Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica

Unidad Azcapotzalco

DATOS DUROS
Materia
Ciencias de los materiales II

Profesor
Aguilar Sánchez José Rubén.

Equipo 1
Integrantes:
Gasca Ortega Leobardo.
López Rios Estefania de Murga.
Prado Trujillo Paloma Del Carmen.
Reyes Cañongo Joan Antonio.
Romo Sánchez Raquel Berenice.
Sánchez Chávez Jesús David.

Grupo: 4MM1
Fecha: Febrero 2023
índice
Resumen de datos duros…………………………………………………………………3
Resistencia a la tensión…………………………………………………………………..4
Limite elástico……………………………………………………………………………...5
Peso especifico……………………………………………………………………………6
Temperatura de fusión……………………………………………………………………7
Análisis químico……………………………………………………………………………8
Porciento de reducción de área………………………………………………………….9
Porciento de elongación………………………………………………………………..10
Porciento de dureza……………………………………………………………………..11
Temperaturas de tratamientos térmicos………………………………………………12
Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………..13
 Recopilación – Datos Duros
MPa
1000 lb⁄in2
Resistencia a la tensión
703 102
MPa
1000 lb⁄in2
Límite elástico
598 86.7
g
Peso especifico ⁄cm3
7.85

℃ ℉
Temperatura de fusión
1537 2798.6
Composición química en %
Análisis químico C Mn Pmáx Smáx
0 40 – 0 50 0 60 – 0 90 0 040 0 050

%
Porciento de reducción de área
35
Alargamiento en 50 mm (2 pulg), %
Porciento de elongación
15.0

Dureza Brinell Dureza Rockwell

Porciento de dureza
207 93
Normalizado Recocido Templado
Temperatura para tratamientos térmicos ℃ ℉ ℃ ℉ ℃ ℉
845-900 1550- 830-870 1525- 800-845 1475-
1650 1600 1550
 Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.

6-32 IRON AND STEEL Resistencia a la Tensión

Table 6.2.12 Representative Average Mechanical Properties of Cold-Drawn Steel
Tensile strength Yield strength
Elongation
AISI 1,000 1,000 in 50 mm Reduction Brinell
no. MPa lb/in2 MPa lb/in2 (2 in), % of area, % hardness
1010 462 67 379 55.0 25.0 57 137
1015 490 71 416 60.3 22.0 55 149
1020 517 75 439 63.7 20.0 52 156
1025 552 80 469 68.0 18.5 50 163
1030 600 87 509 73.9 17.5 48 179
1035 634 92 539 78.2 17.0 45 187
1040 669 97 568 82.4 16.0 40 197
1045 703 102 598 86.7 15.0 35 207
1117 552 80 469 68.0 19.0 51 163
1118 569 82.5 483 70.1 18.5 50 167
1137 724 105 615 89.2 16.0 35 217
1141 772 112 656 95.2 14.0 30 223
Sizes 16 to 50 mm (% to 2 in) diam, test specimens 50 ⫻ 13 mm (2 ⫻ 0.505 in).
SOURCE: ASM ‘‘Metals Handbook.’’

