BPSC Model Answer Volume 1

VOLUME 1
SPECIFICALLY FOR 67TH BPSC MAINS
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Sl No. Question Page No.
India - Bangladesh has an umbilical relationship. This
1 relationship can have an alchemic effect through 3
Coordination, Cooperation & mutual trust. Elucidate.
What are Non-communicable diseases (NCD)? What are

2
its SocioEconomic Implications? What steps Government 8
is taking to mitigate & eradicate NCD?
Nuclear energy is a “blessing in disguise”.Substantiate

this statement with proper examples from India and the
3 world. How can Bihar help in augmenting the nuclear 11
energy sector of India?
Many failures of the past didn’t dither ISRO to halt its

space programs. In this context discuss the evolution of
4
the space sector in India with special emphasis on 16
recent breakthroughs in space research. Also, discuss
the commercial future of ISRO in the space industry.
What is BIMSTEC? Differentiate it from SAARC. Do you

agree that in recent times India seems to give more
5 19
importance to BIMSTEC?
In the present age, ICT (information and communication

6 technology) is the backbone of all industries. How far do 24
you agree with this statement? Explain your stand
Discuss the role of Rabindranath Tagore in the Indian
7 29
National Movement
Write about the contribution of Shri Krishna Singh in
8 Bihar's political and Social context. 32
Write a note on Mahatma Gandhi's theory of

9 Trusteeship? 35
Patna and Muzaffarpur were figured among the 30 most

polluted cities in the world according to a 2021 World
Air Quality Report by Swiss Organisation IQAir. What
10 are the reasons for increasing air pollution in Bihar? 36
What are the measures that should be taken to control
it?
How is the legislative council of the state different from

11 Rajya Sabha? Also, write about the relevance of the 41
legislative councils in states.
1) India - Bangladesh has an umbilical relationship. This relationship can have an
alchemic effect through Coordination, Cooperation & mutual trust. Elucidate.
Answer:
The relationship between India and Bangladesh is anchored in history, culture, language and
shared values of secularism, democracy and economics. Bangladesh formed the sovereign
part of historic and ethno linguistic region of Bengal land and it is India's time tested as well
as a very coallidal friend. In fact, the national anthem of Bangladesh was created by
Rabindranath Tagore in 1906 during the Swadeshi movement. India was also the first
country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate and independent state after its Independence
in December 1971.
Significance of Bangladesh for India:
• Strategic– Bangladesh occupies a key place in India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East
policy. The only connection between India’s mainland and the northeast is the Chicken’s
Neck or Siliguri corridor– a narrow strip of land located in West Bengal and borders Nepal,
Bangladesh and the Kingdom of Bhutan. Hence, through connection with Bangladesh land,
distance can be reduced.
• Economic significance: Bangladesh is India's biggest trading partner in South Asia.
• Connectivity: Bangladesh shares the longest border of all these nations. The length of the
border between India and Bangladesh is 4096.7 kilometres. Bangladesh is India’s closest
partner in ensuring security in its geographically disadvantaged northeast states.
However, there still remain major issues such as river water disputes (Teesta River water sharing),
aiding illegal immigrants, and drug trades remain between India and Bangladesh, that must be
addressed.
Challenges in the relationship
• Increased Chinese footprint: China’s economic and political footprint has expanded in
Bangladesh through increasing FDI and alluring Infrastructure offers. China had recently
invested USD 450 million in coal power plants in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is an active
partner of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and also a major recipient of Chinese military
inventory, including submarines.
• Teesta river water dispute: Teesta river flows from India to the Bay of Bengal through
Bangladesh. West Bengal and Rangpur area of Bangladesh is dependent on it for paddy cultivation.
Bangladesh complains that it does not get a fair share of the water. No treaty has been signed yet to
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BPSC CONCEPT WALLAH MAINS INITIATIVE COMPILATION : VOLUME- I
resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute between the two nations.

• Illegal migration: Illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya immigrants are a concern for national
security and puts extra pressure on public resources.
• National Register of Citizens (NRC): Bangladesh has raised concerns over the roll out of
the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam, an exercise carried out to identify
genuine Indian citizens living in Assam and weed out illegal Bangladeshis.
• Drug Smuggling & Trafficking: Bangladesh is being used as a transit point by drug
dealers and mafias. There have been many incidences of cross border trafficking in humans
as well as exotic animal species.
• Rising radicalisation and terrorism: Illegal Migration across this border poses serious
security threats and acts as a fertile ground for organizations like the Inter Services
Intelligence of Pakistan to penetrate and expand their activities. Also, poor law and order
situation at the border, has led to
smuggling of arms and drugs. Supply of arms helps in sustaining any conflict. Armed
Dacoity in border districts, fake money transfer, cattle smuggling is also a cause of concern
for India.
Areas of Cooperation
• Defence and security: Intelligence sharing and "India's Technology transfer" can be a good
area which will further establish mutual trust among them. Development work around zero
line, including fencing starting with the Tripura sector to encounter crimes, early
finalization of projects under the line of credit for defence. Initial procurement plans for
vehicles for Bangladesh armed forces. The Indian side reiterated its request for
implementing the 2019 MoU for providing a coastal radar system for greater maritime
security at an early date. To continue the closed security cooperation over counter-terrorism
border crimes and border management.
• Power sector: Cooperation in the power sector can become one of the hallmarks of India &
Bangladesh relations. Bangladesh requested logistics of power from Nepal and Bhutan
through India. 765 kv transmission line from Katihar (Bihar) to Barnagar(Assam) through
Parbatipur in Bangladesh.
• Reviewed the progress made on the Indian-Bangladesh friendship pipeline.
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• India’s soft power in Bangladesh:The people’s perception towards India is favourable in

Bangladesh. Both share common historical roots, with Bengali language acting as a
linguistic bridge between the two countries. Bengalilanguage cinema is one area where
there can be a massive collaboration between the two counties.
• Cooperation between law and enforcement agencies: to prevent terrorism and cross
border crime like smuggling, trafficking.
• Military cooperation: to uproot anti - India insurgency elements. Both countries perform
military exercises to enhance cooperation and coordination in the Defence sector. EX-
SAMPRITI:- Exercise among the Army of both countries.
Areas of Coordination
• Multimodal Connectivity: Connectivity between the two nations can be an excellent

example of coordination. The passenger trains between India and Bangladesh: Bandhan
Express:starting from Kolkata for Khulna - Since 2017.It covers the distance via Petrapole
and Benapole border route to cater to the demands of the people from both countries.
Maitree Express: Starting from Dhaka for Kolkata - since 2008. The tri-weekly service
between Kolkata and Dhaka used to run with 90 percent occupancy. Mitali Express: Starting
from New Jalpaiguri in North Bengal to Dhaka.
• Repatriation: Coordination in the repatriation of detained nationals and fishermen.
• Visa process: Liberalisation of visa procedure to ensure ease of travel.
• Tourism: According to the Ministry of Tourism, Bangladesh accounted for the largest share
of foreign tourist arrivals in India in 2020, including tens of thousands of people who come
to the country for medical treatment.
• Medical tourism: Bangladesh accounts for more than 35% of India’s international medical
patients. Bangladesh alone contributes to more than 50% of India’s revenue from medical
tourism.
• Security And Border Management: is the need of the hour to transform the border from a
nightmare to a zone of peace and prosperity.
Government Of India Initiatives
• Loans and Advances: India has provided concessional loans worth USD 9.5 billion for
development projects in Bangladesh, which includes:
➢ Rail connectivity between Khulna and Dhaka, Chilahati and Rajshah.
➢ Connecting Mongla port with Darshana-Gede at a cost of USD 312 million.
➢ The Parbatipur-Kaunia rail project to facilitate the transportation of fuel is being built at
a cost of USD 120 million.
• India Bangladesh Trade Relations: In 2021-22, Bangladesh has emerged as the largest trade
partner for India in South Asia and the fourth largest destination for Indian exports worldwide.
Exports to Bangladesh grew more than 66% from USD 9.69 billion in FY 2020-21 to USD 16.15
billion in FY2021-22..
• Thermal Power Project:
➢ The two nations unveiled the first unit of the Maitree super thermal power project being
built in Khulna division of Bangladesh withconcessional funding from India.
➢ The unit was synchronised with Bangladesh’s power grid in August 2022, and the project will
generate 1,320MW, when completed.
• Increased Trade: Government reduces customs and immigration documents.Several border
Haats have been organised. Border haats will establish a traditional system of marketing
among local produce and promote the wellbeing of people living in remote areas. At
present, there are five border haats on the Indo- Bangladesh border.
➢ Radhanagar-Krishnanagar Border Haat
➢ Tarapur - Kamalasagar Border Haat
➢ Baliamari-Kalaichar Border Haat
➢ Dolura-Balat Border Haat
➢ Baganbari-Rinku Border Haat.
• Improving Connectivity: - "Agartala - Akhaura Rail link " to connect the Northeastern part
of India to Bangladesh. Building bridges like "Feni Bridge/Maitri Bridge "link Tripura in
India with Chittagong port in Bangladesh.
• Development Cooperation: India - Bangladesh Friendship pipeline. Rooppur Nuclear
Power Plant by India and Russia in Bangladesh.
• River projects: India and Bangladesh share around 54 rivers. An IndoBangladesh Joint
Rivers Commission (JRC) has been functioning since 1972.JRC is constituted to address
issues of mutual interest on common transboundary rivers. An MoU was signed in 2019 on
water sharing on Feni
River. The Kushiyara pact benefits people in southern Assam and Sylhet of Bangladesh.
• Vaccine diplomacy: Bangladesh was the first country to receive vaccines from India, under
its ‘Vaccine Maitri’ initiative. India supplied 10.3 million Covishield vaccine doses
manufactured by Serum Institute of India (SII) in Pune. to Bangladesh—the highest
volume amongst the 93 countries which received vaccines from India. Moreover, after
ramping up its domestic production, India also provided medical-grade oxygen to its
eastern neighbour.
• Under 'Operation Ganga' to rescue Indian citizens from Ukraine's neighbouring countries,
more than 20,000 Indians and other nationals were brought back by special flights to India
(Including 13 Bangladeshi nationals).
Way Forward
• There is a need to check cross border infiltration of refugees, smugglers and traffickers.
This can be done through cross-border immigration management via digitalization.
Example- Using Perimeter Surveillance Radar (PSR).
• There is also the necessity to counter China's influence which can be done by assisting
Bangladesh in Nuclear Technology, AI & increasing FDI in infrastructure.
• The younger generation needs to be drawn in the relationship through the process of
cultural integration. This can be done by student exchange programmes in universities,
outreach of indian cinema etc.
• Cultural common grounds like- the beaches of Cox Bazar, a swamp of Ratargul,the tea
gardens of Sylhet,the heritage of Rabindranath Tagore and the Buddhist sites in
Chittagong can be popular destinations for International tourists.
The umbilical cord of friendship and trust between them is maturing to become a major
conduit for delivering overall growth and regional stability in the immediate and extended
neighbourhood of both the Nations. From having shared historical, social and cultural
affinities to working towards fulfilling common interests, both countries come to define this
phase as a " Sonali Adhyay" ( Golden chapter) in their bilateral relations.
2) What are Non-communicable diseases (NCD)? What are its SocioEconomic

