Cities - Derna city(worst affected), Benghazi.
1. Earthquake hit countries and regions 2023
-2024 -
Countries -
A.Japan - Wajima city- Noto peninsula
B. China - Jishinashan region, Ginsu Region
C.Turkey - Kaharamannas ,Gaziantep region,Hatay
REgion
D. MOROCCO - AL haouz region
E . Nepal - Jajarkot - Karnali Province
F. Afghanistan - Faizabad region ,Badakhshan
region,Herat
G.Philippines - Soccsksargen region
H.Taiwan -Hualien county.
I- Syria - Damascus
2.Flood/ Cyclone hit countries 2023- 2024
A.Russia - .Orenburg region and Orsk City - Russia -
Floods in Ural River and mt. Region
B.Kazakhstan - Zarechny region (Ural River)
C.Somalia (Mogadishu)-
● Flash Floods (Due To El Nino).
Districts - Baardheere, Beledweyne
,Buloburto , Bailan, Jubba ,and
Shabelle REgion
● Suffered Drought and Famine from
2015-2024
D..Libya - Flash Floods due to “Omega Blocking”
of Medicane Cyclone -Storm Daniel.(Worst flood in
decades)
- Major dams- Al-Bilad and Abu Mansour
ravaged .
E.Greece - Medicane Storm Daniel caused floods
F.Kenya - Mandera, Garissa, Tana River, Wajir,
Isiolo, and Meru areas.
3. Volcanic eruptions 2022 -2024
1. Mt.Kilauea- Hawaii - Pacific OCean
2. Mt.Etna - Sicily, Italy - MEditerranean sea
3. Mt.Raung - Indonesia - Pacific Ring of Fire
4. Canary Islands - Atlantic ocean
5. Fuego Volcano - eruption - Guatemala
4..Refugee Camps
A.Kutupalong refugee camp - COx Bazar region -
Bangladesh for Rohingyas(Myanmar ethnic)
Largest refugee camp in the world.
B.Kakuma REfugee camp, KEnya
B.1 Turkana County- KEnya ;
Refugees of South Sudan and Somalia
B.2 - Dadaab region - Kenya -
Somalia refugees.
C.Azraq REfugee Camp, Jordan
Syrian Civil war refugees.
D. Baqaa refugee camp - Jordan
Palestinian Refugees
E. Zaatari refugee camp - Jordan
Largest Refugee camp for Syrian Refugees
5..Global Terrorist / REbel Groups
1. Lebanon - Hezbollah (Iran Backed)
2. Gaza(Palestine)- Hamas (Iran backed)
 3. Democratic Republic of Congo - M 23 9. Vanadium -China -Panzhihua region in
4. Somalia- Al SAbab (Al -Qaeda affiliate) Sichuan
a. recently Ores discover in Gujarat -
5. Burkina Faso - Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal
Gulf Of Khambhat
Muslimeen (JNIM) (Al -Qaeda assoc.) b. Titanomagnetite ore
(Around 40% terrorist activities occur in c. Brazil is largest Exporter
10. Germanium - China
Sahel Region Countries)
11. Gallium - China
6. Yemen - Houthis(Iran BAcked) 12. Tungsten - China
7. Afghanistan - Taliban 13. Titanium - China
14. Strontium - China
8. Myanmar -Kachin and Arakan Army
15. Graphite - China
9. Nigeria - Boko Haram 16. Silicon - China (India <1%import
10. Syria - ISIS dependency)
11. Russia - Wagner Group 17. Zircon - Australia
18. Manganese - South Africa
12. Pakistan - Teherik-e - Taliban;Al- Qaeda ; 19. Chromite - R-Kazakathan P -South Africa
Jaish -e - Mohammed…
->From #14 India is not 100% import dependent
6.. Critical Minerals (Min. of mines identified 30 ->Uranium,Thorium,Aluminium,Iron - not critical
critical minerals for India 2023) minerals

Defn -A mineral is critical when the risk of supply China> Vietnam - rare earth metals
shortage and associated impact on the economy is Dong Pao mine - Vietnam, being reopened.
(relatively) higher than other raw materials.
India 100% import Dependent on some of them. 7. Israel and Misc.