Table 6.2.13 Simplified Tool-Steel Classification* SPECIAL ALLOY STEELS

Major grouping Symbol Types Many steel alloys with compositions tailored to specific requirements
Water-hardening tool steels W are reported periodically. Usually, the compositions and/or treatments
Shock-resisting tool steels S are patented, and they are most likely to have registered trademarks and
Cold-work tool steels O Oil hardening trade names. They are too numerous to be dealt with here in any great
A Medium-alloy air hardening detail, but a few of the useful properties exhibited by some of those
D High-carbon, high-chromium special alloys are mentioned.
Hot-work tool steels H H10 – H19 chromium base Iron-silicon alloys with minimum amounts of both carbon and other
H20 – H39 tungsten base alloying elements have been used by the electrical equipment industry
H40 – H59 molybdenum base for a long time; often these alloys are known as electrical sheet steel.
High-speed tool steels T Tungsten base Iron-nickel alloys with high proportions of nickel, and often with other
M Molybdenum base alloying elements, elicit properties such as nonmagnetic behavior, high
Special-purpose tool steels F Carbon-tungsten
permeability, low hysteresis loss, low coefficient of expansion, etc.;
L Low-alloy iron-cobalt alloys combined with other alloying elements can result in
P Mold steels materials with low resistivity and high hysteresis loss. The reader inter-
P1 – P19 low carbon ested in the use of materials with some of these or other desired proper-
P20 – P39 other types ties is directed to the extensive literature and data available.
* Each subdivision is further identified as to type by a suffix number which follows the letter
symbol.
STAINLESS STEELS
by James D. Redmond
The wire usually has a Brinell hardness between 352 and 415, although
this will depend on the application of the spring and the severity of the REFERENCES: ‘‘Design Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Stainless Steel,’’
forming operation. Steel for small flat springs has either been cold- Specialty Steel Institute of North America (SSINA), Washington, DC. Publica-
rolled or quenched and tempered to a similar hardness. tions of the Nickel Development Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ‘‘Metals
Steel for both helical and flat springs which is hardened and tempered Handbook,’’ 10th ed., ASM International. ASTM Standards.
after forming is usually supplied in an annealed condition. Plain carbon
steel is satisfactory for small springs; for large springs it is necessary to When the chromium content is increased to about 11 percent in an
use alloy steels such as chrome-vanadium or silicon-manganese steel in iron-chromium alloy, the resulting material is generally classified as a
order to obtain a uniform structure throughout the cross section. Table stainless steel. With that minimum quantity of chromium, a thin, pro-
6.2.14 gives the chemical composition and heat treatment of several tective, passive film forms spontaneously on the steel. This passive film
spring steels. It is especially important for springs that the surface of the acts as a barrier to prevent corrosion. Further increases in chromium
steel be free from all defects and decarburization, which lowers fatigue content strengthen the passive film and enable it to repair itself if it is
strength. damaged in a corrosive environment. Stainless steels are also heat-resistant

Table 6.2.14 Type of Steel and Heat Treatment for Large Hot-Formed Flat, Leaf, and
Helical Springs
AISI Normalizing temp* Quenching temp† Tempering temp
steel
no. °C °F °C °F °C °F
1095 860 – 885 1,575 – 1,625 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
6150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
9260 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
5150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
8650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
* These normalizing temperatures should be used as the forming temperature whenever feasible.
† Quench in oil at 45 to 60°C (110 to 140°F).
 Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.

6-32 IRON AND STEEL Límite Elástico

Table 6.2.12 Representative Average Mechanical Properties of Cold-Drawn Steel
Tensile strength Yield strength
Elongation
AISI 1,000 1,000 in 50 mm Reduction Brinell
no. MPa lb/in2 MPa lb/in2 (2 in), % of area, % hardness
1010 462 67 379 55.0 25.0 57 137
1015 490 71 416 60.3 22.0 55 149
1020 517 75 439 63.7 20.0 52 156
1025 552 80 469 68.0 18.5 50 163
1030 600 87 509 73.9 17.5 48 179
1035 634 92 539 78.2 17.0 45 187
1040 669 97 568 82.4 16.0 40 197
1045 703 102 598 86.7 15.0 35 207
1117 552 80 469 68.0 19.0 51 163
1118 569 82.5 483 70.1 18.5 50 167
1137 724 105 615 89.2 16.0 35 217
1141 772 112 656 95.2 14.0 30 223
Sizes 16 to 50 mm (% to 2 in) diam, test specimens 50 ⫻ 13 mm (2 ⫻ 0.505 in).
SOURCE: ASM ‘‘Metals Handbook.’’

