12 Pol Sci sp01

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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 01 (2022-23)
Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours
General Instructions:
I. All questions are compulsory.

II. Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
III. Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50 words each.
IV. Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
V. Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
VI. Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170 words.
VII. There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.
Section A
1. The state of emergency was declared on
a) 11th March, 1975
b) 23rd May, 1972
c) 25th June, 1975
d) 13th May, 1971
2. Which of the following known as birth place of SAARC?
a) Dhaka
b) Islamabad
c) Kathmandu
d) New Delhi
3. Who of the following was the leader of the Naxalbari uprising?
a) Abhijit Banerjee
b) Charu Majumdar
c) D.K. Barooah
d) Ram Manohar Lohia
4. In a traditional concept of security, the greatest threat to a country is from ________.
a) Human Existence threat
b) Military threat
c) Core value threat
d) Economic threat
5. Assertion (A): We should keep in mind that the membership of the UN Security Council was expanded from 11 to 15 in
1965.
Reason (R): UN General Assembly members now are developing countries.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
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6. Assertion (A): In 1956 when Britain attacked Egypt over Suez canal issue, India led the world protest against Neo
colonial invasion.
Reason (R): India took an independent stand on several international issues.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
7. Name the political agitation led by Akali Dal for the creation of Punjab.
a) Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Movement
b) Punjabi Popular Movement
c) Punjabi Suba Movement
d) Dravidian Movement
8. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
a) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river-water sharing
b) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics
c) The parliament of the Maldives voted unanimously to introduce a communist system
d) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC Summit in Islamabad
9. Which of the following was not the demands of the Assam movement led by AASU in 1979?
a) Use of natural resources for their benefits
b) Send back illegal migrants
c) Secessionist demands
d) Balanced economic development
10. Arrange the following in chronological order-
i. 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers meet in Washington, D.C
ii. Signing of the Atlantic Charter
iii. 189 member countries in IMF
iv. Lebanon crisis
a) iii, i, ii, i
b) iv, iii, ii, i
c) ii, i, iv, iii
d) iii, iv, i, ii
11. Which two new states were carved out of Punjab?
a) Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
b) Haryana and Uttarakhand
c) Punjab and Haryana
d) Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
12. Privatization and liberalisation are two elements of the ________.
a) Globalisation
b) Socialism
c) Communism
d) Marxism
Section B
13. Discuss the effects of Emergency on the aspects of our polity: Functioning of Mass Media.

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14. Which republic became the successor of the Soviet Union? What was its position in the international sphere?
15. Suggest any four reforms required to make the United Nations more effective?
16. State the directive principles of state policy relating to foreign affairs policy.
17. Describe outcomes of the Naxalite movement.
18. Explain the rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India.
Section C
19. In the Post Cold War Era what is the nature of India’s foreign policy in terms of shifting alliances in world politics?
20. What are the differences in the threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face?
21. ‘Let the polluters pay’. Support this statement with any two suitable arguments.
22. How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India, in turn, impacting on Globalisation?
23. Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasising the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much
better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning. Give arguments for or against this proposition.
Section D
24. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Our leaders felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration. It was also
felt that this would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the country faced. Protests began
in the Telugu speaking areas of the old Madras province, which included present day Tamil Nadu, parts of Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. The Vishalandhra movement (as the movement for a separate Andhra was called)
demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be separated from the Madras province of which they were a part and
be made into a separate Andhra province. The movement gathered momentum as a result of the Central government’s
vacillation. Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death
after 56 days. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra state in December 1952.
i. Name the first Indian states to be created on the basis of language?
a) Nagaland
b) Gujarat
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Punjab
ii. How many days Potti Sriramalu went on the fast?
a) 56
b) 70
c) 66
d) 68
iii. When the central government appoints the state reorganization commission?
a) 1950
b) 1947
c) 1953
d) 1952
iv. Which of the following was not a part of the old Madras province?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Goa
c) Kerala
d) Karnataka
25. In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A) (B) (C) and (D). Identify these states on
the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book, along with their respective
serial number of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the following formate:-
i. The latest state of the Indian Union.

