Table Of Content

No 1.0

Subject INTRODUCTION

Page number 2

2.0

STERLING ENGINE

3.0 4.0

NUMERICAL METHOD THAT IS USED

9 13

MATLAB CODING

5.0

CONCLUSIONS

14

6.0

REFRERENCES

14

7.0

APPENDICES

15

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The goal of this project is to design,build and model the mechanism of Stirling Engine. The engine will be analyse using analytical method and numerical method as required. The motivation behind the project is the is to enlighten the students taking this course about the mechanism and the advantages of Sterling Engine since it is an external combustion engine and is not well known as internal combustion engine. It can also be a potential alternative power source. The objectives of the project will be (1) To build an engine that works; (2) to generate P-V diagrams of the engines performance; (3) to analyse the engine using analytical and numerical approach and compare the accuracy of both method (4) to solve the problem stated. A suitable design will be selected for power output, mechanical simplicity and sustainability. The essential data and information required to build this engine will be taken from the problem stated in the book : Thermodynamics by Yunus A chengel. The project will involve significant machine shop work and mathematical analysis.

2.0 STERLING ENGINE To achieve the eobjectives we have decided to build a beta type treling engine due to the simplicity to poer output ratio. It is a simpler mechanism compared to other type of stirling engine bu has a remarkable output. A beta Stirling has a single power piston arranged within the same cylinder on the same shaft as a displacer piston. The displacer piston is a loose fit and does not extract any power from the expanding gas but only serves to shuttle the working gas from the hot heat exchanger to the cold heat exchanger. When the working gas is pushed to the hot end of the cylinder it expands and pushes the power piston. When it is pushed to the cold end of the cylinder it contracts and the momentum of the machine, usually enhanced by a flywheel, pushes the power piston the other way to compress the gas. Unlike the alpha type, the beta type avoids the technical problems of hot moving seals.

2.1 Achievement

Although the project time is extended another one month, we have succesfully design and build the engine in just two months. From the first day we have been seriously involved in this project. Our teem has been divided into several designations and each of us has been given related tasks accordingly and to be completed in a scheduled time.

The first thing we did is making a complete project schedule as a guideline for us to do this project. Every team members have to be responsive and responsible to the tasks that have been assigned to. This project has been divided into three stages. Stage 1 is the initial planning. Stage two consists a lot more criteria to be completed. The design and analysis which is the backbone of this project is in stage two. In designing the requirement of the project must be met before proceeding to the next part to avoid problems that will affect the end product due to poor design. The analysis also must be accurate and reliable so we can justify our design.

Our stirling engine consists of parts from various materials that have been assembled. It is impossible to have a complete one piece in designing engines. The piston(displacer) and cylinder block are made from aluminium, the cranckshaft and the rod are made from steel wire.
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2.2 Drawing and dimensions

2.3 How the engine works? 1. Expansion Most of the gas in the system has just been driven to the hot end of the cylinder. The gas heats and expands, driving the piston outward.

2. Transfer The gas has expanded. Most of the gas is still located in the hot end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crankshaft the next quarter turn. The bulk of the gas is transferred around the displacer to the cool end of the cylinder.

3. Contraction The majority of the expanded gas has shifted to the cool end. The gas cools and contracts, drawing the piston inward.

4. Transfer The contracted gas is still located near the cool end of the cylinder. Flywheel momentum carries the crank another quarter turn, moving the displacer and transferring the bulk of the gas back to the hot end of the cylinder.

Ideal Stirling cycle

PV diagram of Sterling Cycle

1-2 Isothermal Expansion Heat addition from external source.

2-3 Constant-Volume heat-removal The gas is passed through the regenerator, where it cools transferring heat to the regenerator for use in the next cycle.

3-4 Isothermal Compression The compression space and associated heat exchanger are maintained at a constant low temperature so the gas undergoes near-isothermal compression rejecting heat to the cold sink.

4-1 Constant-Volume heat-addition The gas passes back through the regenerator where it recovers much of the heat transferred in 2 to 3, heating up on its way to the expansion space.