Implications? What steps Government is taking to mitigate & eradicate NCD?
Answer:
Non-communicable disease (NCD) also known as a chronic disease is a disease that remains
confined to the diseased person and is not transmitted from one infected person to another
person. These are caused by the long-term effects of the combination of genetic,
physiological, behavioural, and environmental factor (attributed to the excessive use of
tobacco, alcohol, physical inactivity, unhealthy habits, etc). This illness takes a long time to
develop and does not show symptoms
in the early stages. They require treatment for several years and some require lifelong
treatment. NCD is responsible for approximately 74% of all deaths globally.
Types of Non-Communicable diseases:
There are four main types of NCDs:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVDs):CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood
vessels. For eg Coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiac arrest, hypertension etc. They are
one of the leading causes of death globally (32% in 2019) and is also a leading cause of
adult deaths (25-69 years) in India.
• Cancer- It increases at an average annual rate of 1.1-2%.
• Chronic respiratory disease-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(75.6%) and
asthma(20%) are responsible for chronic respiratory DALYs.
• Diabetes- more than 77% of adults in India are living with diabetes.
• Mental health diseases like depression; and trauma also fall under NCDs.
Responsible Factors
• Consumption of harmful substances- such as tobacco, alcohol, etc causes cancer and
various respiratory diseases. More than half of the 3 million annual deaths attributable to
alcohol use are from NCD including cancer.
• Dietary factors: consumption of packaged and canned food items which contain a very
high level of sodium and trans fat cause blood pressure,obesity etc.
• Sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise: due to the advancement of technology, the
physical activity of people is reduced. This is combined with an unhealthy diet leading to
various cardiovascular diseases.
• Mental stress and chronic anxiety: Modern technology has given rise to stressful jobs and
lifestyles resulting in less sleep, disturbed circadian rhythm and work stress.
• Air pollution: according to the Central pollution control board (CPCB) particulate size of
2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) or less in diameter can cause breathing and respiratory symptoms.
Socio-Economic Implications
• According to the study report “India: Health of the Nation's States”- The India StateLevel
Disease Burden Initiative in 2017 by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), it is
estimated that the proportion of deaths due to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in
India has increased from 37.9% in 1990 to 61.8% in 2016.
• According to the World Economic Forum (WEF), India stands to lose $ 4.58 trillion (Rs
311.94 trillion) due to non-communicable diseases between 2012 and 2030.
• NCDs threaten progress towards the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment, which
includes a target of reducing premature deaths from NCDs by one-third by 2030.
• Public health concern: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been a major public
health concern in India accounting for 62% of the total burden of forgone disabilities
adjusted daily life years (DALYs) and about 53%of total deaths.
• Rise in poverty: Poverty is closely linked with NCDs.The rapid rise in NDCs is predicted to
impede poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries. This can have serious
ramifications for a developing country like India. According to the National multi-
dimensional poor index 2021, released by NITI Aayog 51.91% of the population of Bihar is
multidimensionally poor.
• Loss of demographic dividend: The rise of deaths during productive years leads to the loss
of the demographic dividend. As per the WHO report, in India, every two seconds, one
person under the age of 70 dies due to NCDs.There was a 22% probability of death between
the age of 30 and 70 due to any type of NCD.
• Increased burden on marginalised sections: Vulnerable and socially disadvantaged and
marginalised are at most disadvantaged as they are at a greater risk of being exposed to
harmful products due to little or no basic amenities.
• Increased government spending: Increases extra burden on the financial profile of the
government. The government has to spend more on welfare schemes related to NCDs, most
of which can easily be cured by changes in lifestyle and dietary habits. GOI expenditure on
the health sector is 1.5% of the country's GDP.
• Reduction in savings: The high costs of treatment which in the case of NCDs is often
lengthy and expensive treatment erodes household savings and plunges families into
poverty.
Steps Taken By The Government To Mitigate And Eradicate NCDS

• National programme for the prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
and stroke (NPCDCS) is being implemented under the National health mission. It focuses on
strengthening infrastructure, human resource development, health promotion & awareness
generation for prevention, early diagnosis, management and referral to an appropriate level of the
healthcare facility for treatment of the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs).In addition, NPCDCS
gives financial support under NHM for awareness generation (IEC) activities for NCDs to be
undertaken by the States/UTs as per their Programme Implementation Plans (PIPs).
• Aayushman Bharat Card’ under PMJAY (Pradhan Mantri Janya Aarogya Yojna) or the
Ayushman Bharat Yojana Scheme provides cover up to Rs 5 Lakh along with cashless
medical treatment facilities to the beneficiaries in both public and private hospitals in India.
Recently the Government of Bihar announced that all BPL candidates will be benefited
under this scheme.
• Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana aims to reduce regional imbalances in the
availability of affordable and reliable tertiary healthcare services. Oncology in its various
aspects has a focus in cases of new AIIMS and many upgraded institutions under this
yojana.
• Jan Aushadhi stores have been set up by the Department of Pharmaceuticals to provide
generic medicines at affordable prices.
• Fit India movement is implemented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, and
various Yoga-related activities are carried out by the Ministry of AYUSH. International
yoga day is celebrated on 21 June to make people aware of a healthy lifestyle.
• Eat right campaign by the government to make people aware of the side effects of trans
fats.
• The National Tobacco Control Program was launched by the government of India to
create awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco consumption and to reduce the
production and supply of tobacco products. WHO has also launched the “Quit Tobacco
App” to help people in quitting tobacco.
• National programme for Palliative care also known as supportive care and is provided in
cases like Cancer and Aids
• The government of Bihar has also been at the forefront of tackling NCDs. For example, it
gives subsidies of up to 1.5 lakhs to cancer patients or any type of surgery under the CM
Relief fund. Bihar also completely banned the sale and consumption of alcohol in April
2016.
Way Forward To Tackle NCDs
• Prioritising prenatal care: prenatal care is the period from conception to childbirth.
Evidence shows that the nutritional status of women at this period directly influences their
children and may cause NCDs in later life.
• Structure children's environment- physical activity and a healthy environment are

necessary for healthy development for children.
• Setting national standards: Government can bring policy on setting nationalstandards for
the food and drinks available in schools and can place restrictions on unhealthy foods.
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Government can also introduce policies to reduce NCDs in adulthood by taxing unhealthy
foods, such as tobacco,alcohol, sugary drinks, etc.
• Increasing Awareness: among the people about health through Print and Digital media.
• Investment in health: This must be an ongoing priority for governments to build stronger,
resilient health systems that can better respond to health emergencies while continuing to
provide essential health services to people living with NCDs and other underlying
conditions.
• Community Engagement: Involving civil society and people most affected and at risk is
fundamental to effective health responses.
Non-communicable diseases constitute the largest and fastest-growing global health burden
across the world and with treatment costs placing a massive strain on governments as well as
individuals' resources. With the proper implementation of government policies along with
creating awareness among people, India can tackle NCDs and will be right on track to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) by 2030.
3) Nuclear energy is a “blessing in disguise”.Substantiate this statement with proper