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ii. A state where an organization of Dalit Panthers was formed.
iii. State where the operation blue star was launched.
iv. State to which the Nizam belonged to.
26. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Study the cartoon given below carefully:
i. What does the cartoon depict?

a) Dilemma of the Sri Lankan leadership
b) India's ethnic conflict
c) A display of balancing act
d) Indo-Pak negotiation
ii. The Lion here represents ________.
a) Khalistani militants
b) Tamil Eelam
c) Sinhala hardliners
d) Tamil militants
iii. Identify the external powers that helped to resolve the crisis represented in the given image.
a) Ireland and Iceland
b) Iceland and England
c) Norway and Iceland
d) India and China
iv. What does the tiger in the given cartoon symbolise?
a) Khalistani militants

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b) Tamil Eelam
c) Sinhala hardliners
d) Tamil militants
Section E
27. Describe global changes that have occurred after the cold war. Compelling the United Nations to bring about necessary
reforms.
OR
In what three ways did the collapse of the Soviet Union affect world politics? Explain.
28. Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971.
OR
Mention any steps taken for the restoration of dominance of the Congress Party after the 1971 elections.
29. What are the major differences between the SAARC and the European Union as alternative centre of power?
OR
Evaluate any three major factors responsible for making the European Union a political force from economic forces.
30. Explain how in the coalition era a consensus seems to have emerged among most political parties. Explain its elements
also.
OR
Highlight any three issues of consensus to show that in the midst of severe competitions and conflicts, a consensus has
appeared among most political parties.

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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 01 (2022-23)
Solution
Section A
1. (c) 25th June, 1975
Explanation: 25th June, 1975
2. (a) Dhaka
Explanation: The first meeting of the SAARC was held in Dhaka in1985 and then after it came into being.
3. (b) Charu Majumdar
Explanation: In 1967, a peasant uprising took place in Naxalbari area of Darjeeling (West Bengal) under the leadership
of CPI (M), headed by Charu Majumdar.
4. (b) Military threat
Explanation: In the traditional conception of security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats. The
source of this danger is another country which by threatening military action endangers the core values of sovereignty,
independence and territorial integrity.
5. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
6. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
7. (c) Punjabi Suba Movement
Explanation: While the rest of the country was reorganized on linguistic lines in the 1950s Punjab had to wait till 1966
for the creation of a Punjabi-speaking state. The Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920 as the political wing of the Sikhs,
had led the Punjabi Suba Movement demanding the formation of a ‘Punjabi Suba’ or Punjabi speaking State from the
post-independence East Punjab. The Sikhs were now a majority in the truncated State of Punjab. Seven Sikh-majority
districts were suggested for the basis of the Punjabi Suba. This movement eventually led to the creation of the Punjab
state.
8. (c) The parliament of the Maldives voted unanimously to introduce a communist system
Explanation: The Maldives was a Sultanate till 1968 when it was transformed into a republic with a presidential form of
government. In June 2005, the parliament of the Maldives voted unanimously to introduce a multi-party system. The
Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) dominates the political affairs of the island.
9. (c) Secessionist demands
Explanation: In 1979, the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), a students’ group not affiliated to any party, led an anti-
foreigner movement. The movement demanded outsiders who had entered the state after 1951 should be sent back. It
had not demanded a separate country.
10. (c) ii, i, iv, iii
Explanation: ii. 1941 August: Signing of the Atlantic Charter
i. 1942 January: 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers meet in Washington, D.C:
iv. Lebanon crisis in 2006
iii. 189 member countries in IMF as on 12 April 2016
11. (a) Haryana and Himachal Pradesh
Explanation: The decade of 1980s also witnessed major developments in the State of Punjab. The social composition of

