ADRENAL GLAND- atop each kidney

URINARY SYSTEM
THREE PROTECTIVE LAYERS OF
● Urinary system filters blood KIDNEY: (deep to superficial)
○ As a waste product after it
has cleared blood it 1. FIBROUS CAPSULE
produces urine. ● Encloses the kidney and
● It also regulates water , electrolyte, gives a glistening
and acid-base balance of the body. appearance.
2. PERINEAL FAT CAPSULE
THE URINARY SYSTEM ● Faty mass surrounding
(organs in cephalocaudal order) kidneys which cushions
against blow.
I. KIDNEYS (produces urine) 3. RENAL FASCIA
II. URETERS (paired) ● Outermost capsule and
III. URINARY BLADDER (single) holds kidneys against
IV. URETHRA muscles of trunk wall.
● These organs provide
temporary storage for urine
or either serve as a
transportation channel to
carry urine to the outside of
the body.

I. KIDNEYS
● Small (5 inches long, 2.5
inches wide, and 1 inch
thick), dark-red, bean
shaped organ against REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY (when cut
dorsal body in lengthwise;longitudinal cut)
retroperitoneal (beneath 1. RENAL CORTEX
parietal peritoneum) ● Outer region, light in color
position, in superior lumbar 2. RENAL MEDULLA
(T12 to L3) region. ● Dark red-brown area that
● There are two kidneys–right has many triangular regions
and left. with striped appearance
● Since crowded by liver, the (renal or medullary
right kidney is slightly lower pyramids) and separated
than the left. with renal columns.
3. RENAL PELVIS
RENAL HILUM-medial indentation
 ● Continuous within the
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
ureters and up to the
calyces which extends to PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
the pyramids and collects
urine. (color yellow) CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN

ARCUATE VEIN

INTERLOBAR VEIN

RENAL VEIN

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

➔ Aorta to the arteries→ oxygenated

blood.
➔ Veins to the vena cava→
unoxygenated blood (used by the
kidney back to the heart).

➔ ‘Yung mga itim, these are the parts

of the kidneys which are involved in
➔ The kidneys continuously cleanse blood flow. Which are called the:
the blood and adjust its
composition. NEPHRONS
➔ Approximately ¼ total blood supply ● Structural and functional units of
of our body passes through the kidneys which are responsible for
kidney for one minute. forming urine.
● Major function: formation of the
BLOOD SUPPLY urine.

AORTA

RENAL ARTERY

SEGMENTAL ARTERY

INTERLOBAR ARTERY

ARCUATE ARTERY

CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

GLOMERULUS
 ● Nephrons inside the kidneys are GLOMERULAR OR BOWMAN’S
only found in the cortex and CAPSULE
medulla. ● Closed end of the renal tubule and
○ None sa renal pelvis, surrounds the glomerulus.
because only a urinal can
be found on it. PODOCYTES
● Inner cell layer of capsule with
TWO MAIN STRUCTURES highly modified octopus-like cells.
I. GLOMERULUS ○ Very good in filtering
● A knot of capillaries with
high pressure and acts as a PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
blood filter. ● Karugtong ng efferent arterioles
○ It is one capillary ● Capillary bed that arises from
bed . efferent arterioles and drains into
● It acts as a strainer. interlobar veins leaving the cortex.
○ Contains the unfiltered
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE blood from the glomerulus.
● Feeds glomerulus.
● This is where the blood enters. ● Low pressure vessels that cling
● High pressure blood vessels closely to the whole length of renal
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE tubules which are adapted for
● Receives blood that has passed absorption and secretion instead of
through glomerulus. filtration.
○ Means the blood did not ● While G is very specific for filtration
pass the glomerulus ,PC is very specific for absorption
○ Big particles of the blood and secretion.
can be found in it: rbcs,
wbcs, platelets, plasma II. RENAL TUBULE
protein ● This is where the filtered
○ Low pressure blood vessel substances enter.
○ Where plasma (minus)
● Glomerulus is the capillary bed protein was drained→
(knot that can be seen in the filtrate.
middle), while these arterioles are ● This makes up the rest of the
both continuous with peritubular nephron; approximately 3 cm in
capillaries. length.

THE TUBES
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
● pinaka malapit sa
glomerulus.
● Nandito yung filtrate
(plasma minus protein)
 2. Loop of henle
3. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Collecting duct A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
● Palabas ng renal pelvis
● A non-selective, passive
CORTICAL NEPHRONS process in which fluid
● Most nephrons are cortical passes from blood into a
nephrons because they are located glomerular capsule.
entirely in the renal cortex. ● Once in the capsule, fluid is
called filtrate (blood plasma
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS without proteins and cells).
● Situated close to the cortex and ● In 24 hours, the kidney
medulla junction, and their loop of filters 150 to 180 liters of
henle dip deep into the medulla. blood plasma.

B. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
URINE FORMATION ● Filtrates contain many
useful substances (H20,
glucose, amino acids, ions)
that must be returned to
the blood through
absorption by peritubular
capillaries.
● This process begins as
soon as filtrates enter the
proximal convoluted
tubule.
PASSIVE ABSORPTION BY
OSMOSIS-H2O
ACTIVE TRANSPORT-
Kailangan ng enzymes to reabsorb glucose,
amino acids
➔ Our urine is not a filtrate, since
filtrate contains plasma (minus)
POOR REABSORPTION OF
protein.
NITROGENOUS WASTE PRODUCTS
➔ Doon sa PCT ‘yung filtrate ay
● Normal substances found in the
marereabsorb, since plasma
urine.
contains the substances which our
cells need to live.
A. UREA
● Formed by the liver as the
A. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
end product of protein
B. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
breakdown when amino
C. TUBULAR SECRETION
 acids are used to produce hours, 1 to .8 liters of urine is
energy. produced.
B. URIC ACID ○ NORMAL URINE
● When nucleic acids are OUTPUT-30 to 60 ml per
metabolized. hour
C. CREATININE ● Clear, pale to deep yellow due to
● Metabolism in muscle urochrome (pigment that results
tissue from destruction of hemoglobin).
● Sterile, slightly aromatic and has
BLOOD TEST: ammonia odor (action of bacteria
BLOOD-UREA-NITROGEN-CREATININE on urine solutes)
● Acidic pH around 6, and SG
BUN CREA-usual blood test to check how (specific gravity) is 1.001 to 1.035
well kidney filters blood. since it is more dense than water.
● 95% of urine is water

