07 - Film Coating Trouble Shooting

© BASF SE 2013
Thorsten Cech
Manager European Application Lab
Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition
Europe, Africa, West Asia
Trouble shooting -
obstacles during film-coating
Introduction
Variety of film-coating technology
Source: E. Bennie, Active Division, I.M.A. S.p.A., Bologna, Italy
Film-coating Pellets, micro tablets Sugar-coating

(solid wall) film-coating (solid wall)
Film-coating processes can be conducted in various kinds of equipment - there is drum

coating equipment (solid and perforated wall) as well as fluid bed technology.
Th. Cech ǀ E-ENE/PT ǀ Slide: 2 / 59 Pharma Solutions Sales Europe Nutrition & Health Division
Introduction
Why is a perfect film-coating process that important?
Source: Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Picture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_press
Wrong settings for

the compression
lead to single
tablets which are
out of specification.
Introduction
Why is a perfect film-coating process that important?
Picture: F. A. Rowley; Presentation: Engineering for Success: The Aqueous film-coating Process; Los Angeles, 2005
Film-coated tablets, sticking together due Film-coated tablets, sticking together due
to poor coating formulation to over-wetted process
Wrong settings for the compression lead to single tablets which are out of specification.
Wrong settings in the coating process lead to the loss of the whole batch!
Introduction
Importance of the process
Weigh in Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating
Weigh in Sieving Granulation Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating
Weigh in Sieving Blending Compression Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating
Weigh in Sieving Granulation Coating Blending Compression Film-coating
Processing of dispersions
Typical obstacles
• Temperature • Stirrer
• Temperature • Plasticiser
alterations incorporation
• Exposure to • Duration
sunlight
Storage,
Preparation
shipment
Formulation Processing
• Plasticiser • Stirring devices

• Colourant • Spraying system
• pH-value • Temperature
Handling of dispersions
Physical coagulation (1)
Source: Th. Agnese, Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Coagulation [%]
Found after stressing the dispersion with a high shear mixer
(UltraTurax 25)
Speed
[rpm] 2,000 11,000 13,000 16,000 19,000
temp. temp. temp. temp.
Time [°C] [°C] [°C] [°C]
[minutes] 15 4 4 4 4
Kollicoat® SR 30 D 0.04 0.06 45 0.01 45 0.01 47 0.07 54
Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP
0.00 0.02 34 0.06 43 7.50 47 22.54 68
Eudragit® L 30 D-55
Eudragit® NE 30 D 22.96 --- --- --- ---
Physical coagulation (2)
Eudragit® NE 30 D Eudragit® NE 30 D
(without shearing) (15 minutes / 2,000 rpm)
Physical / chemical coagulation
Coagulation of Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP Coagulation can also be achieved by

by adding high concentrated mixing Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP with
propylene glycol Kollicoat® SR 30 D
Kollicoat® MAE
Sicovit® E110
Coagulation of Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP

by adding the colouring agent Sunset
Yellow directly.
Source: Th. Agnese, C. Broicher, Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
FD & C Blue No. 1

Carmine (52%)
Sunset yellow
Iron oxide red

Basovit® red
Patent blue
Erythrosine
Tartrazine
Blank
E124
E120
E131
E172
E127
E102
E110
TAC 24 h OK OK 24 h 24 h 24 h OK OK 24 h
TBC OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
ATBC OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
TEC OK 48 h OK OK 48 h OK OK 24 h 48 h
DBS OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Kollisolv® P124 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
PEG 6000 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h
Coagulation
Source: Th. Agnese, C. Broicher, Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Coagulated dispersion
Causes
• The dispersion might interact with

excipients (e.g. colorant, other
polymers), depending on zeta
potential or pH value these might
result in coagulation
Cures
• Choose the components of your

formulation properly
• Avoid mechanical stress (e.g. pump,
tubing, nozzle)
• Avoid temperature (e.g. stirrer)
• Avoid residuals in the tubing – use
new tubes or ones properly cleaned
Sedimentation
Pictures: B. Helsdon, Bosch (Manesty), Knowsley, U.K.; www.wikipedia.org
Nozzle and peristaltic pump

