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Socio Emotional
Socio Emotional
F
our-year-old Shantay is an avid
builder with blocks. At free play label his legitimate feeling he acted- one activity area to the next.
he has busied himself with an out— a sure recipe for not getting his In these two scenarios great
elaborate tower construction. To needs met. Kelly, equally upset and, in variation can be noted in children’s
complete his masterpiece he needs an this example, paralyzed temporarily by ability to read social cues. Tony’s
elusive triangle piece. As he searches her social anxiety was able to achieve choice of rough and tumble partners is
the room in vain for the last, crucial an outcome she deeply desired. She ubiquitous. His inability to read social
piece his initial calm hunt becomes was able to do this by the good cues ultimately resulted in a poor
more hurried and disorganized. He teaching that had previously occurred. outcome. Tamika, on the other hand,
begins to whimper and disrupt other She was able to communicate her need was readily able to read social cues
children’s play. His teacher approaches and access strategic help to get that and, as a result of good teaching, she
and asks what the matter is. Shantay need met. In contrast with Shantay, had a strategy (try again with another
swiftly turns away to resume his now Kelly’s experience demonstrates one of friend) to achieve her desired outcome.
frantic search. This behavior persists the ways that emotional literacy Figure 1 below provides an overall
for several minutes until the signal for enables children to be socially schematic of children’s emotional
cleanup is given, whereupon Shantay competent. Consider two other case literacy (Crick & Dodge, 1994;
launches into a major, 15-minute examples of emotional literacy at work. Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000). Note first
tantrum. Tony is a master of rough and that the foundational element, the
tumble play. As a game of superheroes necessary context, for emotional
Four-year-old Kelly is relatively commences, Tony runs headlong into literacy development is a supportive,
new to preschool. She wants to play other children. Two of his playmates caring relationship (see Joseph &
with her new classmates, but is too shy happily reciprocate; smiling and Strain, 2002). In order to act upon the
and frightened to approach and join in giggling they continue their preschool social environment in ways that are
with the group. This day at free play version of “slam dancing.” Tony, collectively supportive and rewarding
she intently watches, as three other however, seeks out other partners as it is first necessary for children to read
girls are absorbed in an elaborate tea well. In particular, Eddie and Darrin the affective cues of others and of
party, complete with pandas and want no part of this. They frown as he themselves. Discriminating among
wolves. With a forlorn look, Kelly approaches and yell, “No.” Tony affective states such as anger, sadness,
passively observes the ongoing play. seems to interpret their behavior as an frustration, and happiness requires a
Her teacher approaches and says, invitation for more. Both Eddie and vocabulary of feeling words. Like
“Honey, is something wrong?” Kelly Darrin start to cry and quickly seek out other forms of literacy the richer the
shrugs her shoulders. Her teacher their teacher who has Tony sit quietly vocabulary, the more rewarding the
persists, “Kelly are you frustrated?” for 2 minutes while play continues. experiences. In this article we will
Kelly says, “Yes.” Her teacher then This time-out angers Tony and he pouts concentrate on how to build a
reminds her of the class rule; if you alone for the remainder of free play. meaningful lexicon of feeling words.
feel frustrated, ask a friend or teacher Tamika loves to play dress-up. This This instructional emphasis bears, not
for help. Kelly and her teacher quickly day at free play she asks Seth to join coincidentally, a close resemblance to
discuss how she might get another her, but he says, “Later,” and goes cognitive behavior modification
about his computer play. Tamika then (Meichelbaum, 1976).
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Module 2 Handout 2.6: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Rev. 2/10 The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning Vanderbilt University vanderbilt.edu/csefel H 2.6
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Module 2 Handout 2.6: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
pictures at first then progressing to with steps to regulate or calm down. A throughout the day as their feelings
photographs. Children’s books are an first step would be to vocalize this change. Teachers can make feeling
excellent way to label feeling faces negative feeling (“I’m mad”) versus dice by covering small milk cartons
with children. Many books are written acting out. Using varied and complex with paper and drawing a different
explicitly about feelings and contain feeling words will develop powerful feeling face on each side. Children can
numerous feeling words. See Box 1 for feeling vocabularies for children. Box 2 toss the dice; label the feeling face and
some of our favorites. provides a list of more complex feeling describe a time they felt that way. Box
words that 3-5 year olds who are 3 lists some other fun feeling activities.
