THE URINARY SYSTEM Liver- regeneration

ᴥ FUNCTIONS:
ᴥ Kidney Location and External Anatomy
 Elimination of waste products:
- The kidneys lie in a retroperitoneal
- Nitrogenous
position in the superior lumbar region
wastes Stability of the body
- The right kidney is lower than the left
- Toxins
because it is crowded by the liver.
- Drugs
- The lateral surface is convex; the
 Regulates aspects of homeostasis
medial surface is concave
- Water balance
- The renal hilus leads to the renal
- Electrolytes
sinus
- Acid-base balance in blood
- Ureters, renal blood vessels,
- Bp
lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit
- RBC production
at the hilus
- Activation of vitamin D
ᴥ Regions:
ᴥ Organs of the Urinary Bladder
 Renal cortex
 Kidneys
- Outer regions
- Locations:
 Renal medulla
 Against the dorsal (back) wall
- Inside cortex
 T12 TO L3
 Illiac crest/ abdomen  Renal pelvis
- Right kidney lower than the left - Inner collecting tube
- Attached to the ureters, renal blood - Connected to urethra.
vessels, and nerve at renal hilus ᴥ Internal anatomy
- At top of each kidney is an adrenal  Major calyces
gland - Large branches of the renal pelvis
- Commonly sold/donated. - Collect urine draining from papillae
- Coverings: layers of protections - Empty urine into pelvis
 Renal capsule - Urine flows through the pelvis &
- Surrounds each kidney ureter to the bladder
- Inside, makes some structure ᴥ KUB ultrasound procedure
 Adipose capsule - kidney ureter bladder
- Surrounds kidney - Most common
- Protection ᴥ Nephrons
- Keep kidney in position - Structural & functional units of
- Fat outside kidney kidneys
- Functions: - Responsible for forming urine
- Filter 200L of blood daily - round
- Remove toxins, metabolic waste & - 2 Main structure:
excess ions by urine 1. Glomerulus
- Regulate volume and chemical make - Infront- gate
up of blood - Filter out unhealthy products= urine
- Proper balance of water&salts, - Cluster of blood vessels In the kidney
acids&base where blood filtrations occur
 Ureters/paired ureters - Sits w/in a glomerular capsule (1st
- Transport urine from kidney to part of the renal tubule)
bladder - Attached to arterioles on both sides.
 Urinary bladder  Arterioles regulate blood flow and
- Provides a temporary storage controlling distribution of blood in the
reservoir for urine urinary system organs.
- Pundo ang ihi  Afferent arterioles- carries blood into
 Urethra the glomerulus
- Transport urine from bladder out of  efferent arterioles- carries blood away
the body from glomerulus
 arterioles- mini artery  Some materials move from the
peritubular capillaries into the renal
numb fingers- excessive alcohol
tubules
- filter blood out, in unfiltered
- Hydrogen and potassium ions
2. Renal tubule- likod sa nephron
- Creatinine
 Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
– allows water, ions, and waste to  Materials left in the renal tubule move
pass through. toward the ureter
 Loop of Henle – helps the kidney
ᴥ Diuretics
conserve fluids while also
 Chemicals that enhance the urinary
facilitating excretion of waste
output include:
 Proximal and Distal convoluted
tubule – sends filtered nutrients o Any substance not reabsorbed
back into the bloodstream
o Substances that exceed the ability
ᴥ Urine Formation Processes
of the renal tubules to reabsorb
Involuntary / autonomic
1. Filtration o Substances that inhibit Na+
- Nonselective passive process reabsorption
- Occurs in the glomerulus, where
 Osmotic diuretics include:
blood plasma is filtered into the renal
o High glucose levels – carries
tubule, allowing water, ions, glucose,
and waste products to pass into the water out with the glucose
tubules while retaining larger o Alcohol – inhibits the release of
molecules like proteins and blood ADH
cells. o Caffeine and most diuretic
- continuous drugs – inhibit sodium ion
2. reabsorption reabsorption
- Process where valuable substances o Lasix and Diuril – inhibit Na+-
that have been filtered is reclaimed, associated symporters
Substances such as: ᴥ Creatinine
o Some water  Byproduct/Waste product of chemical
o Glucose compound
o Amino acids  Waste product that is filtered out of the
o Ions blood by the kidneys and removed from
- Some reabsorption is passive, most is the body in the urine
active  High Creatinine Level means that the
- Most reabsorption occurs in the kidneys are unable to expel the waste
proximal convoluted tubule (kidneys are not working correctly)
- Reject/check/ tanawon kung unsa pa  Creatinine tests are conducted BEFORE
pwede ibalik any Contrast Media procedures
ᴥ Materials Not Reabsorbed  Patients with high levels of creatinine are
not allowed to be administered with
 Nitrogenous waste products (harmful contrast media (kidneys might not be
products that contain excess nitrogen) able to expel the chemical substance)
- Urea – high levels can result in  Normal Creatinine levels:
dehydration  Men: 0.72 to 1.25 mg/dL
- Uric acid – high levels can result in  Women: 0.59 to 1.04 mg/dL
gout Clear Very good
- Creatinine – high levels indicate Light yellow Good
malfunction Yellow Fair
Dark yellow Light dehydrated
 Excess water Amber Dehydrated
Brown Very dehydrated
ᴥ Secretion – Reabsorption in Reverse Red Severe dehydrated
ᴥ Physical Characteristics of Urine
  Color and Trasparency  Thin-walled tube that carries urine from
- Clear, pale to deep yellow the bladder to the outside of the body by
(urochrome) peristalsis
- Depper yellow color- concentrated  Release of urine is controlled by two
- Drugs, vitamins supplements, and sphincters
diet can change the color - Internal urethral sphincter
- Cloudy urine- infection of urinary (involuntary)
tract - External urethral sphincter
 Odor (voluntary)
- Fresh urine- slightly aromatic  Urethra Gender Differences
- Standing urine- ammonia odor - Length
- Some drugs and vegetables  Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
(asparagus) alter usual odor  Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
 pH - Location
- slightly acidic (pH6) with range of  Females – along wall of the
4.5 to 8.0 vagina
- diet can alter pH  Males – through the prostate and
ᴥ chemical composition of urine penis
 95% water & 5% soluted  urethra gender differences
 Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid, and  functions:
creatinine - Females
 Normal solutes:  carries urine
- Sodium, potassium, phosphate, and  The female urethra is tightly
sulfate ions bound to the anterior vaginal wall
- Calcium, magnesium, and  Its external opening lies anterior
bicarbonate ions to the vaginal opening and
 Abnormally high concentration of posterior to the clitoris
urinary constituents- pathology - Males
ᴥ Ureters  passageway of urine and
 Slender tubes that convey urine from the sperm cells
kidneys to the bladder  Prostatic urethra – runs
within the prostate gland
 Ureters enters the base of the bladder
 Membranous urethra – runs
through the posterior wall
through the urogenital
- Closes their distal ends as bladder
diaphragm
pressure increases and prevents back
 Spongy (penile) urethra –
flow of urine into the ureters
passes through the penis and
 Uretral Obstruction
opens via the external urethral
- Sakit ihi
orifice
- Inflammation
ᴥ Micturition (Voiding or Urination)
- Bara
ᴥ Urinary Bladder  emptying the bladder
 Distension of bladder walls initiates
 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
spinal reflexes that:
 Temporarily stores urine
- Stimulate contraction of the external
 Like a collapsible storage of fluids
urethral sphincter
 Urinary Bladder Wall
- Inhibit the detrusor muscle and
- Three layers of smooth muscle
internal sphincter (temporarily)
- Mucosa made of transitional
 Voiding reflexes:
epithelium
- Stimulates the detrusor muscle to
- Walls are thick and folded in an
contract.
empty bladder
- Inhibit the internal and external
- Bladder can expand significantly
sphincters.
without increasing internal pressure
ᴥ Maintaining Water Balance
ᴥ Urethra
  Normal amount of water in the human Ion therapy Electrolyte h2o/salt

