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FxLMS algorithm for active noise control

García, Mauricio
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Electronic Engineering Department
Optimization Course
Bogotá, Colombia
mauricio_garcia@javeriana.edu.co

Abstract — In this work it is presented a DSP card
implementation method of the FxLMS single channel algorithm
for active noise control (ANC). The ANC technique uses the
superposition principle to attenuate acoustical noise. It is
presented some simulating and experimental results of the LMS
and FxLMS algorithms. The signals used in the ANC are several
low frequency tones and a broadband sound signal (air
compressor), which is a machine widely used in industrial
applications. The experiments are carried out in an enclosure
(control room of approximately 36 cubic meters of volume).
Keywords—component; system identification, LMS algorithm,
FxLMS algorithm, active noise control, Matlab, Simulink, adaptive
filtering, FIR filters, secondary path estimation, transfer function,
adaptive algorithm, impulse response, FIT, white noise.
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Acoustic noise affects the life quality of the society, causing
stress and issues related to ear. In most of industries, it exists
machines, which generate high sound pressure levels and can
be considerate like acoustic noise sources. In order to minimize
the negative effects on employees, generally it is used passive
methods, like acoustic isolation with acoustic barriers (walls),
and hearing protectors. These passive techniques are widely
used, but its performance in low frequencies is poor [1].
Active noise control refers to attenuate acoustic noise at
specific space points, without using passive methods (physical
barriers or hearing protection), between the noise source and
the receptor. This technique is based on the wave
superposition principle, which tells how waves may interfere
on a constructive or destructive way, and just adding to the
existing acoustic field, another wave with the same frequency
and amplitude, but opposite phase, then they interfere
destructively and cancel each other out. For ANC algorithm
design purposes, it is used the LMS algorithm invented by the
Standford University Professor, Bernard Widrow and his first
PhD Student, Ted Hoff. In this article it is presented eighteen
(18) offline results for LMS system identification algorithm,
also it is presented twenty one (21) simulation results of the
FxLMS ANC algorithm, and finally the single channel
FxLMS algorithm it is implemented in Simulink to download
it then to the DSP card, in order to obtain experimental real
time results. The simulations are important, because it can be
test if the algorithm is working well and also to compare the
performance of the algorithms between simulations and real
time results. ANC has been widely investigated for
applications like, noise control in air ducts [13], headphones
applications [14], aircraft cabins [17], multi-channel ANC for
automobiles [18], 3d reverberant enclosures multi-channel
ANC [15], but single channel ANC in 3d reverberant
enclosure for single channel, has been little documented,
always is used multichannel setups (multiple control sources
and error sensors) to achieved considerable attenuation of
approximately 20 dB [16-17]
This article is divided as follows: Section II, System
description, Section III, Simulation results. Section IV,
Implementation of the FxLMS algorithm for active noise
control in the DSP Texas TSM320C6713DSK, Section V,
Conclusions, and Section VI, Future work.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
For ANC is commonly used two different configurations of
the FxLMS algorithm, one is a feedback ANC approach
proposed by Olson and May in 1953 [10], in this scheme, a
microphone is used as error sensor and also as reference
sensor.