Table 6.2.13 Simplified Tool-Steel Classification* SPECIAL ALLOY STEELS

Major grouping Symbol Types Many steel alloys with compositions tailored to specific requirements
Water-hardening tool steels W are reported periodically. Usually, the compositions and/or treatments
Shock-resisting tool steels S are patented, and they are most likely to have registered trademarks and
Cold-work tool steels O Oil hardening trade names. They are too numerous to be dealt with here in any great
A Medium-alloy air hardening detail, but a few of the useful properties exhibited by some of those
D High-carbon, high-chromium special alloys are mentioned.
Hot-work tool steels H H10 – H19 chromium base Iron-silicon alloys with minimum amounts of both carbon and other
H20 – H39 tungsten base alloying elements have been used by the electrical equipment industry
H40 – H59 molybdenum base for a long time; often these alloys are known as electrical sheet steel.
High-speed tool steels T Tungsten base Iron-nickel alloys with high proportions of nickel, and often with other
M Molybdenum base alloying elements, elicit properties such as nonmagnetic behavior, high
Special-purpose tool steels F Carbon-tungsten
permeability, low hysteresis loss, low coefficient of expansion, etc.;
L Low-alloy iron-cobalt alloys combined with other alloying elements can result in
P Mold steels materials with low resistivity and high hysteresis loss. The reader inter-
P1 – P19 low carbon ested in the use of materials with some of these or other desired proper-
P20 – P39 other types ties is directed to the extensive literature and data available.
* Each subdivision is further identified as to type by a suffix number which follows the letter
symbol.
STAINLESS STEELS
by James D. Redmond
The wire usually has a Brinell hardness between 352 and 415, although
this will depend on the application of the spring and the severity of the REFERENCES: ‘‘Design Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Stainless Steel,’’
forming operation. Steel for small flat springs has either been cold- Specialty Steel Institute of North America (SSINA), Washington, DC. Publica-
rolled or quenched and tempered to a similar hardness. tions of the Nickel Development Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ‘‘Metals
Steel for both helical and flat springs which is hardened and tempered Handbook,’’ 10th ed., ASM International. ASTM Standards.
after forming is usually supplied in an annealed condition. Plain carbon
steel is satisfactory for small springs; for large springs it is necessary to When the chromium content is increased to about 11 percent in an
use alloy steels such as chrome-vanadium or silicon-manganese steel in iron-chromium alloy, the resulting material is generally classified as a
order to obtain a uniform structure throughout the cross section. Table stainless steel. With that minimum quantity of chromium, a thin, pro-
6.2.14 gives the chemical composition and heat treatment of several tective, passive film forms spontaneously on the steel. This passive film
spring steels. It is especially important for springs that the surface of the acts as a barrier to prevent corrosion. Further increases in chromium
steel be free from all defects and decarburization, which lowers fatigue content strengthen the passive film and enable it to repair itself if it is
strength. damaged in a corrosive environment. Stainless steels are also heat-resistant

Table 6.2.14 Type of Steel and Heat Treatment for Large Hot-Formed Flat, Leaf, and
Helical Springs
AISI Normalizing temp* Quenching temp† Tempering temp
steel
no. °C °F °C °F °C °F
1095 860 – 885 1,575 – 1,625 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
6150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
9260 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
5150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
8650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
* These normalizing temperatures should be used as the forming temperature whenever feasible.
† Quench in oil at 45 to 60°C (110 to 140°F).
 Table 6.1.9 Basic Properties of Several Metals Peso Específico
(Staff contribution)*
Coefficient
of linear

Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.
thermal Thermal Specific Approx Modulus of Ultimate
Density,† expansion,‡ conductivity, heat,‡ melting elasticity, Poisson’s Yield stress, stress, Elongation,
Material g /cm 3 in/(in ⭈ °F) ⫻ 10⫺6 Btu/(h ⭈ ft ⭈ °F) Btu/(lb ⭈ °F) temp, °F lb/ in 2 ⫻ 106 ratio lb/ in 2 ⫻ 103 lb/ in 2 ⫻ 103 %
Aluminum 2024-T3 2.77 12.6 110 0.23 940 10.6 0.33 50 70 18
Aluminum 6061-T6 2.70 13.5 90 0.23 1,080 10.6 0.33 40 45 17
Aluminum 7079-T6 2.74 13.7 70 0.23 900 10.4 0.33 68 78 14
Beryllium, QMV 1.85 6.4 – 10.2 85 0.45 2,340 40 – 44 0.024 – 0.030 27 – 38 33 – 51 1 – 3.5
Copper, pure 8.90 9.2 227 0.092 1,980 17.0 0.32 See ‘‘Metals Handbook’’
Gold, pure 19.32 172 0.031 1,950 10.8 0.42 18 30
Lead, pure 11.34 29.3 21.4 0.031 620 2.0 0.40 – 0.45 1.3 2.6 20 – 50
Magnesium AZ31B-H24 (sheet) 1.77 14.5 55 0.25 1,100 6.5 0.35 22 37 15
Magnesium HK31A-H24 1.79 14.0 66 0.13 1,100 6.4 0.35 29 37 8
Molybdenum, wrought 10.3 3.0 83 0.07 4,730 40.0 0.32 80 120 – 200 Small
Nickel, pure 8.9 7.2 53 0.11 2,650 32.0 0.31§ See ‘‘Metals Handbook’’
Platinum 21.45 5.0 40 0.031 3,217 21.3 0.39 20 – 24 35 – 40
Plutonium, alpha phase 19.0 – 19.7 30.0 4.8 0.034 1,184 14.0 0.15 – 0.21 40 60 Small
Silver, pure 10.5 11.0 241 0.056 1,760 10 – 11 0.37 8 18 48
Steel, AISI C1020 (hot-worked) 7.85 6.3 27 0.10 2,750 29 – 30 0.29 48 65 36
Steel, AISI 304 (sheet) 8.03 9.9 9.4 0.12 2,600 28 0.29 39 87 65
Tantalum 16.6 3.6 31 0.03 5,425 27.0 0.35 50 – 145 1 – 40
Thorium, induction melt 11.6 6.95 21.7 0.03 3,200 7 – 10 0.27 21 32 34
Titanium, B 120VCA (aged) 4.85 5.2 4.3 0.13 3,100 14.8 0.3 190 200 9
Tungsten 19.3 2.5 95 0.033 6,200 50 0.28 18 – 600 1–3
Uranium D-38 18.97 4.0 – 8.0 17 0.028 2,100 24 0.21 28 56 4
Room-temperature properties are given. For further information, consult the ‘‘Metals Handbook’’ or a manufacturer’s publication.
* Compiled by Anders Lundberg, University of California, and reproduced by permission.
† To obtain the preferred density units, kg /m 3, multiply these values by 1,000.
‡ See also Tables 6.1.10 and 6.1.11.
§ At 25°C.
6-11
 Temperatura de fusión
CARBON STEELS 411