Largest Reserves(R) Largest Producer (P) A. Rafah Crossing - Gaza strip - Egypt (refugee
crossing)
1. Lithium - R - Bolivia/Chile (Disputed
among various sources) B.Erez crossing - North Gaza
a. P - Australia(not Argentina)>Chile
b. Lithium Triangle - C.Ain-el-Hilweh - largest Palestinian Refugee camp.
Argentina,Bolivia,Chile(ABC) in Lebanon (Sidon City)
2. Copper - Chile -Escondida mine, Atacama
Desert in Chile's Antofagasta Region D.REfugee camps in GAza strip -
3. Cobalt - R and P - DRC - Kivu and Kinshasa ● Jabalia(largest)
4. Nickel -R and P - Indonesia (Sulawesi, ● Rafah
Halmahera,Verbeek Mountains and MAluku) ● Khan Younis
5. Niobium -R and P- Brazil - Seis Lagos and ● Deir al-Balah
Minas Gerais( largest) ● Maghazi, Bureij
6. Rhenium - Chile ● Nuseirat
7. Beryllium - USA ● Shati (aka Beach Camp)
8. Tantalum - DRC
D.Sea of Galilee / lake Tiberias - Lowest freshwater J. Neighboring Countries-
lake on earth .

E. Haifa Port /Oil refinery /Military base - Hezbollah

attack
(Part of India - Middle East - Europe
Economic Corridor)

F.Ashdod port - Largest port of ISrael by

volume(Mediterranean Sea)
(ISrael has 3 ports - Haifa,Ashdod and Eilat)

F.Places Attacked By Hamas -

1.Sdot Micah Airbase
2.Negev Desert
3.Eilat Port - Gulf of Aqaba - Israel’s only
port on RED SEA.
G. West Bank - Borders Jordan and Dead Sea not
Mediterranean Sea
Landlocked Palestinian territory.
H.Dead Sea - Jordan -West Bank and Israel -
Landlocked Hyper Saline Sea
I.Golan Heights Dispute - ISrael and Syria.
Shares Borders with Lebanon ,Jordan and the
Sea of Galilee.
I -Operation Ajay - India - Evacuation
J. Al -Aqsa mosque-Haram Al Sharif - Jerusalem
(israel) -Located in WEst Bank
K.Abraham Accords - Brokered By USA and signed
by UAE, Bahrain ,Sudan,Morocco with ISrael.
Egypt - 1st Arabic State to establish Diplomatic
relations with ISrael.
Then jordan.
8.Africa
1.Coup countries
Gabon, Sudan , Niger,Burkina Faso,Guinea ,Mali .
2. Tanzania- Zanzibar region - IIT Madras offshore
campus
3.Nigeria - Terrorism/Insurgency by Boko haram +
Internal Conflicts since last decade
● .ethnic groups- Hausa, Yoruba,Igbo,Okuoma.
● .Borno, Adamawa, Diffa and Yobe states.-
Violence and terrorism + Poverty and
FAmines.
● C. Biafra Region - south-eastern region -
Civil war
● D.Lake Oguta (PYQ 2022)
● E. Delta State - Civil Clashes
4. Sudan - Khartoum (capital) - Territorial Dispute
with South Sudan and INternal REbellion

