9 November 12 December 2011

CRCH2011 II Focus on Stone

Sensitization Workshop towards Conservation and Restoration of Built Stone Heritage

Module II : History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction Construction technology Terminology Types of Rocks Theory v/s practice in conservation

10 November 11 November 2011

Session: 1/2

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL Latin. VALLUM rampart

rampart

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA rampart linen cord

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin. PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM
SCAFFOLD

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

O Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE)

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

to prop / support

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM
SCAFFOLD ARCH

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

O Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE) Latin. ARCUS

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

to prop / support a bow

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM
SCAFFOLD ARCH GROUT

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

O Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE) Latin. ARCUS O. Eng. GRUTA

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

to prop / support a bow coarse meal

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM
SCAFFOLD ARCH GROUT STREET

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

O Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE) Latin. ARCUS O. Eng. GRUTA Latin . VIA STRATA

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

to prop / support a bow coarse meal paved way

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Etymology
WALL LINE PERPENDICULAR MORTAR Latin. VALLUM Latin. LINEA Latin . PERPENDICULARIS Latin. PERPENDERE Latin. MORTARIUM rampart linen cord vertical as plumb line balance carefully bowl for mixing

TROWEL FULCRUM
SCAFFOLD ARCH GROUT STREET

Latin. TRUELLA Latin. TRUA Latin. fulcrum (FULCIRE)

O Fr. eschafaut (ESCHARE) Latin. ARCUS O. Eng. GRUTA Latin . VIA STRATA

small ladle/ dipper stirring spoon to prop up/ support

to prop / support a bow coarse meal paved way

TESSERAE

Ionic Greek . TESSERES

four

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

WHERE DID PRIMITIVE MAN LIVE?

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Primitive man lived in trees and caves

Tepees, Indian American World Book encyclopedia

Native Americans - hunters and gatherers Tepee- Young branches with animal skins

Wikipedia

Native Americans - farmers ; cold climate Wigwams or long houses

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Inspired by ant hill

Used for construction since prehistoric times Clay based subsoil + straw + water + oxen to trample

Construction would progress depending on time required

for previous course to dry 24 thick walls were excellent thermal mass- cool in summer and warm in winter Long life span- if tall foundation and large overhang

Cob walls
C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Inspired by ant hill

St. Francis Church

Cob house- Mayne island, Canada

Cob walls
C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Wattle: Woven lattice of wooden strips

loose infill panels slotted between timber frames

Used for construction for the past 6,000 years and still in use Walls made of woven lattice daubed with sticky material of

Wattle and Daub

wet soil, clay, sand and straw Wattle : loose infill panels slotted between timber framing Daub: mixture of binder, aggregate and reinforcement Binders: hold mix together ex- clay, lime, chalk dust Aggregates: bulk and dimensional stability ex-earth, sand Reinforcement- holds mix together and prevents shrinkage ex- straw, hair, hay Whitewashed to increase resistance to rain

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

City of BAM, Iran

Used by native Americans for thousands of years. Wide use attributed to simplicity of design and economical Composite material of clay and water mixed with straw.

Adobe sun dried blocks

Slow drying in shade reduces shrinkage cracks Lime based plaster used to protect from rain damage Best suited for hot and arid climates as the walls are a good thermal reservoir Not good for cold and damp areas as the walls will crumble with continuous cycles of freezing and thawing

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Deir el-Medina, Ancient Egypt, 3000 BC

Indus Valley civilization 2500 BC

Adobe sun dried blocks

Pueblo village, New Mexico 1000- 1450 AD

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Ancient building technique. Used all over the world Simple to construct, thermally massive, strong and durable
Raw materials- earth, lime, chalk and gravel.

Availability of useful soil and design based on local climate

Rammed Earth

Sub soil is used (clay: 5-15%), top soil retained for agriculture Revival- sustainable building technique and natural material Controls humidity, density is good for soundproofing Reduces need for lumber as formwork can be reused

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

The mould

The first layer- 1/3 height

Ramming with plate

The process

Create notches

The product

The continuation

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Rammed Earth home by Paul Weiner

Rammed Earth

Chapel of Reconciliation, Berlin

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

wooden houses with planked sides Presence of thick forests, mild climates

Wooden houses
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Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Step Pyramid- 6 steps, limestone blocks 2650 BC, Egypt

Great Sphinx, c. 2500 BC, Egypt Head and body- limestone formation, Paws- limestone blocks

Stone

Maya architecture, limestone C. 500 AD, Central America

Abu Simbel Temple, limestone c. 1250 BC, Egypt

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Parthenon, marble 447 BC, Greece

Colloseum, brick and marble 80 AD, Rome

Stone

Cestius Pyramid, white marble c.16 BC, Rome

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Cave temple, red sandstone 6th C, Badami

Vishwakarma cave temple, Basalt 7th- 8th C, Ellora

Stone

Angkor Wat, sandstone c.1100 AD, Cambodia

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

WHAT DID THESE ALL HAVE IN COMMON ?

Natural materials Locally available Gain experience with them

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

Industrial Revolution 1700s 1800s

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Materials in early construction

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Intermission...

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e

Module II: History and basic materials of construction

Video: Levelling block tools. . .

Video: Ancient Egyptian building tools. . .

C RC H 2011- F ocus on St one : Se ns it iz at ion w ork s hop t ow ards C ons e rv at ion and Re s t ora t ion of Built S t one He rit a g e