examples from India and the world. How can Bihar help in augmenting the nuclear
energy sector of India?
Answer:
Nuclear energy is a form of energy released from the nucleus of an atom through the
process of Nuclear Fission and can be used to create electricity. This has huge potential and
utility given the current energy crisis and depleting fossil reserves that the world is going
through. This forms an important part of a country’s energy needs as evident in the words
of Michael C. Burgess, “ Nuclear power is an important part of our domestic fuel mix."
In 1951, Argonne National Laboratory in Idaho, USA became the first nuclear reactor to
produce electricity in the world. In 1954, Obninsk, Russia was the first nuclear power plant
designed to provide electricity to a community.
Evolution Of Nuclear Energy In India
India’s Apsara Research Reactor situated in Mumbai became the first nuclear reactor
in Asia.
The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 was framed and implemented with the set objectives of using
two naturally occurring elements Uranium and Thorium as nuclear fuel in Indian Nuclear
Power Reactors.
• In the 1950s, the legendary physicist Dr. Homi Bhabha gave the country a roadmap for
the development of nuclear energy.
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• The country’s first two reactors at Tarapur, Maharashtra were imported (commissioned
1969). But the 220 MWe Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) at Kalpakkam,
Tamil Nadu was the first completely indigenous nuclear power plant.
• At present, India has 23 operable nuclear reactors and 7 nuclear reactors under
construction. Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in the country after
coal, gas, hydroelectricity, and wind power.
• Kudankulam nuclear power plant is the largest nuclear power station in Tamilnadu,
India.
• India with the technical cooperation of France has decided to set up six nuclear power
reactors at Jaitapur in Maharashtra.
➢ After completion, it would be the world’s most powerful nuclear power plant.
There would be six state-of-the-art Evolutionary Power Reactors (EPRs) with an
installed capacity of 9.6 GWe that will produce low-carbon electricity.
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➢ The six nuclear power reactors, which will have a capacity of 1,650 MW.
➢ It would provide electricity to seven crore households.
Nuclear Power Plants in India
Location of Nuclear Power Plants in different states.
Benefits Of Nuclear Energy
• Source of clean energy: Fossil fuel emits huge amounts of CO2. Generating electricity
through nuclear energy will reduce carbon footprint and help keep the environment cool.
Despite being a cleaner fuel, it remains outside the priority list of power sources in India
and contributes only 1.72% of global nuclear-installed capacity.
• Reliability: Nuclear plants give a steady stream of electricity day and night, unlike wind
and solar power whose power supply is irregular. Currently, 24% of Britain’s power
comes from wind. But the country saw an unexpected power crisis due to a windless
summer.
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• Availability of Thorium: With huge thorium reserves that make up 25 % of the global
reserves, India has the potential to be the first nation to realise the dream of a fossil fuel-
free nation.
• Cheaper alternative: Nuclear power plants are cheaper to run and cost between 33 to 50%
of a coal plant and 20 to 25% of a gas combined-cycle plant. Power in France is much
cheaper and cleaner as the country is mainly dependent on nuclear energy. In 2020,
nuclear power made up 78% of the energy France generated, and renewables 19%. Fossil
fuels accounted for only 3%.
• National Security: A country’s security needs are addressed by using nuclear-powered

submarines and nuclear-powered Aircraft carriers.
• Small land footprint: Compared to other clean energy sources like solar and wind,
Nuclear energy takes up less physical space.
• High power output: It provides for approximately 10% of the world’s electricity
production. Worldwide, nuclear power plants are operational in around 30 countries
(approximately 450 nuclear reactors). In France,75% of the electricity is produced by it.
• Cuts Import Bills: Nuclear energy can relieve the nation's fund of about $100 billion
annually which is spent on importing petroleum and coal.
Concerns About Nuclear Energy
• Unsafe to use: Nuclear power generation is projected as a green and cheap source but it
has also been responsible for some of the worst disasters in the history of mankind such
as.
➢ Three-mile island disaster, march 1979, Pennsylvania USA
➢ Chernobyl Disaster 1986 Ukraine.
➢ Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 2011 Japan.
• Nuclear waste: Nuclear waste is radioactive and is produced at different stages of energy
generation and can have bad effects on life, causing cancer and genetic problems for
many generations of animals and plants.
• High Upfront cost: Operating it is relatively cheap but building it is somehow very
expensive. India will import 100 tonnes of uranium to power nuclear power plants in
FY23, which increases the burden on the government exchequer.
• Lack of Public Funding: There is a lack of public funding which makes such projects
unviable. Hence, it becomes tough to compete against natural gas and renewables in
the future.
• Acquisition of Land: Land acquisition and selection of location for Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP) is also a major problem in the country. This causes delays in the setting up of power
plants.
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Steps to be taken:
• Technological Support: India needs advanced technology to fully utilise the spent
fuel and for enhancing its enrichment capacity.
• Subsidy on Nuclear Electricity:Competitive rates of nuclear electricity need to be sold at
subsidised rates by the Indian government, which operates all nuclear plants through the
Nuclear Power Corporation of India. Like- cost stands at ₹ 15 per unit, whereas the recent
bids for solar power stand at ₹2.14 per unit and ₹2.34 for solar-wind hybrid projects.
• Safety Concerns: These should be addressed on a priority basis. Hence, setting up a
Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority at the earliest would be helpful.
• Project setup issues: Government must address issues related to land acquisition,
clearances from various ministries, and finding foreign collaborators. Also, efforts must be
made to bring down the capital cost of nuclear power plants.
Role of Bihar in augmenting the nuclear energy sector

• Southern Bihar is a suitable region for the setting up of Nuclear power plants. This is
because the southern part comes under the Deccan Plateau and is a stable region, unlike
the earthquake-prone Gangetic Plain. In this context, two nuclear power reactors of 67O
MW each will be set up in Nawada, Bihar by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India.
• Water forms a crucial part of Nuclear plants as it is needed to convey heat from the reactor
core of the Nuclear plant to the steam turbines. The Bihar government assured 1000 acres
of land and water from the Phulwariya water reservoir for the proposed 2800 MW four-
unit producing 700 MW Nuclear power plant in Rajauli, Nawada. Water used as coolant
will be further utilised to irrigate crops in Nawada, Gaya, and adjoining districts that
suffer from a scarcity of water.
• The MSME sector also grows along with the nuclear power plants and it demands cheap
labour and works on a razor-thin margin. With a large labour force, Bihar can fulfill this
demand.
• There is a problem with land acquisition when it comes to setting up nuclear power plants.
However, in the case of Bihar, Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency (BREDA) has
already acquired land for such projects.
Conclusion
Nuclear Energy plays a critical role in achieving sustainable economic and social development.
Given India’s commitment to increase the production of nuclear power three times more than the
current level by 2031 and reduce reliance on carbon-emitting thermal power, India needs to
augment its nuclear energy potential. It has the potential to emerge as the energy capital of the
world.
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4) Many failures of the past didn’t dither ISRO to halt its space programs. In this
context discuss the evolution of the space sector in India with special emphasis on
recent breakthroughs in space research. Also, discuss the commercial future of ISRO
in the space industry.
Answer:
Failure will never overtake me if my definition of success is strong enough.
- Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam
When India began its space program in the 1960s, it was a developing country with
limited resources, and it focused on using space to push its social and economic
development agenda. But it has expanded over the past decade to an ambitious space
exploration program.
Formation of ISRO
• In 1962, the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was
established under the Department of atomic energy (DAE). Scientist Vikram Sarabhai
played an important role in its inception and was the first chairman. INCOSPAR grew
and became ISRO in 1969, within the DAE.
• Indian space research organisation (ISRO) is the national space agency of India
headquartered in Bengaluru.
• The Department of Space was created in 1972 and ISRO became a part of it and
remains so to date. The Space Department reports directly to the Prime Minister of the
country.
Milestones of ISRO
India has become a significant global player in space science and technological(S&T)
developments. This has been made possible by the efforts of ISRO and its journey since
its inception.
• Aryabhatt: ISRO built India's first satellite, sent into orbit through a Soviet rocket
on 19 April 1975
• Satellite Launch Vehicle: Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after
mastering sounding rocket technology and developing a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV),
capable of putting 40kg into a 400 km orbit i.e Low Earth Orbit.
• Rohini Series-I: It was the first satellite of India to be placed in earth's orbit in 1980.
India became the seventh country after the USSR, the US, France, the UK, China, and
Japan.
• INSAT: Indian national satellite system was launched in 1983. This system is a network
of satellites that facilitates communication and broadcasting across the south Asian
region.
• Vikas rocket Engine: ISRO's Liquid Propulsion system centre (LPSC) was set up in 1985
and started working on a more powerful engine, Vikas, based on the French Viking. The
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first engine built from the acquired technology was tested successfully in 1985 by rocket
scientist Nambi Narayanan and his team at ISRO.
• Polar satellite launch vehicle: It developed PSLV for launching satellites into polar
orbits and GSLV for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. It was launched in1993.
Some unsuccessful Attempts:
• 2017: The PSLV-C39 in its 41st flight failed when it was supposed to launch IRNSS-
1H.This resulted in the satellite being separated within the heat shield which resulted in a
failed mission.
• 2019: India's attempt to land a robotic spacecraft close to the moon's south pole failed
when ISRO lost contact with the satellite. The trajectory diverted from its path and the
radio fell silent.
• 2021: The launch of GISAT-1, an earth observation satellite atop the GSLV Mk 2 rocket,
failed just 350 seconds after liftoff from India's spaceport
1 Chandrayan • India's first unmanned lunar probe

• launched in 2008
• ISRO joined an elite list of just six space organisations to send
an orbiter to the moon.
2 Mars Orbit • Launched in 2013

Mission • First country to succeed in the first attempt.
(Mangalyaan)
3 IRNSS(Indian • It is also known as NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation).
regional • India's very own satellite navigation system.
navigation • Provides service in maritime navigation, disaster management,
satellite system) vehicle tracking, and fleet management.
4 Gaganyaan • An uncrewed spacecraft flight test.
• Planned to launch in 2 parts i.e Gaganyaan-1 followed by
Gaganyaan- 2.
5 Aditya-L1 • 1st Indian observatory class mission to study the solar corona of
the sun.
• expected to launch in January 2023.
6 Chandrayaan 3 • Mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2 with lander, rover, and
propulsion module.
• With an attempt to a soft landing on the lunar surface.
• Expected to be launched in July 2023.
7 NISAR(NASA- • A joint project between NASA and ISRO
ISRO Synthetic • To co-develop and launch a dual-frequency synthetic aperture
Aperture Radar) radar satellite to be used for remote sensing.
8 X-ray • A Space observatory satellite.
Polarimeter • study the 50 brightest known sources in the universe, including
pulsars, black hole X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei, and
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nonthermal supernova remnants.

