ALTERNATING CURRENT
V2 A.C.: Charge carriers periodically reverse Power losses in transmissions
Instantaneous power: P = IV I 2R their direction of motion. Power losses in line is mostly due to I2R losses
R
2 For lower power loss, use higher voltage lines.
Vo 2 Transformers (To know how they work
Maximum power: Pmax = I oVo Io R Total resistance of
R based on principles of EMI.) cables R
V
2 If no power loss and both coils have the same
2
Mean power: <P> = I rmsVrms rms I rms R magnetic flux through them,
R Power Total resistance
p.d. p.d. VH
Station of users RH
Vgen
Voltage to turns ratio
R.M.S. values: Different graphs will have different
r.m.s functions. General rule to follow:
N S VS
i) take the square of the instantaneous graph,
ii) find the mean, by find the area under graph N P VP I = (Pgen / Vgen )
divided by time considered, Pgen = PH + Ploss ; Vgen = VH + Vloss
iii) square-root the answer. Ploss = I2R = (Pgen / Vgen ) 2 R
r.m.s. current Irms (and voltage Vrms) of the a.c. is I PVP I S VS Rectification is conversion of a.c. to d.c.
same as that of the steady d.c. Idc (and Vrms). VP I S e.g. using diodes
VS I P
Half-wave rectification
Sinusoidal AC (e.g. I = I0 sin t, V = V0 sin t)
Combining the above equations,
For ideal transformers:
N P VP I S
N S VS I P
For step-up transformer, Ns Np Vs Vp .
Io V For step-down transformer, Ns Np Vs Vp
Irms = and Vrms = o
2 2 In real life, power loss due to:
Vo Io i) heating in coil due to resistance and in iron
<P> = Vrms Irms = = ½ Pmax
2 core due to eddy currents
! The above formulae can be used ONLY for ii) Hysteresis effect due to repeated change Output waveform follows the waveform of
sinusoidal waveform. in magnetization and demagnetization of core supply input.
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