This control setup is commonly used for control narrow band
or predictable noises, one of the applications of this approach
is controlling the sound field in headphones and hearing
protectors [11]. The second is a feed-forward ANC approach,
which uses two sensors, an error sensor and a reference sensor.
This setup is used for narrow band noise control using a non-
acoustic reference sensor “accelerometer”, and for broad band
noise control using an acoustic reference sensor ”microphone”
[7]. In this case, it will be used a microphone as the reference
sensor. In the figure 1, we can observe the FxLMS block
diagram algorithm for feed-forward active noise control.
Figure 1. FxLMS Algorithm for Feed forward Active Noise
Control. [2]
The Primary noise is the undesirable signal, which is tried
to be attenuate, and this is measured by the input microphone
(reference signal). The secondary source (cancelling speaker)
generates the control signal and finally the primary noise is
attenuated at the physical error microphone position.
It is important to know the software elements that are part
of the ANC controller, these are: the LMS adaptive algorithm
which update the coefficients of the W(z) adaptive filter, which
is this case is represented as a FIR filter [8]. The C(z) filter
represented the secondary path estimation or the transfer
function between the secondary source (control source) and the
error microphone [2].
A. LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm for system
identification
In this part it is described the implementation procedure of the
LMS algorithm for system identification, which will be useful
in active noise control to estimate the secondary path transfer
function. The figure 2, describes the LMS block diagram
algorithm, for system identification.
Figure 2. LMS algorithm block diagram, for system
identification
Where x(n) is the input to the system identification
algorithm, which generally is a signal with equal energy in all
the frequencies, in this case it is used white noise as the input
of the system. P(z) is the system to identify, which is the
electro acoustic system (enclosure and transductors). W(z) is
the adaptive filter, whose coefficients are updated by the LMS
adaptive algorithm, until the error signal converges to zero.
For the secondary path estimation, it is necessary an input
and an output, which are the white noise and the signal
recorded by the error microphone. Then, it is possible to put
these audio signals (input-output) into the algorithm to identify
the coefficients of the impulse response.
The adaptive algorithm depends of an optimization criterion
or cost function, which for LMS, is based in minimize the
mean square error, as it is shown in equation 1. Where d(n) is
the desired signal (observed output), and y(n) is the predicted
output.
J=E ¿
In order to minimize the MSE, it’s used the descendent
gradient method, shown in the equation 2. The equation 3 is the
solution to the descendent gradient method which minimizes
the cost function, and it is obtained assuming that the input and
output signals are jointly wide sense stationary processes [12].
h ( n+1 ) =h ( n )−μ ∇ J ( n ) (2)
h ( n+1 ) =h ( n ) +2 μe ( n ) x ( n ) (3)
Where h(n+1) is the coefficient at instant (n+1), μ is the
step size which controls the convergence and the stability of the
algorithm, e(n) is the error signal and x(n) is the input signal.
B. Analitical solution (Least Mean Square) algorithm for
system identification
Let us consider de output filter as a FIR filter
N−1
y ( n )= ∑ h (k )x (n−k )= X (n)T h
k=0
Where:
T
x ( n )=[ x ( n ) , x ( n−1 ) , x ( n−2 ) , … .. , x ( n−N +1 ) ]
.
h ( n )=[ h ( 0 ) , h ( 1 ) , h ( 2 ) , … .., h ( N−1 ) ]
Then we can formulate the cost function:
J=E [(d (n )−x(n)T h )2 ]
J=E [(d 2 (n )]−2 E [d (n )x(n )T h ]+E[( x(n )T h)2 ] (4)
secondary source (cancelling speaker). Second, because of
this, the step size μ must be negative. Third, the input to the
R=E[ x(n ) x( n)T ] (5)
LMS block must be filtered by the secondary path estimation
C(z), and fourth, for simulation effects, must be included the
secondary path transfer function H(z).
P=E [ x (n )d (n)] (6)
Replacing (5) and (6) in (4)

J=E [ d 2 (n )]−2 E[ d (n) x(n )T h]+E [ hT Rh ]

