Theories

Cognitive
Members: Andrea Carrillo
Annia Pedreira
Beila Querales
Diego Torres
Jose Arevalo
 fundamentals
Cognitive Theory is based on the following
epistemological foundations:

□ When human beings carry out activities, they rely mainly on

the information they have.

□ The representations and schemes

that each person creates determine
their way of life.

□ Humans organize and filter their

information.
 (^presenters
Dovid Ausubel (1918-2008)

He was born in the United

States in 1918.
Originated and disseminated
the theory of Meaningful
Learning
Value the experience that the
learner has in his mind
 (DaxñcíAusu6ei
Meaningful Learning Theory
face
new information

For Comprehensive and lasting learning

assimil throughout his life
ate

Structure Meaning Connection

•Pan@mb •LOgGmb betweens
cognitive and sense
information
 Types of Significant Learning
TO. of representations: A. of concepts by
assimilation
Attribution of meaning to
certain symbols

Ball
Balls
TO.of propositions
Combination and relationship of several words
 (Strategies for A» Meaningful
ILLUSTRATIONS
ANALOGIES
They facilitate the visual coding of
the
They serve to understand
information.
INTERCALATED QUESTIONS the

They allow students to practice

abstract information.
what you have learned. The GAMES
or OO
students
gradually self-evaluate.
SUMMARY
They promote interest in students
They make it easier for students to while making it easier to
remember and
understand relevant information
remember and understand
of the content to be learned. information.
 Advantages Jl. Significant
SPEs Active, personalized, long-term memory, knowledge
retention, successful knowledge connection

Tips to promote Jl. significant

Previous knowledge
Hobbies
Motivational environment
Debates, group work, games, analogies, illustrations, among others
Examples at all times
Be a facilitator of the learning process
EX.APPLICATIONCOGINlWAA THEORY
AC <E!N3E!Ñyi!HZ^
The principles of E. Mayer

Richard E. Mayer
Richard E. Mayer is a professor of psychology at the University of
California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) where he has served since
1975.

He received his doctorate in psychology from the University of

Mi chigan in 1973 and worked as a visiting assistant professor at
Indiana University from 1973 to 1975.

His research interests focus on education and cognitive

psychology. His most current research involves the intersection
of cognition, instruction, and technology with a special focus on
multimedia , computer-assisted learning.
 The Theory of Cognitive
Development
Developed by Jean Piaget a
swiss psychologist

Aim

Explain the mechanisms and processes

by which the infant, and then the
child, develops into an individual who
can reason and think using
hypothesis
 Four stages or major critical
>
periods
Sensorimotor or sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

Babies and young children acquire

knowledge through sensory
experiences and manipulative
objects.
> Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Children learn through

imitation game acting and
playing, following fictional roles and
use character objects
symbolic, however, they have a
egocentric thinking and
difficulties in understanding
other people's point of view.

They develop oral and written

language.
> Stage of concrete operations (7-12 years)
Children begin to think
more logically, however, its
thought can still be very
rigid. They usually have limitations
with
abstract concepts and
hypothetical.
They are able to think, feel and
put yourself in the place of others
people. They begin to understand
that your thoughts are
only for them and not
everyone necessarily
share your thoughts,
feelings and opinions.
} Stage of formal operations (12 years-Adulthood)

It involves an increase in logic, the ability to use the

deductive reasoning and an understanding of ideas
abstract. People are able to distinguish
multiple solutions to problems and think more
scientifically about the world around them.
The teacher according to Piaget
■ Focus on the learning process, rather than its final product.
■ Employ active methods.
■ Manage collaborative activities, as well as individual activities (so
that children can learn from each other).

■ Design situations that present useful problems and create

“imbalance” in the child.

■ Assess the child's level of development, from which appropriate

tasks can be established.
Discovery learning theory
Developed by psychologist and pedagogue
American Jerome Bruner in the decade
of the 60s.

Bruner believes that students

They must learn through a
guided discovery taking place
during an exploration motivated by
curiosity,
Aim

Promotes the student to acquire knowledge

by
itself.
 Promoting the capabilities and skills to

> Verbal and written expression

> The imagination

> The mental representation

> The solution of problems

> Mental flexibility

 Stages or models of Learning
P Enactive

You learn by acting, manipulating

objects, observing the performance of
others. Knowledge is obtained
through action and
handling.

"Learning by doing".
} Iconic

It consists of representing things

through an image or spatial scheme
independent of the action.

You can even imagine

situations, objects or
events in his absence,
imagine events from the past or
future.
> Symbolic

Represent the world through

symbols.

It involves the use of language,

necessary for the formation of
concepts.