Causes
• Aqueous dispersions of water

insoluble polymers result in low
viscosity
• Too low flow rate (inner diameter of
the tubes to wide) as well as the a
pause in spraying (change of batch)
result in sedimentation
Cures
• Use tubes with an inner diameter

adapted to the spray rate
• Always clean the lines with water
before stopping the spray rate
Sedimentation
Stokes’ law
Causes
d ⋅ (ρ p − ρ s )⋅ g
• Due to low viscosity of dispersions ,
2 sedimentation tendency is always
p
vs = high
18 ⋅η
• The larger the pigments, the faster
the sedimentation
Cures
• Al-lakes and dies offer an advantage

regarding sedimentation (small
particles), yet interactions are
possible
• Talk, kaolin, MgS are difficult;
advantages for GMS, but
inconvenient to prepare
Spray drying
Glatt nozzle
Causes
• Aqueous dispersions of water

insoluble polymers result in low
viscosity
• High AA-pressure in combination
with high inlet air temperatures
results in spray drying
Cures
• Use proper settings such as low inlet

air temperatures (e.g. 55°C) and low
AA-pressures (e.g. 1.2 bar)
Bulk stability
Coated tablets, sticking together

Causes
• Depending on polymer and amount

of plasticiser tackiness of the film
might occur
Cures
• A proper amount of talc has to be

part of the coat formulation
• Instead of water use a suspension
(e.g. talc or MgS) for finally cleaning
the tubes
Tg – responsible parameter for tackiness
Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP Kollicoat® Smartseal 30 D

Kollicoat® SR 30 D
formulated dispersion formulated dispersion
solid matter content 20% solid matter content 20%
MFFT relevant component MFFT relevant component

polymer water plasticiser polymer w plasticiser
coating process coating process
Tg relevant component Tg relevant component

polymer plasticiser polymer plasticiser
In case of MAE and SR one Tg relevant plasticiser (water) is evaporated during the coating
process. The likelihood for tackiness is higher for Smartseal. Therefore, a ‘top-coat’ is
recommended (MgS).
Cleaning
Solid wall coater

Causes
• Functional coatings are either

insoluble or dissolve only in specific
pH values
Cures
• Use proper detergents

• Adjust the pH value according to the
dissolution properties of the
dispersion
Cleaning
Discoloured OptiCoat nozzle

Causes
• Discoloration / oxidation of the

nozzle
• Introducing acidic cleaning agents
(e.g. diluted HCl) via the spraying
nozzle may lead to oxidation of he
nozzle body
Cures
• Do not apply acidic cleaning agents

via the spraying nozzle
• Disassemble the nozzle before
cleaning
• Use proper cleaning agents such as
P3 cosa CIP 72 (ECOLAB)
Baffles and their mixing behaviour
Parameters influencing the product movement
The movement of the cores in the drum is influenced by following parameters:
 Type of coaters
 Size and shape of the drum
 Baffle -
numbers of baffles and design
 Drum speed
 Batch size in ratio to the capacity of the coaters
 Shape and size of the cores
 Density of the core
 Formulation of the film-coating dispersion
Rabbit ear baffles
Source: Mixing efficiency in side-vented coating equipment

G. W. Smith, Graeme S. Macleod, John Th. Fell; AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4 (3) Article 37
The AccelaCota 24” is

typically used with 10 rpm.
This means: it takes 4
minutes to achieve a
homogeneous mixture.
The mixing characteristics

of the classical rabbit ear
baffles is poor.
Tubular baffle
Source: Mixing efficiency in side-vented coating equipment

G. W. Smith, Graeme S. Macleod, John Th. Fell; AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4 (3) Article 37
The ‘Tubular Baffle’ is much

more efficient.
Mixing efficiency
Source: G. W. Smith, BOSCH Manesty, Knowsley, UK

