ASME RPUCVUL-2021 normal to the surface from the axis of revolution in the meridional plane, and ¢ is the nominal thickness of the shell or head under consideration, (2) The primary bending, Ps, plus local primary mem- brane equivalent stress, P,, due to any specified combina- tion of design pressure and mechanical loadings expected to occur simultaneously shall not exceed aKe15,/15. (See Figure 9-200.1 when the design of components in- volves combinations of calculated stresses.) (a) The shape factor, a, is defined asthe ratio of the mo- ment that produces a full plastic section (no strain hard ening) to the bending moment that produces initial Yielding at the extreme fibers of the section. For a rectan- gular section, « = 1.5. 9-230 PURE SHEAR STRESS The average primary shear stress across a section loaded in pure shear (for example, keys, shear rings, pins) shall be limited to 0.45. For screw threads, see KD-623. The maximum primary shear under design conditions, ex- clusive of stress concentration at the periphery of a solid circular section in torsion, shall be limited to 0.57S,, 9-240 BEARING STRESS (a) The average bearing stress for resistance to crush- ing under the maximum design load shall be limited to the yield strength S, at temperature, except that when the distance to a free edge is greater than the distance over which the bearing load is applied, a stress of 1.55, at temperature is permitted. (2) When bearing loads are applied on parts having free edges, such as at a protruding edge, the possiblity of 2 shear failure shall be considered. In the case of primary stress only, the average shear stress shall be limited to 0.45y. In the case of primary stress plus secondary stress, the average stress shall not exceed 0.55,. (When considering bearing stresses from pins in supporting members, the S, at temperature value is ap- plicable, except that a value of 15S, may be used if the pin is at least three pin diameters from the edge. 9-250 SECONDARY STRESSES The magnitude of the primary-plus-secondary stresses is limited to 25, in accordance with Pigure 9-200.1 9-260 SIMPLIFIED ELASTIC-PLASTIC ‘ANALYSIS The equivalent stress limit on the range of primary- plus-secondary equivalent stress may be exceeded pro- vided that 269 (a) the range of primary plus secondary membrane plus bending equivalent stress, excluding thermal hend- Ing, shall be less than 25y: {(b) the value of S, is multiplied by the factor K. (see KD-322); {@) the material ofthe component has a ratio of the spe- cified minimum yield strength to specified tensile strength of less than or equal to 0.80; {(@) the component meets the thermal stress ratcheting, requirements of 9-270. 9-270 THERMAL STRESS RATCHETING ASSESSMENT ‘The equivalent stress limit on the secondary equivalent stress range for thermal loading to prevent ratcheting, ‘when applied in conjunction with a steady state general or local primary membrane equivalent stress, is deter- mined below. This procedure shall only be used with an assumed linear or parabolic distribution of a secondary ‘equivalent stress range. (a) Determine the ratio of the primary membrane ‘equivalent stress to the specified minimum yield strength at the average temperature of the cycle. (270) (2) Compute the secondary equivalent stress range from the thermal loading, 4Q, using elastic analysis, methods, {¢) Determine the equivalent stress limit on the sec- ondary equivalent stress range from thermal loading, Sg. (Z) For a secondary equivalent stress range from thermal loading with a linear variation through the wall thickness: 9 5{2) fro r<05 o2m2) Sq=405,(1 x) for 05 5x5 10 (0-270:3) (2) For a secondary equivalent stress range from thermal loading with a parabolic constantly increasing ‘or decreasing variation through the wall thickness: ( 1 —_ 1 slg ex costs (9.2704 5e- Stoaaze “oo? (2708) Sg = 5250 -X)for 0615 90 si (620 MP) Reco IGaNCe— Ra steels OS Re «067 10+ Cs Re eo aC = BA Austenitic stanless steels 0, 2029 10+ LR (c) The values ofthe constants C and m for some mate- rials are given in Table KD-430 (Table KD-430M). The val- ues of the remaining constants given in Table D-500 should be used for the materials listed. {d) Other values of the constants provided in Table KD-430 (Table KD-430M) and Table D-500 may be used if they can be justified by standard fatigue crack propaga- tion tests conducted at the appropriate Rx ratios. IFthese tests indicate that a different equation for f(y) is more appropriate, that equation may be used. {e) The number of cycles for fatigue crack propagation ‘may be calculated by numerical integration of the appro- priate crack growth equation by assuming that the value of K is constant over an interval of crack growth Aa which is small relative to the crack depth at that point. To ensure