qin
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of
the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
D.-C. Qiu
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
D. Rollinson
Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum,
London, United Kingdom
L. Shi
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
X.-X. Song
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, The
People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China
P. Steinman
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Basel Universities, Basel,
Switzerland
C.-S. Sun
Anhui Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, Anhui Province, The People’s
Republic of China
J. Utzinger
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
J.-J. Wan
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
M. Wang
Anhui Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, Anhui Province, The People’s
Republic of China
Contributors xv
Q. Wang
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
T.-P. Wang
Anhui Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, Anhui Province, The People’s
Republic of China; Anhui Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hefei, The People’s Republic of
China
X.-Y. Wang
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
B.L. Webster
Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum,
London, United Kingdom
L.-Y. Wen
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People’s Republic of
China; Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou,
The People’s Republic of China
F. Wu
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
S. Xia
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, Ministry of Health, The People’s Republic of China
J.-F. Xu
Hubei University for Nationalities, The People’s Republic of China
J. Xu
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology,
Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating
Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
X.-L. Yan
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People’s Republic of
China
G.-J. Yang
Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease
Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control
Technology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases,
xvi Contributors
Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, The People’s Republic of China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory
of Parasite Molecular Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Swiss Tropical and
Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
K. Yang
Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
Y. Yang
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, The
People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China
P. Yap
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel,
Switzerland
L.-L. Yu
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People’s Republic of
China
Q. Yu
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
J.-F. Zhang
Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People’s Republic of
China; Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and
Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular
Biology, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China; Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi, The People’s Republic of China
L.-J. Zhang
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
S.-Q. Zhang
Anhui Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Hefei, Anhui Province, The People’s
Republic of China
Y.-E. Zhao
Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health
Science Center, Xi’an, Shannxi Province, The People’s Republic of China
B. Zhong
Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, The People’s
Republic of China
Contributors xvii
X.-N. Zhou
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key
Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, The People’s Republic
of China
Y.-B. Zhou
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, The
People’s Republic of China; Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai, The People’s
Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
H.-Q. Zhu
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention,
Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical
Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector
Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
H. Zhu
Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, The People’s
Republic of China
R. Zhu
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for
Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China; WHO
Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
Preface
Elimination of Schistosomiasis
Japonica in The People’s
Republic of China: The Last Leg
S.-Z. Li*, x, {, J. Utzingerk, #, R. Bergquist**, X.-N. Zhou*, x, {
*National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai,
The People’s Republic of China
x
Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
{
WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China
k
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
#
Basel Universities, Basel, Switzerland
**Geospatial Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
The corpse belonging to the wife of a local authority who lived in the
Western Han Dynasty, found by Chinese archaeologists in Mawangdui,
Changsha, Hunan Province in 1972, is the first evidence of schistosomiasis
in this part of the world (Xu et al., 2016b). A number of eggs of Schistosoma
japonicum in the lady remains from a well-to-do person indicate that the dis-
ease cannot have been uncommon at that time, while symptoms resembling
those of schistosomiasis in 2500-year-old Chinese traditional medicine texts
(Mao and Shao, 1982) underline that the disease has a much longer history.
The first modern Chinese patient with schistosomiasis was diagnosed by
Oliver Tracy Logan, an American physician working in a missionary hospital
in Changde, Hunan Province (Logan, 1905). After his report, more and
more field investigations or surveys were carried out in this region, which
is resplendent with lakes and water courses providing habitats for the snail
intermediate host. The first systemic study on the epidemiology of the dis-
ease covered only three provinces (Faust and Meleney, 1924) but when Hsu
and Wu (1941) later reviewed the field surveys carried out in the 1930s, it
became apparent that schistosomiasis was epidemic in 12 provinces south
of the Yangtze River with the number of people infected estimated at
around 10 million (Hsu and Wu, 1941). The highest published estimate
(close to 12 million people) emanates from the 1950s (Chen and Feng,
1999; Mao and Shao, 1982). However, with 100 million people living in
the endemic areas, the real figure must have been higher; perhaps as high
as 20 million. Due to widespread morbidity of seriously infected people,
such as advanced schistosomiasis cases, many places in southern China
entered into a vicious cycle of disease and poverty, which has been vividly
described by Chen (2014).
xix j
xx Preface
REFERENCES
Cao, Z.G., Zhao, Y.E., Willingham, A.L., Wang, T.P., 2016. Towards the elimination of
schistosomiasis japonica through control of the disease in domestic animals in the Peo-
ple’s Republic of China: a tale of over 60 years. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 269e306.
Chen, M.G., Feng, Z., 1999. Schistosomiasis control in China. Parasitol. Int. 48, 11e19.
