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Bab 5 Fundamentals of Hypothesis
Bab 5 Fundamentals of Hypothesis
Chapter 5
Fundamentals of Hypothesis
Testing: One-Sample Tests
Chapter Goals
After completing this chapter, you should be
able to:
Formulate null and alternative hypotheses for
applications involving a single population mean or
proportion
Formulate a decision rule for testing a hypothesis
Know how to use the critical value and p-value
approaches to test the null hypothesis (for both mean
and proportion problems)
Know what Type I and Type II errors are
What is a Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a claim
(assumption) about a
population parameter:
population mean
Example: The mean monthly cell phone bill
of this city is μ = $42
population proportion
Example: The proportion of adults in this
city with cell phones is p = .68
The Null Hypothesis, H0
H0 : μ 3 H0 : X 3
The Null Hypothesis, H0
(continued)
Claim: the
population
mean age is 50.
(Null Hypothesis:
Population
H0: μ = 50 )
Now select a
random sample
Is X 20 likely if μ = 50?
If not likely, Suppose
the sample
REJECT mean age Sample
Null Hypothesis is 20: X = 20
Reason for Rejecting H0
Sampling Distribution of X
X
20 μ = 50
If H0 is true
If it is unlikely that ... then we
we would get a reject the null
sample mean of ... if in fact this were hypothesis that
this value ... the population mean… μ = 50.
Level of Significance,
H0: μ ≥ 0
H1: μ < 0
Lower-tail test 0
Errors in Making Decisions
Type I Error
Reject a true null hypothesis
Considered a serious type of error
Type II Error
Fail to reject a false null hypothesis
Actual
Situation
Decision H0 True H0 False
Do Not
No error Type II Error
Key: Reject
(1 - ) (β)
Outcome H0
(Probability) Reject Type I Error No Error
H0 () (1-β)
Type I & II Error Relationship
β when
β when σ
β when n
Hypothesis Tests for the Mean
Hypothesis
Tests for
Known Unknown
Z Test of Hypothesis for the
Mean (σ Known)
Convert sample statistic ( X ) to a Z test statistic
Hypothesis
Tests for
σ Known σ Unknown
X μ
Z
σ
n
Critical Value
Approach to Testing
For two tailed test for the mean, σ known:
Convert sample statistic ( X ) to test statistic (Z
statistic )
Determine the critical Z values for a specified
level of significance from a table or
computer
Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the
rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not
reject H0
Two-Tail Tests
H0: β = 0
There are two
H1: β 0
cutoff values
(critical values),
defining the
regions of /2 /2
rejection
0 X
Reject H0 Do not reject H0 Reject H0
Lower Upper
critical critical
value value
Review: 10 Steps in
Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null hypothesis, H0
2. State the alternative hypotheses, H1
3. Choose the level of significance, α
4. Choose the sample size, n
5. Determine the appropriate statistical
technique and the test statistic to use
6. Find the critical values and determine the
rejection region(s)
Review: 10 Steps in
Hypothesis Testing
7. Collect data and compute the test statistic
from the sample result
8. Compare the test statistic to the critical
value to determine whether the test statistics
falls in the region of rejection
9. Make the statistical decision: Reject H0 if the
test statistic falls in the rejection region
10. Express the decision in the context of the
problem
Hypothesis Testing Example
Test the claim that the true mean # of TV
sets in US homes is equal to 3.
(Assume σ = 0.8)
1-2. State the appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses
H0: μ = 3 H1: μ ≠ 3 (This is a two tailed test)
3. Specify the desired level of significance
Suppose that = .05 is chosen for this test
4. Choose a sample size
Suppose a sample of size n = 100 is selected
Hypothesis Testing Example
(continued)
= .05/2 = .05/2
= .05/2 = .05/2
X = 2.84 is translated
to a Z score of Z = -2.0
/2 = .025 /2 = .025
P(Z 2.0) .0228
.0228 .0228
P(Z 2.0) .0228
p-value
=.0228 + .0228 = .0456
-1.96 0 1.96 Z
-2.0 2.0
p-Value Example
(continued)
Compare the p-value with
If p-value < , reject H0
If p-value , do not reject H0
2.6832 ≤ μ ≤ 2.9968
μ X
Critical value
Upper-Tail Tests
H0: μ ≤ 3
There is only one
critical value, since H1: μ > 3
the rejection area is
in only one tail
X μ
Critical value
Example: Upper-Tail Z Test
for Mean ( Known)
A phone industry manager thinks that
customer monthly cell phone bill have
increased, and now average over $52 per
month. The company wishes to test this
claim. (Assume = 10 is known)
= .10
Standard Normal
What is Z given = 0.10? Distribution Table (Portion)
.90 .10
Z .07 .08 .09
= .10
1.1 .8790 .8810 .8830
.90
1.2 .8980 .8997 .9015
z 0 1.28
1.3 .9147 .9162 .9177
Critical Value
= 1.28
Example: Test Statistic
(continued)
Xμ 53.1 52
Z 0.88
σ 10
n 64
Example: Decision
(continued)
Reach a decision and interpret the result:
Reject H0
= .10
Reject H0 P( X 53.1)
= .10
53.1 52.0
P Z
0 10/ 64
Do not reject H0 Reject H0
1.28 P(Z 0.88) 1 .8106
Z = .88
.1894
σ Known σ Unknown
X μ
t n-1
S
n
Example: Two-Tail Test
( Unknown)
166.14 ≤ μ ≤ 178.86
The sampling
distribution of ps Hypothesis
is approximately Tests for p
normal, so the test
statistic is a Z
value: np 5 np < 5
and or
ps p n(1-p) 5
Z n(1-p) < 5
p(1 p)
Not discussed
n in this chapter
Z Test for Proportion
in Terms of Number of Successes
An equivalent form
to the last slide, Hypothesis
but in terms of the Tests for X
number of
successes, X:
X5 X<5
and or
X np n-X 5 n-X < 5
Z
np(1 p) Not discussed
in this chapter
Example: Z Test for Proportion
A marketing company
claims that it receives
8% responses from its
mailing. To test this
claim, a random sample
of 500 were surveyed
Check:
with 25 responses. Test
at the = .05 n p = (500)(.08) = 40
significance level. n(1-p) = (500)(.92) = 460
Z Test for Proportion: Solution
H0: p = .08 Test Statistic:
H1: p .08 ps p .05 .08
Z 2.47
p(1 p) .08(1 .08)
= .05
n 500
n = 500, ps = .05
Critical Values: ± 1.96 Decision:
Reject Reject Reject H0 at = .05
Conclusion:
.025 .025
There is sufficient
-1.96 0 1.96 z evidence to reject the
-2.47 company’s claim of 8%
response rate.
p-Value Solution
(continued)
Calculate the p-value and compare to
(For a two sided test the p-value is always two sided)
Do not reject H0
Reject H0 Reject H0 p-value = .0136:
/2 = .025 /2 = .025
P(Z 2.47) P(Z 2.47)
.0068 .0068
2(.0068) 0.0136
-1.96 0 1.96
Z = -2.47 Z = 2.47
Options
Sample PHStat Output
Input
Output
Potential Pitfalls and
Ethical Considerations
Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases
Do not use human subjects without informed consent
Choose the level of significance, α, before data
collection
Do not employ “data snooping” to choose between one-
tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of
significance
Do not practice “data cleansing” to hide observations
that do not support a stated hypothesis
Report all pertinent findings
Chapter Summary