9 Gaganyaan-3 • First crewed Gaganyaan mission of India to the moon
• India becomes the fourth country if it is successful.
10 Sukrayaan-1 • To study the atmosphere of venus
• Expected to launch in Dec 2024.
11 Lunar Polar • concept mission by JAXA(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
Exploration and ISRO • To explore the moon.
mission
12 Mangalyaan-2 • Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM 2) is India's second interplanetary
mission planned
• planned to launch in 2024.
13 Astrosat-2 • India's second dedicated multi-wavelength space telescope.
Commercial Future of ISRO
India’s space programme is one of the most well-developed in the world and is driven by
a state-owned agency—the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Although it has
always been actively involved in knowledge sharing, R&D, and tech transfers, its
monopoly over participation and operation of communication-based space assets is an
issue plaguing the Indian space sector by restricting the entry of private players. ISRO is
the 6th largest space agency in the world and holds an exceptional success rate. But for it
to become a commercial success in the future it needs to focus on the following areas:
• Increased private participation: Private players can bring in the innovation needed for
developing space-based applications and services. The Private players can participate in
setting up of ground stations for space crafts which constitute 48% of the space sector
budget and also in the application of space technology which results in 45% of the space
economy. To meet these requirements ISRO has also established its commercial wings,
Antrix
Corporation Limited(ACL), and New Space India Limited(NSIL)
• Space tourism: It is a growing market which is expected to be worth at least $3 billion
by 2030. As companies like SpaceX test reusable rocket technology to make spaceflight
more affordable and accessible for humans, other private firms, including Virgin
Galactic and Blue Origin, are investing in sub. orbital space tourism to take people on
space tours.
• Foreign Direct Investment: It will provide resources for research and development
activities. The FDI will also ensure that the newer technology makes it more
effective in price as well as efficiency.
• Boon for Startups: Participation of the private sector will help the
participation of Indian startups in the space program.
• Strong & Flourishing MSME: Space Industry is the crucible for MSME Sector. If
the commercialisation peaks up then this can provide the much-needed thrust to
the MSME sector which is the backbone of the Indian Economy.
Conclusion
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In the global space market, rocket and satellite launch services—an area in which ISRO
specialises—amount to only 5% share. This segment requires robust infrastructure and
heavy investments. In light of recent news of the International Space Station(ISS) which
is to be decommissioned in 2031, India can take a step ahead and become a prominent
player in the formation & commissioning of the new ISS or similar counterpart.
For this, India needs to reevaluate its strategies and policies for wholesome
progress and development in the field of space technology.
He who can listen to music in the midst of noise can achieve great things. - Vikram
Sarabhai
5) What is BIMSTEC? Differentiate it from SAARC. Do you agree that in recent times
India seems to give more importance to BIMSTEC?
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC) is a regional organisation comprising seven Member States: five deriving from
South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and two from Southeast
Asia, including Myanmar and Thailand constituting a contiguous regional unity. This sub-
regional organisation came into being on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.
Recently in 2022, the fifth summit took place in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The theme of the
summit was “Towards a Resilient Region, Prosperous Economies, and Healthy People”.
Evolution
• This sub-regional organisation came into being in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration.
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• BIST-EC- It was initially formed with four member states and was called Bangladesh
India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Corporation in 1997.
• BIMST-EC- The group was renamed Bangladesh India Myanmar Sri Lanka and
Thailand economic corporation after the inclusion of Myanmar in December 1997 during
a special ministerial meeting in Bangkok.
• BIMSTEC- With the inclusion of Nepal and Bhutan at the 6th ministerial meeting (February
2004, Thailand), the group was finally changed to ‘The Bay Of Bengal Initiative for Multi-
Sectoral Technical and Economic Corporation.
Significance Of BIMSTEC For India.
• Growth potential: BIMSTEC grouping is home to around 1.5 billion people that constitute
around 22% of the global population. With a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of
3.8 trillion economy, the member states have been able to sustain an average 6.5% economic
growth trajectory in the recent past.
• Ecological significance: BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the
ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. The Himalayas and the Indo-
Burma Region are part of the biodiversity hotspot and Bay of Bengal is home to mangrove
forests, coral reefs, seagrass meadows, fragile estuaries and mass nesting sites of sea turtles
etc.
• Better connectivity: Better connectivity projects will help India leverage the untapped
potential of BIMSTEC’s possible trade linkages. India invested in the India-Myanmar-
Thailand trilateral Highway, connecting Moreh in Manipur ( India) to Mae sot in Thailand.
Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would help India to integrate itself with ASEAN’s
Master plan of connectivity 2025.
• Bridge between South and Southeast Asia: The Bay of Bengal region has the potential to
become the epicentre of the Indo-Pacific idea, a place where the strategic interests of the
major powers of East and South Asia intersect.
• Support to livelihood: Approximately 185 million people are dependent on the natural
resources provided by the bay. The fishermen population alone is estimated to be around
3.7 million. It is an important fishing region with an annual fish catch of around six
million tonnes, constituting 7% of the world’s catch and valued at around U.S.$4 billion.
• Platform to manifest its foreign policy: BIMSTEC allows India to pursue two core
policies- Neighbourhood First (primacy to the country’s immediate periphery), Act East
(connect India with Southeast Asia) and Security & Growth for all In the Region
(SAGAR).
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• Development of India’s North-East: India’s northeastern states share a border with four
BIMSTEC nations, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar. Through better
transportation, border infrastructure, and linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via
Bangladesh and Myanmar will provide opportunities for their economic development.
• Counter China: The grouping could allow India to push a constructive agenda to counter
Chinese investments and instead follow best practices for connectivity projects based on
recognized international norms. And the Bay of Bengal can be showcased as open and
peaceful, contrasting it with China’s behaviour in the South China Sea.
• Alternative to SAARC: A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of
differences between India and Pakistan.
• Showcases Leadership in region: India aspires to be a global power and through this
platform, India can prove to the world the inherent capabilities in its eminent leadership
to create a new world order.
• BIMSTEC also presents an opportunity to enhance India's Blue economy and
Maritime security through regional cooperation.
• India’s increased interest- In recent times India has shown increased interest in the
BIMSTEC. BIMSTEC energy centre and BIMSTEC business council is set up in India to
promote regional trade.
Difference Between SAARC And BIMSTEC.
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SAARC BIMSTEC
Establishment ● Established in 1985 in ● Estd in 1997 as

Dhaka by the idea of Zia- BIST-EC through
Ur-Rahman(former the Bangkok
Bangladesh President) declaration.
Headquarters ● Kathmandu, Nepal ● Dhaka, Bangladesh
Member ● 8 ● 7
countries
1st summit ● In 1985, Dhaka ● In 2004, Dhaka
● Purely a regional ● Interregional

organisation to enhance organisation that
regional corporations in connects both

south Asia. South Asia and
● Failure of SAARC to ASEAN.
nurture cooperation in ● It emerged as a
South Asia has pushed preferred platform
regional powers to search for regional
for an alternative. cooperation in
South Asia.
Objectives ● The main objectives of ● To accelerate the

SAARC are to place economic growth
regional cooperation on a and social progress
firm foundation, accelerate in the sub-region
the pace of social and through joint
economic development of endeavours in a
the countries, and further spirit of equality
the cause of peace, and partnership. To
progress and stability in promote active
the region collaboration and
mutual assistance
on matters of
common interest in
the economic,
social, technical
and scientific fields
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Reasons For India’s Strategic Shift To BIMSTEC
Apart from the terror issue, there are many issues that are responsible for India's
strategic shift from SAARC to BIMSTEC. They are :-
Pakistan non-cooperation-The SAARC satellite project that India proposed was
abandoned by Pakistan in 2016. Cross-border terrorism emanating from Pakistan is a major
concern for India and Pakistan has failed to address this concern.
Reduced trade: SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just 5 percent of the total share of
intra-regional trade of South Asia. And FDI is also minimal which is 4 percent of the total
foreign investment.
Trade agreements like SAFTA (SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement) came into
force in 2006 and are currently not fully operational.
Dysfunctional: Mistrust and suspicion among the members not only hinders bilateral
growth and development but also makes SAARC a dysfunctional grouping.
• Ineffective implementation: SAARC is likely to continue to suffer from ineffective
implementation unless the nature of the relationship between the South Asian rivals
changes.
• India can focus on connectivity projects in and around the Bay of Bengal region which will
help unleash the potential of the seven northeastern states in India where the BIMSTEC
grouping can play a vital role.
Challenges Associated With BIMSTEC
• Inconsistent Meeting: BIMSTEC planned to hold summits every two years, and
ministerial meetings every year, but only four summits have taken place in 20 years up to
2018.
• Aggression of certain states: Apprehensions about China's expanding presence in the bay
(so-called Malacca Dilemma) impacting the autonomy of the shipping route.
• Security: Aggravated security threats in the region including terrorism and transitional
crime such as piracy and illegal, unre-BIMSTEC ported and unregulated (IUU)fishing.
• FTA: FTA was negotiated in 2004, talks on it are yet to be concluded.
• Connectivity: Poor roads and rail connectivity, insufficient last mile links.
➢ Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) for the
free flow of goods and people.
• Resource crunch: The permanent secretariat faces a severe resource crunch, in both
terms of manpower and money.
Way Forward
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To maintain the momentum and strengthen BIMSTEC as a sustainable platform for regional
cooperation, the following steps must be considered-
• Summits- to ensure regularity in decision-making, regular summits must be held.
• Dispute resolution- BIMSTEC should be empowered as a platform to resolve
disputes among the member countries through debates and discussions.
• Resources- Due to a scarcity of resources both manpower and money BIMSTEC will
continue to underperform in each and every regard .So member states should
commit significant resources to strengthen the organisation.
• India will need to take on an informal BIMSTEC leadership role and let its practical
commitments lead through examples. Officials from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Thailand, and
Srilanka have repeatedly expressed their willingness to focus on BIMSTEC provided India
walks the talk and takes the first step.
Unlike in the past, where multilateral initiatives like SAARC were used to balance India's
subcontinental predominance, the ball of regional cooperation is now in India's court.
BIMSTEC provides an opportunity for Bay of Bengal nations to work together to create a
common space for peace and development. Implementing the above suggestions will
increase the success of BIMSTEC and create an amicable relationship among the member
states.
6) In the present age, ICT (information and communication technology) is the backbone
of all industries. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your stand.
Answer:
Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven. I don't