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the State changed first with Partition and later on after the carving out of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
12. (a) Globalisation
Explanation: Globalisation follows the principle of liberalisation as well as privatization.
Section B
13. Deciding to use its special powers under Emergency provisions, the government suspended the freedom of the Press.
Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all material to be published. The Emergency adversely affected the
functioning of mass media. Given below are some highlights:
The electricity of the major newspapers was disconnected after midnight of 25 June 1975.
Freedom of the press was suspended and press censorship was introduced. Newspapers like The Indian Express
and The Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.
Magazines like the Seminar and the Main Stream chose to close down rather submitting to the censorship.
Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency.
Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship.
14. Russia republic became the successor state of the Soviet Union. Its position in the International sphere was as:
i. It inherited the Soviet seat in the UN Security Council.
ii. Russia accepted all the international treaties and commitments of the Soviet Union.
iii. It took over as the only nuclear state of the post-soviet space and carried out nuclear disarmament measures with the
USA.
iv. The old Soviet Union was thus dead and buried.
15. Reforms required to make the United Nations more effective are:
1. Some more representation should be given to developing and least developed countries.
2. Permanent members should also be changed after completion of some fixed term.
3. The UN Security Council should be restructured including its veto power.
4. The UN Secretary General’s power should be strengthened to make him more powerful in place of executive power
only.
16. Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace and security. The state shall endeavour to:
(i) Promote international peace and security.
(ii) Maintain just and honorable relations between nation.
(iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with one another.
(iv) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.
17. The outcomes of the Naxalite movement are:
i. Naxalite movements used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor and the landless.
ii. The movement gave security of tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages etc.
iii. It challenged government system.
18. The rise of political violence in the North-Eastern part of India were as:
i. The large scale migration into North-East gave rise to a special kind of problem that pitted the 'local' communities
against people who were seen as 'outsiders' or migrants.
ii. These latecomers, either from India or abroad are seen as encroachers on scarce resources like land and potential
competitors to employment opportunities and political power.
iii. These issues have taken political and sometimes violent form in many states of the North-East.
Section C
19. In the Post Cold War Era India’s foreign policy had shifted to a more pro-US stance with the disintegration of USSR:
1. At present India’s foreign policy rather more emphasizes on economic interests in place of military.
2. India favoured active intervention in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries. It, therefore, tried to reduce the
differences between Russia and the USA and prevented differences from escalating into a full-scale war. For
example, India mediated in the Korean war in the early 1950s.

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3. Every Indo-Pak relations have also witnessed many new developments.
4. Efforts are being made to restore normal relations with other countries through cultural exchange.
20. The differences in the threats that people in the Third World face and those living in the First World face are as given
below:
i. The Third World countries face threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours but also from
within. On the other hand, most of the First World countries, faced no serious threats from groups or communities
living within those borders. These countries faced threats only from outside their borders.
ii. New states of the Third World face threats from separatist movements which wanted to form an independent country.
Sometimes such movements got help from neighbouring countries. There was no threat in the First World countries.
iii. The major threat the people of the third world faces is the environmental threat, the rise in global warming has
increased the sea level that some islands face the threat of being washed off. Whereas the first world people did not
face such a threat.
21. “Let the polluters pay” is the statement quoted by the developing countries of south to the developed countries of north
at the negotiations between south and north countries over environmental pollution.
'Let the polluters pay' or 'Polluter Pays Principle' (PPP) means that the polluters are liable to pay compensations to those
affected due to the pollution created by them. It aims to determine how the lists of pollution prevention and control can
be allocated and how resources can be used efficiently.
The following arguments justify the above statement:
i. In order to control pollution and punish the polluters, the government has passed various acts such as the Water Act,
the Air Act, the Environment Act, the Wildlife Protection Act and the Forest Conservation Act. This safeguards the
nature and the ecosystems for the betterment of human beings.
ii. Thermal power plants lead to air pollution due to fly ash content, water pollution due to dissolved heavy metals, toxic
waste disposal and heating, and soil pollution due to the dumping of toxic waste. This leads to retarded mental
growth in children, less productive water bodies and soil for which the thermal plant should be liable to pay. As a
result, to control these pollutions, the government has taken initiatives by passing various acts to safeguard both
nature and human beings.
22. Impact of Globalisation on India:
i. More new jobs have been created in MNCs like cell phones, fast food etc.
ii. India has opened up its market, from being the protective economy, it has now opened up to foreign investment.
iii. Foreign Direct investments have also been increased.
iv. It has invited the inflow of private foreign capital and export-oriented activities.
India's impact on globalisation:
i. Through responding to the 1991 financial crisis, the Indian economy was liberalised to attract foreign direct
investment.
ii. with its large English speaking population, there has been a lot of outsourcing to India in the form of a call centre.
iii. Banking operations by private Sectors were permitted to expand in the country.
iv. To promote globalisation, India has adopted an open economy.
23. The view that if the private sector were allowed to play free right from the start, India could have grown much better is
not entirely accurate because state involvement was compulsory for the country's economy to be controlled immediately
after independence. To safeguard domestic industries, the state's position in the economy was important. It thus levied
substantial import tariffs. This safe climate has benefited both the private and public sectors. A bulk of industries like
electricity, railways, steel, machinery and communication could be developed in the public sector.
State control emphasized:
a. The state intervention helped to attain technological capability within the country.
b. The state intervention was also necessary so that resources and wealth would not get concentrated in a few hands.