L.Israel Air Defence, Anti - Missile systems - Iron A. Darfur region (west Sudan)- Water Crisis and
Dome(short range), David’s Sling, Arrow 2 and 3 Violence in El-Fasher region of Darfur.
systems, Iron Beam(Laser weapon system),Spyder.
B. Abyei region - South Sudan- Sudan contested
region). - India deployed Largest contingent of
women peacekeepers here.
C. Khartoum - Lies on Confluence of Blue Nile
(Lake Tana -Ethiopia) and White Nile (lake
Victoria)rivers.
5. Ethiopia - Capital - Addis Ababa (HQ of African
Union) - Contested regions and Droughts.
● A.Tigray region Conflict with Eritrea
● B.Droughts - Amhara region
● C.Internal Conflict - Amhara vs Oromia
regions
● D.Ethnicity:Tigrayan, Irob, and Kunama
peoples
● E.The largest lake in Ethiopia is Lake Tana,
which is the source of the Blue Nile river
● F.Danakil Depression - "Afar" Ethnic
community resides here .
● G.Two major salt lakes- Lake Afrera and
Lake Karum (also known as Lake Asale)
6.Senegal(Dakar) -
● A.Lake Retba-Pink Color LAke -
proliferation of Dunaliella salina, a halophilic
green algae
● B.Casamance region conflict -Separatist
Movement.
● Dakar Declaration - Climate Finance and
operationalizing Loss and Damage Fund.
7. Mozambique -
1. Cabo Delgado REgion - Jihadists attack and
Insurgency
2. Limpopo River - Lies on the Cape of
Capricorn.
3. Zambezi River -Indian Ocean mouth
(Victoria Falls and Chavuma Falls)
8. Gulf of Guinea: Sea Piracy and India Posted a
Vessel - INS Sumedha to Keep watch (google the
map for coastal countries)
a. It is the northeastern most portion of
the tropical Atlantic Ocean, located
off the western coast of the African
continent.
b. It is found at the junction of the Prime
Meridian and the Equator at 0°0’N
and 0°0'E.
c. .Its major tributaries are the Volta and
Niger rivers.
d. .The Gulf of Guinea region accounts
for more than 35% of the world’s total
petroleum reserves.
9.Liptako Gourma region
-borders of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger -Affected
by Jihadi activities
10. Somalia - Hunger and Poverty ,FAmines;Piracy
,Flash Floods due to El Nino.(Mogadishu - Capital)
A.Puntland region(autonomous) - Las Anod
city - "homeland" for the Harti community of
Northern Somalia.
B.Jubbaland autonomous region - in
southern Somalia bordering Kenya and Ethiopia.
C.Ogaden REgion- Ethiopia - Somalia
Contesting Claims)
D. Flash Floods Districts - Baardheere,
Beledweyne and Buloburto, Bailan REgion.
11 . Chad and Chad Basin countries
A.Boko Haram Insurgency -Chad (Landlocked
Country)
B. 90% drying up of Lake Chad -an endorheic
freshwater lake
C.Chad Basin Countries - Chad, Nigeria, Niger,
Cameroon + basin - Sudan and the Central African
Republic.
D.Chad’s Lac region - hosts thousands of Nigerian
refugees and internally displaced people