think anybody can talk meaningfully about one without talking about the other.
-Bill Gates.
Information and communication technologies (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of
technological tools and resources used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange
information. These technological tools and resources include computers, the Internet
(websites, blogs, and emails), live broadcasting technologies (radio, television, and
webcasting), recorded broadcasting technologies (podcasting, audio, and video players,
and storage devices), and telephony (fixed or mobile, satellite, Visio/video- conferencing),
etc.
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Information Technology (IT) can be termed as a backbone of all industries because of the
wide-scale use of computers, the internet, and telecommunications systems. Information
Technology helps in managing, manipulating, storing, regaining, sharing/communicating,
and transmitting small as well as large amounts of information/data conveniently and
effectively. The development of ICT has triggered the fourth industrial revolution.
How ICT Has Changed Industries(Advantages):-
• Education:- In the past education was done with the help of books. However, these days,
the internet plays a vital role in teaching students valuable information regarding any
subject they want to learn about.Examples - DIKSHA is the 'one nation; one digital
platform' for school education in Ind
PM eVIDYA Programme:-Under this, the top 100 universities were permitted to begin
online courses, providing better learning prospects.
• Medical: With the help of new technology and equipment developed by IT for this specific
field, doctors can provide more accurate treatment with devices such as smart inhalers,
robotic surgery, wireless brain sensors, 3D printing, artificial organs, and health
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wearables. For instance, the Arogya Setu application proved to be a great initiative and a
remarkable example.
• Mera Aspataal Application: Allows patients to provide feedback on service quality at
hospitals and ultimately helps establish a patient-driven, responsive and accountable
healthcare system.
• Transport: New inventions and innovations in the ICT sector have upgraded the
transport industry to great extent. Roadways, railways and airways, and waterways, all
are revolutionized.
o Like the iRAP for road safety assessments. ITS and GIS technology adoption for city
traffic planning & management for higher efficiency of the city-wide transport system.
o FASTag is a device that employs Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for
making toll payments directly while the vehicle is in motion.
o Anurakshan Mobile App for online Vigilance of Rural road maintenance in
Bihar.
• Business: Businesses across the world, due to IT, are not bound to a geographical area
anymore. With the help of online communication, they can reach the world. E.commerce
has broadened the range of products/services for sale, expanded business, brought more
customers, and diversified your sales. Flipkart, Amazon, Myntra, etc.
• Changing the way of socialisation: People are moving from personal face-
to-face interaction to one in the digital space. Eg:- Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
• Banking: Earlier in banking work was done manually and saving data on paper was
the norm. Now after the arrival of ICT entries are directly and efficiently recorded in
PC files, money can be transferred online, account balances can be checked, and people
have been provided with the online banking service to carry out various transactions.
• Financial inclusion:- ICT can strengthen domestic financial institutions through
digital infrastructure, thereby expanding access to banking, insurance, and financial
services for all.
o Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of different kinds of subsidies to beneficiaries.
Aadhaar
o Enabled Payment System (AePS) system.
• Reviving the agriculture sector: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has helped
improve productivity, and empowered farmers by using sustainable, economical, and eco-
friendly technology.
o Bhoomi Rashi porta land records.
o Digitization of land records
Challenges
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• Infrastructural issues- lack of optical fiber cable networks across regions reasons
including lack of funds, difficult terrain, etc.
• Digital divide- Lack of digital literacy especially in rural areas. Only 38% of households
in India are digitally literate.
o In urban areas, digital literacy is relatively higher at 61% relative to just 25% in rural
areas.
• Skilled manpower- Lack of skilled manpower to implement the program. Only 2.3%
of the workforce in India has undergone formal skill training.
• Uneven access to technology- Richer countries and richer individuals enjoy more access
and thus have a greater ability to seize on the advantages and opportunities provided by
ICT.
o National Sample Survey (NSS) report household-level statistics reveal that only 4.4% of
rural households own a computer as compared to 23.4% of urban households.
o In terms of access to the internet, 42% of urban households have access to the
internet while the corresponding figure for rural households is only 14.9%.
• Privacy and security - It includes a threat of leak of personal data, fraud online
transactions, etc. For instance, the massive data breach of personal records of 1.1 Billion
Indian Aadhaar card holders in 2018.
• Maintenance cost- While the upfront or capital cost for the cloud-based server is very
low compared to traditional hosting, the cloud server requires the same amount to be
paid each month to maintain both servers as well as data.
Government Efforts
• Bharat net project -It is the world's largest rural broadband connectivity program
using optical fibre.
• PM WANI - It envisages the setting up of public wifi networks, being a low-cost option
to reach unserved citizens. It can revolutionize the tech world.
• Tarang Sanchar portal- It envisages disseminating information to the public regarding
EMF signals and allay the misconceptions and fear of health issues due to EMF emissions
from mobile towers.
• E Pathshala- Developed by NCERT, it showcases and disseminates all educational e-
resources including textbooks, lectures, materials, etc through a website and mobile app.
• Digilocker- Aimed at eliminating the usage of physical documents and enabling
sharing of e-documents across government agencies.
• National supercomputing mission- Aimed at establishing a strong and robust Indian
network that will be capable of providing secure and reliable connectivity.
• Meghraj initiative- To enable the government to leverage cloud computing for the
effective delivery of e-service.
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• CERT-In is the nodal agency to deal with cyber security threats and operates under the
information technology ministry.
Way Forward
• Promoting digital literacy- Here the role of NGOs and SHGs can be vital. Electronic-
banking awareness and training (e-BAAT) programmes by RBI focussed, inter alia, on
awareness about frauds and risk mitigation. Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta
Abhiyaan (PMGDISHA) for digital education in rural India.
• Incentives for the private sector- To extend digital connectivity to rural areas tax
exemption can be provided to encourage this move.
• Skilling of people involved in ICT implementation programs.
• Strengthening IT act: As the act was framed in 2000 digital world has changed a lot
afterward so there is a need to make changes in the act accordingly.
• Revise the science and technology policy of 2013. Bring it in line with our national
priorities. Prepare a strategy and a roadmap to make India a science and technology
power ranking among top countries.
• The e-governance initiatives in rural areas should be taken by identifying and analyzing
the grassroots realities.
Information Technology not only contributes to the economic growth of the country but
has also made governance more competent and approachable. It has made access to
government services and information easier and inexpensive.
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7) Discuss the role of Rabindranath Tagore in the Indian National Movement.
Answer:
Rabindranath Tagore also known by the sobriquet Gurudev, Koboguru, and Biswakobi was
born in May 1861 in Calcutta to Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj. He was
a great Poet, Play Writer, Essayist, a Painter, who introduced new versions of Bengali
literature in a colloquial language. Tagore's own involvement with various issues pertaining
to social reform began early in his life and by his early 20s, Tagore was already the author of
many essays commenting on social and economic issues present at that time.
He actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle and influenced the masses through
his literary works and also acted as a beacon of Indian Culture to the west and vice versa.
Tagore’s Role In The Indian Nationalism:
Role in Anti-Partition of Bengal
Resentment after Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Torchbearer for the Contemporary
Literary Nationalism
Acted as a Goodwill Ambassador
• Against imperialism: Tagore renounced British imperialism but also did not fully support
or agree with Gandhi and his non-cooperation movement. His belief was that the idea of
anti-colonialism cannot simply be achieved by rejecting all things British. It should
incorporate the best aspects of western culture into the best Indian culture.
• Partition of Bengal: Tagore played a significant role in advocating Hindu-Muslim unity in
the wake of the partition of Bengal. After the announcement of the partition of Bengal on
19th July 1905 by the then viceroy of India Lord Curzon which came into effect on 16th
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October 1905, Ravindra Nath Tagore wrote “ Banglar Mati Bangla Jol (soil of Bengal, water
of Bengal) to unite the Bengali population.
On his suggestion people of all communities, irrespective of their castes, creed and religion
tied Rakhi on the hands of each other during Anti-Partition Movement to show unity
amongst Hindus and Muslims and celebrated as Rakhi Utsav.
And his essay, Partition of Bengal, served as a reminder of what the movements could do.
At the time of independence, India did not have a national anthem. The song 'Bharoto
Bhagyo Bidhata', composed in 1911 by Tagore was renamed as 'Jan Gan Man.' It was
adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the national anthem on January 24, 1950.
He also wrote the famed ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ (My Golden Bengal) which helped ignite a
feeling of nationalism amongst people. After liberation, Bangladesh adopted it as its national
anthem.
• Resentment After Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: On 13th April 1919, people gathered in
protest
against the arrest of Indian revolutionaries, British troops opened fire on the peaceful
protest
which killed many men, women, and children. The incident shook even moderate Indians
and
triggered them to denounce their loyalty towards the British and take a nationalistic stand,
aggrieved by this brutal massacre Rabindranath Tagore chagrined the British government
by
renouncing his title of Knighthood that was given to him by King George V in 1915 for
Services to Literature.
• Modern view of nationalism: Tagore’s idea of nationalism or rather “nationess”,
was too
broad-minded and inclusive.In his lecture, entitled "Swadeshi Samaj", he
explained how
the British control of India is the "political symptom of our social disease" of self
subjugation. He urged Indians to believe that "there can be no question of blind
revolution, but of steady and purposeful education". He believed that revolution
is not an overnight phenomenon but a constructive, progressive movement
through education.
• Torchbearer for the Contemporary Revolutionaries: Tagore’s ideology greatly
influenced the revolutionaries of that time such as Surya Sen, Shubhash Chandra Bose,
and many others. Late in 1930 Chittagong raids that Surya Sen led were aimed at
demonstrating that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the British Empire.
• Literary Nationalism: A collection of his speeches on nationalism was published in 1917
with the same title and one of the speeches in it denotes
Tagore’s unconventional, integrated views on Indian nationalism. A substance of his
deliberation is that the true spirit of nationalism lies in its broad humanistic concern rather
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than constrained political strategy.