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c. Instead of helping the poor, the state's intervention ended up creating a new class that enjoyed the privileges of higher
salaries without much accountability.
d. State helped the private sector to make profits by intervening only in those areas where the private sector was not
prepared to go.
Section D
24. i. (c) Andhra Pradesh
Explanation: Andhra Pradesh
ii. (a) 56
Explanation: 56
iii. (c) 1953
Explanation: 1953
iv. (b) Goa
Explanation: Goa
25. i Telangana A
ii Maharashtra C
iii Punjab D
iv Hydrabad B
26. i. (a) Dilemma of the Sri Lankan leadership
Explanation: Dilemma of the Sri Lankan leadership
ii. (c) Sinhala hardliners
Explanation: Sinhala hardliners
iii. (c) Norway and Iceland
Explanation: Norway and Iceland
iv. (d) Tamil militants
Explanation: Tamil militants
Section E
27. Global changes that have occurred after the cold war was as follows:
i. Economic condition of USSR after the Second World War improved at large scale. It had good and improved
communications network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel machinery production and a transport
sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
ii. It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars, though their quality did not match
that of the western capitalist countries.
iii. The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens and the government subsidised basic
necessities including health, education, childcare and other welfare schemes.
iv. There was no unemployment. State ownership was the dominant form of ownership: land and productive assets were
owned and' controlled by the Soviet state.
v. The Soviet system, however, became very bureaucratic and authoritarian, making life very difficult for its citizens.
Lack of democracy and the absence of freedom of speech stifled people who often expressed their dissent in-jokes
and cartoons. Most of the institutions of the Soviet state needed reform the one-party system represented by the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union had tight control over all institutions and was unaccountable to the people. The
party refused to recognise the urge of people in the fifteen different republics that formed the Soviet Union to manage
its own affairs including their cultural affairs. Although on paper, Russia was only one of the republics that together
constituted the USSR, in reality, Russia dominated everything and people from other regions felt neglected and often
suppressed.