12. Angola - oil-rich enclave -” Cabinda” -
Separatist movement and REfugee crisis
13.Botswana (Land Locked country) - Elephants
under threat
A. Largest Elephant population in world (>1
lakh)
B. B.Chobe river and Zambezi river.
C. Okavango delta - World Heritage Site
+Moremi Game reserve
a. Humbukshu ethnic group
b. Okavango river - Endorheic(No sea
Outlet)
D. Kalahari desert - Includes Botswana ,
Namibia, South Africa
14. Libya (Tripoli)- Zuwara Port - Capsizing of a
refugee MIgrant Boat + Cyclone Storm Daniel(worst
Mediterranean Storm ever / Medicane storm)
A.REgions Affected - Major dams, including the
Al-Bilad and Abu Mansour ; Cities - Derna city ,
Benghazi, Al Marj, Al Bayda, Shahat, Susah, and Al
Tamimi.
15. Gabon (Libreville) - Coup and Africa's First debt
for nature Swap of 500 million $.
A. Belinga Iron deposits
B. Equator passes
C. Africa’s First Debt for nature swap with Bank
of America.
16. Uganda - Kampala city
African Great Lakes - Victoria,
Albert,Edward,Kyoga Lay here.
17. Sierra Leone- National Emergency - ‘Zombie
Drug” Overdose
A.Largest Producer of Rutile (titanium) in
world.
18. Operation Prosperity Guardian(USA)
Red sea Area
A. Strait of Tiraan -Connects Gulf of Aqaba to
REd sea and Separates Sinai Peninsula from
Saudi Arabia.
B. Combined Task Force 153 - Security in
REd sea , Bab El MAndeb strait and Gulf of ADen.
H.Q - Bahrain
19.Democratic Republic oF congo (Brazzaville) -
Dispute with Rwanda
A.Kivu Region - Largest Cobalt ores
B.DRC vs Rwanda M 23 REbels - Tutsi tribe
- Conflicts - Beni Region and Goma REgion and
Ituri Region.
C.The United Nations decided to end its
25-year peacekeeping mission (MONUSCO) in
eastern Congo by the end of 2024.
D.Brazzaville Declaration of the Three
Tropical Basins-
Amazon,Congo and Mekong Delta
20.Kenya - Lamu archipelago -(Indo- kenya
Relations)
21. UK -> Rwanda ASylum transfer plan
22.Great Lakes (10) region Countries(10) -:
● Burundi, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda,
Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
● North most - Lake Turkana
● South most - Lake Malawi
(Google the map for this)
23. African Cholera outbreak 2023 (in Great Lake
region Countries- ) -DRC,Zimbabwe(not part of grea
lakes region) ,Zambia,Tanzania,Ethiopia,
Mozambique .
24. Burkina Faso - Internal Strife and Terrorist
attacks in Djibo town and Natiaboani city.
 ● By - Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal Muslimeen
group.
● Attack on Seytenga city - Burkina faso
A. Sahel region
North-Central Africa between the Sahara Desert and
savanna lands.
Countries - Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina
Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, and
southern Algeria.
A.1 - G5 Sahel Grouping -
(backed by France and Recently Dissolved-
-(Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and
Niger))
A.2- Operation BArkhane - Against Islamist
Insurgent groups in Sahel region By French army
B. Maghreb Region/ Barbary Coast -(aka Place of
Sunset) - Western half of Arab world
Western and central North Africa, including
Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia +
WEstern Sahara
B.1.Mashriq Region (Aka Place of Sunrise) - Eastern
half Of arab world
located in Western Asia and eastern North
Africa countries located between the
Mediterranean sea and Iran.
Gulf of Sidra (Libya) Divides both Maghreb and
Mashreq regions.
Libya belongs to Both regions.
D. Horn of Africa:
1.Food Crisis and Famine + Political Instability and
State Violence +flash floods
2.SEED ( Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti)
countries.
3.Bounded by the Red Sea & Gulf of Aden.
E.ECOWAS aka CEDEAO- Inter-Governmental -
Grouping - Non military - Economic Association of
West African Countries.
HQ- Abuja,Nigeria
F.Suez Canal - The Isthmus of Suez in eastern Egypt
connects the continents of Africa and Asia, and
separates the Mediterranean (Port Said) and Red
Seas(Port Suez).
9.North , South and Central America
1. Argentina -
a. Patagonia region - Southern end of
Argentina and Chile.
1. Includes Strait of Magellan, the
Beagle Channel, and the Drake
Passage to the south and The
archipelago of Tierra del Fuego
2. Vaca Muerta(Argentina) in Neuquén
Basin- worlds 2 largest Shale Gas
reserves running out.
a. (China - largest shale gas
reserves, USA - largest Shale
