UK NG, iLS, CEE Ka Cr WHAT CAN FORCES DO? A forceisa push ora pull. Forces can change the shape of something, its speed, or the direction thatitis moving in. For many forces, the thing providing the force needs to touch an object before the force can affect it. These are called contact forces. For example, when you throw a ball, you need to touch the ball to exert a force on it. When you go down a steep hill on a bicycle, the brakes need to touch the wheel to produce friction to slow you down. Contact forces include friction, air resistance, water resistance and upthrust (the force that makes things float). Some forces can affect an object from a distance. These are called non contact forces. Gravity is a force that pulls objects downwards (photo A). Static electricity can attract things (photo B). In . photo C, the man is climbing the side ot a ship using magnets. Magnets have magnetism, which attracts objects made of iron and some Be other metals. Magnets 3% cat als repel ole magnets. Forces can be big or small. The unit for measuring force is the newton (N). The direction in which the force is acting is important so we use arrows ta show forces. The direction of the arrow shows the direction of the force; a bigger arrow shows a bigger force. Write down three ways in which a force can affect. saccer bal. Write down the names of three: a contact forces bl non-contact forces. What are the units for measuring forces? Look at photo D. al Which bike has the biggest force on it? b| How do you know this from the photo? | What wil happen to the two bikes as a result of these forces?Sometimes there are a lot of forces acting on something. There are four forces acting on the diver in photo E. Weight and mass Your weight is the force of gravity pulling on you. Weight isa force so its units are newtons (N). f you talk about something being’10 kilograms’ you are talking about its mass. Weight and mass are two different things. Mass Is the amount of matter that makes up an object. Ihe units for measuring mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg). a= ty The force of yravily is greater on the Earth than It is on the Moon. The lunar buggy in photo F has the same mass wherever itis but it has a greater weight on the Earth than on the Moon. The Earth's gravity pulls on every kilogram with a force of about 10N, so something that has amass of 2kg has a weight of 20N. | What is weight? | What are the units for weight? ¢| Whatiis mass? | Whatare the units for mass? Why would you weigh less on the Moon than you do on the Earth? Why do you think itis important that scientists in different countries all check their ways of measuring a kilogram against the same standard mass? rere Eran emcee Ree Pee all other kilogram ced Cenc rnicg Cea s Today, the kilogram eee ener BreesUK NG, iLS, CEE 7Kb HOW CAN SPRINGS HELP US TO MEASURE FORCES? Materials and objects can be stretched (made longer) or compressed (made shorter). The amount of stretch or compression in the material depends on the type of material and the size of the force. It takes a very big force to change the size of some materials. Most springs are made from coils of wire. The extension of a spring is the difference between its original length and its stretched length. The spring is alastie hecauise it will return ta its original length when the force is removed. What does elastic mean? Look at diagram B. Which arrow shows the extension of the stretched spring? Explain your answer. ‘A|| Xpogo is a sport where people use pogo sticks to jump Up to throo motros in tho air and perform tricks. The pogo Boe Saco The apparatus shown in photo C is beina used to investigate the { extension of a spring. Graph D shows that the extension is proportional to the force up toa certain point, called the limit of proportionality. This = means that tor every 1 N increase in the force, the spring stretches by the = i, ame amount. The idea that the extension is proportional to the force is = Hooke’s Law. Hooke's Law does not apply to all elastic materials. Ls 4 Look at photo C. Explain how you would use this apparatus to find out how much the spring stretches with different forces on it. How extension depends on torce elastic limit limit of proportionality Extension (cm) Foree (N) Ee tome the extension of a springTne ee cee oe ie keh ere unr Ty a ee a tee ee ee fenough force ie applied to a spring, it will pass its elastic limit. The spring will then no longer return to its original length. Materials that do not return to their original shape when Graph G shows how far different materials stretch when a weight is hung on them. a force is removed are plastic materials. =e A B A spring stretches 2m when a 10N 8 weight hanas on it. How far will it stretch 2 with a weight of 20N? 2 i | What is the difference between an Ree Weight (N) b| Name one plastic material al Which material stretches the most fora certain Springs are used inside force meters (photo F). weight? If the meter is measuring a small force, the b| Which material(s) could be used for making a spring inside only stretches a little way. ifitis force meter? Explain your reasoning measuring a bigger force, the spring stretches | Explain which material would be best for making further and the pointer moves further along @ force meter to measure small weights. the scale, Look at the force meters in photo F. Explain why the prings inside them are different.UKNG, iLS, CEE 7Kc HOW CAN WE CONTROL FRICTION? Friction is the force between two touching objects. It can slow things down or make things stay stil. The friction between your clothes and a chair stops you from sliding off the chair. Walking would be very difficult without the friction between your feet and the floor - you would slip and slide everywhere. We can increase friction by using certain materials. For example, rubber produces a lot of friction. The rubber B| Inis woman Is abselling. She eink cn Peery wn the cliff. Tyres of a Formula One racing car stop MEN Igee a See ae) ee ERE from special rubber that increases the abseiler to cpeeds round sharp comers. ier et) control the rope: | Downhill skiars wax the bottom of their skis to make them very smooth. BUCA UEC RUC OR Rog Friction is not always useful. ‘Sometimes we want things to move easily. For example, FEB Give one example of friction makina something stay stil a breyde isvery dificult to BE Explain why rubber bath mats are useful friction in the axles. We can o al Why should you oil the axles of a bicycle? reduce friction by making b| Why must you never put oil on the brake blocks of a bicycle? surfaces smooth or by using | Explain why bicycle brakes do not work well in the rain. ricants SUCH as Oll oF aaa cas OUT is | BEM TRetteadon bicycle ancl cartyres is designed to allow water to escape gtcoonsteelingiallubricant!s from under the tyre on wet roads. Explain why this is important. called lubrication.Friction can wear things away. The brake pads on a bicycle eventually wear away and so do car tyres. Parts of your, clothes get thinner as friction wears them away. Friction also produces heat and noise. If a car engine runs without any oll init, the large amount of friction between the moving parts causes it to overheat and stop working. Rusty door hinges squeak and make a door difficult to open. Friction due to gases and liquids can also cause things to slow down. Air resistance and water resistance can be reduced by having smooth surfaces and smooth shapes. Due cn) eerie ea) | Why do car owners have to replace their car tyres, regularly? bl Suggest why racing car tyres do not last as lona as the tyres on normal cars. Re ecg eee aus ieee at ea ena? emer cera tr eter of the race to increase air resistance to help to slow the car down, How could you stop a door hinge squeaking? Write down three effects of fiction between moving objects. Describe as many ways a6 you can in which friction ie useful to you in your everyday lif. Inascience fiction story, a lubricating mist moves towards a town. Think of three effects this would have on life in the ‘Town and write a paragraph of the story in 15U words,