Parallel Projections
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Types of Graphical Projections
OVERVIEW
- The projection techniques are based on two
variables:
- Line of Sight (LOS)
• Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye and an object.
• There are 2 types of LOS : Parallel and
Converging
- Plane of Projection (Image Plane or Picture
Plane)
• Plane of Projection is an imaginary flat plane in
which the image is created.
• The image is produced by connecting the points
where the LOS pierce the projection plane.
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• Parallel Projection is a technique used to
Orthographic Projections graphically represent 3D Objects on 2D
Media (Paper/Screen)
• It is a parallel projection technique in which the
parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane.
• The top, front and side views are considered
orthographic projections.
• These help in showing the objects from all the views
to get a better understanding.
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There are six types of orthographic projection views used in
technical drawings.
o Front View
o Back View
o Top View
o Bottom View
o Right View
o Left View
But we use only three important projection views out of the six as
the other three are just the flip side of those three views.
Front View
In front view views are placed in frontal planes and shows the length
and height of an object
Top View
Top views are created on the top imaginary planes and shows the
length and width of an object
Side View
Side views are created on side imaginary planes and shows width
and depth of an object.
Exercise 01
In your sketchbooks, try to sketch the orthographic projections of the following object.
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Exercise 02
In your sketchbooks, try to sketch the orthographic projections of the following object.
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
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Exercise 03
In your sketchbooks, try to sketch the
orthographic projections of the
following object.
Include TOP VIEW, FRONT VIEW &
SIDE VIEW.
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Assignment 05
Draw the orthographic projections of the following
objectusing scale1:100.
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Divide yourdrawing
TOP VIEW
space into four
equal parts and
draw in the
orthographic
projections as
written.
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
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This is how your sheet
is supposed to look
at the end.
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Isometric Views
Visually representing a 3D objecton2D
mediumusing 30 degree lines.
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Isometric Projections, are a good way of
showing measurements and how
components fit together.
Unlike perspective drawings, they don't
get smaller as the lines go into the
distance.
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8
Exercise 04
Sketch the isometric view of these
orthographic projections 6
TOP VIEW
2
FRONT ELEVATION RIGHT ELEVATION
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10
Exercise 05
Sketch the isometric view of the 10
following orthographic projections.
5
TOPVIEW 5
FRONTELEVATION RIGHTELEVATION
10
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TOPVIEW
Circles become ellipses whendrawn in
an isometric view
Theellipse ismadeup of 4 arcsand
so they have 4 different radiuses
FRONTELEVATION RIGHTELEVATION
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Assignment 06 – Isometric Cube with Ellipses
• The purpose of this assignment is to
understand how ellipses are drawn in an
isometric view.
• You will need an A3 paper, 2H pencil, T-Scale,
30⁰ set square, drawing compass.
• You will start by drawing the cube following
that you will need to draw the guidelines for
the ellipses and finally the ellipses.
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Start by drawing
the following
frame on yourA3
sheet.
Follow theexact
dimensions given.
All thedimensions
are incm.
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Next, draw two
diagonal lines
crossing eachother
within the drawing
space.
This is done to
locate thecentre.
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Start by drawa
10cm linegoing
vertically down
from the
intersection.
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Step1
Thenplaceyour 30⁰ set squareas
shown in step1.
And draw a10cm lineasshown in
step 2.
Step2
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Step1
Then flip your 30⁰ set squareon
the other side as shown in step1.
And draw a10cm lineasshown in
step 2.
Step2
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Following that
draw two vertical
lines of 10cmeach
asshown
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Then join the
vertical lines
together using
the 30⁰ set
square.
You should end
up with theright
and left sides of
the cube.
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Following thatclose
the top of the cube
using the 30⁰ set
square.
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Now you need to
draw these
guidelines to help
you find thecentre
of each arc todraw
the ellipses within
each face of the
cube.
Follow the next
slides for a step by
step guide foreach
face of thecube.
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First of all draw
these two lines
from the
intersection allthe
way to themiddle
of eachline.
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Next do thesame
thing but upside
down.
Draw two lines from
the topcorner
meeting the middle
of the two
opposing lines.
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Now use the left
intersection point
(as highlighted in
red) to drawthe arc
on the left using a
compass.
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Then use the right
intersection point
(as highlighted in
red) to draw the arc
on the right usinga
compass.
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Todraw the toparc
you will need to
place yourdrawing
compass at thered
highlighted
intersection as
shown.
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Todraw thebottom
arc you will need to
place your drawing
compass at the red
highlighted
intersection as
shown.
And finally you
should have an
ellipse in the top
face consistingof
four arcs
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Now draw these
guidelines as
shown in red on
the left side ofthe
cube.
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Following that,use
the intersection
points to draw
eacharc.
Starting with the
toparc, place your
drawing compass
as highlighted in
red and draw the
arc as shown in red.
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Do the samething
for the bottomarc.
Place your drawing
compass as
highlighted in red
and draw thearc as
shown inred.
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Place your drawing
compass as
highlighted in red
and draw thearc as
shown inred.
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Place your drawing
compass as
highlighted in red
and draw thearc as
shown inred.
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Now draw these
guidelines as shown
in red on the right
side ofthe cube.
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Then following the
same method
previously stated,
place your drawing
compass as
highlighted in red
circles and drawthe
arcs opposite each
point as shown in
red.
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ASSIGNMENT 13 – ISOMETRIC CUBE WITH
ELIPSES
Finally, add your
name, date of
submission, and
assignment name
asshown.
Keep alllettering
CAPITALIZED
and useguidelines
to achieve
consistency.
NAM DAT
E E
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Axonometric View in 45°
Visually representing a 3D object as a
2D using 45 degree lines
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Assignment 07
Draw the following object once in isometric view and axonometric view.
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ASSIGNMENT 07 – ISOMETRIC AND AXONOMETRIC VIEWS
ISOMETRIC AXONOMETRIC
NAME DATE
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