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OR
The collapse of the second world of the Soviet Union and the socialist systems in eastern Europe had profound
consequences for world politics:
i. First of all, it meant the end of Cold War confrontations. The ideological dispute over whether the socialist system
would beat the capitalist system was not an issue anymore. Since this dispute had engaged the military of the two
blocs, had triggered a massive arms race and accumulation of nuclear weapons, and had led to the existence of
military blocs, the end of the confrontation demanded an end to this arms race and possible new peace.
ii. Second, power relations in world politics changed and, therefore, the relative influence of ideas and institutions
also changed.
iii. Third, the end of the Soviet bloc meant the emergence of many new countries. All these countries had their own
independent aspirations and choices. Some of them, especially the Baltic and East European states, wanted to join the
European Union and become part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
28. The three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971 were:
i. Political succession: After Nehru, who would be the leader. Some outsiders had doubts that Indian democracy will
not survive meanwhile party President K Kamaraj, suggested Lal Bahadur Shastri's name as the Prime Minister, thus
he became the second Prime Minister of India. After an abrupt end of Shastri led to challenge of political succession.
This time there was intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. Finally, Indira Gandhi became the
Prime Minister. She set out to gain control over the party and to demonstrate her leadership skills.
ii. Emergence of Non-Congressism: Opposition parties were in the forefront of organising public protests and
pressurising the government. Parties opposed to the Congress realised that the division of their votes kept the
Congress in power. Thus parties that were entirely different and disparate in their programmes and ideology got
together to form anti-Congress fronts in some states and entered into electoral adjustments of sharing seats in others.
This strategy was named as non-Congressism by Ram Manohar Lohia. The result of 1967 elections jolted the
Congress at both the national and state levels. Many elite leaders of Congress parties came together to form joint
legislative parties (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal). In most of the State Congress lost and a coalition government was
formed.
iii. Split in the Congress: Indira Gandhi had to face an internal challenge that was a syndicate, a group of influential
Congress leaders who were in control of the party's organisation. Gradually she attempted to assert her position
within the government and the party. She chose her trusted group of advisers from outside the party. Slowly and
carefully she sidelined the 'Syndicate'. Meanwhile, President of India Dr Zakir Hussain was dead, the post of
president fell vacant. Despite Mrs. Gandhi's reservations, the 'syndicate' managed to nominate her long-time
opponent and then speaker of the Lok Sabha, N Sanjeeva Reddy as the official Congress candidate for the
ensuring Presidential elections. But Indira Gandhi supported the then Vice President, V.V Giri, to file his
nomination as an independent candidate. The election ultimately resulted in the victory of V.V Giri and the defeat of
Sanjeeva Reddy the official Congress candidate. The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalised the split in
the party. The Congress President expelled the Prime Minister from the party; she claimed that her group was the real
Congress. By November 1969, the Congress group led by the ' syndicate' came to be referred to as the
Congress (Organisation) and the group led by Indira Gandhi came to be called as the Congress (Requisitionists).
OR
The factors responsible for the restoration of the Congress Party after its split in 1969 were:
i. Abolition of privy purse: The Government of India tried to bring a Constitutional Amendment in 1970, but it was
not passed in Rajya Sabha. It then issued an ordinance which was struck down by the Supreme Court. Indira Gandhi
made this into a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support. After 1971, elections the Constitution
was amended to remove legal obstacles for the abolition of ' privy purse'.