He used his literature to mobilise people for social and political reform and documented
everything that exposed the true nature of British imperialism in India. His ideas on
patriotism for India can be traced from his poems in 'India's prayers.
• Goodwill Ambassador for India: While on a world tour for attending international
conferences he
used to present a larger image of India. To the world which used to view India as a
country of snake-charmer, he spread his concept of samaj and syncretic civilization.
Denouncing the European view of the nation-state he presented the concept of the
“Federation of man”.
Tagore had spoken at the World Parliament for Religions in the years 1929 and
1937.Tagore in his lectures at the Imperial University (now Tokyo University) propounded
the ‘higher ideals of humanity’ and rejected the ‘organised selfishness of Nationalism’.
• Soft power: It was Tagore who had used the soft power of India's mystic and spiritual
values as a diplomatic tool to reach out to the world. In 1913 he became the first Indian to
get the Nobel prize for his book Geetanjali.
• Universal ideology: Tagore owns the title Viswa Kavi or poet of the world because of
his universal ideology. Tagore advocated the idea of global integrity and that the man
himself is a gateway to the world. The purpose of the freedom struggle changed from
protest to progress as Tagore explained the universality of man. The identity of India
after independence was closely based on Tagore's ideology of peace and universal
brotherhood
• Advocate of Local self-government: Tagore understood, just as Gandhi did, that violence
cannot serve the ultimate purpose of humanity. He was deeply aware that India needed
more than a change of political regime. Therefore, he opted for a self-reliant village
economy.In the region that is now Bangladesh, he initiated projects of local initiative, local
leadership and local self-government, developing cooperative systems.Tagore started
innovative research in agriculture and rural development in Patisar, Shahzadpur and
Shilaidah.
• Contribution to education: Tagore was against conventional classroom education. He
believed that interaction with nature is essential for learning. On December 29, 1918,
Tagore laid the foundation stone of Visva Bharati University.He invested his Nobel Prize
money in building the campus and a town in Bolpur, West Bengal. He named the place as
Shantiniketan, the abode of peace.He visualised it as a ‘seat of learning', and his vision was
taken forward by Gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru.
He had a deep understanding of the world at large. He visited more than 30 countries and had
personal ties with scientists and literary giants of his time. He held that promoting one's own
culture and approving the cultures of others could be one and the same attitude. At the
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present time when the world is suffering from political turmoil and disintegration the ideals
of the Rabindra Nath Tagore will be of great help to further brotherhood, peace, and tolerance.
His principles of “Universal Humanism” and “Cultural Catholicity” can help nations in
maintaining friendly relations with each other and prevent them from pushing themselves
into another war. In other words, he was the true representative of the inherent principle of
India which believes in“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”.
“Freedom” does not simply mean political freedom from the British; True freedom
means the ability to be truthful and honest with oneself otherwise autonomy loses all
of its worth.
— Rabindranath Tagore.
8) Write about the contribution of Shri Krishna Singh in Bihar's political and Social
context.
Answer:
“Since 1921, the History of Bihar has been the history of the life of Shri babu” these lines were
written by ‘Bihar Vibhuti A.N. Sinha’(1st Deputy CM & Finance Minister of Bihar) in his
essay ‘Mere Shri Babu’.
Shri Krishna Singh was the first Chief Minister of Bihar from 1946-61. He is contemplated as
the 'Architect of Modern Bihar'. He was known as ‘Bihar Kesari’ for his lionlike roars when he
rose to address the masses. He was also known as ‘Shri Babu’.
Shri Babu was a lawyer, nationalist, statesman, educationalist and Administrator.
Early Life:
Shri Krishna Sinha was born on 21 October 1887 in the village of Maur, Barbigha in the
Munger district of Bengal Presidency (now part of Sheikhpura district) to Harihar singh. He
pursued his educational qualification at his village school and at Zila School in Munger. In
1906 he joined Patna College, which was then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. He
obtained a master's degree from the University of Calcutta and then a doctorate of law from
Patna university and started practising in Munger in 1915. He served Bihar continuously from
1946 until his death on 31 January 1961 at the age of 73.
Contribution to Bihar’s Politics:
• He met Gandhiji for the first time in 1916 at the central Hindu college, Banaras and later
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at Shah Mohammad Zubair house in 1920. He was deeply inspired by the ideas of
Gandhi and became his follower.
• He gave up practising Law in 1921 to take part in Gandhi's Non-Cooperation and
actively participated in it.
• In 1922, the Gaya session of congress which was held in Tenai village(nearby Gaya) of
Bihar, Congress was divided into two parts i.e Pro-changers and NoChangers. Shri Babu
joined the league of “Pro-Changer’s”.
• In 1923, the Congress Swaraj party, or Swarajist was founded by C.R Das & Moti Lal
Nehru. The tallest leader of the Swaraj Dal in Bihar was Shri Babu.
• Shri Babu Realised that the Freedom movement can get due momentum if the Farmers
join the movement. He along with Mohammed Zubair toured most of the villages of the
Munger belt and aroused the Farmer’s from their deep slumber.
• As a result in 1929, Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha was established in Sonepur. Swami
Shahjananda Saraswati became its President with Shri Babuacting as “General
Secretary”.
• During the British period, he was in jail for almost 8 years for opposing the Tyranny of
British rule.
• He was arrested for the first time in 1922 at Shah Zubair’s(his close aide) house and
Congress Seva Dal was declared illegal.
• In 1923, Shri babu was charged with Sedition and arrested for writing and acting in his
play Bharat Durdasha on the occasion of Tulsi Jayanti, depicting the economic
exploitation of the country, in his hometown Haveli Kharagpur in Munger.
• During Salt Satyagraha in 1930, he led the movement at Garhpura Begusarai.
• He was the President of Munger Zila Parishad from 1934 to 1937. In 1935, he became a
member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly.
• Under the Government of India Act of1935, he became the Premier of Bihar province on
20 July 1937. On the issue of the release of political prisoners like Phanindra Nath Ghosh
and Yogendra Shukla, the Government under Shri Babu resigned.
• In 1940, in Ramgarh's session of congress, it was decided to launch Individual
Satyagraha, and with inspiration from Gandhi ji Shri Krishna Singh became the first
satyagrahi from Bihar followed by A.N.Sinha.
• Shri Babu was an able administrator and he was supported in his endeavour by the then
Deputy CM of Bihar (A N Sinha) who was very famous among the masses. Seeing this
Paul H. Appleby(American theorist of public administration) described Bihar as the best-
governed state in India
Political Legacy:
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• He worked immensely for the development and growth of Bihar and brought several
projects like river valley projects(Koshi,aghaur and sakri) which proved to be a boon for
the agricultural sector of Bihar. The first five-year plan period was dedicated for rural
development ( mainly for the agricultural sector) and Bihar became the top state in the
country's first five-year plan.
• In the second five-year plan, Sri Krishna Singh brought several heavy industries like
Barauni Fertiliser Plant, Barauni Thermal Power station, Damodar Valley Corporation,
Patratu Thermal Power Station, Scooter Factory in Fatuha, Pyrite Phosphorus chemical
Limited and Sulphur mines at Amjhaur, Sindri Fertiliser Plant, Kargil Coal washery,
Garhara locomotive shed and etc which provided the much needed thrust for the
Industrial development of Bihar.
• He established engineering colleges at Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Jamshedpur, Sindri,
Gaya, Motihari, Lok Rangshala of Bihar Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir, Sanskrit College at
Patna, Rabindra Parishad at Patna, the statue of Buddha a Rajgir Venuvan Vihar as well
as an Orphanage at Muzaffarpur.
• Under his able leadership Rajendra Setu, the first railroad bridge in Mokama on the river
Ganga was commissioned.
Contribution to Bihar’s Society:

• He immensely contributed to the culture and society of Bihar. With his due efforts,
Rajendra Chatra Niwas at Calcutta was established for Bihari students.
• He led the Dalit entry into the Baidyanath Dham temple (Vaidhyanathan Temple,
Deoghar), which reflected his commitment towards the upliftment and social
empowerment of the Dalits. He was the first Chief Minister in the country to take steps
for the abolition of the Zamindari System.
• He was a staunch opponent of castes and defended the oppressed. He was an avid reader
and his collection of books has been converted as a Library which is now famously
known as “Shri Krishna Seva Sadan” (Munger) Shri Babu was a progressive leader who
introduced substantive land reform in the early period of Bihar's history. Despite many
oppositions, he got Bihar Tenancy Act passed in the early years which shows his attitude
towards the landless Farmers & small land holder’s. In honour of Shri Babu, the
Government of India issued a postal stamp on February 4 1988, and again on 26th
December 2016.
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The former president of India Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patil released a book on the letters of
exchange between Sri Babu and the first PM Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru titled Freedom and
Beyond. From this book, we come to know about the conversation between Nehru and Shri
Babu that touches on subjects like Indian democracy in making early years of independence,
centre-state relations, the role of the governor, turbulence in Nepal, Zamindari abolition and
the education scenario of the country.
The life and contribution of Shri Babu can be well summed up in the words of Justice
V.R.Krishna Iyer who said that ‘Shri babu was among those who were"heavyweights in their
own right and brought into political administration a texture of nationalism, federalism,
realism, and even some touch pragmatic socialism", and that he "lived poor, died poor and
identified himself with the poor.
9) Write a note on Mahatma Gandhi's theory of Trusteeship?
Answer:
Gandhi’s trusteeship theory is a social economic theory which offers a way for the wealthy
to serve as the trustees of trusts and look out for the well-being of everyone. Gandhi
suggested this doctrine as an answer to the economic inequalities of ownership and income
which grew out of inequalities and privileges of the present social order. It is based on the
faith that human nature is never beyond redemption.
The Core Of The Trusteeship Theory
• Gandhi based his doctrine of trusteeship on the first sloka of Sri Isopanisad, according
to which one is asked to dedicate everything to God and then use it only to the required
extent.
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• He was of the view that everything that humans have is from God and belonged to
God. Therefore it is meant for every person and not a particular one. When a person has
more than his requirement, he can become a trustee of that extra portion for others.
Components Of The Trusteeship Theory
• Voluntary socialism: Gandhi believed in the concept of socialism and advocated for
the development of all individuals. He asked people who had more than their
requirement to help others. He himself did a lot of volunteer work and was always
involved in improving the lives of the downtrodden and the people who had fewer
means to survive.
• Aparigraha or Non-Possession: This is one of the main features of his trusteeship
theory as it is through non-possession only that people will be able to help others. It
includes the principles of detachment and service.
• Human dignity: Human dignity stands at the core of Gandhi’s
philosophy.Throughout his life, he aimed at the development, upliftment, and
enrichment of human life rather than a high standard of living with no respect for
human or social values. An ethical life was the basis of his theory.
• Ahimsa or Non-violence: He believed in the process of non-violence, satyagraha,
and non-cooperation in converting the privileged classes into trustees. He even
advocated violence as a last resort to dispossess property owners of their wealth.
Benefits of the Trusteeship Theory:
• Egalitarian society: Gandhi had a firm belief that every capitalist being a human
has in them the element of goodness. He believed that once this goodness is
evoked they would use this surplus for the welfare of the poor which would
establish economic equality in society.
• Peace/Harmony: Gandhi believed that to establish peace and harmony in society the
economic basis of society should be based on love and trust. He believed that if
people develop the quality of sympathy, kindness, benevolence, and the feeling of
oneness then voluntarily they will think about the weaker section of society.
• Upliftment and Enrichment of human life: Gandhi used it as a powerful tool for
removing economic and social disparity and ultimately establishing peace in society.
Gandhi had no doubt about its abiding value. He said, “My theory of Trusteeship is no
makeshift, certainly no Camouflage. I am confident that it will survive all other
theories.
• Sustainable consumption: He was of the view that a decent minimum living wage
should be set and also a limit should be fixed for the maximum income that would be
allowed to any person in society.
The difference between the such minimum and maximum incomes should be
reasonable and equitable and variable from time to time.
Examples Of Trusteeship In The Present World:

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Trusteeship can be viewed as an attitude to life. The trustee has to behave in such a way as
to command the confidence of others in his honesty, integrity, and the reasonable frame of
mind he brings to his work and behavior. Some of the present-day examples include:
• CSR(Corporate social responsibility): The root of corporate social responsibility lies in

Gandhi’s concept of trusteeship. This CSR connects the corporate sector to the social
sector. Every company draws its resources from society so it must have some
responsibilities toward society.
• NGO (Non-profit Organisation): A non-profit organisation that generally is formed
independently from the government and is active in humanitarianism or the social
sciences. Surveys indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust, which can
make them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders.
• Sarvodaya: The economic and social development of a community as a whole,
especially as advocated by Mahatma Gandhi. Aditya Birla Group, Jamana Lal Bajaj,
Amul, Tata House (JRD), and Infosys as some of the examples display the different
experiments conducted by individuals and/or companies that are committed to the
larger goal.
Paths to achieve the goal:
Gandhi’s theory of trusteeship holds relevance even in the present world. For instance, the
revolutions that are raised from time to time in different countries are motivated by the
same objectives of human dignity, justice, and equity. The practice of all democratic nations
has been to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor to a minimum. We find the
manifestations of the Gandhian concept of trusteeship in the policies of the government as
well. This theory, therefore, becomes significant for the overall growth and progress of
humans in particular and society in general.
“I think that any wealth creates a sense of trusteeship. It is a characteristic of the new
generation which has created wealth to have some amount of responsibility for it”.
— Azim Premji(Founder of Wipro)
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10) Patna and Muzaffarpur were figured among the 30 most polluted cities in the world
according to a 2021 World Air Quality Report by Swiss Organisation IQAir. What are
the reasons for increasing air pollution in Bihar? What are the measures that should
be taken to control it?
Answer:
Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical,
physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. (World
Health Organisation). There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (such as
ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, carbon dioxide and
chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules.
Particulate Matter (PM)
• The particles that pollute the air by being suspended can be defined as particulate pollutants.
• Particulate matter consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and
inorganic substances suspended in the air (WHO). These particles may include dust, dirt, smoke,
drops of liquid etc.
• These are irregular but assumed circular particles judged by their diameter for example PM 2.5 and
PM 10. PM10 includes particles less than 10 micron (µm) in diameter, PM2. 5 those less than 2.5
µm
• PM 2.5 particles (2.5 µm or less) are declared as one of the most harmful particulate
pollutants by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• It has in-situ and ex-situ sources such as road dust, construction, sand particles etc. This pollutant
is one of the serious problems.
World Air Quality Report
• The cities of Patna and Muzaffarpur in Bihar have figured among the 30 most polluted
cities in the world and ranked 21 and 27, respectively, according to a 2021 World Air
Quality Report by Swiss organisation IQAir.
• As per the report, not only the ranking has plunged but the overall concentration
of ambient airborne PM 2.5 has also increased.
• Patna had a PM2.5 concentration of 78.2 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³) in 2021,
which has risen by 14.3 per cent when compared to 68.4 ug/m³ in the previous year.
• Similarly, Muzaffarpur’s PM2.5 concentration of 82.9 ug/m³ in 2021, rose from 74.3
ug/m³ in 2020.
• The report also says that air pollution has cost an estimated 1,600 deaths in Patna in 2021.
Reason For Pollution In Bihar
According to the The Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB), brick kilns are one of
the major contributors to air pollution. As per available data, 14% of air pollution in the
state is caused by brick kilns while 22% is caused by domestic burning. Transportation
causes 19% pollution, dust 15%, industry 14%, waste burning 11% and diesel generator sets
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5%.
• Construction: Extreme construction and developmental projects lead to the addition of a

large quantity of aerosol in the air. For example, dust, emission from construction machines etc.
• Heavy traffic: Slow movement of vehicles generates higher carbon and sulphur
compounds in gaseous form leading to air pollution. Moreover, these days more and more
people are using all sorts of vehicles that run on fossil fuel and contribute to air pollution.
• Household: The continued usage of solid fuel in the form of wood and cow dung cakes
on traditional cookstoves causes extremely high exposure to particulate pollution.
• Chimneys: Patna also has a large number of brick kilns within its city limits. As per a 2014
study, more than 225 brick kiln units line the approach roads to Patna on the east and on its
western sides. More kilns are present on the northern bank of the Ganga River. Some kilns
also use traditional methods which give rise to more emissions. Together, these contribute
around 2350 tonnes of PM 2.5 emissions to
Patna’s air annually.
• Open Waste disposal: Solid waste and biomedical waste in both government and private
hospitals is being burnt in the open leading to emission of poisonous gases in the air. There
are very few units for disposing bio-medical waste in the state located in Bhagalpur,
Muzaffarpur, Patna, Buxar etc which are not enough.
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Government initiative
• Monitoring stations: Bihar has 11 Air Quality Index (AQI) monitoring stations in the state
located at Patna (6), Gaya (2), Muzaffarpur (2) and Vaishali (1) districts to monitor the status of
air pollution in the state. .
• Jal Jeevan Hariyali mission - Under this plan, water conservation and tree plantation are
promoted and an effort to protect the environment is made. Farmers are given up to Rs 75000
subsidy after applying online under this scheme.
• Initiatives by BSPCB: The Bihar State Pollution Control Board (BSPCB) signed an
agreement with UNEP to frame a strategy to develop a low-carbon emission pathway in
2021.
➢ It has also recently tied up with the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP)
to launch a crackdown on brick kilns not following the newer zigzag technique to
reduce emissions.
➢ It will be implementing artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing technology to
detect key sources of air pollution through satellite images and real-time monitoring.
• The Muzaffarpur model of tree plantation along with the roads to mitigate climate change.
Tree plantations along the road have been done by old handicapped widows and women card
holders under the MNREGA scheme.
• CPCB guidelines: Strict enforcement of Central Pollution Control Board guidelines for
construction. Use of the green screen side in the construction area.
• Phasing out of old vehicles: Restriction on plying and phasing out of 15 years old
commercial diesel-driven vehicles and hence reducing NO2 level in the air. Promotion of
e-rickshaw & e- vehicles and introduction of cleaner fuels CNG/LPG.
Need of the hour
Air pollution is now considered to be the world’s largest environmental health threat,
accounting for seven million deaths around the world every year. The estimated daily
economic cost of air pollution has been figured at $8 billion (USD), or 3 to 4 percent of
the gross world product. Therefore the government needs to take some urgent steps in
this regard such as:
➢ Public Awareness: There is an urgent need to launch a public awareness campaign to
control air pollution through print media and electronic media.
➢ City-wise cap on coal use to reduce coal consumption and henceforth the emission load.
➢ Spraying of water: Dust particles could be managed by regular spraying of water on
under-construction roads and roads with heavy traffic.
➢ Green fuel: Ensure easy availability of affordable cleaner cooking fuels. LPG in urban areas
and biogas in rural areas.
➢ Vehicles: Checking fuel adulteration through an audit system. And installation of Diesel
Particulate Filters (PDF) in all vehicles.
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➢ Industry: Raw materials can be changed as those releasing major pollutant particles can be
banned by the government and alternatives can be used of better quality.
➢ Forecasting systems for better response to pollution can be controlled by effective
pollution forecasting, monitoring systems, early warning systems and strict action plans
that can significantly bring down pollution levels in the city.
Fighting air pollution is a public concern, so focused coordinated efforts involving all relevant parties
are required. The government (federal, state, and municipal), the general public, and individuals
should be taken into consideration for this, in order for the government to achieve the target of
reducing the 40% reduction in particulate matter concentration in cities under the National Clean Air
Programmeby 2026.
11) How is the legislative council of the state different from Rajya Sabha? Also, write
about the relevance of the legislative councils in states.
Answers:
India follows a bicameral system of legislation both at the centre and state levels.
Bicameralism is the practice of having two Houses of Parliament. At the State level, the
equivalent of the Lok Sabha is the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly), and that of the
Rajya Sabha is the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council). Both the Legislative Council and
the Rajya Sabha are the upper houses and act as checks and balances on the lower houses.
Although both are upper houses, there are some significant differences among the two.
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Difference between State legislative Council and the Rajya Sabha
Legislative Council Rajya Sabha
Origin • The Charter Act of 1853 • The Government of India Act,