oil reserves)
3. Falkland Island Dispute - Argentina
and Great Britain
a. Located on Atlantic
OCean,(East OF Argentina).
2.Essequibo region (Guyana) - Venezuela and
Guyana Conflicted Area
(region shares border with Brazil)
Venezuela - Capital -Caracass and Guyana -
GeorgeTown
3.Chetumal Bay - 2nd largest Blue Hole found
Yucatan Peninsula - Mexico aka “Taam Ja’”
Caribbean sea (Atlantic OCean)
4.Lake Titicaca - Drying up -of Highest navigable
freshwater lake in the world.
Located- Andes Mt. -Peru - Bolivia border
5. Baltimore port (USA) - Collapse of “Key Bridge”
By an Indian Crewed Cargo Ship
A.Location - Chesapeake Bay -Mid Atlantic Ridge
region
6.Panama Isthmus - Drought Drying up;Illegal
migration and human Trafficking.
“Donkey route” to enter USA illegally -
Darien Gap (Darien District - panama)
8.Ecuador - 1st and Largest - DEbt for Nature Swap
signed. - “Blue Bond” for ocean conservation.
9.Amazon basin Countries -
● Except Argentina ,Chile ,Uruguay and
Paraguay all other S.American Countries.
● Its bound by the Guiana Highlands to the
north, the Andes Mountains to the west, the
Brazilian central plateau to the south, and the
Atlantic Ocean to the east.(PYQ)
10.Europe
1. Catalonia (Spain)- Claims of Autonomy
2. Orkney Islands - Scottish Coast - Contested region
b/w UK and Scotland
3.Kosovo -Serbia Conflict - (Capital.- Belgrade and
Pristina respectively)
● Both landlocked Countries in Western
Balkans.
● Kosovo - Albanian ethnicity 90%.
● Kosovo - Partial State , not recognized by
many(Including India).
● Berlin Process - (for increased Cooperation
of Western Balkan Six (WB6), consisting of
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo,
Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia.
4.Albania (Tirana)- Human Rights Violation
Loc - Adriatic and Ionian sea
4. Lampedusa Island - African Migrant Crisis
Italy- Mediterranean Sea ( Sicily Region) -
5. Canary Island -
○ A. Morocco VS Spain Contesting
Claims; Migrant Crisis; 2022
Volcanic eruption.
● - currently autonomous , considered Spanish
territory
○ B.Location - Atlantic OCean - West
of Morocco
○ C.Claimed by SAHARWIS ethnic
group (NW Africa - Morocco
,Mauritiana ,ALgeria natives)
● D.Roque De los Mountain. - Peak of TEid
Massif
6.Sicily Island (Italy-Mediterranean Sea) - state of
emergency as the region experiences its worst
drought .
B. Largest island of Mediterranean sea
C. Mt. Etna -Volcano Erupted.
7. Lesbos Island aka Militani island - (Greece-
Mediterranean sea) - Violent clashes between
refugee migrants and REfugee crisis.
11.Russia and Ukraine
A.Belgorod city(russia) - bombed by ukraine
B. Bakhmut City (Ukraine) - Longest Battle -
Donbass region (easternmost Ukraine)
C. Nova Kakhovka Dam Destruction (ukraine)
-Dnieper/Dnipro river
-Zaporizhia (Oblast Region)
D.Perekop Isthmus - Crimea Peninsula
E.Avdiivka City(ukraine) - Captured by Russia
Kherson Oblast region
F. Novorossiysk Port- Near Kerch Strait (Russia) -
Attacked by Ukraine
G. Izmail Sea Commercial Port(Ukraine) - Black Sea
- attacked by russian drones
H. Sulina channel (Romania) - Danube river - Black
Sea grain trade discontinued and attacks by Russia .
1. Constanta Port (On Sukina Channel)
2. Connects black Sea with the ports of ukraine.
3. Chilia Channel and St.George channel
I.Orenburg region and Orsk City - Russia - Floods in
Ural mt. Region
2.St. Fergus Project - North Sea
Scotland’s first CCUS facility
10. North Sea Route (Arctic Amplification - Positive
Effect)
● The Northern Sea Route (NSR), the shortest
shipping route for freight transportation
between Europe and countries of the
Asia-Pacific region, straddles four seas of
the Arctic Ocean.
● Running to 5,600 km, the Route begins at the
boundary between the Barents and the Kara
seas (Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering
Strait (Provideniya Bay).
● The Bering Strait -
○ is a strait between the Pacific and
Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi
Peninsula of the Russian Far East
from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska
● Kara Strait -
○ This strait connects the Kara Sea and
the Barents Sea in northern Russia
11.Batagaika Crater -Russian Far east
Thawing OF the Largest permafrost Crater
12.Indian OCean REgion
1.Katchatheevu island (Sri Lanka) and Wadge Bank
region (Indian Control)South of kanyakumari - India