that the interval of crack depth is sufficiently small, the calculation should be repeated using intervals of decreas- ing size until no significant change in the calculated num- ber of design operating cycles is obtained 296 D-600 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS CORRELATIONS DELETED D-700 REFERENCES [1] Cipolla, R. C. Technical Basis for the Revised Stress In- tensity Factor Equation for Surface Flaws in ASME Sec- tion XI, Nonmandatory Appendix A. ASME PVP-Vol. 313-1, 1995: 105-121, [2] Kendall, DP. Application of the New Section XI, A-2000 Method for Stress Intensity Factor Calculation to Thick- Walled Pressure Vessels. ASME PVP-Vol. 335, 1996: 199-194 [3] Chaban, A. and Burns, D. . Design of High Pressure Vessels With Radial Crossbores. Physica B139 and 140; 1986: 766-772 [4] Buchalet, CB. and Bamford, W. H. Stress Intensity Fac- tor Solutions for Continuous Surface Flaws in Reactor Pressure Vessels, Mechanics for Crack Growth. ASTM STP 590, 1976: 385-402 [5] Perez, E. H. Sloan, J. Gx: and Kelleher, K. . Application of Fatigue Crack Growth to an Isostatic Press. ASME PVP-Vol. 125, 1987: 53-61 6] Barsom, |. M. and Rolfe, 8. T. Correlations Between Ki. ‘and Charpy V-Notch Test Results in the Transition Tem= perature Range. ASTM STP 466, 1970: 281-302 17] Rolfe, 8. T. and Novak, S. R. Slow-Bend K;, Testing of Medium-Strength High Toughness Steels. ASTM STP 463, 1970: 124-159 [8] Kapp, J. A. and Underwood, J. H. Correlation Between Fracture Toughness, Charpy V-Notch Impact Energy, and Yield Strength for ASTM A723 Steel. ASME PVP-Vol. 283, 1992: 219-222 @ASME RPUCVUL-2021 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E CONSTRUCTION DETAILS E-100 INTEGRAL HEADS (BLIND ENDS) The thickness and proportions of blind ends of eylind: tical vessels may conform to the recommendations given in this Appendix. E-110 THICK WALL PROPORTIONS (a) For initial sizing, if the Do /Dy ratio of the vessel is 1.25 or more, the proportions of blind pressure vessel tends shall be kept within the following limits (see Figure E-110). (2) The minimum inside corner radius Rg shall be 25% of the design thickness of the vessel wall Figure E-110 Thick Walt Blind End Proportions Not Requiring Detailed Analysis Legon Da» = opening élameter=0.15D, 4 = bottom thickness = ty max. min, 2 max 2, = corner radius = 025t, sign wall thlekness ‘min (Dy = 15 min. 0 deg max 297 (2) The thickness of the blind end at the tangent of the inside corner (¢, in Figure E-110) shall be no less than the design thickness of the vessel wall and no greater than twice the design thickness, ty, of the vessel wall. For ¥ = 15 to 2.25 and R, = 0.25ty, the minimum blind end thickness shall be calculated by the following equation: io( 1.06777" + enov?— 15439741345) (EA) % For ¥ > 2.25 and R, 2 0.25¢,,, the minimum thick- ness, tp, shall be calculated by the following equation: at (2) (3) The maximum angle a from the tangent of the in- side corner to the vessel centerline shall be 10 deg from the plane perpendicular to the vessel axes (see Figure E-110). (4) The diameter D,,, of any opening in the blind end shall not exceed 159 of the vessel inside diameter and shall be located on the vessel centerline. (b) The corner radius principal stresses used to per form the fatigue evaluation in accordance with Article KD-3 shall be calculated by the following equations for Y= 1.25 to 40 and R. = 0.25¢.! 3 + s1os67!8%) m ) f 1s gvel ore A-asrie sexier m0 1, «seal we es = 13867 7 es)ASME HPVE.I-2021 E-120 THIN WALL PROPORTIONS (2) W'the D p/D, ratio ofthe vessel is less than 1.25, the ‘minimum thickness of blind ends (as shown in Figure £-120) shall be calculated by the following equation with ‘out detailed stress analysis y= Dfuscrrs) (5) (b) The minimum multiplier to be used with the C val- ues below when performing fatigue and fracture me- chanics evaluations using Articles KD-3 and KD-4, respectively, is 1.8. The stress intensity is 5=ac(ey/afr en (c) The value of C to be used in eqs. (a)(E.6) and (0)(E7) shall be based on the following: (1) ¢ = 0.22 if the inside corner radius is at least ‘three times the minimum required end thickness. (@)C = 0.44 if the inside corner radius is less than three times the minimum required end thickness. The in- side comer radius shall be greater than or equal to 25% of the design thickness of the vessel wall ty. (d) There is no special requirement with regard to eyl- inder lengths in the case of dissimilar cylindrical thick- nesses; however, the taper between such thicknesses shall be a minimum of 3:1 E-200 THREADED END CLOSURES Specific requirements for threads and threaded clo- sures are given in Article KD-6. In the following, one thread is understood to mean one 360 deg turn of a single start thread with a full cross section, The number