provided for a 12 member 1919, a second chamber
Legislative Council. known as the Council of
• Article 169 of the States.
Constitution of India makes • The Rajya Sabha, its Hindi
provision for abolition or nomenclature, was adopted on
creation of Legislative 23 August 1954.
Councils if that state’s
legislature passes a
resolution with a special
majority..
Members Under•Article 171 of the • The Rajya Sabha is to consist

Constitution, the Legislative of not more than 250 members
Council of a state shall not 238 members representing
have more than one-third the States and Union
of the total strength of the Territories and 12 members
State Assembly, and not nominated by the President.
less than 40 members.
Election • 1/3rd of the MLCs are • The representatives of each

elected by the state’s MLAs, State are elected by the
• Another 1/3rd by
members elected members of the
from municipalities and Legislative Assembly in
district boards, accordance with the system of
• 1/12th by an electorate of proportional representation by
teachers and another 1/12th means of single transferable
by registered graduates. vote.
• Remaining by the
Governor
for distinguished services in
various fields namely,
literature, science, art,
cooperative movement and
social service.
Allocation • Currently, six states — • The seats are allocated to the

of seats Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, federating units on the basis of
Maharashtra, Andhra their population.
Pradesh, Telangana and • Therefore, the States and
Karnataka have a Union Territories do not have a
Legislative Council. uniform number of seats as is
the case with many other
federal chambers.
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Age • Minimum 30 years of age • Minimum 30 years of age for

for membership. membership.
Duration • Like the Rajya Sabha, the • Rajya Sabha is a permanent

legislative council is a body and is not subject to
continuing chamber, that dissolution.
is, it is a permanent body • However, one third of the
and is not subject to members retire every second
dissolution. year and are replaced by newly
• The tenure of a Member of elected members.
the Legislative Council • Each member is elected for a
(MLC) is six years, with term of six years.
one-third of the members
retiring every two years.
Presiding • A member from the Council • The Vice President of India is

officer itself is chosen as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya
Council Chairperson. Sabha.
• The House also elects a
Deputy Chairman from among
its members. .
Powers • The legislative power of the • Rajya Sabha has equal

Councils are limited. powers with Lok Sabha in all
Legislative Council is not a spheres except financial
revising body like Rajya matters and with regard to the
Sabha it is only a directory control over the government.
chamber or an advisory • Lok Sabha cannot override
body. Rajya Sabha by passing a bill
• MLCs cannot vote in for a second time and vice
elections for the President versa. A joint sitting is the only
and Vice President. way to resolve a deadlock
• The Legislative assembly comparatively.
can override the Council by
passing the bill for a second
time .
Relevance Of Legislative Council:
• Check hasty decisions: The second house of legislation is considered important to act as a
check on speedy actions by the popularly elected house. If there are two chambers, the
measures passed by one would be scrutinised by the other minutely.
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• Reduce Workload: Due to rapid growth in the functions, a unicameral legislature

cannot cope with the work and devote fully to the bills brought before it for enactment.
In such cases, the Legislative council lessens the burden of the lower house & enables
the assembly to fully concentrate on measures of greater importance.
• Wider representation: Elderly, experienced individuals who cannot-bear the ordeal of
electioneering neither campaign can be accommodated in the Legislative Council through
the nominated quota.
• Prevent autocracy: It is argued that the second house put a check on the autocratic
tendencies of the lower chambers. To vest the legislative powers with a popularly elected
house alone may prove harmful to the people of the state as legislation may be arbitrary.
Arguments Against Having A Second House
• Unnecessary Delay: If two different parties are in majority in legislative council &
legislative assembly, the upper house will delay bills for months unnecessarily. Thus its
role may become nasty & obstructive.
• Vested interests: Legislative council serves only as a stronghold of vested interests of
people, who are not interested in legislation. The forum is likely to be used to accommodate
party functionaries who fail to get elected.
• Limited check on legislative assembly: Power of the legislative councils are limited and
hardly impose any effective checks.For instance, as regards Money Bills, only fourteen
days delay can be caused by the council, which is more or less a formality rather than a
barrier in the way of money Bill passed by the Assembly.
• Unnecessary drain on the exchequer Expenditure: It becomes an unnecessary drain on the
exchequer as its role is limited to the whims and fancies of the Legislative Assembly.
Way forward
The Legislative Council acts as a check and balance on the autocracy of the legislative
assembly. Therefore rather than getting rid of it, several improvements can be made in its
functioning so that it can become a revising body rather than an advisory body. Some of
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the steps that can be taken in this context are:

• Legislative council should be given power equivalent to Rajya Sabha and should be
made a second house and not a secondary house.
• Recommendation of committees like the 2nd ARC report need to be implemented for
improving the functioning of Legislative councils like the election of members of
legislative council, role of teachers and graduates, should be decreased or done away
with.
• There is a need for national policy on legislative councils, which should ultimately
decide whether a state needs such a body or not.
• Local bodies should be given more representation in the legislative council to strengthen
root level democracy. This will provide recognition to local bodies at the state level just like
Rajya Sabha provides representation to states at the national level.
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VOLUME 1

SPECIFICALLY FOR 67TH BPSC MAINS

What are Non-communicable diseases (NCD)? What are

Nuclear energy is a “blessing in disguise”.Substantiate

Many failures of the past didn’t dither ISRO to halt its

What is BIMSTEC? Differentiate it from SAARC. Do you

In the present age, ICT (information and communication

Write a note on Mahatma Gandhi's theory of

Patna and Muzaffarpur were figured among the 30 most

How is the legislative council of the state different from

Significance of Bangladesh for India:

Challenges in the relationship

resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute between the two nations.

• India’s soft power in Bangladesh:The people’s perception towards India is favourable in

• Multimodal Connectivity: Connectivity between the two nations can be an excellent

Government Of India Initiatives

2) What are Non-communicable diseases (NCD)? What are its SocioEconomic

Types of Non-Communicable diseases:

There are four main types of NCDs:

Steps Taken By The Government To Mitigate And Eradicate NCDS

Way Forward To Tackle NCDs

• Structure children's environment- physical activity and a healthy environment are

3) Nuclear energy is a “blessing in disguise”.Substantiate this statement with proper

Evolution Of Nuclear Energy In India

Nuclear Power Plants in India

Location of Nuclear Power Plants in different states.

Benefits Of Nuclear Energy

• National Security: A country’s security needs are addressed by using nuclear-powered

Concerns About Nuclear Energy

Role of Bihar in augmenting the nuclear energy sector

Some unsuccessful Attempts:

1 Chandrayan • India's first unmanned lunar probe

2 Mars Orbit • Launched in 2013

nonthermal supernova remnants.

Commercial Future of ISRO

Significance Of BIMSTEC For India.

Difference Between SAARC And BIMSTEC.

Establishment ● Established in 1985 in ● Estd in 1997 as

Headquarters ● Kathmandu, Nepal ● Dhaka, Bangladesh

1st summit ● In 1985, Dhaka ● In 2004, Dhaka

● Purely a regional ● Interregional

regional corporations in connects both

Objectives ● The main objectives of ● To accelerate the

Reasons For India’s Strategic Shift To BIMSTEC

Challenges Associated With BIMSTEC

Information technology and business are becoming inextricably interwoven. I don't

How ICT Has Changed Industries(Advantages):-

7) Discuss the role of Rabindranath Tagore in the Indian National Movement.

Tagore’s Role In The Indian Nationalism:

Role in Anti-Partition of Bengal

Resentment after Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Torchbearer for the Contemporary

Acted as a Goodwill Ambassador

than constrained political strategy.

Contribution to Bihar’s Politics:

Contribution to Bihar’s Society:

The Core Of The Trusteeship Theory

Components Of The Trusteeship Theory

Benefits of the Trusteeship Theory:

Examples Of Trusteeship In The Present World:

• CSR(Corporate social responsibility): The root of corporate social responsibility lies in

Paths to achieve the goal:

Particulate Matter (PM)

World Air Quality Report