Pictures: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland; BOSCH Manesty, Knowsley, UK
Type of baffle Mixing effect Mixing Usage
long
processes,
Rabbit ears low gentle
highly friable
tablets
low batch
Ploughshare intermediate moderate
sizes
short
processes,
Tubular very high aggressive
lowly friable
tablets
Nozzle technology
Comparison of ‘old’ and ‘new’ air caps
Source: S. Gerstner, Düsen-Schlick GmbH, Untersiemau/Coburg, Germany
Classical two substance horn

nozzle, like distributed from
different manufacturers
(e.g. Schlick, Manesty, Walter,
…)
New developed ABC nozzle,

distributed from Schlick and
with a similar configuration
from Glatt.
This cap is very successful in
the market and substitutes
the old configuration in many
applications.
Nozzle technology
Schlick horn nozzle - Schlick ABC nozzle -

Classical set-up (ABC = anti bearding cap)
Nozzle technology
Source: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland
Schlick horn nozzle -

Visualisation of airborne droplets
Nozzle technology
Schlick ABC nozzle -

Visualisation of airborne droplets
Nozzle technology
Settings for flat jet air (pattern air)
without flat air
too much moisture

in the central zone
extremely high flat air pressure
too much moisture

in the outer rim
optimal spray pattern
homogenous distribution
of the dispersion
Nozzle technology
Nozzle positioning
Product pan
Spray
ellipsoid
Spray nozzle
Spray jet of
solution liquid
Product
Nozzle technology
Nozzle positioning
Product pan
Spray
ellipsoid
Spray nozzle
Spray jet of
solution liquid
Product
Nozzle technology
Nozzle positioning
Source: F. A. Rowley; Presentation: Engineering for Success: The Aqueous film-coating Process; Los Angeles, 2005
Perforated drum coater Also very important for a

successful coating
process is the gun to
wall distance.
A wrong positioning
leads to a coated wall,
the coating result is
badly influenced.
Nozzle technology
Positioning of the nozzles
Distance Angle Position

nozzle core bed nozzle core bed in the drum
1/3
2/3
90°
The distance between nozzle and core bed should be about 20 – 23 cm.
The nozzle should be adjusted in an angle of about 90°.
The positioning of the nozzle should be as high as possible.
It is of great importance, that the cores already reached their maximum speed
Nozzle technology
Typical settings for S45
Bore diameter
[mm]
Spray rate
[g/min]
Viscosity < 100 mPas Viscosity > 100 mPas
0.8 – 1.0 1.0 – 1.2

30 – 60
AA start at 0.7 bar
1.0 – 1.2 1.2 – 1.5
60 – 120
AA start at 1.0 bar
1.2 – 1.5 1.5 – 1.8
120 – 150
AA start at 1.5 bar
1.5 – 1.8 1.8 – 2.2
150 - 180
AA start at 2.0 bar
Nozzle technology
Pumping
Video: S. Gerstner, Düsen-Schlick GmbH, Untersiemau/Coburg, Germany

Pictures: www.wikipedia.org
Rotary type Schlick ABC nozzle

prototype
Linear type
Nozzle technology
Tubing sizes
Source: B. Weiland, Heidolph Elektro GmbH & Co. KG, Kelheim, Germany
Tubing sizes
Inner diameter 0.8 mm 1.7 mm 3.1 mm 4.8 mm 6.3 mm
Outer diameter 4 mm 4.9 mm 6.3 mm 8 mm 9.5 mm
Wall thickness (wt) 1.6 mm 1.6 mm 1.6 mm 1.6 mm 1.6 mm
Max. pressure 0.7 / 1.7 bar 0.7 / 1.7 bar 0.7 / 1.7 bar 0.5 / 1.5 bar 0.5 / 1.5 bar
Flow rates in combination with pump head / pump drive [mL/min]
min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max.
PD 5106 / 5206 1.6 40 6.8 169 25.7 643 56 1,400 88.7 2,217
PD 5006 3.3 40 14.1 169 53.6 643 116.7 1,400 184.8 2,217
PD 5101 / 5201 0.3 8.0 1.4 34 5.2 129 11.2 280 17.7 443
PD 5001 0.7 8.0 2.8 34 10.7 129 23.3 280 37.0 443
PD 5106 / 5206 2.4 60.2 10.4 260 41.2 1,029 86.3 2,157 146 3,644
PD 5006 5.0 60.2 21.7 260 85.8 1,029 179.8 2,157 304 3,644
PD 5101 / 5201 0.5 12.0 2.1 52 8.2 206 17.3 431 29.2 729
PD 5001 1.0 12.0 4.3 52 17.2 206 36.0 431 60.7 729
Typical obstacles
Overwetting, caused by wrong batch size
Also important for the coating