Chen, L., Zhong, B., Xu, J., Li, R.Z., Cao, C.L., 2016a. Health education as an important
component in the national schistosomiasis control programme in the People’s Republic
of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 307e339.
Chen, S.B., Ai, L., Hu, W., Xu, J., Bergquist, R., Qin, Z.Q., et al., 2016b. New anti-
schistosome approaches in the People’s Republic of China: development of diagnostics,
vaccines and other new techniques belonging to the ‘omics’ group. Adv. Parasitol. 92,
385e408.
Chen, M.G., 2014. Assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in China.
Infect. Dis. Poverty 3, 6.
Collins, C., Xu, J., Tang, S., 2012. Schistosomiasis control and the health system in P.R.
China. Infect. Dis. Poverty 1, 8.
Faust, E.C., Meleney, H.E., 1924. Studies on schistosomasis japonica. Am. J. Hyg. 3, 219.
Feng, Y., Liu, L., Xia, S., Xu, J.F., Bergquist, R., Yang, G.J., 2016. Reaching the surveil-
lance-response stage of schistosomiasis control in the People’s Republic of China: a
modelling approach. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 165e196.
Hsu, H.P.H., Wu, K., 1941. Schistosomiasis in China II: distribution. Natl. Med. J. China 27,
553e564.
xxii Preface
Lei, Z.L., Zhou, X.N., 2015. Eradication of schistosomiasis:a new target and a new task for
the national schistosomiasis control program in the People’s Republic of China. Chin.
J. Schisto Contr 27, 1e4.
Li, Z.J., Ge, J., Dai, J.R., Wen, L.Y., Lin, D.D., Madsen, H., et al., 2016. Biology and control
of snail intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in the People’s Republic of China.
Adv. Parasitol. 92, 197e236.
Liu, Y., Zhou, Y.B., Li, R.Z., Wan, J.J., Yang, Y., Qiu, D.C., et al., 2016. Epidemiological
features and control effectiveness of schistosomiasis in mountainous and hilly region of
the People’s Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 73e95.
Logan, O.T., 1905. A case of dysentery in Hunan province ,caused by the trematoda, Schis-
tosoma japonicum. Chin. Med. J. 19, 243e245.
Mao, S.P., Shao, B.R., 1982. Schistosomiasis control in the People’s Republic of China. Am.
J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 92e99.
Shi, L., Li, W., Wu, F., Zhang, J.F., Yang, K., Zhou, X.N., 2016. Epidemiological features
and control progress of schistosomiasis in waterway-network region in P.R. China. Adv.
Parasitol. 92, 97e116.
Wang, X.Y., He, J., Yang, K., Liang, S., 2016. Applications of spatial technology in schisto-
somiasis control programme in the People’s Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92.
Xu, J., Bergquist, R., Qian, Y.J., Wang, Q., Yu, Q., Peeling, R., et al., 2016a. China-Africa
and China-Asia collaboration on schistosomiasis control: a SWOT analysis. Adv. Parasi-
tol. 92, 435e466.
Xu, J., Steinman, P., Maybe, D., Zhou, X.N., Lv, S., Li, S.Z., et al., 2016b. Evolution of the
national schistosomiasis control programmes in the People’s Republic of China. Adv.
Parasitol. 92, 1e37.
Xu, J., Yu, Q., Tchuem-Tchuenté, L.A., Bergquist, R., Sacko, M., Utzinger, J., et al., 2016c.
Enhancing collaboration between China and African countries for schistosomiasis
control. Lancet Infect. Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(1015)00360-
00366. Published Online: February 03, 2016.
Yang, Y., Zhou, Y.B., Song, X.X., Li, S.Z., Zhong, B., Wang, T.P., et al., 2016. Integrated
control strategy of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China: projects involving
agriculture, water-conservancy, forestry, sanitation and environmental modification.
Adv. Parasitol. 92, 237e268.
Zhang, J.F., Xu, J., Bergquist, R., Yu, L.L., Yan, X.L., Zhu, H.Q., et al., 2016a. Develop-
ment and application of diagnostics in the national schistosomiasis control programme in
the People’s Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 409e434.
Zhang, L.J., Li, S.Z., Wen, L.Y., Lin, D.D., Abe, E.M., Zhu, R., et al., 2016b. Establishment
and function of schistosomiasis surveillance system towards elimination in the People’s
Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 117e141.
Zhang, S.Q., Sun, C.S., Wang, M., Lin, D.D., Zhou, X.N., Wang, T.P., 2016c. Epidemi-
ological features and control effectiveness of schistosomiasis in lake and marshland region
in the People’s Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 39e71.
