CHAPTER
14 Wave Motion
General Equation of Wave Motion Newton’s Formula:
d2y d2y P
= v2 2 Velocity of sound in gas, v =
dt 2
dx ρ
Laplace Formula:
x γP C
y ( x=, t) f t ± v= , where γ = P and P = adiabatic pressure.
v ρ CV
where, y(x, t) should be finite everywhere.
x Power Transmitted Along the String
f t + represents wave travelling in –ve x-axis.
v Average Power 2 π 2 f 2 A2 µ v
P =
x P
f t − represents wave travelling in + ve x-axis. Intensity I== 2π2 f 2 A2 ρv
v s
Reflection of waves
y = A sin (wt ± kx + f)
If we have a wave
Terms Related to Wave Motion yi(x, t) = a sin (wt – kx) then,
(For 1-D Progressive Sine Wave) (i) Equation of wave reflected at a rigid boundary
yr(x, t) = a sin(kx + wt + p)
Wave Number (or Propagation Constant) (k)
or yr(x, t) = –a sin(kx + wt)
ω
k = 2π / λ =
v
( rad m−1 ) i.e. the reflected wave is 180° out of phase.
(ii) Equation of wave reflected at an open boundary
Phase of Wave yr(x, t) = a sin(kx + wt)
The argument of harmonic function (wt ± kx + f) is called phase i.e. the reflected wave is in phase with the incident wave.
of the wave. Standing/Stationary Waves
Phase difference (Df): difference in phases of two particles at y1 = A sin (wt – kx + qi)
any time t. y2 = A sin (wt – kx + q2)
2π
∆φ
= ∆x where Dx is path difference θ −θ θ + θ2
λ y1 + y2 2 A cos kx + 2 1 sin ωt + 1
=
2π 2 2
Also ∆φ = .∆t
T θ −θ
The quantity 2 A cos kx + 2 1 represents resultant
Speed of Transverse Wave Along the String 2
T amplitude at x. At some position resultant amplitude is zero these
v= where T = Tension are called nodes. At some positions resultant amplitude is 2A,
µ
these are called antinodes.
m = mass per unit length
λ
Distance between successive nodes or antinodes =
Velocity of Longitudinal Waves
Y Distance between adjacent nodes and antinodes = l/4.
Velocity of longitudinal waves in solid, v = All the particles in same segment (portion between two
ρ
K successive nodes) vibrate in same phase.
Velocity of longitudinal waves in liquid and gas, v =
ρ Since nodes are permanently at rest so energy can not be
where, Y → Young’s modulus, K → Bulk modulus. transmitted across these.
Vibrations of Strings (Standing Wave)
Fixed at Both Ends
First harmonics λ 1 T
or =L = , f1
2 2L µ
Fundamental frequency
Second harmonics or First 2λ 2 T
= L = , f2
overtone 2 2L µ
Third harmonics or 3λ 3 T
=L = , f3
Second overtone 2 2L µ
nth harmonics or nλ n T
=L = , fn
(n – 1)th overtone 2 2L µ
String Free at One End
First harmonics
λ 1 T
or =L = , f1
Fundamental frequency 4 4L µ
Third harmonics or First 3λ 3 T
=L = , f
overtone 4 4L µ
Fifth harmonics or Second 5λ 5 T
= L = , f5
overtone 4 4L µ
(2n + 1)λ
L= ,
(2n + 1)th harmonic or 4
nth overtone (2n + 1) T
f 2 n +1 =
4L µ
Organ Pipes where, D = internal diameter of resonance tube
1. In a closed organ pipe only odd harmonics are present. v = 2v(l2 + l1)
V l2 − l1
ν1 = (fundamental) End correction = 0.3D =
4L 2
ν 2 = 3ν (third harmonic or first overtone) Beats Frequency
Beat frequency = Difference in frequency of two sources
ν3 = 5ν
= No. of beats per second.
ν n= (2n − 1)ν beat frequency = |v1 – v2|
2. In an open organ pipe both odd and even harmonics are v2 = v1 + beat
present. Beat frequency is always a positive value. This fact can be
V used to decide about + or – sign in the above equation.
ν′1 = = ν′ (first harmonic)
2L
Doppler Effect in Sound
ν′2 = 2ν′ (second harmonic or first overtone) 1. If V, Vo, Vs and Vm are the velocity of sound, observer, source
ν′3 = 3ν′ and medium respectively, then the apparent frequency
(2n − 1)ν′ V + Vm ± Vo
ν′
= n = ν ×ν
V + Vm Vs
3. Resonance tube: If l1 and l2 are the first and second resonance
length with a tuning fork of frequency ‘ν’ then the speed of 2. If the medium is at rest (vm = 0), then
sound. V ± Vo
= ν′ ×ν
v = 4v(L2 + 0.3D) V Vs
P
W Waves 31