With less than 0.15 carbon, the steels are susceptible to serious grain growth, causing
brittleness, which may occur as the result of a combination of critical strain (from cold
work) followed by heating to certain elevated temperatures. If cold-worked parts formed
from these steels are to be later heated to temperatures in excess of 1100°F (590°C), the
user should exercise care to avoid or reduce cold working. When this condition develops,
it can be overcome by heating the parts to a temperature well in excess of the upper critical
point, or at least 1750°F (955°C).
Steels in this group, being nearly pure iron or ferritic in structure, do not machine freely
and should be avoided for cut screws and operations requiring broaching or smooth finish
on turning. The machinability of bar, rod, and wire products is improved by cold drawing.
Steels in this group are readily welded.
SAE 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1030:
Steels in this group, due to the carbon range covered, have increased strength and hard-
ness, and reduced cold formability compared to the lowest carbon group. For heat-treating
purposes, they are known as carburizing or case hardening grades. When uniform response
to heat treatment is required, or for forgings, killed steel is preferred; for other uses, semi-
killed or rimmed steel may be indicated, depending on the combination of properties
desired. Rimmed steels can ordinarily be supplied up to 0.25 carbon.
Selection of one of these steels for carburizing applications depends on the nature of the
part, the properties desired, and the processing practice preferred. Increases in carbon give
greater core hardness with a given quench, or permit the use of thicker sections. Increases
in manganese improve the hardenability of both the core and case; in carbon steels this is
the only change in composition that will increase case hardenability. The higher manga-
nese variants also machine much better. For carburizing applications, SAE 1016, 1018,
and 1019 are widely used for thin sections or water-quenched parts. SAE 1022 and 1024
are used for heavier sections or where oil quenching is desired, and SAE 1024 is sometimes
used for such parts as transmission and rear axle gears. SAE 1027 is used for parts given a
light case to obtain satisfactory core properties without drastic quenching. SAE 1025 and
1030, although not usually regarded as carburizing types, are sometimes used in this man-
ner for larger sections or where greater core hardness is needed.
For cold-formed or -headed parts, the lowest manganese grades (SAE 1017, 1020, and
1025) offer the best formability at their carbon level. SAE 1020 is used for fan blades and
some frame members, and SAE 1020 and 1025 are widely used for low-strength bolts. The
next higher manganese types (SAE 1018, 1021, and 1026) provide increased strength.
All steels listed may be readily welded or brazed by the common commercial methods.
SAE 1020 is frequently used for welded tubing. These steels are used for numerous forged
parts, the lower-carbon grades where high strength is not essential. Forgings from the
lower-carbon steels usually machine better in the as-forged condition without annealing,
or after normalizing.
SAE 1030, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046,
1049, 1050, 1052: These steels, of the medium-carbon type, are selected for uses where
higher mechanical properties are needed and are frequently further hardened and strength-
ened by heat treatment or by cold work. These grades are ordinarily produced as killed
steels.
Steels in this group are suitable for a wide variety of automotive-type applications. The
particular carbon and manganese level selected is affected by a number of factors.
Increases in the mechanical properties required in section thickness, or in depth of harden-
ing, ordinarily indicate either higher carbon or manganese or both. The heat-treating prac-
tice preferred, particularly the quenching medium, has a great effect on the steel selected.
In general, any of the grades over 0.30 carbon may be selectively hardened by induction or
flame methods.
Análisis Químico
Porciento de Elongación
 Copyright (C) 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of
this product is subject to the terms of its License Agreement. Click here to view.

6-32 IRON AND STEEL Dureza Brinell

Table 6.2.12 Representative Average Mechanical Properties of Cold-Drawn Steel
Tensile strength Yield strength
Elongation
AISI 1,000 1,000 in 50 mm Reduction Brinell
no. MPa lb/in2 MPa lb/in2 (2 in), % of area, % hardness
1010 462 67 379 55.0 25.0 57 137
1015 490 71 416 60.3 22.0 55 149
1020 517 75 439 63.7 20.0 52 156
1025 552 80 469 68.0 18.5 50 163
1030 600 87 509 73.9 17.5 48 179
1035 634 92 539 78.2 17.0 45 187
1040 669 97 568 82.4 16.0 40 197
1045 703 102 598 86.7 15.0 35 207
1117 552 80 469 68.0 19.0 51 163
1118 569 82.5 483 70.1 18.5 50 167
1137 724 105 615 89.2 16.0 35 217
1141 772 112 656 95.2 14.0 30 223
Sizes 16 to 50 mm (% to 2 in) diam, test specimens 50 ⫻ 13 mm (2 ⫻ 0.505 in).
SOURCE: ASM ‘‘Metals Handbook.’’