J=E [ d 2 (n )]−E[ PT h ]−E [ PhT ]+E [hT Rh ]
J=σ 2 −PT h−PhT + hT Rh
d (7)
Then we find the gradient of (7)
∂ J (h )
=−P−P+2 Rh
∂(h ) (8)
Then we replace (8) in (2)
h( n+1)=h(n )−μ(−2 P+2 Rh)
h( n+1)=h(n )+2 μ( P−Rh ) (9)
To make the LMS adaptive filter more practical, our next step
is to eliminate, by an approximation, the need to know R and P.
We can form a very rough approximation of R and P, simply
by throwing away the expectation. Thus we use one of the
sample values as an estimate of expected value.
T
^ =x ( n ) x ( n )
¿
R ¿
(10)
¿^ =x ( n ) d ( n )
P ¿ (11)
Then we replace (10) and (11) in (9)
h( n+1)=h(n )+2 μ( x (n )d( n)−x (n )x (n )T h(n ))
h( n+1)=h(n )+2 μx(n )( d (n)−x( n)T h(n ))
h( n+1)=h(n )+2 μx (n )e (n )
So we have the same equation (3) which find the coefficients
that minimizes the mean square error J.
C. FxLMS (Filtered x Least Mean Square) feedforward
algorithm for active noise control
The FxLMS algorithm it’s a variation of the LMS, it has been
widely used for active noise control, an important
characteristic is that it is required an estimation of the
secondary path C(z) [7], in the figure 3 it is shown the block
diagram of the algorithm FxLMS, which has four important
differences in comparison to LMS. First, the error signal is the
sum of the desired signal and the control signal, because the
total acoustic field is equivalent to the sum of the sound
pressure levels that comes from the primary noise and the
Figure 3. FxLMS algorithm block diagram, for active noise
control (ANC)
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section will be shown some results for off line
identification with LMS algorithm and simulation results for
FxLMS ANC algorithm, in order to evidence the algorithms
behavior before their implementation in the DSP card.
A. Offine LMS (Least Mean Square) identification results
For LMS algorithm implementation it was used the software
Matlab. To obtain results of the algorithm behavior, it was
used the following elements: first, an electroacoustic sensor
(dbx RTA omnidirectional condenser microphone), located at
the position which the sound pressure will be attenuate by the
ANC algorithm. Second, a loudspeaker (control source, M-
audio Active Subwoofer 10 inches), which will reproduce the
input signal, in this case “white noise”. Finally it is reproduce
the white noise through the loudspeaker for a minute, while
the microphone is recording the signal that comes from the
speaker, then, both signals are used (reproduced and
recorded), as the input and output of the LMS identification
system, respectively. To measure the quality of the
identification, it is necessary to compare the estimated and the
real outputs; in this case it was used FIT equation 12, which
shows a percentage of similarity. Table 1 shows the test results
with white noise as input (sample rate 8 Khz), for the
secondary path identification.
‖ y−^y‖
FIT =100(1− )
‖ y−mean( y)‖
(12)
 Where y is the real output and ^y is the estimated output. 700 -0.00000000003 Unstable
700 -0.000000000003 375 ms
System order FIT Step size Error convergence
μ time Table 2.FxLMS simulation results
100 NA 0.3 Not converge
100 NA 0.03 15ms Some points deserved to be remarked from table 2, if the filter
100 51% 0.003 25 ms order is higher: first, to stabilize the algorithm it is necessary
100 51% 0.0003 2s to increase the step size. Second, the error signal converges
100 43% 0.00003 12.5 s quickly. Also, if the step size is higher, the error signal
100 NA 0.000003 Not converge
converges slowly.
400 NA 0.3 Not converge
400 NA 0.03 Not converge IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FXLMS ALGORITHM IN THE DSP
400 58% 0.003 20ms TEXAS INSTRUMENTS TSM320C6713DSK
400 76% 0.0003 1s For real time processing purposes, it is necessary the
400 72% 0.00003 9s
FxLMS implementation in a DSP card. To reach the target the
400 44% 0.000003 60 s
following elements were used: Matlab (Simulink), DSP Texas
700 NA 0.3 Not converge Instruments, Code Composer studio V3.1, USB Sound Card
700 NA 0.03 Not converge (M-box2), Active subwoofer 10 inches (Control Source),
700 NA 0.003 Not converge Active Tannoy Speaker 6 inches (Primary Source), Senheiser
700 87% 0.0003 0.8 s e614 condenser Microphone (reference microphone), dBx RTA
700 82% 0.00003 6.7 s condenser microphone (error microphone) and wiring need. In
700 58% 0.000003 60 s the figure 4, it is shown the ANC setup.
Table 1. Testing results for secondary path identification

Some points deserved to be remarked from table 1, if the filter

order is higher: first, to stabilize the algorithm it is necessary
to decrease the step size. Second, the FIT is higher and the
identification is more accurate, and three, the error signal
converges quickly. Also if the step size is lower, the error
signal converges slowly.
B. FxLMS (Filtered x Least Mean Square) ANC results
In order to obtain simulating results, it was used the secondary
path estimation (Impulse Response) obtained in the
preliminary identification stage. In the table 2, it is shown the
results for error convergence times, using several step sizes μ Figure 4. ANC setup (reference microphone at left and
and several orders for secondary path estimation. error microphone at right)
A. FxLMS Simulink Model
Secondary path estimation Step size Error convergence
First of all, it is necessary to make a Simulink model, which
order μ time
will be downloaded to the DSP card, through the compilation
100 -0.0003 Not converge
100 -0.00003 Unstable software “Code Composer Studio.” Then it is important to
100 -0.000003 Unstable design the following blocks (algorithms): LMS, Real Time
100 -0.0000003 120 ms Convolution and an adaptive FIR Filter. In the figure 4, it is
100 -0.00000003 170 ms shown the block diagram of the Simulink model, for a
100 -0.000000003 1.2 s secondary path estimation of 400 coefficients. Where P(z) is
the plant (primary path transfer function), C(z) is the secondary
400 -0.0003 Unstable
path estimation, W(z) is the adaptive filter, C(z)1 is the real
400 -0.00003 Unstable
400 -0.000003 Unstable
secondary path transfer function, and LMS the adaptive
400 -0.0000003 Unstable algortihm. The blocks called “W” are the memory algorithms,
400 -0.00000003 82 ms which store the update coefficients of the iterative process.
400 -0.000000003 346 ms