Children’s Books featuring developing language normally know INSERT BOX 3 ABOUT HERE
feeling faces and words (Joseph, 2001; Ridgeway, Waters &
Kuczaj, 1985). Feeling Activities
• On Monday when it rained by
Pass the hat: The teacher cuts
Cherryl Kachenmeister, Feeling Words out pictures that represent various
• Glad Monster, Sad Monster: A
feeling faces and places them in a
Book About Feelings by Anne Affectionate Gloomy hat (or large envelope) that is
Miranda & Ed Emberley Agreeable Guilty passed around the circle as music
(Illustrator) Annoyed Ignored plays. When the music stops, the
• My Many Colored Days by Seuss, Awful Impatient child holding the hat picks out a
Steve Johnson (Illustrator), Lou Bored Important picture designating an emotion and
Fancher (Illustrator) Brave Interested is asked to identify it, express how
• When Sophie Gets Angry- Really, Calm Jealous they look when they feel that way,
Really Angry... by Molly Garrett Capable Joyful or describe a time when he or she
Bang Caring Lonely felt that way.
• Feelings (Reading Rainbow Cheerful Lost
Book) by Aliki Clumsy Loving Feeling hunt: The teacher puts
• I’m Mad (Dealing With Feelings) Confused Overwhelmed “feeling face” pictures up all around
by Elizabeth Crary, Jean Whitney Comfortable Peaceful the room (and around the building
(Illustrator) Cooperative Pleasant if possible). Children can be given
• I’m Frustrated (Dealing With Creative Proud child-size magnifying glasses, and
Feelings) by Elizabeth Crary, Jean Cruel Relaxed they walk around looking for
Whitney (Illustrator) Curious Relieved different feeling faces. When they
• When I Feel Angry by Cornelia Depressed Safe Satisfied find one, they label it and tell a time
Maude Spelman, Nancy Cote Disappointed Sensitive they felt that way. An expansion of
(Illustrator) Disgusted Serious this activity is to provide each child
Ecstatic Shy Stressed with a “Feeling Face BINGO
Box 1 Board” and they can cross out faces
Embarrassed Strong
Enjoying Stubborn on their boards as they find them
Adults can also teach children new Excited Tense around the room.
feeling words by explicitly providing Fantastic Fearful Thoughtful Mirrors: Children are given
emotion labels as children experience Fed-up Thrilled small hand held mirrors at circle
Free Troubled time or small group. As the teacher
various affective states. For example,
Friendly Unafraid reads a story with many feeling
an infant smiles brightly and the parent Frustrated Uncomfortable
says, “Oh, you are happy.” Similarly, words in it – the children make the
Gentle Weary face to the corresponding affective
Kelly’s teacher noticed her aroused Generous Worried expression while looking at
state and labeled it “frustrated.”. themselves in their mirrors. Then,
Labeling a child’s affective state allows Box 2
the children put their mirrors down
them to begin to identify their own and show their peer their “feeling
internal states. This is an important step Adults can also plan special face.”
in learning to regulate activities to teach and reinforce the Changing faces: During small
emotions(Joseph, 2001; Lochman & acquisition of feeling words. Children group time, children make paper
Dunn, 1993; Webster-Stratton,1999). can “check in” each morning by plate faces. The teacher attaches the
For example, one needs to recognize picking a feeling face picture that best “mouth” and “eyebrows” to the
(this happens most effectively when depicts their affective state and sticking paper plate with brads. This allows
there is a label) their affective state, it next to their name. Children can be Box 3 (continued)
say, “angry” before they can proceed encouraged to change their feeling face
Rev. 2/10 The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning Vanderbilt University vanderbilt.edu/csefel H 2.6
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Module 2 Handout 2.6: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
someone’s affective state. Teachers can rule that when you feel frustrated you
Feeling Activities model detecting how someone is ask a teacher or peer for help. In this
(continued) feeling by looking at their face case, when the teacher labels a child’s
(noticing their eyebrows, their eyes, affective state as “frustrated” the child
the child to change facial expressions and their mouth). This can be is primed to ask for help. Eventually
on their plate by changing the mouth accomplished directly and more the child will be able to label the
from a smile to a frown, and the
incidentally throughout the day. feeling themselves and seek out an
eyebrows from facing in (angry,
frustrated, etc.) to out (worried,
Children can then be provided with appropriate solution. Adults can
scared, surprised, etc.). Children can practice activities and opportunities to proactively teach young children
color the rest of the faces. The notice facial expressions and body coping strategies for many emotions
teacher can then read a story and language to determine how someone is (taking a deep breath when mad;
pause after key incidents and ask the feeling. requesting a break when annoyed;
children to show how they would feel Teachers can model for children talking to someone when sad, etc.)