body Soda glucose craving

- Young adult females – 50% Acid balance kidney 1st trimester
- Young adult males – 60%
Baby: not concentrated/ not control Control- 18mknth/ 1 year
- Babies – 75% and half
- Old age – 45%
Probe – ultrasonic wave, non-ionizing, not invasive
 Water is necessary for many body
Contrast media- special type of medicine, it visualize soft
functions and levels must be maintained
tissue
ᴥ Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Ultrasound-pcos, Fluoroscopy- xray Prodecure-modality
 Most acid-base balance is maintained by
the kidneys
 Other acid-base controlling systems
- Blood buffers
- Respiration
ᴥ Developmental Aspects of the Urinary
System
 Functional kidneys are developed by
the third month
 Urinary system of a newborn
- Bladder is small
- Urine cannot be concentrated
 Control of the voluntary urethral
sphincter does not start until age 18
months
 Urinary infections are the only common
problems before old age
ᴥ Aging and the Urinary System
 There is a progressive decline in
urinary function
 The bladder shrinks with aging
 Urinary retention is common in males
Additional

Palliative treatment- dialysis, no cure only treatment

Creatinine- kidney malfunctions

Secretion- bye

Lasix and diuril- tambal

Kidney- tig labay basura

High creatinine- kidney not able to do its job

Contrast media- very toxic- adverse reaction- mild/ severe

Standing urine- express for a… oxide

Solute- nitrogenous waste

Urethers-esophagus/pharynx pathways

Urinary bladder- temporary stores urine and collapsible

2 ureters 1 urethra

Bladder- 2 gates

Urethra – internal- involuntary feeling kaihion na- open

External-voluntary, muscle, pugong ihi

Pag mag ihi, muscle kay relax Male- sterile rod

Dehydration-excessive urination