700 -0.0003 Unstable

700 -0.00003 Unstable
700 -0.000003 Unstable
700 -0.0000003 Unstable
700 -0.00000003 Unstable
700 -0.000000003 Unstable
700 -0.0000000003 Unstable
 Table 3.FxLMS simulation results in Simulink

Frequency (Hz) Error convergence Atenuation

time (dB)
60 1s 31 dB
80 1.3 s 27.4 dB
100 2.3 s 27 dB
120 0.6 s 31.4 dB
140 2.5 s 34 dB
160 1.5 s 33.9 dB
190 15 s 30.5 dB

Figure 6. Error Signal using an audio recording of the

compressor noise

The error signal obtained for simulation in Simulink, for the

Figure 5. Block diagram of the FxLMS algorithm, for
active noise control in simulink (400 coefficients)
B. FxLMS Results in simulink
To obtained simulation results in Simulink, several audible
low frequencies were used (60, 80, 100. 120, 140, 160 and 190
Hz). In the table 3 it is shown the results.
compressor noise (figure 6), gives an attenuation of 6 dB.
C. FxLMS Error convergence time Results in the DSP card
In the same way like in simulink, the low frequencie
signals and the compressor noise were used as input to the
active noise control system. To download the algorithm to the
DSP, it was performed the setup described in the figure 7. As
it can be seen, it is just necessary to used the adaptive filter
W(z), the LMS algorithm and the secondary path estimation
C(z), since the secondary and primary paths are the real
transfer functions of the electro-acoustic system. The block
DAC is the digital-analog converter which sends the control
signal to the control speaker, and the ADC block is the analog-
digital converter which capture the signals from the reference
and error microphone.

Also it was used the compressor noise as input to the Simulink

model, in the figure 6, it is shown the error signal for 400
coefficients and step size μ = -0.0003, using the noise of the
machine (compressor), as input to the control system. This
configuration was used, because it was the only setup which
works well, with 74% of FIT. The other configuration tested
offers no satisfactory results, because the error signal does not
converge or it becomes unstable.
Figure 7 FxLMS Simulink model for implementation in the
DSP card

In the table 5. It is shown the results, for the FxLMS DSP

implementation.
 Frequency (Hz) Error convergence Atenuation
time (dB)
60 2s 27.6 dB
80 2s 26.4 dB
100 2.4 s 27.3 dB
120 5s 23. 1 dB
140 27 s 21.7 dB
160 45 s 21.3 dB
190 130 s 20.5 dB

Table 5. FxLMS results in DSP

For monitoring purposes, the output of the error signal was

recorded to a digital audio workstation. In the figures 8 (time)
and 9 (frequency), it is shown the error signal for 400
coefficients and step size μ = -0.003, using a frequency of 100
HZ as input to the control system.
Figure 9. Control results in the DSP (100 Hz)
In the figures 10 (time) and 11 (frequency), it is shown the
error signal for 400 coefficients, μ = -0.0003, using the noise
of the machine (compressor), as input to the control system.

Figure 10. Control results in the DSP (compressor)

Figure 8. Control results in the DSP (100 Hz)

Figure 11. Control results in the DSP (compressor)


We can observe that the principal attenuation were in the
range of 0 Hz to 60 Hz.
V. CONCLUSIONS
It is important to consider that the control in the DSP it
worked only to 190 Hz, since the control source used was
limited to play higher frequencies, because the subwoofer has
a High-pass/low-pass linked filter from 50 Hz to 200 Hz.
The low frequency tones used for ANC in the DSP card were
attenuated around 20 and 26 decibels. DSP control tests
carried out with the compressor noise were unsatisfactory,
since no significant attenuation of the signal was achieved.
The largest was 4 dB attenuation.
VI. FUTURE WORK
It is important to test the behavior of other identification
algorithms, like the normalized LMS or the recursive LMS for
active noise control applications. It is possible to design LMS
algorithm in frequency domain, in order to reduce processing
overloads in DSP. LMS could even be used for online
identification systems. Also it can experiment the use of other
digital realizations of FIR or IIR filters direct form II,
transpose, cascade or lattice, etc.
It is important to evaluate the active noise control for smaller
sample rates, since the sample rate used were 8 KHz, and also
evaluate the ANC behavior in the DSP with a control source
which can play higher frequencies, like 500 Hz or higher.
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