AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM:

Delhi Metro has introduced, for the first time in the country, ticketing and passenger control through a completely Automatic Fare Collection system.

The ticket, which could be a card or a token, is purchased from the Ticket Counter. The passenger then proceeds to one of several gates that separate the Paid Area from the Unpaid Area. Here, the passenger will hold the ticket close to the machine to the right of the gate. If valid, the gates will open automatically, and the passenger can pass to the Paid Area. If not valid, then the passenger will need to contact the Customer Service Staff.

ACCESS CONTROL
Access control is a system that enables an authority to control access to areas and resources in a given physical facility or computer-based information system. An access control system, within the field of physical security, is generally seen as the second layer in the security of a physical structure.

OPERATION
There are three types (factors) of authenticating information: something the user knows, e.g. a password, pass-phrase or PIN something the user has, such as smart card something the user is, such as fingerprint, verified by biometric measurement

CONTACTLESS SMART CARD

A contactless smart card is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits that can process and store data, and communicate with a terminal via radio waves. There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards do not contain an ordinary read-only RFID, but they do contain a rewriteable smart card microchip that can be transcribed via radio waves.

Token

Travel Card

Smart cards and tokens are sort of a RFID Tag which stores the amount of the fare which could be written using RFID reader and writers.
At the entry and exit gates of stations all wherever we touch the tokens and cards are the RFID readers. These readers have a range of about 2 inches of range. So when a traveler touches the tokens or smart cards to these readers, they recognize it and grant the entry to them.

Universal contactless smart card reader symbol

RF smart card schematic

These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete a transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a smart card can be used without even removing it from a wallet.

AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL

Automatic Train Control (ATC) is a train protection system for railways, ensuring the safe and smooth operation of trains on ATC-enabled lines. Its main advantages include making possible the use of cab signaling instead of track-side signals and the use of smooth deceleration patterns in lieu of the rigid stops encountered with the older ATS technology. ATC can also be used with Automatic Train Operation (ATO).

A train with ATC indicator operating under normal conditions.

The said ATC indicator with ORP (Over Run Protector) engaged near the end of the ATC coverage area

AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION

Automatic train operation (ATO) ensures partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions. Most systems elect to maintain a driver (train operator) to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies.

Many modern systems are linked with Automatic Train Control (ATC) where normal signaler operations such as route setting and train regulation are carried out by the system. The ATO and ATC systems will work together to maintain a train within a defined tolerance of its timetable. The combined system will marginally adjust operating parameters such as the ratio of power to coast when moving and station dwell time, in order to bring a train back to the timetable slot defined for it.

A Delhi Metro train operator

With operations control systems, the operation of metro is centrally monitored and controlled. Ergonomic user interfaces and integrated automation functions allow optimum handling and efficient operations management on lines and at stations.

OVERVIEW
Operations Control System

Integrated Control and Information System Planning System

Remote Control Systems Service and Diagnostics System

OPERATIONS CONTROL SYSTEM

The operations control systems of this system monitor operation as well as control interlocking and infrastructure. Fitted with efficient components, adaptable user interfaces, and modular automation functions, they ensure that dispatching runs efficiently and guarantees maximum availability of operating resources. The operations control system makes it possible to meet the specific requirements of railway operators. A wide variety of different configurations can be implemented from individual operator consoles to large control centers with complex automation functions.

INTEGRATED CONTROL AND INFORMATION SYSTEM

The integrated control and information system enables efficient automatic operations management for main-line and mass-transit railways. It covers the entire field of operational metro control, from the local or remote control of individual interlocking to the automation of entire rail networks. It guarantees safety-critical operator control of interlocking and a reliable display of the operating situation. The system features a high degree of flexibility thanks to its scalable, modular design.

PLANNING SYSTEM
This is a software program and used for the design and validation of timetables. It was developed as a means of optimizing operational planning and control for operations control systems. IT facilitates the generation of optimum timetables (in terms of train intervals plus energy and resource savings), and thereby helps maximize the overall performance of mass transit and main-line rail systems.

A number of processes can be optimized using this:

Track layout design Timetable design Timetable validation Construction site planning Energy management Passenger transfer optimization

REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS

The remote control systems enable relay interlocking to be integrated into a network. Relay interlocking can then be operated and monitored from an operations control center. In this way, relay interlocking can be operated together with electronic interlocking from the same operator console via a uniform user interface.

The remote control systems perform the following functions: Acceptance and gating of interlocking messages Output of manually and automatically generated commands to the relay interlocking Exchange of data with the operations control system.

SERVICE AND DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEM

The S&D service and diagnostics system is a user-guided diagnostics system for electronic interlocking and remote control systems. It provides specific information on the causes of failures and gives the operator instructions on how to clear faults. The system consists of software components for service and diagnostic functions which are installed on standard industrial-purpose computers. The service and diagnosis computer serves the function of an electronic fault journal. The data collected is saved and made available to the maintenance team for fault clearance and subsequent archiving.

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