by changing their paper plate face how they can tell how someone is through modeling and role plays.
appropriately. feeling by listening to the tone of the Positive emotions sometimes need to be
Singing, “If you’re happy and person’s voice. Teachers can close their regulated as well.
you know it…”: Teachers can add eyes and a puppet or another adult can
new verses to “If you are happy and make a statement such as, “UGGGHH, Conclusion
you know it” as they introduce new I can’t get my shoes tied!” and then In classrooms that devote planned
feeling words to the class. guess that the person is feeling attention to helping children acquire a
• If you’re happy and you know it, frustrated. The children can practice by
hug a friend rich and varied feeling vocabulary we
closing their eyes and listening to the may expect fewer challenging
• If you’re sad and you know it, cry
a tear – “boo-hoo” teacher make statements using varying behaviors and more developmentally
• If you’re mad and you know it, use tones, then guess how the teacher is sophisticated and enjoyable peer social
your words “I’m mad” feeling. relations (Denham, 1986). Emotional
• If you’re scared and you know it, Teachers can also teach children to vocabulary is, however, only part of
get some help, “HEEELLLLPPP!” think about how someone might feel in this picture. For emotional vocabulary
• If you’re silly and you know it, certain situations. Children’s literature teaching to be effective adults must first
make a face, is a very effective for teaching and spend the time necessary to build
“BBBBLLLUUUUHHHH!” practicing this skill. Read a story aloud, positive relationships with children
pick a situation in the story and ask the (Joseph & Strain, 2002). Within this
For more feeling activities see
Dinosaur School (Joseph, Webster- children to consider the character’s foundational context of a warm and
Stratton & Reid, 2002; Webster- reactions and feelings. This question responsive relationship with children,
Stratton, 1990), PATHS (Kusche & invites further conversation. Continue teachers can maximize their influence
Greenberg, 1994), or Second Step discussing situations for as long as you to enhance emotional vocabulary.
(Committee for Children, 2002) have the children’s interest. The As the emotional literacy schematic
Box 3 children’s books in Box 1 can be used (Figure 1) suggests, having feeling
very effectively in this matter. words and being able to recognize
emotions in others and in oneself is a
Teaching children to recognize What do you do with a feeling? necessary but insufficient step toward
feelings in others Adults can model emotional helping children achieve social and
Children can be taught explicitly regulation skills for children by emotional competence. Adults also
how to identify feelings in other verbalizing the course of action they need to assist children in developing
people. Identifying feelings in others will take in order to calm down or cope and becoming fluent with the skills of
involves noticing facial expressions with certain feelings. For example, a emotional regulation (e.g., calming
and body language, listening to the teacher doesn’t notice a loose lid on the down; controlling anger and impulse)
tone of voice and, considering the glitter bottle and consequently spills the and problem-solving (e.g., generating
situational context. contents all over the table and floor. In solutions to interpersonal problems that
Young children can be taught how front of the children she says, “Oh no! are safe, equitable, and result in
to detect the cues of how someone is Boy, do I feel frustrated. I better take positive feelings).
feeling by having their attention drawn some deep breaths to calm down.” In the Box 4 we provide teachers
to the salient physical features of Kelly’s teacher developed a classroom with a brief checklist of classroom
Rev. 2/10 The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning Vanderbilt University vanderbilt.edu/csefel H 2.6
(p. 4/5)
Module 2 Handout 2.6: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Rev. 2/10 The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning Vanderbilt University vanderbilt.edu/csefel H 2.6
(p. 5/5)