- Sl dispute
2. Agalega islands ( dependency of Mauritius ) -
airstrip and a jetty that India has built.
3.Syria - Damascus attacked by Israel . + Earthquake
in Syria + Kurdish Ethnic Group.
4. Kra Isthmus - Modi Proposed building it recently
● Malay Peninsula in Thailand,44 km wide at
its narrowest point.
● Connects Andaman Sea to its west and the
Gulf of Thailand to its east.
5. Malacca Strait - Between Malaysia(west) and
Sumantra and Thailand (east)
A.Connects Andaman Sea (Indian OCean) to South
China Sea - Pacific Ocean .
6. Yemen - Houthi Rebels ; UAE conflict over
Socotra islands ; Sea Piracy
● A. Socotra islands (yemen) - Arabian Sea -
○ Indian Navy Vs Pirates
● B. UAE claim Socotra
7.Myanmar (capital - NAypyidaw) - Army Coup and
Junta Rule vs Rebellion by Arakan Army
A. Shan State - Displacement of refugees.
B. Rikhadwar town - Under Control of REbels.
C. Khampat and Sai Gong region
D. Operation 1027 - military offensive
conducted by the Three Brotherhood
Alliance, a military coalition composed of
three ethnic armed organizations :the Arakan
Army (AA), Myanmar National Democratic
Alliance Army (MNDAA), and Ta'ang
National Liberation Army (TNLA).
E. Chin Shwe Haw Town - Myanmar -China
Border (rebels Controlled)
F. Kachin Region (2023 pyq)
 G. Paletwa province
H. Sittwe Port
Golden Triangle Region(LMT) - Myanmar ,
Thailand , Laos
- Illicit Opium production and trafficking.
13.Asia
1.Japan
A.Kuril island Dispute - Russia vs Japan
contesting claims
B. Tatar Strait - Connects - Sea Of
Okhstok to Sea of Japan.
Separates Russia and Japan(Sakhalin island)
C. Kuril islands - Etrofu ,Kunashiri
,Shikotan ,Matua ,Habomai islands.
1.Located Between Hokkaido (South,
Japan) and Kamchatka Peninsula ,Russia(North)
D.Separates Sea of Okhotsk West)
and PAcific ocean (East)
(Have a look in MAp once)
2.Azerbaijan and Armenia
● Lachin Corridor - Azerbaijan -
Nagorno - Karabakh region(recog. As
Azerbaijan’s territory)
● Nakhchivan Autonomous region -
Azerbaijan’s exclave.
3. Pakistan - Iran issue - Sistan - Balochistan
Insurgency
A. Mianwali air base and Chashma nuclear plant
- Pakistan air base attacked by Iran.
B. Balochistan - Pakistan >Iran>Afghanistan -
Area wise
C. Iran attacked “Panjgur” in Balochistan
Torkham Crossing - Connects Afghanistan and
Pakistan
4. Iran - Sistan insurgency with Afghanistan (south
east Iran)
A. Afghanistan vs Iran over Sistan province
B. AlsoShares Border with Balochistan and
Attack on Pakistan
C. Kurds - Iran ethnic Group
D. Narigan Mine - Uranium ore
E. Golden Crescent REgion -(API) Pakistan,
Afghanistan , Iran.
a. Illegal Opium production.
5. Sawa lake - Iraq - Lake Dried Up -
Connected to - Euphrates river - Endorheic lake.
6. Levant region - Eastern Mediterranean sea region
countries
● Israel , Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria
● Turkey (Hatay Province)
● can also include Egypt, Cyprus.
7. Turkey - Greece - Aegean sea islands dispute-
Lausanne treaty
B.Cyprus island Occupation issue
C.. Greece - largest Coastline on
Mediterranean.
8. China and MEkong River Crisis - Drying up of
MEkong river (lowest lvl in 100 yrs)
A . Mekong River - Origin - Tibet Plateau
Basin Countries -
Myanmar,Laos,Vietnam,Thailand and Cambodia
Mouth - South China Sea (Mekong Delta -
Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam)
B.Bhutan territorial Dispute with China
● Pasamlung and Jakarlung Valleys,Yak
Chu,Sinchulungpa , Langmarpo Valleys,
Doklam valley.
● Military Strategies of China - Wolf warrior
diplomacy , Salami slicing,String of
pearls,Anti Access area Denial.
14. India related
A.Aves island - Plastic Rocks formed naturally -
Andaman Nicobar region.
B.Pandu Port - Assam- Riverine port - brahmaputra
pORT OF CALL agreement with Bangladesh
C.Jakhau port - gulf of kutch
Cyclone Biprajoy - Ravaged it
D. Lhonak River - Sikkim
GLOF disaster
E.Siachen Glacier(Karokram Range) - Operation
Meghdoot (40 years-2024)
● Conflicted region with Pakistan and China
● Located on Saltoro Ridge
● Nubra river(Tributary Of Shyok R. )
originates here
● 78 km long - Worlds 2nd Largest Non -Polar
region Glacier.
● Army camp here -”Kumar Post”
F.Nyoma Airfield (East Ladakh,near Aksai Chin)
● India’s Highest Fighter airfield
● South bank of Pangang Tso
● BRO constructed it
G.Operation Polo - 75 years
To integrate Princely state of Hyderabad