2.4 The Host Lecturer We have asked Mr Saiful Hasmady bin Abu Hassan to be our host lecturer due to his expertise in the thermodynamics. Our discussion with hiom majorly in the designing and exact analysis. The exact analysis is required so that we can validate the numerical method that we use in this project. 2.5 Experiment and test After completion of the engine we have run tests on the engine in an unconventional way. Despite using alcohol, butane or other fuel, we have used hot water to test the engine. The bottom part of the engine is sunk into a hot boiling water ( 373Kelvin). The heat from water will be transferred by convection to the bottom of the cylinder block. The cylinder will transfer the heat to the air inside the block. The heated air expand and move the displacer upwards. The power from the displacer is transmitted to the crankshaft by the connecting rod. After the displacer reach the top dead center (TDC) the cool air will replace the hot air through a hole that acted as the valve for air intake/interchanging. The cold air will replace the hot air and the displacer will retreat to the bottom dead center (BDC) and one cycle is completed. Before, The power from crankshafast is transmitted to the flywheel. The flywheel will move in angular to regain torque. The cycle of the engine will continues with tghe help of the regained torque and the fuel. *In our experiment we have tried implementing cooling process by putting ice cubes on top of the engine but failed. So in the end we stick to the use of the valve also its not very efficient. The

3.0 NUMERICAL METHOD THAT IS USED

The easiest way to analyse the Stirling Engine is by analyising the PV and TS diagram of the cycle using numerical methods. In this project, we plan to use the Multiple Simpsons Rule to analyse the engine. The reason why we choose this method because, the PV diagram has two curves at process 1-2 and 3-4. By using this type of Simpsons Rule the accuracy of the results can be improved. It is because, the integration interval can be divided into a number of segments of equal width.

The total integral can be represented as

2 4

+
2

+ +
2

Substituting Simpsons 1/3 rule for the individual integral yields + 4 1 + (2) 2 + 4 3 + (4) + 2 + 6 6 2 + 4 1 + () + 2 6 + 4
1 =1,3,5

( )

+ 3

2 =2,4,6

+ ()

Table of :No 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Volume, V 0.1148 0.2392 0.3636 0.488 0.6124 0.7368 0.8613 Function,f(v) 8.7108 4.1806 2.7503 2.4092 1.633 1.3572 1.1614

I= (b-a)[f(xo) +4f(xi)1,2,3 + 2ff(xi)2,4,6+f(xn)]/3n b a 0.861 0.1148 0.7462

f(x0)

8.7108

4f(xi)1,3,5

4.1806 2.4092 1.3572 31.788

2f(xi)2,4,6

2.7503 1.633 1.1614 11.0894

10

f(xn)

1.1614

3n

3 6 18

Total Value of I, 2.18676397

h=(b-a)/n b a n 0.861 0.1148 6 h= 0.124366667

Ideal Gas, PV=mRT P m R T 2000 1 0.287 800

Volume, V

0.1148

11

wb= P1v1(I) p1 V1 I Value, I 2.03078 466.267088 174.8502 229.6 p3 v3 86.1 2.03078

I=I1-I2 I1 I2 466.267 174.8502 291.4168

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4.0 MATLAB CODING

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5.0 CONCLUSION

This project is mainly to show how the mechanism of the Stirling Engine to the students. Apart from that, the engine will be analyse using analytical and numerical methods and the end results will be compared. It is also as a test of understanding to the students taking subject COEB223, Numerical Methods for Engineers to implement what they have learned to solve real time problems. Overall we have been satisfied with our engine because it works as our planned. We have encounterd some problem at the middle of the process where we cant find a way to sealed the cylinder block because if we use adhesive it will melt at high temperature and if we use rivets, the gas or air will flow through them. Finally we manage to overcome the problem by using a heat resistance paste at the closure part. Although it is working, our ingine is still far from perfection and there are lots of improvements that can be made especially at the design part.

6.0 REFERENCE 1. Yunus A Cengel, Michael A Boles (2007); Thermodynamics, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill. 2. Stven C Chapra, Raymond P Canale (2006) : Numerical Methods for Engineers, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill. 3. Dr Ungku Anisa : www.metalab.uniten.edu.my/~anisa 4. Mr Saiful Hasmady Bin Abu Hassan : Department of Mechanical Engineering, UNITEN. 5. Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

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7.0 APPENDICES

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