ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic flux : Magnetic flux through a plane Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced
surface is the product of the flux density normal to the states that the induced e.m.f. is directly e.m.f. is such as to cause effects to oppose the
surface and the area of the surface. proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux change producing it.
linkage.
Lenz’s law is a statement of the conservation of
= B A ; [] = weber Wb = T m2
energy where mechanical energy is converted to
where
electrical energy.
B = component of B perpendicular -ve sign in the expression is due to Lenz’s law
to the surface plane, Lenz’s law allows the polarity of induced e.m.f.
A = area of the plane Nd NAdB NAkdI and direction of induced current to be determined.
dt dt dt
Magnetic flux linkage N : Magnetic flux linkage The vs t graph is thus the negative of of the
3-step for closed loop
through a coil of N turns is the product of the number gradient of vs t, B vs t, or I vs t graph (if N and A 1) Direction of flux linkage? Change? Due to?
of turns N of the coil and the magnetic flux linking are constant). a. What is the direction of the magnetic flux
linkage through the loop?
each turn.
For constant or average induced e.m.f.: b. Magnetic flux linkage increasing or
= (N) / (t) decreasing?
N = N B A c. Cause of the change in magnetic flux linkage?
- Flux density B increase/decrease?
e.m.f. can be induced even when there is no - Area A increase/decrease?
Magnetic flux density B is a vector; induced current (eg. an isolated conductor not in a - Angle of plane of loop to magnetic field
Magnetic flux is a scalar. complete circuit). changing?
2) Apply Faraday’s Law how magnetic flux
Examples of induced e.m.f.
linkage changes e.m.f. induced.
1) Moving rod: Bv 2) Spinning disc: B r 2f 3) Rotating coil: = NBA sin( t) If the loop is a closed circuit, the induced e.m.f.
causes an induced current to flow.
X
3) Apply Lenz’s Law to determine the direction
of induced current -> The induced current flows in
a (direction) so as to produce the (effect) to
oppose the (change) in magnetic flux linkage.
Y Eddy (induced) currents, generated within
thick/broad piece of conductor, dissipate energy
X has a HIGHER potential,
and create magnetic fields that tend to oppose
1
Y has a LOWER potential the changes in the magnetic field.