Zhu, H., Yap, P., Utzinger, J., Jia, T.W., Li, S.Z., Huang, X.B., et al., 2016. Policy support
and resources mobilization for the national schistosomiasis control programme in the
People’s Republic of China. Adv. Parasitol. 92, 341e383.
CHAPTER ONE
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Historical Evolution of Schistosomiasis Control 4
2.1 Preparation stage (1950e55) 5
2.1.1 Set up of control infrastructure 5
2.1.2 Understanding the epidemiology 6
2.2 Mass campaign stage focussed on snail control (1956e85) 6
2.2.1 Understanding the endemic status and characteristics of schistosomiasis across 6
The People’s Republic of China
2.2.2 Strengthening control agencies and guidance on control activities 7
2.2.3 Mass campaign focussed on snail control 8
2.2.4 Achievements and lessons learnt 8
2.3 Morbidity control stage boosted by international cooperation (1986e2003) 9
2.3.1 Morbidity control strategy and pilot studies 9
2.3.2 World Bank loan project 9
2.3.3 Achievements and lessons 10
2.4 Comprehensive strategy to block schistosomiasis transmission (2004epresent) 11
2.4.1 Formulation of comprehensive strategy to block schistosomiasis transmission 11
2.4.2 National control programme implementing comprehensive strategy 11
2.4.3 Achievements and lessons learnt 12
3. Development of Major Control Tools and Techniques 12
3.1 Drugs 12
3.1.1 Chemical drugs 12
3.1.2 Alternative treatments 15
Advances in Parasitology, Volume 92
© 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
j
ISSN 0065-308X
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.001 All rights reserved. 1
2 J. Xu et al.
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica is caused by the parasitic trematode Schistosoma japonicum. It
is endemic in The People’s Republic of China and has significant impact on human
health and socioeconomic development in certain regions. Over the last six decades,
the national control programmes evolved in remarkable ways and brought schistoso-
miasis japonica largely under control. We describe the history and evolution of schisto-
somiasis control in The People’s Republic of China, with an emphasis on shifts in control
strategies that evolved with new insights into the biology of the parasite and its inter-
mediate hosts, and the epidemiology of the disease in the country. We also highlight
the achievements in controlling the disease in different socioecological settings, and
identify persisting challenges to fully eliminate schistosomiasis japonica from the coun-
try. To reach the goal of schistosomiasis elimination, further integration of interventions,
multisector collaboration, sensitive and effective surveillance are needed to strengthen.
1. INTRODUCTION
Intestinal schistosomiasis japonica is caused by Schistosoma japonicum
infection and occurs in Indonesia, the Philippines and The People’s Repub-
lic of China (Gryseels et al., 2006; Ross et al., 2002). The amphibious fresh-
water snail Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of S. japonicum
14 J. Xu et al.
— Milloin?
Käsi nousee. Näyttää siltä kuin hän aikoisi tukkia korvansa. Mutta
sitte käsi taas hervahtaa takaisin paareille, joilla hän makaa.
Rakkaus äitiin auttaa häntä. Hän tahtoo unohtaa ja elää. Hänellä on
suuri tehtävä.
Siunaa ja varjele,
Siunaa ja varjele
Sodan tantereilla kärsineitä,
Haavat Sä lääkitse
Ijällä pitkällä
Palkitse, kruunaa heitä!
veisaa kuoro.
Iljan katse kostuu, ja autuas ilo virtaa koko hänen olemuksensa
läpi.
Ilja painuu takaisin vuoteelle. Totta, totta siis kuitenkin se, mitä hän
ei ole tohtinut eikä tahtonut uskoa.
*****
— Oli —?
— Haim Jankel?
*****
— Mitä ihmeessä?
Tällainen oli heidän ystävyytensä alku ollut. Ja sitä jatkui siitä sekä
läpi koulun että yliopistossa.
Tällä kannalla olivat asiat, kun sota puhkesi. Se repi kohta kuin
pohjan heidän jalkojensa alta. Pitkään aikaan he eivät puhuneet siitä
mikä tässä asiassa oli kipeintä heille. Mutta kerran se purkautui kuin
vahingossa.
*****
Hän koetti välttää näitä ajatuksia. Mutta Dimitri näki hänen kerran
ryntäävän ulos tallista paeten kuin henkensä edestä. Ja Dimitri
ymmärsi.
*****
— "Sisar", huudahti Dimitri äkkiä ohikulkevalle
sairaanhoitajattarelle.
— Tulkaa tänne, minulla olisi asiaa.