C. TUBULAR SECRETION
Indicates low urine output
● This essentially tubular
reabsorption done in reverse. OLIGURIA→100 to 400 per day
● Hydrogen, potassium, creatinine, ANURIA→ almost no urine at all (<100)
and drugs are removed from
peritubular blood and secreted into ABNORMAL URINARY CONSTITUENTS
filtrate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE

II. URETERS
● Two slender tubes (10 to 12
inches long and ¼ inch in diameter)
● Runs behind the peritoneum from
● Contains nitrogenous wastes and renal hilum to posterior aspect of
unneeded substances, and in 24 bladder.
 ● Passageway that carries urine ● Located retroperitoneally in the
from kidneys to bladder. pelvis just posterior to the
● Smooth muscle layers in their walls symphysis pubis.
contract to propel urine into the ○ In women, this is where the
bladder by peristalsis. uterus is hidden.
○ In pregnancy, the uterus
enlarges naipit niya si
RENAL CALCULI bladder→ urinary
● Crystals in the renal pelvis, also frequency.
called kidney stones. ● Three openings, two ureter
● When urine becomes extremely openings and single opening of
concentrated solutes form crystals urethra (trigone).
that precipitate the renal pelvis→ ● In males, the prostate gland
renal calculi. surrounds the neck of the bladder
and empties into urethra.
HYDRONEPHROSIS ○ When they grow old
● condition where one or both normally the prostate gland
kidneys become stretched and enlarges.
swollen as the result of a build-up ● When moderately full, it reaches 5
of urine inside them. inches long, can hold 500 ml of
urine, but capable of holding more
than twice the amount.
● Once 200 ml is collected,
stretching of bladder wall activities
micturition or voiding.
○ Act of urinating

IV. URETHRA
● Thin walled tube that carries urine
by peristalsis from bladder to
outside of the body.

SPHINCTERS
A. Internal urethral sphincter
● Involuntary
III. URINARY BLADDER B. External urethral sphincter
● A smooth, collapsible, muscular ● Voluntary
sac (detrusor muscles) that stores
urine temporarily.
 ● UTI is common in females because
URETHRAL OPENING of their shorter urethra.
● Also in location, nasa anal
A. WOMEN opening→ it may cause
● 1 and ½ inches long, contamination (such as fecal
external orifice lies matter).
anteriorly to vaginal
opening. SYMPTOMS OF U.T.I
B. MEN
● 8 inches long, opens the tip 1. DYSURIA
of penis. ● Difficulty urinating
2. URINARY URGENCY AND
FREQUENCY
3. FEVER
4. SMELLY OR BLOOD PIGMENT

URINARY INCONTINENCE
● Occurs when a person is unable to
voluntarily control the external
sphincter.
○ This is common sa mga
baby→ 2 years old and
below.
○ May emotional problems
○ pregnancy
○ Nervous system problems
(stroke, spinal cord injury)

URINARY RETENTION
● When the bladder is unable to
expel its contained urine.
○ Usually happens when a
person took anesthesia
○ Enlargement of prostate,
prostate cancer.
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
1. Urethritis
2. Ureteritis ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE
3. Cystitis (bladder) URINARY SYSTEM
4. Nephritis, Pyelonephritis (kidney)
5. Glomerulonephritis 1. Maintaining water balance
 ● Healthy adults→water 3. Maintaining acid and base balance
accounts for half or more of ● Blood pH is normally 7.35
the body weight. to 7.45 (power of hydrogen)
● In women 50%, In men
almost 60%. ACIDOSIS
● We have water on ICF and ● Below pH 7.35
ECF→ the water is in either
the interstitial (tissue) or ALKALOSIS
intravascular (blood vessel) ● Above pH 7.45

Drinking water is important in maintaining ● Bukod sa kidneys, blood buffers

water balance. and the respiratory system also
● HYPOTHALAMUS acts as a thirst regulates the blood pH.
center, but as we filter blood; ○ But in the renal mechanism
produces urine. 95% of water is the kidney regulates the
secreted. blood pH.
● ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from ○ When pH arises, the
the posterior pituitary gland→ bicarbonate ions or the
prevents excessive water loss in HCO3 are excreted and
the urine. hydrogen are retained by
the renal tubule.
2. Maintaining electrolyte balance ○ Conversely when blood pH
● Action of the aldosterone, falls, HCO3 reabsorbed
mineralocorticoid hormone and generated, the
from the adrenal cortex. hydrogen is secreted.
● This acts on kidneys; that
regulates sodium ion Urine pH varies; it is acidic, 6, ranging to
content on the ecf. 4.5→8.
○ It also helps in ● This reflects the ability of the renal
regulating other tubules to excrete basic or acid
ions (potassium, ions in maintaining the blood pH
chlorine, homeostasis.
magnesium, and
others)

NOTE: WATER FOLLOWS SALT

● Major ion in the icf is potassium
and the major ion in ecf is sodium.