Able to express their experiences

in linguistic terms.

Use linguistic representation

which leads to a type of learning
and more abstract thinking and
flexible.
Scaffolding Concept
The learning or process through which we obtain
Knowledge must be facilitated through the provision of aid
external.

These aids must be granted

graduated manner, providing a great
level of help at the beginning or before
presence of great difficulties for
over time and with the progressive
mastery by the learner these are
they withdraw, giving it more and more
autonomy to the individual.
 The Theory of Intelligences
Gardner multiples 62

O Qj

It was designed by the psychologist

American Howard Gardner as
counterweight to the paradigm of a
unique intelligence. ^S
ONAL
Gardner proposed that human life requires the
development of several types of
intelligence.
 The The
intelligence intelligence
linguistics logical-
math
Not only does
reference to the The capacity
ability to for him
communication reasoning
oral, but to logical and
others resolution of
ways to issues
communicate as mathematicians.
the writing, the
gestures, etc.
 The
intelligence
space

It is the ability
that
allows you to
observe
the world and
the
objects from
different
perspectives
The Bodily- and perfect.
intelligence Kinesthetic.

Some areas of Capacity for

brain run to coordinate
functions movements
linked with the corporal.
interpretation
and
composition of
music. As
any other
kind of
intelligence,
can be trained
 The attention for.
intelligence
intrapersonal

Refers to that
intelligence that
empowers us to
understand and
control the
internal scope of
oneself in
Which refers to
the regulation of
emotions and
of the focus
 The other people.
intelligence The
interpersonal intelligence
naturalist
It is a
intelligence that Allows you to
It allows detect,
interpret the differentiate
words or and
gestures,
or the objectives
and
goals of each
speech. Evaluate
the ability to
empathize with
categorize the
aspects
linked to
around.
 Social Learning
Theory
This theory of social learning
It is useful to explain how
people can learn things
new and develop new
behaviors through observation
of other individuals.
Thus, this theory deals with
learning process by
observation among people
BANDURA ADDS THAT
The mediation processes are
produce between stimuli and
answers.

Behavior is learned from

environment through the process
observational learning
 Bodo doll experiment

An adult was hitting in another group A third group

with a mallet to a experimental, the theaggressivenes
big doll adult swas
dimensions before represented a accompanied
the model no also with
look of a group k aggressive insults towards
children's. him
Basic forms of observational learning
Through a live model , such as
It is the case of a real person who
performs a behavior.

Through verbal instruction,

which involves telling details and
descriptions of a
behavior.

Through a symbolic mode , such as

could be fictional characters
from a book, a comic
Processes that mediate Social Learning

Example: A child who wants to play

The the violin
environmen
tAttention It is the ability that people have
to obtain lessons from observing
or what others do.
learning
vicar • Motivation is the driving force, it
Motivation is the will to perform a certain
and self- behavior that we see in others

efficacy
Cognitive Theory vs Behavioral
Theories
BEHAVIORISM COGNOSCITIVE
Learning is related to changes in observable behavior. The key
elements are the stimulus, the response, and the association
Learning is related to more complex cognitive processes such as
between the two.
thinking, problem solving, language, concept formation and
information processing.
The student is not seen as an active participant The student is seen as a very active participant

They deal with how information is received, organized, stored

No attempt is made to determine the structure of a student's and located.
knowledge, nor to determine what mental processes that
student needs to use.

The most critical factor influencing learning is the ordering of

the stimulus and its consequences within the environment.
Explanations of instructions, demonstrations, demonstrative
examples and the selection of corresponding counterexamples
are considered instruments to guide learning.
Memory is not taken into account
Memory has a predominant place in the learning process.

They do not consider thoughts, beliefs, attitudes or values that It is considered that thoughts, beliefs, attitudes and values also
influence the learning process. influence the learning process.
New learning is the result of generalization.
New learning is the result of how information is stored in
memory.
 DYNAMIC
• Listen and read the following statements.
• Answer what you consider correct.

Question 1 : If APPLE starts with M, does it end with

what?

Answer: ENDS begins with the letter T.

Question 2: If an electric train travels at 120 km/hr

towards the north and the wind blows towards the south at
68 km/hr. In which direction is the smoke from the train
going? ]

Answer: Electric trains do not emit smoke.

 Question 3: Some months have 31 days, others have 30.
How many are 28?

Answer: Every month has 28 days.

Question 4: How many animals of each species did Moses

carry in the ark?
\__________________________________-_______________________________________________-

Answer: It is Noah and not Moses.

Question 5: You are in a race and you overtake the

second person. Where are you?
Answer: The one you passed was the one who was in
second place. Now you are in his position.
Thank you so
much…