Scribd
Upload
488 views3 pages

AP Chemistry Bonding Overview

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds form due to electrostatic attractions between atoms and molecules. Ionic bonds are strong attractions between oppositely charged ions that form ionic compounds and ionic solids with high melting points. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms to form molecules. Van der Waals forces, including dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces, are weaker attractions between neutral molecules or the instantaneous dipoles that form in nonpolar molecules. Hydrogen bonds are moderately strong attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to very electronegative atoms like oxygen.

Uploaded by

Kristela Ramos
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
488 views3 pages

AP Chemistry Bonding Overview

Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds form due to electrostatic attractions between atoms and molecules. Ionic bonds are strong attractions between oppositely charged ions that form ionic compounds and ionic solids with high melting points. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms to form molecules. Van der Waals forces, including dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces, are weaker attractions between neutral molecules or the instantaneous dipoles that form in nonpolar molecules. Hydrogen bonds are moderately strong attractions between molecules containing hydrogen bonded to very electronegative atoms like oxygen.

Uploaded by

Kristela Ramos
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

AP Chem Bonding notes from Princeton guide Coulomb's Law - all bonds occur b/c of electrostatic attractions.

- atoms stick together to form molecules and molecules stick together to form liquids or solids b/c the negatively charged electron of on atom is attracted to the positively charged nucleus of another atom. -bigger charges mean stronger bonds; smaller charges mean weaker bonds. - charges close together (smaller ion/ionic radius)= stronger bonds; charges far apart (bigger ion/ ionic radius)= weaker bonds. Ionic Compounds - held together by electrostatic attractions of (+) and (-) charge ions in a lattice structure - metal and nonmetals - one atom gives up electrons and becomes a positively charged ion while another atom accepts it and becomes a negatively charged ion. Ionic Solid - strong; have high melting and boiling point - electrons do not move around the lattice = poor conductors of electricity Ionic Liquid - ions are free to move = conduct electricity Covalent Bonds - two atoms share electrons Polarity - the more electronegative atom in a molecule exerts a stronger pull on the electrons in the bond- not enough to make the bond ionic, but enough to keep the electrons on one side of the molecule more than the other side. = dipole molecule Dipole Moment - measures the polarity of a molecule: the larger the dipole moment= more polar molecule - the greater the charge and greater distance between the charges= greater value of dipole moment.

Metallic Bonds - most are very hard, malleable and ductile cause of the freedom of movement in electrons - all metals except Mercury are solid at room temperature -most have high boiling and melting points - the smaller the nuclei= the stronger the bond. allow the positively charged nuclei to be closer to the negatively charged electrons = increase of attractive forces. - electrons are delocalized and can move freely= very good conductor of heat and electricity. Van Der Waals Forces Dipole- Dipole Forces - occur between neutral, polar molecules: positive end attracted to the negative end - molecules with greater polarity= greater dipole-dipole attraction, so molecules with larger dipole moments tend to have higher melting and boiling points. - weak; melt and boil at very low temp - most are gasses and liquids at room temp. London Dispersion - occur between neutral, non polar molecules - random motion of electrons on atoms within molecules= very weak attractions - at one point, a given molecule may have more electrons on one side than the other = instantaneous polarity= very weak dipole. - melt and boil at extremely low temp - tend to be gasses at room temp. Hydrogen Bonds - (+) end attracted to (-) end containing an extremely electronegative element - higher melting and boiling points - gives up its lone electron to a bond and leaves it's positive side unshielded * water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid b/c its hydrogen bonds force the molecules in ice to form a crystal structure, which keeps them farther apart than they are in liquid form.

You might also like