quality is the positioning of the
exhaust air shoe and the batch
quantity respectively.
Wrong settings lead to a worse air

flow resulting to over wetting.
Typical obstacles
Overwetting, caused by poor coater settings
Source: Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Germany
Picture: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland
150 Pa
1.5 mbar
1.125 mm Hg
0.0443 inch Hg
0.00148 atm
0.0218 PSI
It is important to run the coating process with depression. This assures that moisture content
of the process air does not increase in the drum.
Typical obstacles
Overwetting, caused by blockage of the perforation
Source: Th. Cech, European Application Lab (Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition), BASF SE, Germany
Pictures: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland
Defilement of the drum

perforation (caking) may
lead to changes in the air
flow. The increasing
aerodynamic resistance
leads to an increasing
pressure in the drum and
potentially to turbulences
(spray drying effects).
Typical obstacles
Colour variations
Tablet examples
Causes
• Process time too short

• Solid matter content too high
• Poor mixing behaviour (drum)
• Dispersion not homogeneous
Cures
• Increase process time

(decrease spray rate)
• Improve mixing behaviour
(increase drum speed)
• Stir dispersion during coating
Typical obstacles
Bleaching
Tablet examples
Causes
• Colouring agent is light-sensitive

• Chemical interaction with core
components
Cures
• Light protection
(packaging material)
• Using other colouring agents
Typical obstacles
Sticking
Tablet examples
Causes
• Slow drying process

• Spray rate too high
• Air quantity too low
• Temperature too low
• Positive air pressure in the drum
• Guns too close together
Cures
• Increasing inlet air quantity and

temperature
• Reducing spray rate
• Increasing exhaust air quantity
• Increasing drum speed
• Adapt gun to gun distance and air
pressure
Typical obstacles
Sticking – twinning, picking
Tablet examples
Causes
• Moisture content too high

• Product temperature too high
(depending on polymer (Tg))
• Initial twinning
(depending on core formulation)
• Shape of the cores
Cures
• Reduce spray rate

• Increase bed temperature
• Increase inlet air temperature
• Increase inlet air quantity
• Interval spraying
Typical obstacles
Cracking
Tablet examples
Causes
• Swelling of the core

• Insufficient plasticizer content
(depending on type of polymer)
Cures
• Reduce spray rate

• Increase bed temperature, inlet air
temperature or inlet air quantity
• Adapt coating formulation
• Usage of other plasticizers
Typical obstacles
Cracking
Tablet examples
Causes
• Swelling of the core

• Tablets shows elastic deformation,
which is time dependent
• Sometimes elastic deformation is
temperature initiated
Cures
• Do not coat tablets directly after

compression (continuous
manufacturing is crucial)
• Store tablets > 1 day before coating
• Alteration of process temperature
might be considered
Typical obstacles
Cratering
Tablet examples
Causes
• Product temperature too high

(excipients with low melting point)
(easy soluble excipients)
Cures
• Reduce product temperature

• Reduce moisture content during
coating process
Typical obstacles
Peeling
Tablet examples
Causes
• Poor adhesion
(e.g. hydrophobic cores)
Cures
• Increase adhesion
(e.g. add silica dioxide)
• Reformulation
Typical obstacles
Orange peel, roughness
Tablet examples
Causes
• Dust formation due to spray drying

 process temperature too high
 wrong position of the nozzle
 wrong nozzle type (bore)
• Dust formation, due to high friability
• Air stream not optimal
• Low adhesion of the film
Cures
• Adjusting process parameters

 quantity
 temperature
• New positioning of the nozzle
• Solid content too high
• Using other type of nozzle (bore)
Typical obstacles
Orange peel, roughness
Tablet examples
Causes
• Moisture content during the film-