E.India - Middle East - Europe Economic
Corridor (G20 under India’s Presidentship
proposed)
● The East Corridor – connecting India to
the Arabian Gulf,
● The Northern Corridor – connecting the
Gulf to Europe.
● Signatories - India, the US, Saudi Arabia,
UAE, the European Union, Italy, France, and
Germany.
○ The IMEC corridor will also include
an electricity cable, a hydrogen
pipeline and a high-speed data
cable.
● Kandla and Mundra Port - India (Gujarat)
● Fujairah port Jebel port, Abu DHAbi- UAE -
Gulf of Oman
● Railway line -Fujairah To Haifa(Israel) via
Saudi(Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan
● Europe - Piraeus port(Greece) ,
Messina(Italy),Marseilles (France)
● Ras al khair and Dammam Port - Saudi
Arabia - Persian Gulf
● Haifa port - Israel - MEditerranean Sea
● Part of “Partnership for Global Infra.
Investment”
(G7 initiative to Counter China's BRI )
f.Silkyara tunnel rescue - Uttarakhand -Char Dham
yatra route
Rat hole mining used in rescue op.(banned by
SC in 2014)
15. Intl agreements. And Groupings assoc. With
India
1.CC and L and D funds - Timeline
1.Warsaw mechanism -UNFCCC (COP 19) in 2013.
 Countries agreed to formally establish the
L&D fund. But no action was taken.
2.The Santiago network, established in December
2019 at COP 25.
UNFCCC plays a crucial role in addressing
climate change impacts in developing countries.
Loss and damage Mechanism for climate change
Secretariat - UNOPS (United Nations Office for
Project Services) and UNDRR(United Nations
Office for Disaster Risk Reduction)
3.Loss & Damage (L&D) Fund:
First announced in 2022 at the conclusion of COP-27
in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 2022.
4. Cop 28 - UAE 2023
Estb. Of L and D funds.
B.BRICS alliance(Estb. In 2009 as BRIC)
● 11 members now(2024)
● Headquarters: Shanghai, China,
● 15th BRICS Summit 2023 -Johannesburg ,
South Africa.
● New members (2024) - Egypt, UAE, Saudi
Arabia,Iran,Ethiopia,Argentina.
● New Development Bank (NDB - Shanghai,
China) (Fortaleza declaration)(PYQ)
● Voting Rights - China>India
● 2009: The first BRIC held in Yekaterinburg,
Russia(Without South Africa) (2014 PYQ)
C.Gujarat Declaration - Traditional MEdicine
WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023
D.17. L69 Group of Developing Countries
For reforms in UN Security Council
E.C.75 YEARS OF THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 2023
Theme: Dignity, Freedom, and Justice for All
F.. Bengaluru - Kempegowda international
Airport (KIA)
● Declared Best regional airport of
South Asia.
● UNESCO Prix Versailles -World's
Most Beautiful airport Award
G.G20 (Estb.1999)
Origin - Financial Crisis in 1997-98 of the Asian
Tigers
After the 2008 global financial crisis, it was
upgraded to the level of Heads of State or
Government
The G20 consists of two parallel tracks called the
Finance Track and the Sherpa Track.
1. Sherpa Track -They concentrate on
socio-economic issues.
1. Sherpas - personal emissaries of leaders.
2.Finance Track - It is headed by the Finance
Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who
generally meet four times a year.
Troika: The G20 does not have a charter or a
secretariat. The Presidency is supported by the
Troika, which includes the previous, current, and
incoming presidencies.
(Current - Indonesia,India, Brazil)
18th G20 - 2023 - India is hosting the G20
Leaders' Summit 2023 for the first time in history
● Theme of India’s G20 presidency:
“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth -
One Family - One Future” (- Maha
Upanishad and Hitopadesha)
● African Union Became a permanent
Member(India proposed it)
G20 Common Framework (2022 PYQ)
1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20
together with the Paris Club.
 2. It is an initiative to support Low Income
Countries with unsustainable debt.

G20 TechSprint 2023

● to promote innovative solutions for

improving cross-border payments
● joint initiative of the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) and the Bank for International
Settlements (BIS)

G20 Member Countries :(PYQ 2020)

Also Includes African Union.(2023)

16. Art and culture

A. Bactria region - Afghanistan , Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan
B. Parthian region - iran, Afghanistan ,
Turkmenistan
C. Mesopotamia - Iraq