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ii. Garibi Hatao: After spliting, the new Congress had some positive agenda. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition
alliance had only one common programme: Indira Hatao ( Remove Indira). In contrast to this, she put forward
a positive programme captured in the famous slogan: Garibi Hatao ( Remove Poverty). She focused on the growth of
the public sector, the imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property, removal of disparities in
income and opportunity, and the abolition of princely privileges. Through it, she tried to generate a support base
among the disadvantaged especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the
unemployed youth. The slogan garibi hatao gave her a strong independent nationwide political support base.
iii. Major policy initiative: She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left orientation. She got
the Congress Working Committee do adopt a Ten Point Programme. This programme included social control of
banks, nationalisation of general insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, public distribution of food grains,
land reforms and provision of house sites to the rural poor,
iv. 1971's war: The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak War leading to the establishment of Bangladesh. Even the
opposition leaders admired her statesmanship. Her party swept through all the State Assembly elections held in 1972.
She has seen not only protector of the poor and the underprivileged, but also a strong nationalist leader.
29. Following are the major differences between the SAARC and the European Union:
i. European Union is a very strong regional organisation of European countries whereas SAARC is a South Asian
Association of Regional Cooperation.
ii. European Union was established on 7th February 1992 under the Treaty of Maastricht whereas SAARC was formally
inaugurated in December 1998.
iii. European Union consists of 27 members whereas SAARC consists of 8 members.
iv. European Union is a very powerful economic and political regional organisation. But SAARC’s main objective is to
accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development.
v. European Union has become a supranational organisation. European Union has its own parliament, own flag, anthem
and own currency. But SAARC has no parliament, flag, anthem and currency.
vi. The European Union has great military influence. The European Union combined armed forces are the second largest
in the world but SAARC has no military influence.
OR
The European Union has gradually evolved from an economic union into a political union. It has become more as a
nation state. Though it does not have Constitution, it has a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other
states. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and Currency.
The areas of cooperation have been expanded by the European Union by admitting new members from the former Soviet
bloc. This shifting of the power of EU from economic to political force has not been easy as people were not very
enthusiastic. There are also reservations about including some new countries within the European Union.
Major factor behind this is:
i. Its aim was to make Europe politically, economically and culturally strong enough to face powers like USA, Russia.
ii. Due to the presence of some non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, EU will be able to influence US
policies.
iii. In order to send grievances of European countries to UN, two countries i.e. Great Britain and France are members of
Security Council of UNO.
30. Coalition Era and Consensus among most Political Parties: Since 1989, again the coalition politics re-emerged in
Indian political horizon. It is becoming a phenomenon and lasted till date.
The system of the coalition and its important implications:

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i. Coalitions are formed for the sake of some reward, material or psychic.
ii. A coalition implies the existence of at least two partners.
iii. The underlying principle of a coalition system stands on the simple fact of temporary conjunction of specific interest.
iv. Coalition politics is not a static but a dynamic affair as coalition players and groups dissolve and form new ones.
v. The keynote of coalition politics is compromise and rigid dogma has no place in it.
vi. A coalition government works on the basis of the minimum programme which may not be ideal for each partner of
the coalition. After all, politics is the art of possible and coalition politics is its highest expression. Seventhly,
pragmatism and not ideology is the hallmark of coalition politics.
vii. The purpose of a coalition adjustment is to seize power. It may seek to stake its claim for the formation of a ministry
or for pulling a ministry down.
Quite often coalitions are formed to prevent a common enemy from capturing power. In this context, the coalescing
parties having ideological differences are compelled to come to an understanding, as they have to choose the lesser of the
two evils. There have been instances of the Rightists and Leftists coming together to challenge the citadels of the ruling
party. Equally interesting is the instance of the communists and anti-communists forging an alliance to face a common
enemy. A coalition devoid of ideological moorings survives till the enemy is humbled. Once the euphoria of victory is
over, differences come to the surface and the structure collapses like a pack of cards.
There are a good number of instances of parties shifting their alliance in search of fresh pastures. If power is the only
motive behind joining a coalition, realignment will be a regular feature. Indeed, in a coalition set up alliance go on
changing like the sand-dunes of a typical desert. No coalition partner has permanent friends or enemies, it has only
permanent interests.
OR
The period after 1989 is seen as a period of decline of Congress and the rise of BJP. Despite severe competition and
many conflicts, a broad consensus on many crucial issues appears to have emerged among most parties. These were:
i. Agreement on new economic policies: Most parties were in support of the new economic policies and believed that
these policies would lead the country to prosperity and status of economic power in the world.
ii. Acceptance of Political and Social Claims of the Backward Castes: Political parties had recognized that the
social and political claims of the Backward Castes need to be accepted and support reservation of seats for OBC in
education and employment. Because of that, all political parties now support the reservation of seats for the
'backward classes' in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get
adequate share of power.
iii. Acceptance of the role of State level parties in governance of the country: State-level parties were sharing power
at the national level and had played a central role in the country’s politics. The distinction between regional parties
and national parties is becoming less important. Regional parties are sharing power at the national level and
have been playing a central role in the politics of the country for the last 20 years.

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Class 12 - Political Science

I. All questions are compulsory.

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26. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

i. What does the cartoon depict?

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Class 12 - Political Science

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