of threads should be less than 20 but at least 4. The helix an- gle of the thread should not exceed 2 deg. The internal thread should have a generous undercut. The axial length of the external threaded portion should be at least one thread pitch longer than the mating internal threaded portion to ensure full engagement of all internal threads. The threads do not carry the axial load uniformly. The internal thread closest to the undercut carries generally the largest portion of the load. The following method may be used to determine the load distribution. The reads are numbered from the undercut For vessels where the outside diameter is not uniform along the whole length of the body, the methods given in this Appendis for calculating thread load distribution may bbe nonconservative due to the effects of the vessel outer diameter on the flexibility factors calculated in E-210 for such vessels. See KD-100(b). E-210 NOMENCLATURE (SEE FIGURES E-210.1, E-210.2, AND E-210.3) {Ay = cross-sectional area ofthe vessel normal tothe ves- Sel axs through the internal threads (92-3 (22 - 27) cross-sectional area ofthe closure normal to the vessel axis through the external threads es ab yu = combined flexibility factor ofthe body and closure (2 1 (weal Cy = Meiblity Factor ofthe threads afa a) Dp\fe Ec} outside diameter of the vessel pitch diameter of the threads Ep = modulus of elasticity of the body Figure E-120 ‘Thin Wall Blind End Proportions Not Requiring Detailed Analysis ‘Min. taper = 13. tw Min endive ~ 2% € Min aus = 0.25 tw » 298 aASME RPUCVUL-2021 ‘modulus of elasticity of the closure load on the first thread load on the second thread load on the ith thread load on the last thread total load on all threads thread pitch ‘number of loaded segments in one pitch segment load combined flexibility factor of the body and the closure a Ss flexibility factor of the threads 2s total number of threads £-220 THREAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION £-221 CONTINUOUS THREADS ‘The thread load distribution may be obtained by: Sy Gy fica t GEU6un) es) Fon e9) 299 (See Crum, A. S, Dz High Pressure Technology, ASME PVP-Vol. 148, pp. 43-53, June 1988.) Starting with the last thread F,, calculate the load on the previous thread Fy_1 and the load on Fy», and so on. E-222 INTERRUPTED (BREECH) THREAD A similar equation for segments to those for full threads cn Su “ Sy (Sum) (E.10) (0) Example for Continuous Thread, Assuming the load ‘on the last thread is unity, given the values below where the mating parts are the same material, we obtain the val- ues in Table E-222.1. Ay = 398.197 132.732 (0) Example for interrupted Thread. For $ = 4 (one- cighth turn to open), we obtain the values in Table £2222,Figure E-210.3 Detail of First Thread | i} | |ASME HPVE.I-2021 Table E-222.1 Continuous Thread Example 10 10 100 ones : 20 ass a é i pe oats ‘ beat saan om te 2 se tom tae ta Nore (1) Fr = 24666 (obtained by adding the ten F values). 302ASME PVC 2021 Table E-222.2 Interrupted Thread Example “Thread No. Seqenent No 5 Soom Su/Sr > Soum 5% Thread, ry 40 1.000 1.000 ‘0002 152 ex ity 0 1.006 2.000 0006 153 ° a5 on or oor 187 ° Pa ose an. 0017 et 8 2 107 927 oo et em 8 at 1093 1040 021 sr 8 30 ua aast 0073 170 8 28 name 1582 0026 a 7 20 1163 13755 08 wr 736 7 n 191 947 0020 ne 7 26 1am 16.169 0033, 1.36 7 Fs 1255 ara 0036 1 6 23 1329 20013 oon 203 5 a wan 22006 0017 215 5 20 1460 24206 000 223 938 5 18 162 27387 0056 230 4 15, an 32091 0066 265 4 8 17s 6072 074 2 a 2 1999 ‘8021 oo7a 297 1262 a 0 2108 $2156 0086 a2 2 7 2300 01s 100 26 2 5 250s 54000 ono aoe 1 4 2698 86775 ous aan vst 1 2 293 oasis one 447 303,ASME HPVE.I-2021 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX G DESIGN RULES FOR CLAMP CONNECTIONS G-100 SCOPE (a) The guidelines in this Appendix are for the design of clamp connections for pressure vessels and vessel parts. ‘They supplement the applicable requirements af Articles KD-2, KD-3, KD-4, and KD-6 of this Division. These guide- lines should not be used for the determinations of thick- ness of supported or unsupported tubesheets integeal ‘with a hub nor for the determination of thickness of cov- cers. These rules provide only far hydrostatic end loads, assembly, and gasket seating, Consideration shall be given to loads other than pressure, such as piping loads that may act upon the clamp connection (see KG-311.8 and KD-110). (2) The design of a clamp connection involves the selec- tion of the gasket, bolting, hub, and clamp geometry. Bolt- ing should be selected to satisfy the requirements of G-400. Connection dimensions should be such that the stresses in the clamp and the hub calculated in accor- ‘dance with G-700 and G-800 da not exceed the allowable stresses specified in Table G-900, All calculations should be made on