coating process is too high,
therefore disintegrant (Kollidon® CL)
showed swelling
Cures
• Spray intervals in the beginning of

the process
• Increasing core bed temperature
Usage of:
Kollidon® CL-F
Kollidon® CL-SF
Typical obstacles
Bridging, logo filling
Photo: F. A. Rowley; Presentation: Engineering for Success: The Aqueous film-coating Process; Los Angeles, 2005
Tablet examples
Causes
• Viscosity to high
• Poor polymer properties
• Peeling
• Spray drying
• Pigment concentration too high
• Solid content too high
• Big droplets
Cures
• Decreasing solid matter content

• Reformulation of coating dispersion
• Increasing atomisation air pressure
• Using other nozzle design (bore)
• Adapt engraving design
(angle, depth)
Typical obstacles
Colour variation (spots)
Tablet examples
Causes
• Pigments are agglomerated

• Coagulation
• Dispersion not homogeneous
Cures
• Using high shear mixer for

preparation
• Prevent shear stress
Typical obstacles
Magnetic pigments
Source: F. L. Ikuno; BASF SE; Brazil
Stirring device (beaker)

Causes
• Pigments (e.g. iron oxide black) is

magnetic
Cures
• Use other types of stirrer

(e.g. over head stirrers)
• Use pigments which are not
magnetic
Typical obstacles
Edge chipping, capping
Tablet examples
Causes
• Hardness and friability not sufficient

• Drum speed too high
• Process time too long
• Sharp tablet edges
Cures
• Reducing drum speed

• Increasing hardness of the cores
• Reducing mechanical stress
(shorter process time by increasing
spray rate)
• Usage of other tablet shapes
Typical obstacles
Core erosion
Tablet examples
Causes
• Process time too long

• Drum speed too high
• Hardness and friability not sufficient
• Shape of tablets
• Overwetting
Cures
• Reducing drum speed

• Increasing hardness of the cores
• Reducing mechanical stress
(shorter process time by increasing
spray rate)
• Adapt spray rate (overwetting)
Typical obstacles
Tg of the polymer
Pictures: D. van den Heuvel; Synthon BV; Nijmegen; The Netherlands
Wurster coating
Causes
• Glass transition temperature (Tg) of

the polymer is reached, provoking
stickiness
Cures
• Usage of alternative plasticizers

• Usage of lower amount of
plasticizers
• Reduce inlet air temperature
(this effect is NO overwetting!)
• Increase air volume (drum coating)
Typical obstacles
Scuffing
Values: A. H. Kibbe; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients
Talk (E 553 b) Kaolin (E 559)
Mg (OH) [Si O
6 4 8
]
20
Al (OH) [Si O
4 8 4 10
]
Mg [Si O
3 4 10
] ⋅ (OH) 2
Al Si O ⋅ (OH)
2 2 5 4
Specific density 2.58 – 2.83 Specific density 2.61 – 2.68

Mean particle size Ø 10 - 20 µm Mean particle size Ø 0.5 – 1.0 µm
Hardness (Mohs) 1 – 1.5 Hardness (Mohs) 2.0 – 2.5
Typical obstacles
Scuffing
Values: A. H. Kibbe; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients
Titanium dioxide (E 171) Caused by the high hardness of

titanium dioxide, the equipment can
be ‘cleaned’ with coating. Hereby,
particles are being attached to the
surface.
Specific density 3.8 – 4.1

Mean particle size Ø 1.05 µm
Hardness (Mohs) 5–6
Typical obstacles
Scuffing
Source: www.wikipedia.org
Mohs Vickers absolute

hardness
Mineral Structure
hardness hardness
Hardness of some items
1 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 2.4 0.03 2.5 Fingernail

