Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

WAVESHAPING CIRCUITS
Major virtue of electronic circuits Controlled Voltage the ease of

current waveforms

Some of the basic waveshaping functions radar pulse train generator

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

Clipping
Removing undesired portion of a signal The waveshape function performed by the circuit components arranging

Consisting Input signal Output signal

diode V1 VD

resistance varies with time VR

voltage source

The sum of the voltage around the loop = zero

vD + vR = v1 V vR = v1 V - vD vD = v1 V - vR

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

The behavior of the circuit state of the diode (S) positive switch
Fig-b

depends on the (S)

closed when and

vD + vR = v1 V then vD =0

vR = v1 V

(S)
vR = 0

open

vD and

negative

clipping the signal signal down signal off

and

the battery shifts

the diode cuts

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

Practice Problem 3-9 v2 = v1

Homework v2 v1 up to V

Common type of clipping

(a) Desired transfer characteristic v2 versus v1 (b) Diode circuit

The bias voltage set DA DB conducts conducts When - VB < v1 < VA DA DB VR = v2 v1

so that v1 > VA v1 < - VB

don't conduct

V2 = v1 = vo

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

Clamping

TV receivers v(t) clamped at

Provide satisfactory pictures The peak values predetermined levels In passing through amplifiers lost clamper return

of

dc reference level

signal to its original form

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

small

C charge up to

+Vm of v1 Vc = Vm diode

When

+v1 change to -v1

prevents current flow in opposite direction

V2 = v1 - Vm
Signal form dc = Vm If Vm If D If B

unaffected
clamped at zero changes Vc

positive peak
changes

v2 again

touches the axis reversed

- Vm

clamped at zero the reference of v2 VB

in series with D

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits Clamping function rectifying D related waveshaping C combination

Rectifier Variable component Clamper Variable component Homework P.P transmitted dc value rejected 3 10 rejected dc value transmitted

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

Differentiating

Circuit (a) v2 to

provides

v2 derivative of v1 in rectangular wave v1

the capacitor charging current rectangular wave if T

response to a step of

Linear circuit transforms into RC series of short pulse

small

compared to

the period of the

input wave

General operation
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law loop v1 = vC + vR vC

to the left-hand

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits vR small compared to vC

iC = C

d vC dt d vc dt RC d v1 dt

v 2 = v R = Ri = RC

v2

to the derivative

v1

Integrating If differentiating is possible integrating is also

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

Square wave of V RC wave C 1/2 T If RC charged v2

applied long enough 1/2 T

for

cyclic operation to be established little grater than of the square on alternate T appears

discharged

shown in Fig. b

large compared to

Only straight portion of the exponential

v2 In general
v1 = vR + vC vR = iR If vC small compared to vR

sawtooth wave time

RC >T

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

1 v2 = C

1 idt RC
V2 v1

dt

Op Amp Integrator
General feed back network contains C L R

feedback element V1 0 n at ground potential I1 0

The sum of the I into n

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits

dvo v1 +C =0 R1 dt

or

v1 dt dvo = R1C

Integrating each term with respect to time and solving

1 vo = R1C
This

v dt
1

+ a consanct

an integrator device signal processing

very useful in computing signal generating

Op Amp Differentiator

Ch(1) Signal Processing Circuits R C interchanged Differentiator device The sum of the current

C1

dv1 vo + =0 dt R

solving
Vo dvi

vo = RC 1

dv1 dt

Differentiator device is not so useful as the integrator