Table 6.2.13 Simplified Tool-Steel Classification* SPECIAL ALLOY STEELS

Major grouping Symbol Types Many steel alloys with compositions tailored to specific requirements
Water-hardening tool steels W are reported periodically. Usually, the compositions and/or treatments
Shock-resisting tool steels S are patented, and they are most likely to have registered trademarks and
Cold-work tool steels O Oil hardening trade names. They are too numerous to be dealt with here in any great
A Medium-alloy air hardening detail, but a few of the useful properties exhibited by some of those
D High-carbon, high-chromium special alloys are mentioned.
Hot-work tool steels H H10 – H19 chromium base Iron-silicon alloys with minimum amounts of both carbon and other
H20 – H39 tungsten base alloying elements have been used by the electrical equipment industry
H40 – H59 molybdenum base for a long time; often these alloys are known as electrical sheet steel.
High-speed tool steels T Tungsten base Iron-nickel alloys with high proportions of nickel, and often with other
M Molybdenum base alloying elements, elicit properties such as nonmagnetic behavior, high
Special-purpose tool steels F Carbon-tungsten
permeability, low hysteresis loss, low coefficient of expansion, etc.;
L Low-alloy iron-cobalt alloys combined with other alloying elements can result in
P Mold steels materials with low resistivity and high hysteresis loss. The reader inter-
P1 – P19 low carbon ested in the use of materials with some of these or other desired proper-
P20 – P39 other types ties is directed to the extensive literature and data available.
* Each subdivision is further identified as to type by a suffix number which follows the letter
symbol.
STAINLESS STEELS
by James D. Redmond
The wire usually has a Brinell hardness between 352 and 415, although
this will depend on the application of the spring and the severity of the REFERENCES: ‘‘Design Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Stainless Steel,’’
forming operation. Steel for small flat springs has either been cold- Specialty Steel Institute of North America (SSINA), Washington, DC. Publica-
rolled or quenched and tempered to a similar hardness. tions of the Nickel Development Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ‘‘Metals
Steel for both helical and flat springs which is hardened and tempered Handbook,’’ 10th ed., ASM International. ASTM Standards.
after forming is usually supplied in an annealed condition. Plain carbon
steel is satisfactory for small springs; for large springs it is necessary to When the chromium content is increased to about 11 percent in an
use alloy steels such as chrome-vanadium or silicon-manganese steel in iron-chromium alloy, the resulting material is generally classified as a
order to obtain a uniform structure throughout the cross section. Table stainless steel. With that minimum quantity of chromium, a thin, pro-
6.2.14 gives the chemical composition and heat treatment of several tective, passive film forms spontaneously on the steel. This passive film
spring steels. It is especially important for springs that the surface of the acts as a barrier to prevent corrosion. Further increases in chromium
steel be free from all defects and decarburization, which lowers fatigue content strengthen the passive film and enable it to repair itself if it is
strength. damaged in a corrosive environment. Stainless steels are also heat-resistant

Table 6.2.14 Type of Steel and Heat Treatment for Large Hot-Formed Flat, Leaf, and
Helical Springs
AISI Normalizing temp* Quenching temp† Tempering temp
steel
no. °C °F °C °F °C °F
1095 860 – 885 1,575 – 1,625 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
6150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
9260 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
5150 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 800 – 830 1,475 – 1,525 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
8650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 870 – 900 1,600 – 1,650 455 – 565 850 – 1,050
* These normalizing temperatures should be used as the forming temperature whenever feasible.
† Quench in oil at 45 to 60°C (110 to 140°F).
Temperatura para tratamientos térmicos
Bibliografía
Baumeister, E. A. (1996). Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.
McGRAW-HILL.
Fortuna, A. (1997). Manual Técnico de Productos. Estado de México.
Jonds, F. D. (2012). Machinery's Handbook . New York: Industrial Press.