2 Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O 36.0 1.25 2.5–3 Gold, Silver
3 Calcite CaCO3 109.0 4.5 3 Copper penny
4 Fluorite CaF2 189.0 5.0 4-4.5 Platinum
5 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH-,Cl-,F-) 536.0 6.5 4-5 Iron
6 Orthoclase KAlSi3O8 795.0 37 5.5 Knife blade
7 Quartz SiO2 1,120.0 120 6-7 Glass
8 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH-,F-)2 1,427.0 175 6.5 Iron pyrite
9 Corundum Al2O3 2,060.0 1,000 7+ Hardened steel file
10 Diamond C 10,060.0 140,000 2.5 Fingernail
Typical obstacles
Summary
Source: F. Wildschek, Technical Marketing Pharma Solutions Sales Europe Europe, Lampertheim, Germany
Checklist –
Most critical parameters for the coating process
 Gun geometry
 Atomizing / flat jet air
 Pan pressure
 Pan speed
 Spray rate
 Inlet / exhaust air temperature
 Total air volume
 Adhesion of particles to the spray gun
Contact
Thorsten Cech
Manager European Application Lab
Pharma Solutions & Human Nutrition
BASF SE
E-ENE/PT – Nutrition & Health (Europe, Africa, West Asia)
Phone: + 49 (0) 621 / 60 – 99 290

Mobile: + 49 (0) 173 / 347 99 58
Fax: + 49 (0) 621 / 60 – 66 99 290
Mail: thorsten.cech@basf.com
Internet: www.pharma.basf.com
www.newtrition.basf.com

07 - Film Coating Trouble Shooting

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07 - Film Coating Trouble Shooting

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© BASF SE 2013

Source: E. Bennie, Active Division, I.M.A. S.p.A., Bologna, Italy

Film-coating Pellets, micro tablets Sugar-coating

Film-coating processes can be conducted in various kinds of equipment - there is drum

Wrong settings for

Weigh in Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating

Weigh in Sieving Granulation Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating

Weigh in Sieving Blending Compression Sieving Blending Compression Film-coating

Weigh in Sieving Granulation Coating Blending Compression Film-coating

• Plasticiser • Stirring devices

Kollicoat® SR 30 D 0.04 0.06 45 0.01 45 0.01 47 0.07 54

Eudragit® NE 30 D 22.96 --- --- --- ---

Coagulation of Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP Coagulation can also be achieved by

Coagulation of Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP

FD & C Blue No. 1

Iron oxide red

• The dispersion might interact with

• Choose the components of your

Nozzle and peristaltic pump

• Aqueous dispersions of water

• Use tubes with an inner diameter

• Al-lakes and dies offer an advantage

• Aqueous dispersions of water

• Use proper settings such as low inlet

Coated tablets, sticking together

• Depending on polymer and amount

• A proper amount of talc has to be

Kollicoat® MAE 30 DP Kollicoat® Smartseal 30 D

MFFT relevant component MFFT relevant component

coating process coating process

Tg relevant component Tg relevant component

Solid wall coater

• Functional coatings are either

• Use proper detergents

Discoloured OptiCoat nozzle

• Discoloration / oxidation of the

• Do not apply acidic cleaning agents

The movement of the cores in the drum is influenced by following parameters:

 Formulation of the film-coating dispersion

Source: Mixing efficiency in side-vented coating equipment

The AccelaCota 24” is

The mixing characteristics

Source: Mixing efficiency in side-vented coating equipment

The ‘Tubular Baffle’ is much

Source: G. W. Smith, BOSCH Manesty, Knowsley, UK

Type of baffle Mixing effect Mixing Usage

Source: S. Gerstner, Düsen-Schlick GmbH, Untersiemau/Coburg, Germany

Classical two substance horn

New developed ABC nozzle,

Source: S. Gerstner, Düsen-Schlick GmbH, Untersiemau/Coburg, Germany

Schlick horn nozzle - Schlick ABC nozzle -

Source: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland

Schlick horn nozzle -

Source: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland

Schlick ABC nozzle -

Source: S. Gerstner, Düsen-Schlick GmbH, Untersiemau/Coburg, Germany

without flat air

too much moisture

extremely high flat air pressure

too much moisture

optimal spray pattern

Source: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland

Source: W.-D. Fischer, Glatt AG, Pratteln, Switzerland