dimensions in the corroded condition. Calcu- lations for assembly, gasket seating, and operating condi tions are required, (c) Ivis recommended that either a pressure energized and/or low seating load gasket be used. Figure G-300 shows typical pressure energized gaskets, This type of gasket is consistent with the relatively low preloading. ‘capability of this type of construction. Gasket factors m for other than pressure energized gaskets may be found In other Divisions of the Code. The designer should con- sider the deflection of the gasket contact faces under both assembly and operating loads when selecting or design- ing a gasket. Hub faces shall be designed such as to have ‘metal-to-metal contact outside the gasket seal diameter. ‘This may be provided by recessing the hub faces or by ise of a metal spacer (see Figure G-100.1). The contact area shall be sufficient to prevent yielding of either the hub face or spacer under both operating and assembly loads. (d) Wis recognized that there are clamp designs whieh utilize no wedging action during assembly since clamping surfaces are parallel to the hub faces, Such designs are ac- ‘ceptable and should satisfy the bolting and corresponding. clamp and hub requirements of a clamp connection de- signed for a total included clamping angle of 10 deg. 304 (¢) The design methods used herein to calculate stress es, loads, and moments can also be used in designing clamp connections of shapes differing from those shown in Figures G-100.1, G-100.2, and G-100.3, and for clamps consisting of more than two circumferential segments. The design equations presented herein are based on sim. ple straight beam theory and are conservative in that they do not account for curvature or hoop-restraint effects. Al- ternative techniques such as finite element analysis meth- ods can be used to evaluate clamp designs. ( Clamps designed to the rules of this Appendix should be provided with two or more bolts per segment connection. (@) The design of the hub faces and clamps should in- corporate weep holes and vent passages adequately sized to vent pressure in the event of gasket leakage to prevent hhub and clamp overstress. G-200 MATERIALS (a) Materials used in the construction of clamp connec- tions shall comply with the requirements given in Part KM. (b) Hubs and clamps should not be machined from plate. (c) Bolts, studs, nuts, and washers should comply with Article KD-6 and Part KM, Minimum diameter should be Yin. (13 mm), G-300 NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature below is used in the equations for the design of clamp-type connections (see also Figures -100.1, G-100.2, and G-100.3). Ap = total cross-sectional arca of the bolts per clamp Jug using the minimum of the root diameter of the thread or least diameter of unthreaded por- tion, in? (mm?) total clamp cross-sectional area, in? (mm?). This may be calculated as shown below or by any other consistent method based on the clamp geometry: Aer + Aca + Aes partial clamp area, in? (mm?) (Cw ~ 26)Ce partial clamp area, in? (mm)ASME HPVE.I-2021 Figure G-100.2 Typical Clamp Lug Configurations [View B-B From Figure G-100.1, Sketch (c)] 2_[y_")2 ac? - (2 - 2) partial clamp area, in.” (mm?) (Cu ~ Cy) be total required cross-sectional area of bolts per clamp segment connection, taken as the greater OF Ags and Anya, in? (mm!) total eross-sectional area of bolts per clamp seg ment connection at root of thread oF section of least diameter under stress, required for the op- erating conditions, in.” (mm*) Wor /2Sy total cross-sectional area of bolts per clamp seg- ment connection at root of thread or section of least diameter under stress, required for gasket seating, in.” (mm) Wns /2Sa outside diameter of the hub, in. (mm) outside bearing diameter of the hub accounting for the corner radius r, in. (mm) = Ay ~2rn hnub longitudinal shear area, taken as the lesser of As, and Ass, in (mm*) Ag = hub longitudinal shear area based on a straight shear surface in the tangential-longitudinal plane, in? (mm?) = nCinTo Ag» = hub longitudinal shear area based on a 45 deg conical shear surface, in (mm?). This can be cal- culated by any consistent method and may be Timited by chamnfers on the hub and thickness ofthe hub shoulder. A typlcal formulation when these effects are not limiting is shown below: m2 (42 (2) AP a G minimum clamp cross-sectional area in the radial-tangential plane, in.* (mm*) (Cy Cx) ~ Asn (The Ag area can be further modified if only two sets of bots are used and the bot hole cutout re- gions fll within a region adjacent tothe clamp lip. Such a case is lustrated by Section C-C In Figure G-100.3. For this configuration, Ag can As 306ASME BPVC-VIL3-2021 Figure G-100.3 Typical Hub Design With the Bolts Contained Within the Body of the Clamp ee @ i